MC LC

CHNG I: CC KHI NIM C BN V NC V NC THI .......... 7

1.1 TNG QUAN V NC V NC THI..................................................... 7
1.2 THNH PHN L HA HC CA NC THI .......................................... 9
1.2.1 Tnh cht vt l ............................................................................................. 10
1.2.2 Tnh cht ha hc .......................................................................................... 10
1.3 NGUN GC PHT SINH CC LOI NC THI C TRNG............ 12
1.4 CC THNG S NH GI NHIM V YU CU CN THIT
PHI X L NC THI .................................................................................. 19
1.4.1. Cc thng s nh gi nhim..................................................................... 19
1.4.2 Yu cu cn thit phi x l nc thi........................................................... 25
CHNG II: TNG QUAN V QU TRNH SINH HC TRONG X L
NC THI ........................................................................................................ 26
2.1 PHN LOI CC QU TRNH SINH HC.................................................. 26
2.1.1 Bin i sinh ha........................................................................................... 27
2.1.2 Mi trng sinh ha ...................................................................................... 28
2.1.3 Trnh t phn ng ca qu trnh..................................................................... 29
2.2 C S L THUYT CA QU TRNH ........................................................ 29
2.3 CN BNG HA HC V NG HC CA QU TRNH SINH HC .... 32
2.3.1 ng hc phn ng ln men qu trnh x l nc thi .................................. 32
2.3.2. ng hc chuyn ha c cht hu c trong qu trnh x l theo sinh khi
bn v thi gian. .................................................................................................... 34
CHNG III: VI SINH VT TRONG H THNG X L NC THI .... 35
3.1 KHI NIM .................................................................................................... 35
3.2 SINH THI, SINH L, PHN LOI VI SINH VT...................................... 35
3.2.1 Sinh thi, sinh l vi sinh vt .......................................................................... 35
3.2.2 Phn loi vi sinh vt ...................................................................................... 39
3.2.2.1 Vi khun..................................................................................................... 46
3.2.2.2 Eukarya (Sinh vt nhn thc) ..................................................................... 50
3.2.2.3 Archaea (c khun) .................................................................................... 55
3.3 S TNG TRNG CA T BO VI SINH VT ....................................... 56
3.3.1 Nui cy tnh/ nui cy theo m. .................................................................. 56
3.3.2 Nui cy lin tc/ dng lin tc. ................................................................... 58
3.4 NG HC CA QU TRNH TNG TRNG ........................................ 59
3.4.1 Cc c trng ng hc ca qu trnh sinh trng ......................................... 59
3.4.2 Cc giai on pht trin ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh sinh trng............... 60

3.4.2.1. Giai on chm pht trin (giai on cm ng): ........................................ 61

3.4.2.2. Giai on pht trin theo hm s m ca vi sinh vt: ................................. 61
3.4.2.3. Giai on pht trin tuyn tnh: ................................................................. 62
3.4.2.4. Giai on n nh: ..................................................................................... 62
3.4.3 S ph thuc tc pht trin ca vi sinh vt vo nng c cht: .............. 63
3.4.3.1 Phng trnh Mono: ................................................................................... 63
3.4.3.2 Xc nh KS v cc thng s ng hc theo phng php Lineweaver
Burk:...................................................................................................................... 64
3.4.4 ng hc qu trnh cht ca vi sinh vt:........................................................ 65
3.5 CH TH VI SINH VT TRONG CC CNG TRNH X L NC THI 66
3.5.1 Vi sinh vt ln men k kh ............................................................................. 66
3.5.2 Vi sinh vt ln men hiu kh .......................................................................... 67
3.5.2.1 Tc nhn sinh trng l lng:..................................................................... 67
3.5.2.2 Tc nhn sinh trng bm dnh: ................................................................. 69
3.5.3 Vi sinh vt trong cc h n nh .................................................................... 73
3.6 NG DNG.................................................................................................... 74
3.6.1 Thc phm .................................................................................................... 74
3.6.2 Nng nghip.................................................................................................. 75
3.6.3 Khai thc nguyn liu.................................................................................... 75
3.6.4 Bo v mi trng......................................................................................... 75
CHNG IV: NG HC CA QU TRNH SINH HC ............................ 77
4.1 M HNH NG HC HNH THC ............................................................ 77
4.1.1Phn ng bc 1............................................................................................... 77
4.1.2Phn ng bc 2............................................................................................... 78
4.1.3Phn ng bc bt k ....................................................................................... 78
4.2M HNH DA TRN C CH LN MEN XC TC ................................. 80
4.2.1 Phng trnh ng hc phng trnh Michaelis-Menten:........................... 80
4.2.2 Xc nh cc thng s ng hc .................................................................... 82
4.3 M HNH DA TRN C CH LN MEN SINH KHI.............................. 86
4.3.1 M hnh da trn c ch ln men sinh khi ................................................... 86
4.3.2 Phng php xc nh cc thng s ca m hnh........................................... 88
4.3.2.1 Phng php vi phn................................................................................. 88
4.3.2.2 Phng php tch phn ............................................................................... 89
4.4 PHNG TRNH MICHAELIS-MENTEN TRONG DNG TCH PHN: ... 93
CHNG V: CNG NGH SINH HC K KH ............................................ 96
5.1 C S L THUYT....................................................................................... 96
5.2 CC CNG TRNH SINH HC K KH ...................................................... 97

