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Hema Writen Midterms
Hema Writen Midterms
Submitted to:
Mrs. Analyn Navarro, RMT
Mrs. Eloisa Singian, RMT
Submitted by:
Guevarra, Sonny
Mungcal, Lilibeth
Sarmiento, Norilie Mae
Tayag, Joseph
Group 8
BSMT 3a
INTRODUCTION
White blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes, are cells of the immune system
defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five
different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, namely: the neutrophil, eosinophil,
basophil, lymphocyte, and the monocyte, but they are all produced and derived
from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell.
Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic
system. The name "white blood cell" is derived from the fact that after
centrifugation of a blood sample, the white cells are found in the buffy coat, a thin,
typically white layer of nucleated cells between the sedimented red blood cells and
the blood plasma. The scientific term leukocyte directly reflects this description,
derived from Greek leukos (white), and kytos (cell).
The number of WBCs in the blood is often an indicator of disease. There are
normally between 4×109 and 1.1×1010/L white blood cells in a litre of blood, making
up approximately 1% of blood in a healthy adult. An increase in the number of
leukocytes over the upper limits is called leukocytosis, and a decrease below the
lower limit is called leukopenia.
Quantitative evaluation of the formed elements in the blood is an important
factor in making a diagnosis. This is termed as hemocytometry. For white blood
cells, it is specifically known as the white blood cell count. A WBC count is normally
ordered as part of the complete blood count (CBC). In some circumstances, a WBC
count may be ordered to monitor recovery from illness. There are different methods
in the numerical estimation of the blood cells. They are: the turbimetric method,
microscopic method and the automated method.
The turbimetric method is based on the assumption that the more turbid a
solution, the more cells are present in the blood. This method is obsolete and very
erroneous. The automated method makes use of calibrated machines that uses that
makes use of light beams or voltage pulses in order to accurately count the cells.
The method used for counting white blood cells in the experiment is the
microscopic method. Cells are counted under the microscope using the following
materials:
a. Counting chamber
b. Pipettes (specifically the WBC pipette)
c. Diluting fluid
The four corner large squares (W) are used in counting the White Blood Cells.
Each square has an area of 1 sq. mm, and are subdivided into 16 smaller squares.
The inverted rule of L (marked in red) is used in counting the cells. All cells that are
inside the square and those that fall on the lines of the rule of L are counted.
The Thoma cell counting pipette is a calibrated glass pipet with a bulb for a
diluting
chamber. There are two types of pipets, one for WBC counting (characterized by a
clear or white mixing button in the mixing chamber) and the second for RBC
counting
(identified by the red mixing button in the diluting chamber). Each has a pipet stem
with calibration marks. Both pipets do not measure in mLs, but in parts. Each pipet
is designed to give a specific dilution.
The Thoma WBC pipet can dilute from 1:10 to 1:100. Most WBC pipets
contain ten
calibration marks designated as 0.1 to 1.0. A final calibration mark is located on the
opposite side of the bulb (designated by 11). The volume in the stem is 10 times
less
than that of the bulb. Blood, pipetted to the 0.5 mark, then diluted to the 11 mark
provides a 1:20 dilution. Note the dilutions possible using the WBC pipet and
pipetting blood (or any body fluid) to the 0.1 mark and diluted to the 11
mark give a 1:100 dilution.
The
Trenner pipet differs from the Thoma pipet in the way the stem is joined to the
mixing bulb. The stem inserts into the bulb so that the end is flat, polished, and
at right zangles to the longitudinal axis. The means that blood can be drawn into
the stem by capillary action and will fill the stem, automatically stopping at the end
of the stem. Each Trenner pipet is calibrated to dilute to a designated volume.
0.1
1:100
0.2
1:50
0.3
1:33
0.4
1:25
0.5
1:20
0.6
1:17
0.7
1:14
0.8
1:12
0.9
1:11
1.0 1:10
The stem contains pure diluting fluid and that is the reason why it is always
discarded as the first few drops and the reason why we subtract 1 from 11.
Therefore 11-1= 10 in which it is constant in the WBC bulb.
In WBC counts, the diluting fluids aim to lessen the number of blood cells and
lyse cells that are not needed in the count (red blood cells are lysed but not the
nucleated RBC).
3. Tuerk’s solution
Composition:
Glacial acetic acid 2ml
Distilled water 97ml
Methyl violet 1 drop
d. Procedure
e. Calculations
Where:
= _______1 __________
0.4 cu.mm (constant)
The normal values for the WBC count in 6,000-11,000/ cu.mm. An elevated
number of white blood cells is called leukocytosis. This can result from bacterial
infections, inflammation, leukemia, trauma, intense exercise, or stress.
It is important to say that high white blood cell count would be considered normal in
certain situations:
• Pregnancy in the final month and labor may be associated with increased WBC
levels.
• Spleen removal could grant persistent mild to moderate increased WBC count.
• Normal newborns and infants have higher WBC counts than adults
A decreased WBC count is called leukopenia. It can result from many
different situations, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or diseases of the
immune system.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Calculations:
Counting Chamber 1
Counting Chamber 2
W1 = 13
W2 = 12
W3 = 16 W1 = 18
W4 = 11 W2 = 13
W3 = 17
Total = 52 wbc’s W4 = 18
UPDATES
References
http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/wbc/test.html
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003643.htm
http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/wbc/test.html#when
http://www.clt.astate.edu/wwilliam/hem_i_intro.htm
http://www.healthandage.com/high-white-blood-cell-count-why-is-my-white-blood-
cell-count-too-high#Treatments_for_High_White_Blood_Cell_Count