(a) Mass of carbon in 1.76 g CO, = 22 x 1.76 g 44 <0 tempi Ma of hydgen in 0.72 § 1,0 = 2x 0.72 ¢ selon stoi = 1080 g peers ‘Mass of oxygen in the sample of X = 1.2 ~ (0.48 + 0.08) Mole ratio c H oO 048, 0.08 , 0.64 12 1 16 err 2d Empirical formula: CH,O (b) Let the molecular formula of X be (CHO), Ramu. from the formula = 30n 30n=90 0 * ‘The molecular formula of X is C,H,0. TITRE TER > P17033, ano > ras, gr, EEA isomenisan > Pras2, 037 1 Isomerism refers to the occurrence of two or more compounds having Paar) same molecular formula FRTITETTSY > prvo2, 2 There are three main types of isomerism: 037 + Structural isomerism ELE Tuw ieee Pm P2/Q%a) * Geometrical isomerism Re ZUe reer 9 & P1037 * Optical isomerism @2.4.1 Structural isomerism nome have the same ‘molecular formal but 1 Structural isomerism occurs in compounds having the same mol different properties formula but different structural formula. 2 They differ from the way the atoms are bonded to one another. 3. Some examples of structural isomers are shown below’ Same molecular formula but (a) Molecular formula C,H, diferent structural formula CH,-CH,-CH,-CH,-CH, pentane CH,-CH-CH,-CH, 2-methylbutane | CH, Structural isomers of alkanes with molecular formula OFC CCH, 2,2-dimethylpropane Avatar example of src oe Ba xt (b) Molecular formula C,H,0, CH,-CH,-C-OH ie 1 propanoic acid Zaitvophenl—_itophenot GAD p> cnarren zeH-C-O-CH,-CH, ll ethyl metanoate ‘There are 4, 111, 846, 763 ° structural isomers for an Structural isomers have dierent physical pepetes sich ax melting hargva paler points, boiling points and density. 7 ‘They might have different chemical properties if the isomers are from different homologous series. For example, propancic acid (molecular formula C,H,0,) reaets with aqueous sodium carbonate to liberate carbon dioxide, but ethyl ethanoate (molecular formula C,H,0,) does not. 2 Geometrical Isomerism poeger co ee cycle structure gives rise to ‘geometrical isomers Geometrical isomerism (or sometimes also known as cis-trans isomerism) occurs in compounds having the carbon-earbon double bond, C = C, or eyelie compounds, which hinders free rotation of the groups in the molecule. Structural isomers occur in pairs. The cis-isomer and the trans-isomer. Example, (a) Geometrical isomers of 2-butene, CH, —CH= CA— CH, b) cis-butenedioic acid trans-butenedioic acid tc) oT (ag MY bt aH cis-1,2diiodocyclohexane trans-1,2-diiodocyelohexane Note: The two compounds below are identical and not structural isomers, Because by flipping the second structure ever, the first structure is obtained. 4 Geometrical isomers usually have similar chemical properties because Geometrical isomers have they are from the same homologous series, similar chemical properties 5 Geometrical isomers differ in their physical properties, cis-but-2ene trans-but-2-ene “The transsomer usually have higher meiting point than the 1342 1676 ietomer because they can be Tae 40 ‘more closely packed ' The cisismer usally have one at higher boiling point than the 403.0 5590 LWans'somers because they are | polar, while the trans zomers 159 1.64 ate usually non-polar GD » curren zaTITEL > Prose ‘The molecule has no plane of symmetry EXAMPLE We2eJ When cis-butenedioic acid is heated strongly, it forms an anhydride as s! below with the elimination of water. ne o. Ko ~~" H 5 But trans-butenedivic acid does not give such reaction. Explain why it is ‘When heated, cis-butenedioic acid eliminates water by the following pi However, the two —COOH groups in the trans-isomer are too far apart water to be eliminated. However, if the trans-isomer is heated very strongly, rotation about the C bond can occur, then it will undergo condensation to produce the anhydride. Gre 22.4 Which ofthe following compounds can exhibit geometrical isomerism? (a) CH,-CH,-CH,-CH = CI (b) CH,-CH = C(CH,), (©) C,H,-CH = CH-C,H, (@).CH,-CH = CH-CH,-CH, (e) (CH,), C = CH(CH,) © CH, H prec cH,CH, (©), (4) and (. @2.4.3 optical isomerism 1 Optical isomerism occurs in compounds (with the same molecular structural formula) which do not have a plane of symmetry. That is, molecule has a chiral centre. GBD » curren ve CH,