5.2.1 Cc dng b x l k kh............................................................................... 97

5.2.2 Sinh hc k kh hai giai on: ....................................................................... 98
5.2.3 B k kh kiu m bn dng chy ngc - UASB (Upflow Anaerobic
Sludge Blanket reactor).......................................................................................... 99
5.2.4 B phn ng khuy lin tc - CSTR (Continuously stirred tank reactor)...... 102
5.2.5 B phn ng dng chy u - PFR (plug flow reactor) ................................ 104
5.2.6 Lc k kh bm dnh c nh - AFR (anaerobic filter reactor)...................... 104
5.2.7 B phn ng k kh c m gin - FBR, EBR (fluidized and expanded bed
reactor) ................................................................................................................ 105
5.3 M T QU TRNH .................................................................................... 106
5.4 YU T NH HNG ................................................................................ 108
5.5 THNG S THIT K ................................................................................. 109
5.6 THNG S VN HNH.............................................................................. 111
5.7 NG DNG C TRNG .......................................................................... 115
CHNG VI: CNG NGH SINH HC HIU KH .................................... 116
6.1 C S L THUYT..................................................................................... 116
6.2 CC YU T NH HNG ....................................................................... 117
6.3 CC DNG CNG NGH SINH HC HIU KH...................................... 119
6.3.1 Bn hot tnh............................................................................................... 119
6.3.1.1 Khuy trn hon ton ............................................................................... 127
6.3.1.2 Dng chy nt (B bn hot tnh cp kh gim dn) ................................. 128
6.3.1.3 Thi kh nhiu bc (B bn hot tnh np nc thi theo bc) .................. 129
6.3.1.4 Mng oxy ha: ....................................................................................... 130
6.3.1.5 Thit b kh nng (Airlift reactor) ............................................................. 133
6.3.1.6 Tng trng hiu kh ca sinh khi trong cc thp kn A B (Aerobic
growth of biomass in packed towers) ................................................................... 137
6.3.1.7 B hiu kh gin on - SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor)........................ 138
6.3.1.8 Unitank .................................................................................................... 140
6.3.2 Lc sinh hc................................................................................................ 142
6.3.2.1 RBC (Roltating Biological Contactor - a quay sinh hc): ..................... 145
6.3.2.2 Lc nh git: ............................................................................................ 146
6.3.2.3 Lc sinh hc ngp nc (m c nh, m gin n)................................ 148
6.4 THNG S TNH TON.............................................................................. 149
6.4.1 Tnh ton b Aerotank ................................................................................. 149
6.4.1.1 Aerotank nng sut cao vi s khong ha bn hot tnh tch bit............ 149
6.4.1.2 Ti u ha cng ngh b aerotank nng sut cao ...................................... 156
6.4.1.3 Kt cu aerotank nng sut cao................................................................ 158

6.4.1.4 Aerotank sc kh ko di .......................................................................... 161

6.4.1.5 V d tnh ton cng ngh h thng x l ................................................ 163
6.4.2 Cc thng s thit k c th......................................................................... 169
6.4.2.1 Qu trnh phn hy hiu kh ..................................................................... 169
6.4.2.2 Cc thng s thit k cho b Aerotank:..................................................... 170
6.4.2.3 Cc thng s thit k mng oxy ha....................................................... 171
6.4.2.4 Thit k b lc sinh hc nh git .............................................................. 171
6.4.2.5 Thng s thit k b lc sinh hc ngp nc ........................................... 172
6.5 THNG S VN HNH.............................................................................. 174
6.5.1 Vn hnh h thng x l hiu kh ................................................................ 174
6.5.1.1 Cc thng s kim tra trong qu trnh vn hnh........................................ 175
6.5.1.2 Kim sot qu trnh x l ........................................................................ 176
6.5.1.3 Quan st vn hnh .................................................................................... 177
6.5.1.4 Ngng hot ng...................................................................................... 177
6.5.1.5 Gii quyt s c ...................................................................................... 177
6.5.1.6 Nhng s c thng gp .......................................................................... 178
6.5.2 Vn hnh h thng lc sinh hc nh git ..................................................... 179
6.5.2.1 Theo di vn hnh .................................................................................... 179
6.5.2.2 Kim sot cc qu trnh th mu v kim tra ............................................ 180
6.5.2.3 Cc vn thng gp trong qu trnh vn hnh v cch khc phc......... 180
6.5.3. Vn hnh h thng bn hot tnh: ............................................................... 183
6.5.3.1 Cc thng s vn hnh h thng: .............................................................. 185
6.5.3.2 Kim sot vn hnh h thng; .................................................................. 186
6.5.3.3 Cc vn c th xy ra khi vn hnh v cch khc phc: ....................... 186
6.6 NG DNG.................................................................................................. 195
CHNG VII: H SINH HC........................................................................ 196
7.1 C S L THUYT..................................................................................... 196
7.2 CC DNG H SINH HC......................................................................... 196
7.2.1 H t nhin, h nhn to: ............................................................................ 197
7.2.1.1 H t nhin .............................................................................................. 197
7.2.1.2 H nhn to.............................................................................................. 197
7.2.2 H k kh: ................................................................................................... 198
7.2.3 H ty tin: ................................................................................................. 199
7.2.4 H hiu kh: ................................................................................................ 202
7.2.5 H sinh hc vi s tham gia ca thc vt nc: .......................................... 203
7.3 VI SINH VT HIN DIN ........................................................................... 204
7.3.1 Vi khun hiu kh: ....................................................................................... 205

