Dep. of PHYSICS, YONSEI Univ.

PHYSICS LAB(B) (PHY3107)

EXPERIMENTAL HANDBOOK
Hdbk#1-Rev#2-07/03/05

1. Microwave Optics

Preface
,
(B) (PHY3107) ,
Microwave Optics Experiment ,
,

Contents

. ,
.
,
,

Preface
Objective
Introduction
Safety & Caution
Equipments
Equipment Setup
Experimental Procedure

Microwave

Optics (Geometric optics, Wave optics)

Reflection

Refraction
Snells law

Huygens principle
Standing wave

Polarization, Brewsters angle

Interference

Lloyds mirror, Double-Slit interferometer

Fabry-Perot interferometer, Michelson interferometer

Bragg diffraction, Braggs law

Miller index
Etc.

(130, #2561~2)
.
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1. Microwave Optics
Objective
Microwave,

Equipments
wavelength

Gunn diode microwave transmitter with power supply

electromagnetic wave, reflection,

Microwave receiver

refraction, diffraction . wavelength

Goniometer

Fixed arm assembly

Rotating table

. microwave classical

Component holders (2)

optics optical phenomena

Rotating component holder

, microwave wavelength .

Metal reflector (2)

Partial reflector (2)
Polarizers (2)
Slit extender arm

Introduction

Narrow spit spacer

Wide slit spacer

Wavelength 2.85cm (frequency 10.525GHz) microwave

Ethafoam prism mold with styrene pellets

, electromagnetic wave optical phenomena

Cubic lattice with 100 metal spheres 554 array

. Microwave optical property

Polyethylene panel

textbook . ( : Introduction to Modern

Optics, by Fowles)

(1) Gunn Diode Microwave Transmitter

Safety & Caution

wavelength 2.85cm linearly polarized

microwave

microwave(15mW)

, microwave horn

10.525

GHz

resonant cavity Gunn diode, output

microwave horn, microwave

18cm stand

Microwave electronic medical device

. , LED power-indicator light

, pacemaker electronic

, rotational scale

medical device ,

polarization angle . Transmitter

, 10.525 GHz low power

9 VDC, 500mA adaptor

microwave .

.
Gunn diode electric field
2

1. Microwave Optics
Gunn effect frequency 1~20GHz microwave
non-linear resistor .

NOTE:

microwave diode linearly polarized

, horn .

range intensity selection setting

, intensity
intensity intensity selection setting
(30X, 10X, 3X, 1X) .

(2) Microwave Receiver

, signal , intensity
selection switch 30X 30
1X . (
variable sensitivity knob
.)

Incident microwave signal polarity microwave horn

. Polarization effect
transmitter receiver polarization angle
. ( vertical horizontal
.)
Meter mid-scale variable sensitivity
knob . intensity
intensity selection switch
amplification . ,
intensity range
, intensity selection setting .

microwave signal intensity

meter . Receiver microwave
, transmitter horn receiver horn
10.525 kHz resonant cavity Schottky diode

(3) Accessory Set

. Schottky diode diode polarity microwave

signal , microwave signal magnitude
DC voltage .
Receiver amplification range
, variable sensitivity knob range
amplification . 9V battery
, LED battery indicator
. , transmitter
microwave 18cm
stand , polarization angle
rotational scale .
Microwave receiver .
Intensity selection switch off 30X (lowest amplification
level) . , battery indicator LED
battery . (
130 .)

1. Microwave Optics

1. Microwave Optics
Equipment Setup

Experimental Procedure

microwave transmitter receiver

Experiment 1. Introduction to the System

stand .
Equipments:
Transmitter
Receiver
Goniometer
Reflector (1)
Microwave optics system
.

(1) Transmitter receiver

.
(2) . Washer .

(1) transmitter receiver goniometer

. Transmitter receiver polarity ,
horn .

