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Gate Guide Signals and Systems by R K Kanodia 1
Gate Guide Signals and Systems by R K Kanodia 1
Sample Chapter
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
Theory, Example and Practice
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
Features:-
JHUNJHUNUWALA
The GATE examination consists of multiple choice problems which are tricky, conceptual and tests the
fundamental understanding of the subject. As an GATE aspirant your study should be emphasized on
the following points.
Brief and explicit Theory which covers all the topics: The syllabus of GATE examination includes all the
subjects of under graduation which you have to study in a short span of your preparation. The theory should
be point-to-point and explicit which develops the fundamentals of the subject. Additionally, it should give
you the whole coverage of the syllabus.
However, for the interview you should always refer standard text books and reference books only.
Concepts & Formulas: The question appeared in GATE are numerical as well as conceptual. The theory
should include all the concepts and formulas which should be highlighted for a quick reading.
Step-by-step Problem Solving Methodology: For solving different kind of numerical problems, a particular
methodology should be followed. Note that for a specific problem alternate methods can be used. The best
method is one which is much simpler and less time consuming.
Well-explained examples: Solved examples gives a good understanding of the solution methodologies.
They enhance the problem solving skills. Also, they make you to choose the best solution between alternate
methods.
Practice Exercise: Only theory is not sufficient for a good score. You need to practice as much questions as
you can. Remember that, similar questions do not give the whole breadth of the syllabus. There should be a
variety of questions which covers all the topics. Questions should be numerical as well as conceptual.
Questions appeared in GATE has a standard level, they can not be compared with any other exams.
Questions seems simple but most of them are tricky. So, practice questions must be of the same level as
GATE examination questions.
The book GATE GUIDE is featured with all above points. Let us have a glance of the
book
1. Brief Theory
Each chapter comprises brief theory
covering all the topics. It is very explicit
and provides a clear understanding
of the topics.
5. Marginal Notes
Marginal notes are extra source of
learning. They emphasize useful
concepts, summarized text and some
common mistakes that students need
to avoid.
3. Text Screen
The subject of Signals & System
includes various properties of
systems & transforms. These are
highlighted in a text screen showing
their importance while reading.
4. Table of Summary
The whole text is summarized using
tables which helps in quick reading.
7. Practice Exercise
Practice exercises covers variety
of problems from each topic that
enhance your confidence level.
Practice exercises are divided into two
levels on the basis of complexity.
GATE GUIDE
GATE GUIDE
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
JHUNJHUNUWALA
JAIPUR
Information contained in this book has been obtained by author, from sources believes to be reliable.
However, neither Jhunjhunuwala nor its author guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any
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or damages arising out of use of this information. This book is published with the understanding that
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or other professional services.
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SYLLABUS
GATE ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
Definitions and properties of Laplace transform, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier
series, continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier Transform, DFT and FFT, Z-transform.
Sampling theorem. Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems: definitions and properties; causality,
stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel and cascade structure, frequency
response, group delay, phase delay. Signal transmission through LTI systems.
Answer Key
745
CHAPTER 6
THE Z-TRANSFORM
CHAPTER OUTLINE
6.1
INTRODUCTION
6.2
6.3
REGION OF CONVERGENCE
6.4
6.5
PROPERTIES OF z-TRANSFORM
6.6
ANALYSIS
6.7
6.8
6.9
OF
Practice Exercises
Level-1
Level-2
Page 396
6.1
The Z-Transform
INTRODUCTION
6.1.1
Chapter 6
/ x [n] z
(6.1.1)
n = 3
X (z)
Chapter 6
6.1.2
The Z-Transform
Page 397
/ x [ n] z
(6.1.2)
n=0
E X A M P L E
1
(1 az1)
(D)
1
(z a)
SOLUTION :
/
n = 3
x [n] zn =
/ an u [ n 1] zn
n = 3
We know that
for n 1 $ 0 or n # 1
n >1
1,
u [ n 1] = *
0,
So
X (z) =
/ (az1) n
n = 3
substituting n = k
3
= / (az1) k = / (a1 z) k
k=1
k=1
1
= a z1 =
1 a z 1 az1
Hence (A) is correct option.
E X A M P L E
Page 398
The Z-Transform
SOLUTION :
/ x [n] zn
n=0
3
/ x [n] zn
n=0
EXISTENCE
OF
z-TRANSFORM
/ x [n] z
n = 3
/ x [n] (re
j n
n = 3
3
/ {x [n] r
} ejn
n = 3
/ x [n] r
13
(6.2.1)
n = 3
6.3
REGION
OF
CONVERGENCE
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
(B) z > 0
(C) z < a
(D) z < 0
SOLUTION :
/ (az1) n = / (az1) k
n3
k=1
= 3
= / (a1 z) k
X (z) =
k=1
(B) z > a
(C) z > 0
SOLUTION :
/
n = 3
1,
u [n] = *
0,
x [n] zn =
/ an u [n] zn
n = 3
for n $ 0
otherwise
so,
X (z) =
/ (az1) n
n=0
Page 399
Page 400
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
6.3.1
z
(z 2) (z 3)
Chapter 6
6.3.2
The Z-Transform
Properties of ROC
/ x [n] zn
n = 3
/ x [n] rn ejn
n = 3
/ x [n] rn < 3
n = 3
Page 401
Page 402
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
Proof :
A sequence which is zero outside a finite interval of time is
called finite duration sequence. Consider a finite duration
sequence x [n] shown in figure 6.3.2a; x [n] is non-zero only
for some interval N1 # n # N2 .
N2
/ x [n] zn
n = N1
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
/ x [n] zn
n = 3
3
/
n = 3
<3
x [n] r 0n < 3
/
n = N1
x [n] r 0n < 3
(6.3.1)
/
n = N1
x [n] zn =
=
x [n] zn r 0n r 0n
n = N1
3
x [n] r 0n a z k
r0
n = N1
(6.3.2)
/
n = N1
x [n] zn # Mx
/ a rz0 kn
(6.3.3)
n = N1
Page 403
Page 404
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
figure 6.3.2c.