7.3.2 Vi khun k kh:.......................................................................................... 206

7.3.3 Cc vi sinh vt quang hp: .......................................................................... 206
7.3.4 ng vt nguyn sinh v ng vt khng xng sng:................................ 207
7.3.5 H thc vt: ................................................................................................ 207
7.4 THNG S THIT K ................................................................................. 207
7.4.1 Thit k h k kh ....................................................................................... 208
7.4.2 Thit k h ty tin ..................................................................................... 209
7.4.3 Thit k h hiu kh..................................................................................... 213
7.4.4 Thit k h thc vt nc:........................................................................... 214
7.5 THNG S VN HNH.............................................................................. 215
7.6 NG DNG C TRNG .......................................................................... 216
CHNG VIII: CNG NGH SINH HC LAI HP ................................... 217
8.1. C S L THUYT.................................................................................... 217
8.2 CC DNG H THNG SINH HC LAI HP........................................... 218
8.2.1 Cng ngh k kh hai giai on (acid ha + lc k kh) ............................... 218
8.2.2 UASB + lc k kh...................................................................................... 218
8.2.4 H thng hybrid k kh tng trng l lng. ............................................... 221
8.2.5 Bn hot tnh + lc mng ............................................................................ 224
8.2.6 Bn hot tnh + lc sinh hc........................................................................ 226
8.3 NG HC CA QU TRNH ................................................................... 228
8.4 THNG S TNH TON.............................................................................. 228
8.5 CC NG DNG C TRNG ................................................................. 229
CHNG IX: X L CC CHT DINH DNG (N,P) BNG CNG
NGH SINH HC............................................................................................. 230
9.1 C S L THUYT CA QU TRNH ...................................................... 230
9.2 NG HC CA QU TRNH ................................................................... 236
9.2.1 ng hc qu trnh Nitrat ha sinh hc ....................................................... 236
9.2.2 ng hc qu trnh kh Nitrat sinh hc....................................................... 239
9.3 CC YU T NH HNG ....................................................................... 244
9.4 TNH TON THIT K................................................................................ 246
9.4.1 Nitrat ha v kh nitrat kt hp................................................................... 246
9.4.2 Nitrat ha v kh nitrat ring bit................................................................ 254
9.4.3 Kh P.......................................................................................................... 254
9.5 NG DNG C TRNG .......................................................................... 255
CHNG X: NG DNG CNG NGH SINH HC CHO X L CC
LOI NC THI ........................................................................................... 257
10.1 BN CHT CA QU TRNH X L ..................................................... 257

10.2 C S LA CHN CNG NGH............................................................. 257

10.3 C S THIT K H THNG X L...................................................... 260
10.4 YU CU THIT K.................................................................................. 260
10.5 CNG NGH X L S B NC THI SINH HOT (CHO KHU
DN C) ............................................................................................................ 262
10.6 X L NC THI C TNH CHT NGUY HI................................... 263
10.6.1 X l nc thi dt nhum ........................................................................ 263
10.6.2 X l nc thi thuc da ........................................................................... 266
10.6.3 X l nc thi ch bin m cao su........................................................... 269
10.6.4 X l nc thi sn xut thuc tr su....................................................... 271
10.6.5 X l nc thi ch bin ht iu .............................................................. 273
10.7 CNG NGH X L NC THI KHU CNG NGHIP ...................... 276
10.7.1 Khu cng nghip Bin Ha 2..................................................................... 276
10.7.2 Khu cng nghip Vit Nam - Singapore .................................................... 281
10.7.3 Khu ch xut Linh Trung 1........................................................................ 284
10.7.4 Khu ch xut Tn Thun ........................................................................... 288
10.7.5 Khu cng nghip Tn To ......................................................................... 291
10.7.6 Khu cng nghip Long Thnh (ng Nai)................................................. 295
10.7.7 Khu cng nghip M Phc (Bnh Dng) ............................................... 301
10.7.8 Khu ch xut v cng nghip Linh Trung III ............................................. 303
10.8 X L NC THI CC NGNH CNG NGHIP C TRNG ........ 307
10.8.1 X l nc thi chn nui heo................................................................... 307
10.8.2 X l nc thi tinh bt m ....................................................................... 309
10.8.3 X l nc r rc ....................................................................................... 313
10.8.4 X l nc thi sn xut DOP................................................................... 319
10.8.5 X l nc thi lng ngh sn xut bn..................................................... 322
10.8.6 X l nc thi sn xut bia nh my bia Vit Nam .................................. 324

