Dep. of PHYSICS, YONSEI Univ.

PHYSICS LAB(B) (PHY3107)

EXPERIMENTAL HANDBOOK
Hdbk#6-Rev#2-07/03/05

6. Optical System

Preface
,
(B) (PHY3107) ,
Optical System Experiment ,
,

Contents

. ,
.
,
,

Preface

Equipment Setup

Experimental Procedure

Objective
Introduction
Safety & Caution
Equipments

.
Optics (Geometrical, Physical)
Lens (convex, concave, focal length, magnification)
Optical system
Aberration (spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism)
Double slit experiment
Interference
Scattering (Rayleigh scattering, diffraction scattering)
Polarization
Etc.

(130, #2561~2)
.

6. Optical System
, spherical lens image

Objective

aberration image
. Aberration spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism

Light optical system

. Spherical aberration spherical surface lens

lens focal length magnification , spherical lens

, lens focal length lens

aberration .

focal length . Lens axis

point object image axis line segment
.

Young double slit experiment .

Wavelength light scattering .

Introduction
Lens refracting surface
optical system. Lens F1

Spherical surface lens axis point image

point light source , point

lens axis

light lens parallel . F1

. coma .

lens first focal length . ,

parallel light lens F2
second focal length . Lens surface F1
F2 lens thickness
, first and second focal length F1,
F2 lens . Lens
radius of curvature, refractive index
( lens ) first and second focal
length .
, double convex lens radius of curvature R1, R2

, point object lens axis

, focal length f

astigmatism aberration .

object point lens

R + R2
1
= (n 1) 1
f
R1 R2

focal length .

(n : the refractive index of the lens material)

Lens object image (
) . magnification
. s object lens , s lens image
, magnification m .

m=

s
s

, d=s-f (, object focal point )

, d=s-f,
m=

f d
=
d
f

. .

6. Optical System
Wave nature of light

Safety & Caution

1801 Thomas Young, light particle

(corpuscular theory), ether

Light source ,

. Young first single slit

. .

double slits light image . ,

monochromatic light (one wavelength)

Laser beam beam

mercury arc light .

. laser
.

, Young
bright and dark area . double slit

Fiber-optic probe 5cm

slit ,

. probe

. Light particle

. ,

corpuscular theory ,

Young light wave phenomenon

.

Lens mirror
.
.

Scattering

,
scattering . Scattering
Rayleigh scattering diffraction scattering (Mie scattering)
. Scattering
, Rayleigh scattering
.
diffraction scattering .
.
Rayleigh scattering .
.
scattering

Rayleigh

scattering

diffraction

scattering .

6. Optical System
(1) High Sensitivity Photometer

Equipments

0.1-1000 Lux. incident light intensity

.

High sensitivity photometer

Incandescent light source
Optics bench
0.5 mW helium neon laser
Laser alignment bench
Linear translator
Angular translator
Component holder (5)
Glass dispersion tank
Red spectral filter
Yellow spectral filter
Green spectral filter
Blue spectral filter
Photometer apertures
Variable diaphragm
Diffuser
Crossed arrow target
Slits and Patterns (16 sets on 4 slides)

Mechanical zero

-22mm concave lens

Light probe input

18mm convex lens

Sensitivity Range

48mm convex lens

Sensitivity adjust

127mm convex lens

Zero Adjust, electronic

252mm convex lens

Viewing screen with metric scale
Aperture mask
Light source apertures (0.5, 0.75)
Light source apertures (1.0, 2.0)

.
Calibrated polarizer (3)
Calibrated 140 nm retarder
Hologram (transmission type)
Opaque points and Fresnel zone plate
Photometer .

600 line/mm diffraction grating

Glass plate

Zero the meter mechanically Photometer

Acrylic plate
Prism (90)

, mechanical zero screw

Flat front surface mirror

25mm concave front surface mirror

Connect the power Power cord 220VAC, 60Hz
.
Zero the meter electronically Light sensor light
light probe input connector sensitivity
4

6. Optical System
range switch (.1) range , zero adjust

(3) Optics Bench

. range
. Sensitivity range switch range

Incandescent light source component holder

(1000) .

, scale component
.

Measuring relative intensities Photometer

intensity .
.
Photometer probe intensity
( intensity
) .
Sensitivity range switch full
scale .
Sensitivity adjust knob
10 (full scale) .

(4) Helium Neon Laser

sensitivity adjust knob ,

intensity photometer probe

Wavelength 632.8nm laser . (0.5mW)

. intensity,
intensity .
(5) Linear Translator
(2) Incandescent Light Source
Photometer fiber-optics probe optics bench
optical axis light intensity

Incandescent light source produces visible spectrum

15 candle power light . knob

. Probe 0.1 mm . 3

lamp filament .

component .

6. Optical System
(6) Angular Translator

Component

Offset(mm)

Filter, Crossed-arrow Target

4.5

Photometer fiber-optics probe optics bench

Slit, Aperture

4.5

optical axis point

Lens

6.5

angle light intensity . Degree plate

Front Surface Mirror, plane

8.0

angle . 3 component

Front Surface Mirror, concave

8.0

Variable Diaphragm

10.0

Viewing Screen

4.5

Polarizer, Retarder

4.5

(8) Glass Dispersion Tank

(9) Filters (Red, Yellow, Green, Blue)

(7) Component Holder

component optics bench
. Component holder indicator line
component .
component
.