/ x [n] zn
n = 3
3
or
/
n = 3
<3
x [n] r 0n < 3
(6.3.4)
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
/
n = 3
x [n] r 0n < 3
(6.3.5)
/
n = 3
x [n] zn =
=
N2
x [n] zn r 0n r 0n
n = 3
N2
x [n] r 0n a r 0 k
z
n = 3
(6.3.6)
/
n = 3
x [n] zn # Mx
N2
/
n = 3
r0 n
az k
Page 405
Page 406
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
(A) | z | < 1
2
(C) | z | < 1
3
(D) | z | > 1
2
Page 407
Page 408
The Z-Transform
SOLUTION :
/ x [n] z
n = 3
3
/
n = 3
1 n
n
b 2 l u [n] z +
/
n = 3
1 n
n
b 3 l u [ n] z
2 b 2z 1 l
3
n
n
6
1
1
= / b l + / b l =
2
z
3
z
1
1
n=0
n=0
bz 2 lbz + 3 l
14
42
4
4
3
1
44
2
44
3
I
II
3
1 < 1 or z > 1
3z
3
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Proof :
This property can be be proved by taking property 5 and
7 together.
E X A M P L E
(A) z < 1
3
(C) z > 1
2
(D) z < 1
2
SOLUTION :
z -transform of x [n] is
X (z) =
/ x [n] zn
n = 3
/
n = 3
1 n
n
b 2 l u [ n 1] z
/
n = 3
1 n n
b2l z
/
n = 3
/ b 13 l u [ n 1] zn
n=3
1 n n
b 3 l z
3
3
n
n
= / b 1 l zn / b 1 l zn
2
3
n=1
n=1
3
= / (2z) n / ( 3z) n
n=1
n=1
1 44 2
44 3 1 44 2
44 3
I
II
=
=
2z ( 3z)
(1 2z) (1 + 3z)
2z (1 + 3z) + 3z (1 2z)
(1 2z) (1 + 3z)
(z 12z2)
(1 2z) (1 + 3z)
=
z (1 12z)
2 bz 1 l (3) bz + 1 l
2
3
Page 409
Page 410
The Z-Transform
z b 2z 1 l
6
=
1
1
bz 2 lbz + 3 l
Poles are z = 1 , z = 1
2
3
ROC : Summation I converges if 2z < 1 or z < 1
2
summation II converges it 3z < 1 or z < 1
3
ROC is intersection of both so z < 1
3
(which is inside the innermost pole)
2.
[ n]
[n n 0]
z -transform
ROC
entire z
-plane
zn
entire z
-plane,
except
z=0
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
3.
4.
The Z-Transform
u [n]
n u [n]
Page 411
1 = z
1 z1 z 1
z >1
1
z
1 = z
1 z
z >
5.
n 1 u [n 1]
z1 = 1
1 z1 z
z >
6.
nu [n]
z1
z
=
(1 z1) 2 (z 1) 2
z >1
7.
nn u [n]
z1
= z
(1 z1) 2 (z ) 2
z >
8.
cos (0 n) u [n]
1 z1 sin 0
or
1 2z1 cos 0 + z2
z >1
z [z cos 0]
z 2z cos 0 + 1
2
9.
sin (0 n) u [n]
z1 sin 0
or
1 2z1 cos 0 + z2
z >1
z sin 0
z 2z cos 0 + 1
2
10.
n cos (0 n) u [n]
1 z1 cos 0
1 2z1 cos 0 + 2 z2
or
11.
n sin (0 n) u [n]
z >
z sin 0
z 2z cos 0 + 2
2
A + Bz1
r sin (0 n + ) u [n] 1 + 2z1 + 2 z2
with ! R
z (Az + B)
or 2
z + 2 z + 2
n
12.
z [z cos 0]
z 2z cos 0 + 2
2
z1 sin 0
1 2z1 cos 0 + 2 z2
or
z >
z # (a)
Page 412
The Z-Transform
6.4
6.4.1
z +A
z + ... + z
2
z p1
z p2
z pn
(6.4.1)
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
A2 = (z p2)
In general,
Ai = (z pi) X (z) z = p
X (z)
z
z = p2
(6.4.2)
i
1
1 1.5z1 + 0.5z2
Page 413
Page 414
The Z-Transform
List II
(x [n])
P.
z >1
1. [2 (0.5) n] u [ n]
Q.
z < 0.5
2. 2u [ n 1] (0.5) n u [n]
3. [ 2 + (0.5) n] u [ n 1]
4. [2 (0.5) n] u [n]
Codes :
P
(A) 4
(B)
2
(C) 1
(D) 4
Q
3
3
2
3
R
2
4
4
1
SOLUTION :
X (z) =
1
1 1.5z1 + 0.5z2
z2
z2 1.5z + 0.5
To use partial fraction method, consider X (z) /z
X (z)
z
z
= 2
=
z
z 1.5z + 0.5 (z 1) (z 0.5)
X (z) =
X (z)
z
=
z
(z 1) (z 0.5)
X (z)
Since poles are simple and real. So
can be expanded
z
in partial fraction as
X (z)
= A1 + A 2
z
z 1 z 0. 5
A1 = (z 1)
= (z 1)
X (z)
z
z=1
1
=2
(z 1) (1 0.5)
A2 = (z 0.5)
= (z 0.5)
X (z)
z
z = 0.5
0.5
= 1
(0.5 1) (z 0.5)
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
So,
The Z-Transform
X (z)
= 2 1
z
z 1 z 0.5
X (z) = 2z z
z 1 z 0.5
=
2
1
1
1z
1 0.5z1
ROC : z > 1
Since ROC is right to the right most pole so both the terms
in equation (1) corresponds to right-sided sequence. (Refer
property # 8, section 6.3)
2
1 z1
1
1 0.5z1
Z1
Z1
2 (1) n u [n]
(0.5) n u [n]
So
x [n] = [2 (0.5) n] u [n]
ROC : z < 0.5
Page 415
Page 416
The Z-Transform
So
x [n] = 2u [ n 1] (0.5) n u [n]
Hence (A) is correct option.
6.4.2
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
given as
X (z) =
/ x [ n] z
n = 3
(B) {1, 3, 3, 1}
(C) {1, 3, 3, 1}
(D) {1, 3, 3, 1}
SOLUTION :
Given
X (z) = (1 + z1) 3 = 1 + 3z1 + 3z2 + z3
From the defination of z -transform
X (z) =
=
/ x [n] zn
n = 3
3
/ x [n] zn
n=0
PROPERTIES
OF
z-TRANSFORM
Page 417
Page 418
6.5.1
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
Linearity
Let
x 1 [ n]
and
x 2 [ n]
X1 (z),
with ROC: R1
X2 (z),
with ROC: R2
n = 3
=a
x1 [n] zn + b
n = 3
/ x [n ] z
2
n = 3
z1
1 5z1 + 6z2
1
(D)
1 5z1 + 6z2
(B)
SOLUTION :
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
x 1 [ n] = 2 n u [ n]
1
= X1 (z)
1 2z1
1 = X (z)
2
1 3z1
x2 [n] = 3n u [ n 1]
2
3
1
1 2z
1 3z1
2 6z1 3 + 6z1
(1 2z1) (1 3z1)
Z
1
1 5z1 + 6z2
Hence (D) is correct option.