CHNG I: CC KHI NIM C BN V NC V NC THI

1.1 TNG QUAN V NC V NC THI
Nc l ngun ti nguyn v cng quan trng cho tt c cc sinh vt trn tri t.
Nu khng c nc th chc chn khng c s sng xut hin, thiu nc th c nn
vn minh hin nay cng khng tn ti c. T xa, con ngi bit n vai tr
quan trng ca nc; cc nh khoa hc c i coi nc l thnh phn c bn ca
vt cht v trong qu trnh pht trin ca x hi loi ngi th cc nn vn minh ln
ca nhn loi u xut hin v pht trin trn lu vc ca cc con sng ln nh: nn
vn minh Lng H Ty nm lu vc hai con sng ln l Tigre v Euphrate
(thuc Irak hin nay); nn vn minh Ai Cp h lu sng Nil; nn vn minh sng
Hng n ; nn vn minh Hong H Trung Quc; nn vn minh sng Hng
Vit Nam ...
Nc ng vai tr quan trng trong nhiu qu trnh din ra trong t nhin v trong
cuc sng ca con ngi. T 3.000 nm trc Cng Nguyn, ngi Ai Cp bit
dng h thng ti nc trng trt v ngy nay con ngi khm ph thm
nhiu kh nng ca nc m bo cho s pht trin ca x hi trong tng lai: nc
l ngun cung cp thc phm v nguyn liu cng nghip di do, nc rt quan
trng trong nng nghip, cng nghip, trong sinh hot, th thao, gii tr v cho rt
nhiu hot ng khc ca con ngi. Ngoi ra nc cn c coi l mt khong sn
c bit v n tng tr mt ngun nng lng ln v li ha tan nhiu vt cht c th
khai thc phc v cho nhu cu nhiu mt ca con ngi. Trong cng nghip, ngi
ta s dng nc lm nguyn liu v ngun nng lng, lm dung mi, lm cht ti
nhit v dng vn chuyn nguyn vt liu...
Nc bao ph 71% din tch ca qu t trong c 97% l nc mn, cn li l
nc ngt. Nc gi cho kh hu tng i n nh v pha long cc yu t gy
nhim mi trng, n cn l thnh phn cu to chnh yu trong c th sinh vt,
chim t 50%-97% trng lng ca c th, chng hn nh ngi nc chim 70%
trng lng c th v Sa bin nc chim ti 97%. Trong 3% lng nc ngt

c trn qu t th c khong hn 3/4 lng nc m con ngi khng s dng c

v n nm qu su trong lng t, b ng bng, dng hi trong kh quyn v
dng tuyt trn lc i... ch c 0, 5% nc ngt hin din trong sng, sui, ao, h
m con ngi v ang s dng. Tuy nhin, nu ta tr phn nc b nhim ra th
ch c khong 0,003% l nc ngt sch m con ngi c th s dng c v nu
tnh ra trung bnh mi ngi c cung cp 879.000 lt nc ngt s dng
(Miller, 1988). [19]

Hnh 1.1 T l gia cc loi nc trn th gii (Lim, 1990)

Nc t nhin l nc m cht lng v s lng ca n c hnh thnh di nh
hng ca cc qu trnh t nhin khng c s tc ng ca con ngi. Ty theo
khong, nc chia ra lm: nc ngt (lng mui < 1g/l), nc l (10 - 50 g/l) v

nc mui (> 50 g/l). Nc ngt chia lm: nc khong t (n 200mg/l), khong

trung bnh (200 - 500mg/l), nc khong cao (t 500 - 1000 mg/l).
Nc thi l nc dng trong sinh hot, sn xut hoc chy qua vng t
nhim. Ph thuc vo iu kin hnh thnh, nc thi c chia thnh nc thi
sinh hot, nc kh quyn v nc thi cng nghip. [11]
- Nc thi sinh hot: l nc nh tm, git, h bi, nh n, nh v sinh, nc ra
sn nh... Chng cha khong 58% cht hu c v 42% cht khong. c im c
bn ca nc thi sinh hot l hm lng cao cc cht hu c khng bn sinh hc
(nh cacbonhydrat, protein, m); cht dinh dng (photphat, nit); vi trng; cht rn
v mi.
- Nc kh quyn: c hnh thnh do ma v chy ra t ng rung. Chng b
nhim bi cc cht v c v hu c khc nhau. Nc tri qua khu vc dn c, khu
sn xut cng nghip, c th cun theo cht rn, du m, ha cht, vi trng... Cn
nc chy ra t ng rung mang theo cht rn, thuc st trng, phn bn...
- Nc thi cng nghip: xut hin khi khai thc v ch bin cc nguyn liu hu c
v v c. Trong cc qu trnh cng ngh cc ngun nc thi l:
a. Nc hnh thnh do phn ng ha hc (chng b nhim bi cc tc cht
v cc sn phm phn ng)
b. Nc dng m t do v lin kt trong nguyn liu v cht ban u, c
tch ra trong qua trnh ch bin.
c. Nc ra nguyn liu, sn phm, thit b.
d. Dung dch nc ci.
e. Nc chit, nc hp th.
f. Nc lm ngui.
g. Cc nc khc nh: nc bm chn khng, t thit b ngng t ha trn,
h thng thu hi tro t, nc ra bao b, nh xng, my mc...
1.2 THNH PHN L HA HC CA NC THI