(3) Transmitter receiver polarization angle

, , unit
. Polarization angle

(2)

unit rotational scale .

selection switch 10X . ( unit LED

Transmitter

receiver

intensity

. receiver battery

(130, #2561) .)
(3) Transmitter source diode receiver detector diode
( R ) 40cm
.
horn 5cm . Receiver intensity selection
switch variable sensitivity knob intensity 1.0
(full scale) .

1. Microwave Optics
(4) R
intensity . (
receiver intensity sensitivity .)
R (cm)

Meter reading (M)

MR (cm)

MR2 (cm2)

40
50
60
70
80
90

transmitter intensity .

100

transmitter receiver polarity .

(5) R 70~90cm . Transmitter receiver

NOTE:

intensity .
(6) R 50~90cm .

Transmitter microwave polarized wave

. ,

, reflector microwave ,

Transmitter receiver

intensity . (5) (6)

polarity .

. ( experiment 3 ,
experiment 8 .)

(8) transmitter horn goniometer arm

degree plate . Receiver
transmitter
, receiver intensity 1.0 sensitivity
.

, goniometer rotatable arm

angle intensity .

NOTE:
(6) ,
microwave
reflection .

,
,
.
Angle of

Meter

Angle of

Meter

Angle of

Meter

Receiver

Reading

Receiver

Reading

Receiver

Reading

(7) receiver

70

140

receiver .

maximum detection polarity

10

80

150

. (Receiver horn detector diode

20

90

160

.) Horn 360 intensity

30

100

170

Receiver intensity

40

110

180

. Receiver intensity

50

120

angle .

60

130

1. Microwave Optics
reflection angle . ( angle

Experiment 2. Reflection

reflected wave direct wave

Equipments:

.)

Transmitter
Receiver

Angle of

Angle of

Goniometer

Incidence

Reflection

Rotating component holder

20

Metal reflector

30
40
50
60
70
80
90

Experiment 3. Standing Waves Measuring Wavelengths

(1) . (Transmitter

Equipments:

goniometer fixed arm .

Transmitter

transmitter fixed arm .) Transmitter receiver

Receiver

polarity .

Goniometer

(2) Transmitter receiver intensity 30X

electromagnetic wave .

, total electric field

wave field . frequency
wave

wave

reflector incident angle

, standing wave . , wave

. Rotating component holder incident angle 45

node , maximum minimum

antinode . Standing wave pattern

(3)

transmitter

incident

node wavelength 1/2.

(4) Transmitter reflector ,

(1) .

reflector

goniometer

receiver maximum intensity

Receiver horn reflector

receiver . Goniometer arm

intensity

movable arm .

reflection angle .

Transmitter

receiver transmitter . Intensity

.

(5) incident angle

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1. Microwave Optics
Transmitter microwave receiver horn

Experiment 4. Refraction through a Prism

. microwave
transmitter receiver horn .

Equipments:

( .)

Transmitter
Receiver

, transmitter receiver diode n/2 (n :

Goniometer

constant, : wavelength) receiver horn

Rotating table

reflected wave transmitted wave

Prism mold with styrene pellet

. receiver intensity . (,
maximum intensity

Electromagnetic wave . ,

/2.)

.
refraction ,
(Law of refraction or Snells law) .

(2) Receiver 1~2cm maximum

intensity .

Goniometer arm
n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2

receiver .
Initial Position of Receiver = ____________
(3) Receiver intensity , receiver transmitter
.

10 minimum

, maximum intensity
receiver .

Receiver

, minimum
.
Minima Traversed = ______________
Final Receiver Position = ____________
(4) microwave wavelength
.
, n (Index of refraction)
electromagnetic wave velocity ,

= _________________

. Snells law styrene pellet

index of refraction .

(5) wavelength .

(1) . prism mold

, prism mold incident wave ,
, .
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1. Microwave Optics
(2) Prism mold styrene pellet . Transmitter

receiver

detector

diode

prism surface incident wave

transmitter diode , detector diode

prism .

microwave .
polarization , polarizer
microwave polarization .