Z
6.5.2
Time shifting
x [n]
then
x [n n 0]
and
x [n + n 0]
X (z),
with ROC Rx
zn X (z),
zn X (z),
/ x [n n ] z
n = 3
/ x [ ] z
(n 0 + )
= 3
3
/ x [] z
n 0
= 3
= zn
/ x [ ] z
= 3
Page 419
Page 420
The Z-Transform
Z {x [n n 0]} = zn X [z]
0
x [n]
then
and
x [n n 0]
x [n + n 0]
X (z),
with ROC Rx
zn e X (z) +
/ x [ m] z
zn e X (z)
n0
m=1
n0 1
/ x [m] z
o,
o,
m=0
/ x [n n ] z
n=0
Z {x [n n 0]} =
/ x [n n ] z
n n 0 n 0
z z
n=0
= zn
/ x [n n ] z
0
(n n 0)
n=0
Substituting n n 0 =
Limits; when n " 0, " n 0
when n " + 3, " + 3
3
Now, Z {x [n n 0]} = zn
= zn
or,
Z {x [n n 0]} = zn
/ x [] z
= n 0
1
/ x [ ] z
= n 0
3
/ x [] z
=0
+ zn
+ zn
/ x [ ] z
=0
1
/ x [] z
= n 0
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
or,
The Z-Transform
Z {x [n n 0]} = zn
/ x [] z
+ zn
=0
n0
/ x [ ] z
=1
/ x [n] z
+ zn
n=0
= zn X [z] + zn
0
n0
/ x [ m] z
m=1
n0
/ x [ m] z
m=1
zn e X (z)
n0 1
/ x [m] z
m=0
E X A M P L E
u [n] = 1 ,
n$0
So X (z) is unilateral z -transform of x [n]. For unilateral z
-transform, we have time shifting property as
x [n n 0] u [n]
x [ n 1] u [ n ]
zn c X (z) +
0
Thus
z1 e X (z) +
n0
/ x [ m] zm m
m=1
1
/ x [ m] zm o
m=1
z1 ^X (z) + x [ 1] z h
z1 X (z) + 2
Similarly
x [ n 2] u [ n ]
z2 e X (z) +
/ x [ m] zm o
m=1
z2 ^X (z) + x [ 1] z + x [ 2] z2h
z2 X (z) + 2z1 + 3
Page 421
Page 422
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
So z -transform of y [n]
Y (z) = X (z) 3 6z1 X (z) + 2@ + 4 [z2 X (z) + 2z1 + 3]
= X (z) [1 3z1 + 4z2] + 6 + 8z1
Hence (A) is correct option.
E X A M P L E
1 ,
z 4
ROC : Z < 2
z2
z2 4
(D)
1
(z + 2) 2 4
SOLUTION :
So
x [n]
x [n n 0]
x [ n 2]
X (z)
zn X (z)
0
2
z2 X (z) = 2z
z 4
6.5.3
If
then
Time Reversal
x [n]
x [ n]
Z
Z
X (z),
X b 1 l,
z
with ROC : Rx
with ROC : 1/Rx
/ x [ n] z
n = 3
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Z {x [ n]} =
=
/ x [ k] z
Page 423
k=3
3
/ x [k] (z
1 k
k = 3
= Xb 1 l
z
x [ n]
Hence,
Xb 1 l
z
ROC : z1 ! Rx or z ! 1/Rx
E X A M P L E
Z
Let n u [n]
1/ (1 z1), then what will be the z
-transform of sequence n u [ n] ?
1
(B)
(A)
1 z
z1
(C)
z
z
(D)
1
z
SOLUTION :
n u [n]
1
1 z1
n u [ n] =
X (z1)
Z
1
= 1
1 (z1) 1 1 z
6.5.4
If
then
x [n]
nx [n]
Z
Z
with ROC : Rx
X (z),
dX (z)
, with ROC : Rx
z
dz
Page 424
The Z-Transform
X (z) =
/ x [ n] z
n = 3
3
dX (z)
=
nx [n] zn
dz
n = 3
Hence,
nx [n]
dX (z)
dz
1
(C)
(1 az1) 2
SOLUTION :
1
(1 az1)
az1
(1 az1) 2
1
az1
1 +
(1 az ) (1 az1) 2
1
(1 az1) 2
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
6.5.5
Scaling in z -domain
If
x [n]
Page 425
with ROC : Rx
X (z),
Z
then
a n x [ n]
X a z k, with ROC : a Rx
a
For both unilateral and bilateral transform.
Proof :
The bilateral z -transform of signal x [n] is given by equation
(6.1.1) as
Z {an x [n]} =
=
a n x [ n]
/ a x [n] z
n = 3
3
/ x [n] [a
z] n
n = 3
Z
Xa z k
a
1
z1
1 n u [n] will be
b3l
3
(1 z1)
1
(C)
1 1
b1 3 z l
1
3 (1 z1)
1
(D)
(1 3z1)
(A)
(B)
SOLUTION :
If
x [n]
X (z)
Z
a n x [ n]
Xa z k
a
[Property of scaling in z -domain]
Z
1
1
1 n
=
b 3 l u [n]
1
z
1 1
1 b
b1 3 z l
1/3 l
Hence (C) is correct option.
Page 426
6.5.6
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
Time Scaling
If
x [n]
then xk [n]
X (z),
Xk (z) = X (zk ),
with ROC : Rx
with ROC : (Rx ) 1/k
/ x [n] z
k
n=0
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
n=0
xk [0] = x [0],
n=k
xk [k] = x [1]
n = 2k
xk [2k] = x [2]
/ x [n] (z )
k n
n=0
= X (zk )
E X A M P L E
(B) 4
(C) 1/2
(D) 1/4
SOLUTION :
We know that
Z
if
So
x [n]
X (z)
Z
x 9n C
X (z2) (time expansion property)
2
y [n] = x 9n C
2
( 0.5) n/2,
y [n] = *
0,
n = 0, 2, 4, 6...
otherwise
y [4] = ( 0.5) 2 = 1
4
Hence (D) is correct option.
So
6.5.7
If
Time Differencing
x [n]
X (z),
with ROC : Rx
then x [n] x [n 1]
(1 z1) X (z),
with the ROC : Rx except for the possible deletion of
z = 0.
For both unilateral and bilateral transform.