Nc thi cha rt nhiu loi hp cht khc nhau, vi s lng v nng cng
thay i rt khc nhau. C th phn loi tnh cht nc thi nh sau: [15]
1.2.1 Tnh cht vt l
Tnh cht vt l ca nc thi c xc nh da trn cc ch tiu: mu sc, mi,
nhit v lu lng (dng chy).
- Mu: nc thi mi c mu hi nu sng, tuy nhin nhn chung mu nc thi
thng l mu xm c vn c. Mu sc ca nc thi s b thay i ng k nu
nh n b nhim khun, khi nc thi s c mu en ti.
- Mi: mi c trong nc thi sinh hot l do c kh sinh ra t qu trnh phn hy
cc hp cht hu c hay do c mt s cht c a thm vo trong nc thi.
Nc thi sinh hot thng thng c mi mc, nhng nu nc thi b nhim khun
th n s chuyn sang mi trng thi do s to thnh H2S trong nc.
- Nhit : nhit ca nc thi thng cao hn so vi nhit ca ngun nc
sch ban u, bi v c s gia nhit vo nc t cc dng trong gia nh v cc
my mc thit b cng nghip. Tuy nhin, chnh nhng dng nc thm qua t v
lng nc ma xung mi l nhn t lm thay i mt cch ng k nhit
ca nc.
- Lu lng: th tch thc ca nc thi cng c xem l mt trong nhng c
tnh vt l ca nc thi, c n v l m3/ngi.ngy. Hu ht cc thit b x l c
thit k x l nc thi c lu lng 0,378 0,756 m3/ngi.ngy. Vn tc dng
chy lun thay i trong ngy.
1.2.2 Tnh cht ha hc
Cc thng s m t tnh cht ha hc thng l: s lng cc cht hu c, cht v
c v cht kh. n gin hn, ta c th xc nh tnh cht ha hc ca nc thi
thng qua cc thng s: kim, BOD, COD, cc cht kh ha tan, cc hp cht
Nito, pH, P, cc cht rn (hu c, v c, huyn ph v khng tan), v nc.

- kim: c trng cho kh nng trung ha axit, thng l kim bicarbonate,

carbonate, v hydroxide. kim thc cht l mi trng m ( gi pH trung
tnh) ca nc thi trong sut qu trnh x l sinh ha.
- Nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD): dng xc nh lng cht b phn hy sinh ha
trong nc thi, thng c xc nh sau 5 ngy nhit 20oC. BOD5 trong
nc thi sinh hot thng nm trong khong 100 300mg/l.
- Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD): dng xc nh lng cht b oxy ha trong nc
thi. COD thng nm trong khong 200 500 mg/l. Tuy nhin, trong nc thi
cng nghip, nng ny c th gia tng mt cch ng k.
- Cc cht kh ha tan: y l nhng kh c th ha tan c trong nc thi. Nc
thi cng nghip thng c nng oxy tng i thp.
- Hp cht cha N: s lng v cc loi hp cht cha N s thay i trong tng
dng nc thi khc nhau (nc thi cha x l v nc thi sau x l dng ra). N
thng i km vng tun hon oxy ha v nng ca n s gim dn. Phn ln N
cha c x l trong nc thi s chuyn sang dng N hu c hay N-NH3. Nng
N trong nc thi thng l 20 85 mg/l; trong N hu c thng khong 8
35 mg/l, cn nng N-NH3 thng t 12 50 mg/l.
- pH: y l cch nhanh chng pht hin tnh axit ca nc thi. Gi tr pH dao
ng trong khong t 1 14. x l nc thi mt cch c hiu qu th pH ch
nn nm trong khong 6,5 9 (l tng hn l t 6,5 8).
- Phospho: y l nhn t cn thit cho hot ng sinh ha, nhng ch nn hin din
vi mt lng ti thiu, hoc s c loi b sau qu trnh x l bc hai. S lng P
d tha c th gy ri dng chy v lm tng trng qu mc cc loi to. Nng
P thng trong khong 6 20 mg/l. Qu trnh loi b hp cht photphat trong cc
cht ty ra c nh hng quan trng n khi lng P trong nc thi.
- Cc cht rn: hu ht cc cht nhim trong nc thi c th c xem l cc
cht rn. Mc ch ca vic x l nc thi l nhm loi b cc cht rn hoc
chuyn chng sang dng n nh hn v d x l. Cc cht rn c th c phn