(3) Receiver goniometer movable arm

maximum intensity angle .
(4) 1 angle
2 .

(5) Snells law n1/n2 .

(6) index of refraction n2 1 .
styrene pellet index of refraction n1 .

(1) . Receiver
variable sensitivity knob intensity 1.0 (full scale)
.
(2) Receiver , receiver 10

Experiment 5. Polarization

. angle
Equipments:

intensity .

Transmitter
Receiver

Angle of

Meter

Angle of

Meter

Angle of

Meter

Goniometer

Receiver

Reading

Receiver

Reading

Receiver

Reading

Component holder

70

140

Polarizer

10

80

150

20

90

160

Transmitter transmitter diode axis

30

100

170

linearly polarized microwave . ,

40

110

180

transmitter diode , vertically

50

120

polarized microwave .

60

130

(3) Receiver 180 intensity

.

1. Microwave Optics
(4) . ,

Experiment 6. Double-slit Interferometer

polarized wave , transmitter

Equipments:

receiver horn . (0)

Transmitter, Receiver
Goniometer, Rotating
Component holder
Metal reflector (2)
Slit extender arm
Narrow slit spacer
Wide slit spacer

(5) Polarizer angle

intensity .
Angle of Polarizer

Meter Reading

0 (Horizontal)
22.5
45
67.5
90 (Vertical)
Double slit wave intensity angle .
(6) Polarizer . Receiver transmitter horn

Slit d, dsin=n angle

receiver horn .

maximum .

intensity . Polarizer
Polarizer , , 45 intensity
.
Angle of Slits

Meter Reading

Horizontal
Vertical
45

(1) . Slit extender arm

reflector narrow slit spacer double
slit . ( slit 1.5cm .)
(2) Transmitter receiver polarity vertical (0)
.
(3) Receiver intensity 1.0(full
scale)

intensity

sensitivity knob .

10

selection

switch

variable

1. Microwave Optics
(4) Receiver moving goniometer arm
intensity .
(5) Transmitter receiver
goniometer arm . Intensity 1.0
variable sensitivity knob .
angle intensity
.

Angle

Meter
Reading

Angle

Meter
Reading

45

50

Lloyds mirror diagram. Point source A

10

55

electromagnetic wave C ,

15

60

B C . C wave

20

65

maximum intensity .

25

70

maximum intensity

30

75

, reflector reflected beam

35

80

AB+BC+ maximum intensity

40

85

(6) Narrow slit spacer wide slit spacer slit

d . (Slit 1.5cm .)
Wide slit spacer narrow slit spacer 50%
(90mm vs. 60mm) transmitter 50% relative
intensity . .

Experiment 7. Lloyds Mirror

(1) .
Equipments:

, transmitter receiver

Transmitter

. Receiver transmitter goniometer degree plate

Receiver

horn

Goniometer

. Reflector surface transmitter receiver

Fixed arm assembly

Component holder
Reflector

Reflector

(2)

Meter stick

intensity .

receiver

Lloyds Mirror interference pattern

(3) Minimum intensity degree plate

. interference pattern microwave

reflector .

wavelength .
(4) Degree plate reflector surface h1
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1. Microwave Optics
. partial reflector

detector . partial reflector

n/2 detector wave

h1 = ____________

, receiver maximum intensity .

(5) Intensity maximum minimum
reflector . Degree plate
reflector surface h2
.
h2 = ____________
(6) Degree plate transmitter diode d1
.
d1 = ____________
(1) . Intensity
(7) microwave wavelength

intensity selection switch variable

sensitivity knob .
(2) Partial reflector intensity

= ____________

.
(8) Transmitter receiver
(3) Intensity maximum partial reflector

d1 .
d1 = ____________
(4) Intensity , partial reflector
partial reflector .
10

minimum

maximum .
minimum , partial reflector d2
.
minima traversed = ____________

Experiment 8. Fabry-Perot Interferometer

d2 = ____________
Equipments:
Transmitter

(5) microwave wavelength

Receiver

Goniometer
Component holders (2)

= ____________

Partial reflector (2)

(6) Partial reflector .
Electromagnetic wave partial reflector
. Fabry-Perot interferometer wave source,
detector partial
reflector .
Source wave partial reflector
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1. Microwave Optics
(2) Goniometer arm reflector A , intensity

Experiment 9. Michelson Interferometer

.
Equipments:
Transmitter

(3) Maximum intensity reflector A .