Page 427
Page 428
The Z-Transform
Proof :
The z -transform of x [n] x [n 1] is given by equation
(6.1.1) as follows
Z {x [n] x [n 1]} =
=
/ {x [n] x [n 1]} z
n = 3
3
/ x [ n] z
n = 3
/ x [n 1] z
n = 3
/ x [ n] z
n = 3
3
/ x [ n] z
n = 3
/ x [r] z
(r + 1)
r = 3
z1
/ x [r] z
r = 3
= X (z) z1 X (z)
Hence,
x [ n ] x [ n 1]
(1 z1) X (z)
E X A M P L E
(a bz1)
(1 z1)
(D)
b
(1 az1)
SOLUTION :
1
(1 z1)
From time differencing property
Let x [n] = u [n], X (z) =
(a bz1) X (z)
Z
au [n] bu [n 1]
(a bz1) b 1 1 l
1z
Hence (C) is correct option.
ax [n] bx [n 1]
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
6.5.8
Let
The Z-Transform
Page 429
Time Convolution
Z
x 1 [ n]
X1 (z),
ROC : R1
and
ROC : R2
x 2 [ n]
X2 (z),
then the convolution property states that
Z
x 1 [ n] * x 2 [ n]
X1 (z) X2 (z),
ROC : at least R1 + R2
For both unilateral and bilateral z -transforms.
Proof :
As discussed in chapter 4, the convolution of two sequences
is given by
x 1 [ n] * x 2 [ n] =
/ x [k] x [n k]
1
k = 3
/ / x [k ] x [n k ] z
n = 3 k = 3
/ x [k ] / x [n k ] z
k = 3
n = 3
x [n] * x 2 [n]
x 1 [ n] * x 2 [ n]
/ x [k ] / x [] z
k = 3
Z
= 3
/ x [k] z
1
oe
k = 3
Z
( + k)
/ x [] z
2
= 3
X1 (z) X2 (z)
E X A M P L E
and
x1 [n] = {1, 2, 2}
1,
0#n#2
x 2 [ n] = *
0, elsewhere
Page 430
The Z-Transform
(B) 15
(C) 7
(D) 4
SOLUTION :
/ x1 [n] zn
n=0
= 1 + 2z1 + 2z2
x2 [n] = {1, 1, 1}
X2 (z) =
/ x2 [n] zn
n=0
= 1 + z1 + z2
X (z) = (1 + 2z1 + 2z2) (1 + z1 + z2)
= (1 + z1 + z2 + 2z1 + 2z2 + 2z3
+ 2z2 + 2z3 + 2z4)
= 1 + 3z1 + 5z2 + 4z3 + 2z4
= 1+3+5+4+2
= 15
Hence (B) is correct option.
6.5.9
If
then
Conjugation Property
x [n]
x)[n]
Z
Z
X (z),
with ROC : Rx
X )(z)),
with ROC : Rx
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Z {x)[n]} =
=
/x
[n] zn
n = 3
3
/ 6x [n] (z )
) n )
(6.5.2)
n = 3
/ x [ n] z
n = 3
/ [ x [ n] z
n )
n = 3
/ 6x [n] (z )
) n
(6.5.3)
n = 3
(6.5.4)
x)[n] = x [n], so
Z {x)[n]} =
/ x [ n] z
n = 3
= X (z)
(6.5.5)
If
with ROC : Rx
x [n]
X (z),
then initial-value theorem states that,
x [0] = lim X (z)
z"3
/ x [ n] z
n=0
Page 431
Page 432
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
z"3
z"3
= x [ 0]
E X A M P L E
2 1.5z1
1 1.5z1 + 0.5z2
(B) 2
(C) 1.5
(D) 0
SOLUTION :
If
with ROC : Rx
x [n]
X (z),
then final-value theorem states that
x [3] = lim (z 1) X (z)
z"1
/ {x [n + 1] x [n]} z
k"3
n=0
(6.5.6)
From the time shifting property of unilateral z -transform
discussed in section 6.5.2
x [n + n 0]
For n 0 = 1
zn e X (z)
0
n0 1
/ x [m] z
m=0
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
x [ n + 1]
z e X (z)
/ x [m] z
m=0
x [ n + 1]
z ^X (z) x [0]h
Put above transformation in the equation (6.5.6)
Z
/ (x [n + 1] x [n]) z
/ (x [n + 1] x [n]) z
k"3
n=0
k
k"3
n=0
/ x [ n + 1] x [ n ]
k"3
n=0
z"1
... + (x [k + 1] x [k])
Hence,
z"1
E X A M P L E
z (8z 7)
4z2 7z + 3
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 0
SOLUTION :
n"3
z"1
= (z 1)
z (2z 74 )
=1
(z 1) (z 34 )
Page 433
Page 434
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
Summary :
Let,
x [n]
x 1 [ n]
x 2 [ n]
Z
Z
Z
X (z),
with ROC Rx
X1 (z),
with ROC R1
X2 (z),
with ROC R2
Time domain
Linearity
at least R1 + R2
x [n n 0]
zn X (z)
x [n + n 0]
zn X (z)
Time shifting
(bilateral or noncausal)
Time shifting
(unilateral or
causal)
z -transform
ROC
x [n n 0]
zn e X (z) +
x [n + n 0]
zn e X (z)
n0
/ x [ m] z
m=1
n0 1
/ x [m] z
m=0
Xb 1 l
z
Time reversal
x [ n]
Differentiation in
z domain
nx [n]
Scaling
domain
a n x [n]
Xa z k
a
a Rx
xk [n] = x [n/k]
X (zk )
(Rx ) 1/k
in
Time
scaling(expansion)
Time differencing
x [ n ] x [ n 1]
dX (z)
dz
(1 z ) X (z)
1/Rx
Rx
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Time convolution
x 1 [ n] * x 2 [ n]
X1 (z) X2 (z)
at least R1 + R2
x)[n]
X )(z))
Rx
provided x [n] = 0
for n < 0
Conjugations
Initial-value
theorem
z"3
Final-value
theorem
n"3
= lim (z 1) X (z)
z"1
6.6
6.6.1
/ a y [n k ] = / b x [n k ]
k
k=0
Page 435
k=0
Page 436
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
N
M1
Y (z)
= bM z N + bM 1 zN 1 + ..... + b1 + b 0
X (z)
+ ..... + a1 + a 0
aN z + aN 1 z
=0
On taking z -transform of the above equation with
given initial conditions, we can form an equation for
Yzi (z). The zero-input response yzi [n] is given by inverse z
-transform of Yzi (z).
aN y [n N] + aN 1 y [n (N 1)] + ....... + a1 y [n 1] + a0 y [n]
2.