loi da vo thnh phn ha hc ca chng (hu c hay v c), hoc bi cc c

tnh vt l (c th lng ng, ni trn mt nc, hay dng keo). Nng tng cc
cht rn trong nc thi thng dao ng trong khong 350 1200 mg/l.
+ Cc cht rn hu c: bao gm C, H, O, N, v c th c chuyn thnh CO2
v H2O khi chy nhit 550oC.
+ Cc cht rn v c: thng khng b nh hng bi s chy.
+ Cc cht rn l lng: loi cht rn ny thng b gi li bi cc b lc m vt
liu x, v c th c phn loi nh hn nh: tng cc cht rn l lng (TSS),
cc cht rn l lng d bay hi (VSS), v cc cht rn l lng c nh. Ngoi ra
chng cn c phn loi thnh 3 thnh phn da vo kh nng lng ng: cc
cht rn c kh nng lng ng, cc cht rn ni trn mt v dng keo. Tng
hm lng cc cht rn l lng trong nc thi thng t 100 350 mg/l.
+ Cc cht rn tan: loi cht rn ny s i qua c cc b lc m vt liu x,
v cng c phn loi thnh: tng hm lng cc cht rn tan c (TDS),
cc cht rn tan d bay hi, v cc cht rn tan c nh. Tng hm lng cc
cht rn tan c nm trong khong 250 850 mg/l.
- Nc: lun l thnh phn cu to chnh ca nc thi. Trong mt s trng hp,
nc c th chim n t 99,5% - 99,9% trong nc thi (thm ch ngay c trong
nc thi nhim nng nht th hm lng cc cht bn cng ch chim 0,5%; cn
i vi ngun nc thi c xem l sch nht th nng ny l 0,1%).
1.3 NGUN GC PHT SINH CC LOI NC THI C TRNG
xc nh ngun gc pht sinh cc loi nc thi c trng, ta c th da vo s
liu thng k cc kt qu phn tch nc thi mt s c s sn xut (trn a bn
Tp.H Ch Minh) c hm lng COD v BOD5 tng i cao (bng 1.1), v bng
kt qu cht lng nc thi sn xut ca cc x nghip, nh my in hnh (thy
sn, ch bin thc phm, ng, bnh ko, ).
Bng 1.1: Kt qu phn tch tnh cht nc thi mt s c s sn xut trn a
bn Tp. H Ch Minh (2005)

TT
1.

Tn c s sn xut

Qun/ Ngnh ngh

Tnh cht

Huyn kinh doanh

nc thi

X nghip chn nui Qun

Chn

heo Phc Long

heo

nui Nc

Hm lng cc
cht nhim (mg/l)
COD

BOD5

SS

1153

807

5988

1558

1021

148

660

356

577

2333

725

6350

2857

1029

282

120

436

165

2431

1327

13

1371

891

11

2460

1220

15

4646

2786

2070

sinh chung
tri

2.

Chi nhnh Cty CP Qun

Si Gn Xanh

3.
4.
5.

Cng ty giy Bnh Th

7.

gii

nhit, ra
Giy xeo

NT sn xut

Chiu

Cng ty Samsung

Th

Ti vi,t lnh, NT

my git

hot

Cng ty Dt May Bnh

Dt, may

NT sn xut

Thu M Dung
6.

Kem, Yaourt Nc

Cng

ty

sinh

Tn

Phng Bnh

Hong

Tn

DNTN Thng Long

Git qun o Cng chung

Dt nhum

Cng chung

Cao su

NT sau sn

Chi
8.

HTX SX TM Tn C
Thnh

9.

Chi

Cty TNHH CBTP C

huynh T Hng

10. DNTN
Thnh Cng

xut
nng sn

Cng chung

Chi

nhum Qun
8

347

Dt, Nhum NT sn xut,

vi

v sinh thit
b

11. X

nghip

nc Qun

Nc tng, Cng chung

chm Nam Dng

12. Cng

ty

tng t

TNHH Tn

Nhan L

Bch

ng lnh

Ph

13. Cty CP Thy sn s Tn

1 Seajoco

Hng

Ph

ng Cng chung

lnh

14. Cng ty ch bin g G

c Thnh

tuc NT sn xut

NT sn xut

Cng chung

Vp

15. Bnh H Lm Mn

Qun
5

16. Cng ty CP thc Qun

phm Bnh Ty

bn, Cng chung

cho n lin

17. Cty TNHH SX TM Hc

Giy Thin Tr

M,

Giy xeo

NT vo

Thuc l

NT

Mn

18. Nh my thuc l Qun

SN (c s 2)

sinh

hot

19. Cty CP Dc phm Qun

v dch v Y t 4

Thuc

811

54

443

561

352

38

1029

183

960

1527

750

184

6570

3150

144

2182

1200

1070

530

260

4390

748

318

92

1558

841

25

ty Cng chung

(dng vin)

