Riemannian theory

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Illustration of Riemann's 'dualist' system: minor as upside down major. Half-steps are
indicated by slur marks, other notes are separated by whole steps. The descending minor
scale shown has the same order of half steps and whole steps as the ascending major
scale.
Riemannian theory refers to the musical theories of German theorist Hugo Riemann
(18491919).
Riemann's "dualist" system for relating triads was adapted from earlier 19th-century
harmonic theorists. The term "dualism" refers to the emphasis on the inversional
relationship between major and minor, with minor triads being considered "upside
down" versions of major triads; this "harmonic dualism" (harmonic polarity) is what
produces the change-in-direction described above. See also the related term Utonality.[1]

Transformations[edit]
In the 1880s, Riemann proposed a system of transformations that related triads directly
to each other. Riemann's system had two classes of transformations: 'Schritts' and
'Wechsels.' [1] A Schritt transposed one triad into another, moving it a certain number of
scale steps. For example, the 'Quintschritt' (literally "Fifth-step" in German) transposed
a triad by a perfect fifth, transforming C Major into G major (up) or F major (down). A
Wechsel inverted a triad according to the Riemann's theory of dualism, mapping a major
triad to a minor triad. For example, Seitenwechsel ("die Seiten wechseln" translates as
"to change ends") mapped a triad on to its parallel minor or major, transforming C
major to C minor and vice versa. [1] Riemann's theory of transformations formed the
basis for Neo-Riemannian theory, which expanded the idea of transformations beyond
the basic tonal triads that Riemann was mostly concerned with.