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
SOLUTION :
z
X (z)
z 0.5 k
z
z1
Y (z) =
z
z
(z 0.5) (z 1)
Y (z) =
z2
(z 1) (z 0.5)
Y (z)
z
=
z
(z 1) (z 0.5)
By partial fraction
Y (z)
= 2 1
z
z 1 z 0.5
Page 437
Page 438
The Z-Transform
Y (z) = 2z z
z 1 z 0.5
By taking inverse z -transform
y [n] = 2u [n] (0.5) n u [n]
Hence (B) is correct option.
6.6.2
1 u [n 2]
2n 2
(D) n 12 u [n 2]
2
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
SOLUTION :
1
1
Y (z)
= 2z z
X (z) 1 2
n1
h [ n] = 2 b 1 l
2
&
u [n 1]
6.7.1
Causality
6.7.2
Stability
/
n = 3
h [ n] < 3
Page 439
Page 440
The Z-Transform
H (z) =
/ h [n] z
n = 3
/ h [n] e
n = 3
3
jn
/ h [n] e
jn
n = 3
/
n = 3
h [ n] < 3
6.7.3
E X A M P L E
1
3z1
1 z
2
Consider the following statements about the system
H (z) =
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
1.
2.
3.
4.
(D) 3 and 4
SOLUTION :
1
2
+
1
1
1
3z1
1 z
2
The system has poles at z = 1 and z = 3
2
Stability:
H (z) =
Causility:
For an LTI System to be causal the ROC must be exterior
of a circle outside the outer most pole. Here outer most
pole is z = 3 . So for a causal system ROC : z > 3
Page 441
Page 442
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
is not stable.
Causality:
ROC is exterior to outer most pole (z = 2) so the system
is causal.
Page 443
Page 444
The Z-Transform
Stability:
ROC does not contain unit circle so the system is unstable.
Causility:
ROC is not exterior to outer most pole (z = 2), hence it is
not causal.
SOLUTION :
H (z) =
=
10
9
1 1
1+ 2z
1 + 14 z1
1 2z1
1 1
1
^1 + 12 z hb1 + 4 z l
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
Page 445
s -domain representation
Adder
Constant multiplier
Unit delay element
Unit
element
advance
Page 446
6.8.1
The Z-Transform
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
H (z) =
Y (z) + 4z1 Y (z) + 3z2 Y (z) = 1X (z) + 2z1 X (z) + 2z2 X (z)
Comparing with standard form of equation (6.8.1), we get
a1 = 4 , a2 = 3 and b 0 = 1, b1 = 2 , b2 = 2 . Now put these
values in general structure of Direct form-I realization we
get
6.8.2
Y (z)
(6.8.3)
= b 0 + b1 z1 + b2 z2 + ... + bM zM
W (z)
Equation (6.8.2) can be simplified as,
W (z) + a1 z1 W (z) + a2 z2 W (z) + ... + aN zN W (z) = X (z)
Page 447
Page 448
The Z-Transform
Y (z)
Y (z) W (z)
=
X (z) W (z) # X (z)
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
The Z-Transform
W (z)
1
,
=
X (z)
1 + 4z1 + 3z2
where,
Y (z)
= 1 + 2z1 + 2z2
W (z)
so,
6.8.3
Cascade Form
= H1 (z) H2 (z)
1
2
where H1 (z)= bk0 + bk1 z1 + bk2 z2
1 + ak1 z + ak2 z
1
2
H2 (z) = bm0 + bm1 z1 + bm2 z2
1 + am1 z + am2 z
Page 449
Page 450
6.8.4
The Z-Transform
Parallel Form
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
6.9
The Z-Transform
/ x (nT) (t nT)
n = 3
/ x (nT) L { (t nT)}
n = 3
3
/ X (nT) e
nTs
(6.9.1)
n = 3
/ x [ n] z
(6.9.2)
n = 3
sT
***********
a x [n] = x (nT)
Page 451
PRACTICE EXERCISE
LEVEL-1
MCQ 6.1
(C)
MCQ 6.2
1
z1
2
MCQ 6.4
2z
2z 1
(D)
1
2z
MCQ 6.3
(B)
(D) 15
2z ,
2z 1
z >1
2
(B)
z ,
z2
z <1
2
(C)
2z ,
2z 1
z <1
2
1
(D) 2z ,
z1
z >1
2
(B) z > 2
(D) z < 1
2
Page 456
MCQ 6.5
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
MCQ 6.6
MCQ 6.7
(B) z < 1
2
(C) z > 1
3
(B) z >
(D) z <
Match List I (discrete time sequence) with List II (z -transform) and choose the
correct answer using the codes given below the lists
List-I
(Discrete time sequence)
P.
u [n 2]
1.
1
,
z2 (1 z1)
Q.
u [ n 3]
2.
z1 ,
1 z1
R.
u [n + 4]
3.
1
,
z (1 z1)
S.
u [ n]
4.
z2 ,
1 z1
Codes :
P
(A) 1
(B)
2
(C) 4
(D) 4
MCQ 6.8
List-II
(z -transform)
Q
4
4
1
2
R
2
1
3
3
z <1
z <1
z >1
z >1
S
3
3
2
1
z , ROC : z > 1
z+1
(B)
z , ROC : z > 1
zj
(C)
z , ROC : z < 1
z2 + 1
(D)
1 , ROC : z < 1
z+1
Chapter 6
MCQ 6.9
The z-Transform
Page 457
Consider the pole zero diagram of an LTI system shown in the figure which
corresponds to transfer function H (z).
Match List I (The impulse response) with List II (ROC which corresponds to above
diagram) and choose the correct answer using the codes given below:
{Given that H (1) = 1}
List-I
(Impulse response)
P.
List-II
(ROC)
[( 4) 2n + 6 (3) n] u [n]
1.
2.
z >3
R. (4) 2n u [ n 1] + ( 6) 3n u [ n 1] 3.
z <2
Q. ( 4) 2n u [n] + ( 6) 3n u [ n 1]
S.
4 (2) n u [ n 1] + ( 6) 3n u [n]
Codes :
P
(A) 4
(B)
2
(C) 1
(D) 2
MCQ 6.10
Q
1
1
4
4
R
3
3
2
3
4.