Khnh Hi
20. Cty

TNHH

TM Qun

Vi mng

NT sn xut

DV&XD Tn Quang 12
Ngun: Trng i hc Bch Khoa Tp.H Ch Minh, 2005.
Bng 1.2: c tnh nc thi ch bin thy sn
Nc thi

BOD5

COD

Du/m

TS

SS

Ngun

Ch bin c

3,32

0,348

1,42

Middleebrooks

(th cng)

kg/tn

kg/tn

, 1979

Ch bin c

11,9

8,92

Middleebrooks

(bng my)

kg/tn

kg/tn

, 1979

kg/tn
-

2,48
kg/tn

Phil c Tuyt 32- 1.063

Patagonia

mg/l

550-

8,3- 79,9

1.290-

1.250

mg/l

4.300

3.428-

1983

857- 6.000

mg/l

10.000
6,8- 20

c ng

kg/tn

Nui c

9,22

Sc in

kg/tn

Nui

4,8- 5,5

gh xanh

kg/tn

Sorensen,
1974;
Herborg, 1974

mg/l
ng hp

Gonzles,

mg/l

mg/l
Phil c trch

1,7- 13 kg/

tn
-

1,74

kg/tn
-

0,21- 0,3

kg/tn

3,8- 17

Middleebrooks

kg/tn

, 1979

5,41

Middleebrooks

kg/tn

, 1979

0,7-

Middleebrooks

0,78

, 1979

kg/tn
Nui nghu

5,14

(bng my)

kg/tn

Nui nghu

18,7

(nui thng)

kg/tn

X nghip

2,96

bt c

kg/tn

Nc lu

3.050-

chuyn c

0,145

kg/tn
-

0,461

kg/tn
-

0,56

kg/tn
1.300 -

18,4 -

67.200

17.200

64,9

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

0 - 1,92 %

2,4-6,3

Nc mu c

23.500 -

93.000

(t cc x

34.000

mg/l

nghip bt c)

mg/l

10,2

Middleebrooks

kg/tn

, 1979

6,35

Middleebrooks

kg/tn

, 1979

0,92

Middleebrooks

kg/tn

, 1979

Nemerow,
1971

Parin v cng
s, 1979; Civit
v cng s,
1982

Nc dnh

13.000 -

60 - 1.560

25 - 62

Cuadros v

nht (t cc

76.000

x nghip bt

mg/l

mg/l

mg/l

Gonzles,
1991

c)
Nc ch

690 mg/l

2.000

bin c hi

mg/l

500

Phan Thu Nga,

mg/l

H Bch khoa
Tp. H Ch
Minh, 1997.

Bng 1.3: Thnh phn tnh cht nc thi sn xut Cng ty VISSAN
TCVN

Kt qu
STT

Ch tiu

n v

5945 NT1

NT2

NT3

NT4

NT5

NT6

1995
loi B

pH

COD

6,56

7,53

7,64

7,62

6,88

7,25

5,5-9

mg/l

640

2840 5760 3800 1200

3000

100

BOD5

mg/l

510

995

3695 3695

702

1100

50

SS

mg/l

415

1980

565

575

810

720

100

N tng

mg/l

98

180

549

549

314

348

60

P tng

mg/l

2,13

22,6

3,19

3,13

7,2

27,15

Ngun: Trng i hc Bch Khoa Tp.H Ch Minh, 2005.

Ghi ch: NT1 : Nc thi lng heo, NT2 : Nc thi lng b, NT3 : Nc thi huyt
heo, NT4 : Nc thi huyt b, NT5 : Nc thi cng on co lng heo, NT6 : Nc
thi cng chung.
Bng 1.4: Thnh phn tnh cht nc thi sn xut Cng ty CBTS SEASPIMEX
STT

Ch tiu

n v

Kt qu

TCVN

5945 NT1

NT2

NT3

NT4

NT5

NT6

1995
loi B

pH

6,90

7,01

6,99

7,2

6,52

7,62

5,5-9

COD

mg/l

1320

533

312

1287

3600

1250

100

BOD5

mg/l

1044

392

244

900

2870

1014

50

SS

mg/l

172

56

148

275

385

153

100

N tng

mg/l

244

20

81

84

204

128

60

P tng

mg/l

31

12

17

22

53

17

Ngun: Trng i hc Bch Khoa Tp.H Ch Minh, 2005.

Ghi ch: NT1 : Nc thi phn xng ng lnh, NT2 : Nc thi phn xng sn
xut sn phm kh, NT3 : Nc thi phn xng sn xut hp, NT4 : Nc thi
tng hp, NT5: Nc thi ch bin mc, bch tuc, NT6: Nc thi ch bin tm
Bng 1.5 : Thnh phn tnh cht nc thi sn xut Nh my bia Si Gn
TCVN

Kt qu
STT

Ch tiu

n v

5945NT1

NT2

NT3

NT4

NT5

1995
loi B

pH

5,32

6,89

6,97

8,62

5,15

5,5-9

COD

mg/l

321

278

4890

3024

100

BOD5

mg/l

209

215

3766

1972

50

SS

mg/l

19

19

351

273

100

N tng

mg/l

15

35,84

17

18,9

60

P tng

mg/l

0,04

23

21

Ngun: Trng i hc Bch Khoa Tp.H Ch Minh, 2005.