6. Optical System
(15) Slits and patterns (16 sets on 4 slides)

(10) Photometer apertures

Slide 1 : Four single slit apertures of difference widths

Slide 2 : Four double slit apertures of difference widths/ slit spacing

Aperture widths : 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0mm

Slide 3 : Four multiple slit apertures, constant slit width & spacing
Slide 4 : Two circular apertures ant two aperture arrays

(11) Variable diaphragm

Aperture limits : 1.25 10.0 mm
Number of leaves : 10

(12) Diffuser

(16) Viewing screen with metric scale

40mm scale on 45*45mm white screen

(17) Aperture mask

(13) Crossed arrow target

(18) Light source aperture

Aperture widths : 0.5, 0.75 mm / 1.0, 2.0 mm

(14) Lens (-22, 18, 48, 127, 252mm)

6. Optical System
(6) -22m concave lens component holder

Equipment Setup

aperture mask component holder

, light source 40cm
.

experimental procedure setup.

(7) Viewing screen lens . Screen

lens screen

Experimental Procedure

, image .
(8) Image screen

Experiment 1. First Focal Length

, image
lens screen .
, lens
. lens
concave lens focal length.

Experiment 2. Second Focal Length

(1) Incandescent light source optical bench

.
(2) convex lens component holder ,
viewing screen component holder .
(3) Lens screen component holder optical bench
. Lens light source screen
. (Lens light source lens

(1) convex lens component holder .

light .)
(2) Light source vertical line filament. , horizontal
(4) Screen , image

light source point source

. , lens screen

. Filament light source case surface

first focal length. (, lens

18mm.

focal length focal length ,

.)

(3) Screen image

(lens light parallel light
) lens . Lens filament

(5) convex lens first focal length .

second focal length. first focal length

.
(4) 18mm convex lens -22mm concave lens
focal length . (Light source case
lens filament parallel
light .) second
focal length . 48mm convex lens light source
focal length lens . 48mm convex
lens focal point lens point source
lens second focal length .
8

6. Optical System
Experiment 5. Spherical Aberration

Experiment 3. Improved Method

(1) magnification formula, magnification
1.0, s = s, d = d, f = d . , Lens
s + s = 4 f .
(2) Crossed-arrow target screen convex lens
. ( component holder .)
(3) Image target
lens screen . ( mm
.) target screen

(1) 18mm convex lens incandescent light source

focal length 4 .

. ( 30cm .) Component holder

convex lens .

(4) Focal length ,

lens focal plane . ,

lens . (Double convex lens R1=R2

image dot .

, plano-convex lens
.) , Gauss formula 1/s + 1/s = 1/f

(2) image ,

holder .
viewing screen image .
.
pattern . (

Experiment 4. Magnification

pattern
.) lens Foucault knife test.
spherical aberration . 48mm convex
lens .

(1) Convex lens crossed-arrow target screen

.
(2) Image lens .
(3) Target lens , screen lens
magnification .
(4) Screen scale marking image
actual magnification . magnification
.
(3) Light source test lens , test lens
variable diaphragm .

(5) lens .

pattern .
focal point . Light source variable diaphragm
crossed-arrow target diaphragm
image .
photographer .
9

6. Optical System
. Photometer aperture light source double slit

Experiment 6. Coma

.
(4) Photometer aperture slide single slit
, double-slit light source light
.
(5) Double-slit diffuser image
.
(6) Interference pattern slit diffuser
.

(1) 48mm convex lens light source 18mm

convex lens 48mm lens 5cm .

(7) Double-slit slit light

(2) Viewing screen optical bench

photometer aperture . Image

. ( diffraction pattern .)

screen

image

component .
(8) double-slit light
(3) 18mm lens bench

image . (7)

image .

Experiment 7. Astigmatism
(1) Coma .
(2) 18mm convex lens axis , screen
image . Image
,
.
(9) Photometer fiber optic probe linear translator

translator

image

intensity

Analyzer holder probe light source aperture

Experiment 8. Youngs Experiment

. Aperture light probe

aperture . Aperture
. (7) (8) single slit
double slit , intensity position
graph .
(10) Bright area intensity(Imax) , first dark
area intensity(Imin) . Michelson visibility
coefficient(V) .
(1) Light source optical bench .

V=(Imax-Imin)/(Imax+Imin)

(2) Diffuser, double-slit, photometer aperture

coefficient incident light .

component holder .

1 .

(3) Double-slit light source 20cm

10

6. Optical System
(5) Incident light tank

Experiment 9. Scattering

aperture mask tank .

(6) Fiber optic probe photometer aperture
analyzer holder , photometer
tank angle intensity .
(7) Wratten filter light source tank
angle intensity . Intensity
angle . filter .
.
(1) Optical bench incandescent light source angular
translator .
(2) Component holder aperture mask light source
translator .
IMPORTANT:

(3) Dispersion tank

.

(4) Tank angular translator rotating table

.

11