2< z <3
S
2
4
3
1
MCQ 6.11
(C) 1, 1, 2
(D) 1, 0, 2
(B) u [n] + 1
n
(C) u [n 1] + n
(D) [n] + n 1
Page 458
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
Statement For Q. 12 - 14
Consider a discrete time signal x [n] and its z -transform X (z) given as
2
X (z) = 2 z + 5z
z 2z 3
MCQ 6.12
MCQ 6.13
MCQ 6.14
MCQ 6.15
(B) [ 2 (3) n + ( 1) n] u [ n 1]
(D) [2 (3) n + ( 1) n] u [ n 1]
Consider a DT sequence
x [n] = x 1 [n] + x 2 [n]
where, x1 [n] = (0.7) n u [n 1] and
x2 [n] = ( 0.4) n u [n 2]
The region of convergence of z -transform of x [n] is
(B) z > 0.7
(A) 0.4 < z < 0.7
(C) z < 0.4
MCQ 6.16
MCQ 6.17
(A)
(z + 4)
2
8 (z + 4) 2 (z + 4) 1
(B)
z5
8z2 2z 1
(C)
4z
128z2 8z 1
(D)
1
8z 2z 4 z3
5
(B)
(C) 3 a z k
z
3
(D) z
z
z4
z
Chapter 6
MCQ 6.18
The z-Transform
Page 459
Let x1 [n], x2 [n] and x 3 [n] be three discrete time signals and X1 (z), X2 (z) and X 3 (z)
are their z -transform respectively given as
z2
,
X1 (z) =
(z 1) (z 0.5)
and
X2 (z) =
z
(z 1) (z 0.5)
X 3 (z) =
1
(z 1) (z 0.5)
MCQ 6.20
(D) x1 [n + 1] = x2 [n 1] = x 3 [n]
9
The inverse z -transform of a function X (z) = z
is
z
(A) n 10 u [n 10]
(B) n u [n 10]
(D) n 9 u [n 9]
Let x [n]
2
X (z) = z
z3
MCQ 6.21
(B) 9
(C) 1
(D) 0
The z -transform of the discrete time signal x [n] shown in the figure is
(A)
zk
1 z1
k
(C) 1 z1
1z
MCQ 6.22
(B)
zk
1 + z1
k
(D) 1 + z1
1z
X (z) =
z . The
z1
Page 460
MCQ 6.23
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
(A)
z2 , 1
z1 z1
(B)
1 , z2
z1 z1
(C)
1 , z
z1 z1
(D)
z , z2
z1 z1
MCQ 6.24
MCQ 6.25
2z2
(z 1) 3
(B)
z (z + 1)
(z 1) 3
(C)
z
(z 1) 2
(D)
1
(z 1) 2
Match List I (Discrete time sequence) with List II (z -transform) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below the lists.
List-I
(Discrete time sequence)
List-II
(z -transform)
P.
n ( 1) n u [n]
1.
z1 , ROC : z > 1
(1 z1) 2
Q.
nu [ n 1]
2.
1
, ROC : z > 1
(1 + z1)
R. ( 1) n u [n]
3.
z1 , ROC : z < 1
(1 z1) 2
nu [n]
4.
S.
Codes :
P
(A) 4
Q
1
R
2
S
3
(B)
(C)
(D)
3
2
1
4
4
1
2
3
z1 , ROC : z > 1
(1 + z1) 2
Chapter 6
MCQ 6.26
The z-Transform
MCQ 6.27
Page 461
n
(D) b 1 l u [ n 1]
2
MCQ 6.28
MCQ 6.29
(A) X a z k, ROC : a Rx
a
Let X (z) be the z -transform of a causal signal x [n] = an u [n] with ROC : z > a
. Match the discrete sequences S1, S2, S 3 and S 4 with ROC of their z -transforms
R1, R2 and R 3 .
Sequences
ROC
S1 : x [n 2]
R1 :
z >a
S2 : x [n + 2]
R2 :
z <a
S 3 : x [ n]
R3 :
z <1
a
S 4 : ( 1) n x [n]
(A) (S1, R1), (S2, R2), (S 3, R 3), (S 4, R 3)
(B) (S1, R1), (S2, R1), (S 3, R 3), (S 4, R1)
(C) (S1, R2), (S2, R1), (S 3, R2), (S 4, R 3)
(D) (S1, R1), (S2, R2), (S 3, R2), (S 4, R 3)
MCQ 6.30
Consider a discrete time signal x [n] = n u [n] and its z -transform X (z). Match List
I (discrete signals) with List II (z -transform) and select the correct answer using
the codes given below:
Page 462
The z-Transform
List-I
(Discrete time signal)
x [n/2]
1.
z2 X (z)
Q.
x [ n 2] u [ n 2 ]
2.
X (z2)
R. x [n + 2] u [n]
3.
X (z/ 2)
2n x [n]
4.
2 X (z)
Codes :
P
(A) 1
(B)
2
(C) 1
(D) 2
MCQ 6.31
List-II
(z -transform)
P.
S.
Let x [n]
Q
2
4
4
1
Z
R
4
1
2
4
Chapter 6
S
3
3
3
3
x n/2 ,
if n is even
y [n] = * 6 @
0,
if n is odd
The z -transform of y [n] is
MCQ 6.32
(A) 1 X (z)
2
(B) X (z2)
(C) X (2z)
(D) X (z/2)
The z -transform of a discrete sequence x [n] is X (z), then the z -transform of x [2n]
will be
(A) X (2z)
(B) X a z k
2
1
(C) 8X ( z ) + X ( z )B
(D) X ( z )
2
Let X (z) be z -transform of a discrete time sequence x [n] = b 1 l u [n]
2
n
MCQ 6.33
(D) 1
Chapter 6
MCQ 6.35
The z-Transform
(A)
4z2
(z 1) (8z2 2z 1)
(B)
4z (z 1)
8z2 2z 1
(C)
4z2
(z + 1) (8z2 2z 1)
(D)
4z (z + 1)
8z2 2z 1
MCQ 6.36
(D) 1
(B) { 2, 4, 3, 12, 0, 9}
(C) {9, 6, 3, 4, 2}
(D) { 3, 6, 7, 4, 6}
MCQ 6.38
If x [n]
(A) x)[n]
X )( z)
(B) x)[n]
X)(z)
(C) x)[n]
X)(z))
(D) x)[n]
X)( z))
MCQ 6.39
(A) { 2, 4, 3, 6, 9}
-
MCQ 6.37
Page 463
MCQ 6.40
(D) 1, 0
A discrete-time system with input x [n] and output y [n] is governed by following
difference equation
y [n] 1 y [n 1] = x [n], with initial condition y [ 1] = 3
2
The impulse response of the system
(A) 5 a n 1k, n $ 0
2 2
n
(B) 5 b 1 l , n $ 0
2 2
n1
(C) 5 b 1 l , n $ 0
2 2
n+1
(D) 5 b 1 l , n $ 0
2 2
Page 464
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
MCQ 6.41
Consider a causal system with impulse response h [n] = (2) n u [n]. If x [n] is the
input and y [n] is the output to this system, then which of the following difference
equation describes the system ?