Receiver

Reflector A x1 .

Goniometer
Fixed arm assembly

x1 = ____________

Component holders (2)

Rotating table

(4) Intensity , reflector A

Reflector (2)

reflector A partial reflector .

Partial reflector

10 minimum
maximum .
minimum , reflector A x2 .

Michelson interferometer, single wave partial reflector

split
interference pattern . A

minima traversed = ____________

B reflector, C partial reflector. Microwave

x2 = ____________

transmitter reflector
. , wave C A

(5) microwave wavelength

C receiver .

C , B wave C
receiver .

= ____________

wave receiver
maximum intensity . Reflector

(6) Reflector A .

, wave receiver
, intensity .
wave reflector partial reflector
, reflector /2
wave receiver
360 . minimum intensity
maximum intensity .

Experiment 10. Brewsters Angle

Equipments:
Transmitter
Receiver
Goniometer
Rotating table
Polyethylene panel
electromagnetic wave
, radiation .
, polarization radiation angle
(1) . Intensity

. Brewsters angle .

intensity selection switch variable

sensitivity knob .

intensity .
13

wave

polarization

reflected

signal

1. Microwave Optics
(5) Intensity incident angle graph .
graph vertical, horizontal polarization .
Brewsters angle, horizontally polarized wave
angle .

(1) . Transmitter receiver

horizontal polarization(90) .
(2) Incident angle 20 panel .
Goniometer arm , panel

Experiment 11. Bragg Diffraction

wave maximum intensity receiver

. Intensity selection switch variable sensitivity knob

Equipments:

intensity 0.5 (mid-scale) intensity

Transmitter

Receiver
Goniometer

(3) Transmitted beam, polyethylene panel, receiver angle

Rotating table

, transmitter receiver horn

Cubic lattice

vertical polarization(0) . Intensity

Braggs law, crystal inter-planar spacing incident x-

ray scattering

angle

crystal

(4) incident angle (2) (3)

structure

. , transmitter receiver

ethafoam cube 10mm metal sphere

horizontal polarization intensity ,

cubic crystal macroscopic scale Braggs law

vertical polarization intensity .

Brag diffraction
Angle

Meter Reading

Meter Reading

(Horizontal Polarization)

(Vertical Polarization)

. Wave crystal , crystal

plane

incident

angle

reflection

angle

20

2dsin=n wave

25

intensity .

30

35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75

(1) .
14

1. Microwave Optics
microwave radiation wavelength (2.85cm), Braggs law
Bragg crystal (100) plane .
plane
.
(9) (110) plane (210) plane .

NOTE:
(100) plane graph ..
(2) cubic lattice
plane . ((100), (110) plane set
Miller index.)
(3) Transmitter receiver
.
(4) (100) plane incident beam crystal
.
(5) Intensity intensity

0~10 direct wave

selection switch variable sensitivity knob intensity

intensity .

,
graph .

(6) Crystal 1 goniometer arm

2 . Incident beam grazing angle intensity
. (Grazing angle incident angle .
angle cube surface angle ,
plane (100) plane angle.)

graph peak angle .

IMPORTANT:

(7) (6) , crystal 1 goniometer arm 2

angle intensity . (

receiver intensity switch ,

.)

Microwave receiver intensity selecting knob off

.

(8) x incident beam grazing angle, y intensity

graph . Peak angle . ,
15