(A) y [n] + 2y [n + 1] = x [n]
(B) y [n] 2y [n 1] = x [n]
(C) y [n] + 2y [n 1] = x [n]
(D) y [n] 1 y [n 1] = x [n]
2
MCQ 6.42
MCQ 6.43
MCQ 6.44
MCQ 6.45
n
(B) ;2 b 1 l E u [n]
2
n
(C) ;1 b 1 l E u [n]
2
2
MCQ 6.46
The signal x [n] = (0.5) n u [n] is when applied to a digital filter, it yields the following
output
y [n] = [n] 2 [n 1]
If impulse response of the filter is h [n], then what will be the value of sample h [1] ?
Chapter 6
MCQ 6.47
The z-Transform
(A) 1
(B) 2.5
(C) 0
(D) 0.5
Page 465
3.
(D) 3 and 4
MCQ 6.49
If h [n] denotes the impulse response of a causal system, then which of the following
system is not stable?
n
(A) h [n] = n b 1 l u [n]
(B) h [n] = 1 [n]
3
3
(C) h [n] = [n] b 1 l u [n]
3
n
MCQ 6.50
A causal system with input x [n] and output y [n] has the following relationship
y [n] + 3y [n 1] + 2y [n 2] = 2x [n] + 3x [n 1]
The system is
(A) stable
(B) unstable
(C) marginally stable
MCQ 6.51
3.
For an input x [n] = (0.5) n u [n], system output is y [n] = 2u [n] (0.5) n u [n]
Page 466
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
(D) 1, 2 and 3
Match List I (system transfer function) with List II (property of system) and
choose the correct answer using the codes given below
List-I
(System transfer function)
P.
H (z) =
z3
, ROC : z > 1.2
(z 1.2) 3
1.
Q..
H (z) =
z2
, ROC : z < 1.2
(z 1.2) 3
2.
neither
stable
R.
H (z) =
z4
, ROC : z < 0.8
(z 0.8) 3
3.
S.
H (z) =
z3
, ROC : z > 0.8
(z 0.8) 3
4.
Codes :
P
(A) 4
(B)
1
(C) 3
(D) 3
MCQ 6.53
List-II
(Property of system)
Q
2
4
1
2
R
1
2
2
1
causal
nor
S
3
3
4
4
MCQ 6.54
Consider three stable LTI systems S1, S2 and S 3 whose transfer functions are given
as
z1
2
S1 : H (z) =
1
2
z + z 3
2
16
S2 : H (z) =
z+1
2
3
z 1 z2 + 4 + z
3
2
3
Chapter 6
The z-Transform
Page 467
1 + 1 z2 4 z1
2
3
S 3 : H (z) =
1
1
1
z b1 z lb1 1 z1 l
3
2
which of the above systems is/are causal?
(B) S1 and S2
(A) S1 only
(C) S1 and S 3
MCQ 6.55
MCQ 6.56
The transfer function for the system realization shown in the figure will be
(A) 2z + 3
z4
(B) 4z + 3
z2
(C) z + 4
2z 3
(D) z + 3
z2
where,
n
h1 [n] = [n] + 1 [n 1] and, h2 [n]= b 1 l u [n]
2
2
The block diagram of a discrete time system is shown in the figure below
(D) < 0
***********
PRACTICE EXERCISE
LEVEL-2
MCQ 6.1
MCQ 6.2
MCQ 6.3
MCQ 6.4
MCQ 6.5
MCQ 6.6
(B) z2
(C) 2z2
(D) 2z2
(B)
1
1z
(C) 1 + z1 + z2 + z3 + z4
(D)
1
1 z1
(B) zk , z > 0
(C) zk , z ! 0
(D) zk , z ! 0
(B) zk , z ! 0
(C) zk , all z
(D) zk , all z
1 , z >1
1 z1
(B)
1 , z <1
1 z1
(C)
z , z <1
1 z1
(D)
z , z >1
1 z1
n
The z transform of b 1 l (u [n] u [n 5])
4
5
5
(A) 4z 0.25 , z > 0.25
z (z 0.25)
5
5
(B) 4z 0.25 , z > 0
z (z 0.25)
5
5
(C) 3z 0.25 , z < 0.25
z (z 0.25)
5
5
(D) 4z 0.25 , all z
z (z 0.25)
Chapter 6
MCQ 6.7
MCQ 6.8
The z-Transform
4
The z transform of is b 1 l u [ n] is
4
(A)
4z , z > 1
4z 1
4
(B)
4z , z < 1
4z 1
4
(C)
1 , z >1
1 4z
4
(D)
1 , z <1
1 4z
4
(B)
z , z <3
3z
(D)
3 , z <3
3z
The z transform of 3n u [ n 1] is
(A) z , z > 3
3z
(C)
MCQ 6.9
MCQ 6.10
3 , z >3
3z
n
The z transform of b 2 l is
3
(A)
5z
,3 < z <2
2
3
(2z 3) (3z 2)
(B)
5z
,2 < z < 3
2
(2z 3) (3z 2) 3
(C)
5z
,2 < z < 2
3
(2z 3) (3z 2) 3
(D)
5z
,3 < z <2
2
3
(2z 3) (3z 2)
MCQ 6.11
Page 469
Page 470
MCQ 6.12
The z-Transform
MCQ 6.13
MCQ 6.14
MCQ 6.15
MCQ 6.16
(D) 1 z2 + z 4 z5
2
The time signal corresponding to z 3z , 1 < z < 2 is
z2 + 3 z1 2
2
(A) 1n u [n] 2n + 1 u [ n 1]
2
(B) 1n u [n] 2n + 1 u [n + 1]
2
(C) 1n u [n] + 2n + 1 u [n + 1]
2
(D) 1n u [n] 2n 1 u [ n 1]
2
3z2 1 z
The time signal corresponding to 2 4 , z > 4 is
z 16
(A) : 49 ( 4) n + 47 4nD u [n]
32
32
(C) 49 ( 4) n u [ n] + 47 4n u [n]
32
32
(D) 49 4n u [n] + 47 ( 4) n u [ n]
32
32
4
3
2
The time signal corresponding to 2z 22z 2z , z > 1 is
z 1
(A) 2 [n 2] + [1 ( 1) n] u [n 2]
(B) 2 [n + 2] + [1 ( 1) n] u [n + 2]
(C) 2 [n + 2] + [( 1) n 1] u [n + 2]
(D) 2 [n 2] + [( 1) n 1] u [n 2]
MCQ 6.17
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
The z-Transform
10
MCQ 6.18
/ k1 zk, z
k=5
10
(A)
/ k1 [n + k]
10
(D)
k=5
MCQ 6.19
/ k1 [n k]
k=5
10
/ k1 [ n + k]
> 0 is
10
(B)
k=5
(C)
Page 471
/ k1 [ n k]
k=5
MCQ 6.20
MCQ 6.21
MCQ 6.22
n even and n $ 0
otherwise
n odd, n > 0
n even
1
, z >1
1
4
1 z2
4
2n
(B) b 1 l u [n]
4
(D) 2n u [n]
1 , z < 1 is
4
1 4z2
(A) / 22 (k + 1) [ n 2 (k + 1)]
k=0
3
(B) / 22 (k + 1) [ n + 2 (k + 1)]
k=0
3
(C) / 22 (k + 1) [n + 2 (k + 1)]
k=0
3
(D) / 22 (k + 1) [n 2 (k + 1)]
k=0
MCQ 6.23
( 1) k
[n 1]
k
(D)
( 1) k
[n + 1]
k
Page 472
MCQ 6.24
MCQ 6.25
The z-Transform
If z - transform is given by
X (z) = cos (z3), z > 0
The value of x [12] is
(A) 1
24
(B) 1
24
(C) 1
6
(D) 1
6
Chapter 6
MCQ 6.26
Correct solution is
(A) x1 [n]
(B) x2 [n]
(C) x 3 [n]
Chapter 6
The z-Transform
R1
x 1 [ n]
x 2 [ n]
x 1 [ n]
x 3 [ n]
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
MCQ 6.27
R2
x 2 [ n]
x 3 [ n]
x 3 [ n]
x 2 [ n]
Page 473
R3
x 3 [ n]
x 1 [ n]
x 2 [ n]
x 1 [ n]
MCQ 6.28
MCQ 6.29
MCQ 6.30
1 u [n] ( 1) n u [ n 1]
n1
1 u [n] + u [ n + 1]
2n 1
(B) 1n u [n] ( 1) n u [ n 1]
2
(D) 1n u [n] + u [ n + 1]
2
The x [n] is right-sided, X (z) has a signal pole, and x [0] = 2, x [2] = 1 , x [n] is
2
u [ n]
u [n]
(A) n 1
(B) n 1
2
2
u [ n]
u [ n]
(C) n + 1
(D) a n + 1
2
2
n
n
The z transform of b 1 l u [n] + b 1 l u [ n 1] is
2
4
1
1
,1 < z < 1
1
1
2
1
1 4
1 z
1 z
2
4
1
1
(B)
+
,1 < z < 1
1
1
2
1
1 4
1 z
1 z
2
4
(A)
Page 474
The z-Transform
(C)
Chapter 6
1
1
, z >1
1
1
2
1
1
1 z
1 z
2
4
MCQ 6.32
MCQ 6.33
(z 2) 2
(z 2) 2 16
(A)
(z + 2) 2
(x + 2) 2 16
(B)
z2
z 4
(C)
(z 2) 2
(z 2) 2 16
(D)
z2
z 64
MCQ 6.35
(D)
(C)
MCQ 6.34
1
z2 16
32z
(z 16) 2
2
(D)
16z2
(z2 16) 2
(B)
32z2
(z2 16) 2
(D)
32z
(z 16) 2
2
z2 ( 1 + z)
z2 16
Chapter 6
MCQ 6.36
The z-Transform
Page 475
z5
(z 16) 2
2
(D)
z
(z 16) 2
2
MCQ 6.38
MCQ 6.39
MCQ 6.40
MCQ 6.41
n
(B) b 3 l n2 u [n]
2
n
(C) b 3 l n2 u [n]
2
(D) 6n n2 u [n]
(B) n3 3n u [n 1]
(C) (1 n) 3 3n 1 u [n 1]
(D) (n 1) 3 3n 1 u [n]
2
2
The time signal corresponding to z z X (z) is
2
(A) 1 (x [n + 2] x [n 2])
2
(B) x [n + 2] x [n 2]
(C) 1 x [n 2] x [n + 2])
2
(D) x [n 2] x [n + 2]
MCQ 6.42
(D) x [ n] * x [ n]
Page 476
MCQ 6.43
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
n
n
(B) 1 ;5 b 1 l + 2 b 1 l E u [n]
3 2
4
n
n
(C) 1 ;5 b 1 l 2 b 1 l E u [n]
3 2
4
n
n
(D) 1 ;5 b 1 l + 2 b 1 l E u [n]
3 2
4
n
(B) ;7 (2n) 10 b 1 l E u [n]
2
2
(C) ;10 b 1 l 7 (2) nE u [n]
2
n
(D) ;10 (2n) 7 b 1 l E u [n]
2
MCQ 6.44
(D) 2 [n 4] [n 5]
MCQ 6.46
MCQ 6.47
(D) 4y [n] + y [n + 1] = 3x [n + 1]
Chapter 6
MCQ 6.48
The z-Transform
MCQ 6.49
Page 477
(D) all
(B) 2n u [ n 1] + b 1 l u [n]
2
(C) 2n u [ n 1] + b 1 l u [n]
2
MCQ 6.50
(B) 0
(D) Does not exist
MCQ 6.52
MCQ 6.51
Page 478
MCQ 6.53
The z-Transform
Chapter 6
MCQ 6.54
3n 1 8
1
n1
u [n] 3
u [ n] 3
n+3
n+3
u [ n 1]
u [ n]
3n 1 8
(D)
u [ n] 3
n1
n+3
u [n] 3
The system
y [n] = cy [n 1] 0.12y [n 2] + x [n 1] + x [n 2]
is stable if
(A) c < 1.12
(B) c > 1.12
(C) c < 1.12
MCQ 6.57
u [ n]
n+3
MCQ 6.56
MCQ 6.55
(B)
(A) 2^
n
2
2h
(1 + ( 1) n) u [n] + 1 [n]
2
n
(B) 2 (1 + ( 1) n) u [n] + 1 [n]
2
2
u [ n]
Chapter 6
The z-Transform
(C) 2^
n
2
2h
(1 + ( 1) n) u [n] 1 [n]
2
n
(D) 2 [1 + ( 1) n] u [n] 1 [n]
2
2
MCQ 6.58
***********
Page 479