Ghi ch: NT1 : Nc thi phn xng c kh, phn xng thu hi CO2, NT2 : Nc
thi phn xng ng lc, NT3 : Nc gii nhit ni hi, NT4 : Nc thi phn
xng nu, NT5 : Nc thi tng hp.
Bng 1.6: Thnh phn tnh cht nc thi sn xut Cng ty ng Bnh Dng
Ch tiu

n v

Nng

10 11,5

COD

mg/l

2.000 3.000

BOD5

mg/l

1.200 2.200

SS

mg/l

30 400

Glucose

mg/l

12 224

Ca2+

mg/l

5 48

N-NH3

mg/l

50

P-PO43-

mg/l

11,4

Du m

mg/l

8 - 25

pH

Ngun: Trng i hc Bch Khoa Tp.H Ch Minh, 2005.

Bng 1.7: Thnh phn tnh cht nc thi sn xut Cng ty ng bnh ko
Bin Ha
Kt qu
STT Ch tiu

n v

TCVN 5945-

NT1

NT2

NT3

NT4

NT5

1995 loi B

pH

5,31

6,97

7,17

8,08

5,23

5,5 9

COD

mg/l

5429

278

154

131

3870

100

BOD5

mg/l

4210

215

145

92

2620

50

SS

mg/l

957

19

25

18

87

100

N tng

mg/l

168

35,84

16,8

10,08

89,6

60

P tng

mg/l

9,28

0,04

0,07

0,08

1,3

Ngun: Trng i hc Bch Khoa Tp.H Ch Minh, 2005.

Ghi ch: NT1 : Nc thi khu p trng sn xut bnh ko, NT2 : Nc gii nhit
ni hi, NT3 : Nc v sinh phn xng ko, NT4 : Ncthi sau x l, NT5 : Nc
thi u vo h thng x l (ti b lng s b).
1.4 CC THNG S NH GI NHIM V YU CU CN THIT
PHI X L NC THI
1.4.1. Cc thng s nh gi nhim
nh gi cht lng nc cng nh mc nhim nc cn da vo mt s thng
s c bn, so snh vi cc ch tiu cho php v thnh phn ha hc v sinh hc i
vi tng loi nc s dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau. Cc thng s c bn nh
gi cht lng nc l: pH, mu sc, c, hm lng cht rn, cc cht l lng,
cc kim loi nng, oxy ha tan, v c bit l 2 ch s BOD, COD. Ngoi cc ch
s ha hc trn cong phi quan tm n cc ch tiu sinh hc, c bit l E.coli. [11]
- Cc ch tiu dng nh gi nh tnh nhim bn vt l:
pH: pH t n khng gy nhim nhng ng vai tr l thng s c trng rt
quan trng cho bit mc nhim bn v xc nh s cn thit phi iu chnh trc
khi x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc. S thay i tr s pH lm thay i cc
qu trnh ha tan hoc keo t, lm tng, gim vn tc ca cc phn ng ha sinh xy
ra trong nc.
Nhit : ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh thi tit v bn cht ca nc thi.
Mi: du hiu ca mi rt quan trng trong vic nh gi v chp nhn h thng
nc thi ca x nghip. Nc c mi l do cc nguyn nhn: cht hu c t cng
rnh khu dn c, x nghip ch bin thc phm, nc thi cng nghip ha cht, ch
bin du m, cc sn phm phn hu cy c, rong to, ng vt. Mc d tng i
v hi (nu vi hm lng nh), nhng mi c th gy cm gic kh chu, bun nn.
Thng thng mi c c l mi tng hp ca nhiu loi mi khc nhau. Khi
nhim bn cht hu c khng qu ln, qu trnh phn hy hiu kh xy ra ch yu
mnh m (khi nc c y oxy) th nng mi thng thp. Ngc li, khi
trong nc khng c oxy, cc cht hu c trung gian c to ra do qu trnh phn

hy k kh nh cc axit cha no d bay hi, cc baz nit, CH4, H2S, Mecaptan,

Indol, Scatol nn mi c to ra rt mnh, nng cht mi ln v gy cm
gic kh chu.
Mu: nc t nhin sch thng khng mu. Nc t nhin c th c mu v cc l
do: Cc cht hu c trong cy c b phn r, Nc c st v mangan dng keo hoc
dng ha tan, Nc c cht thi cng nghip (crom, tannin, lingin ...). Nu nc c
mu l du hiu nc b nhim. Mu ca nc c phn thnh 2 dng: mu
thc do cc cht ha tan hoc dng ht keo, v mu biu kin l mu ca cc cht l
lng trong nc to nn. Mu khng ch lm gim gi tr cm quan ca nc, n cn
cho bit mc nhim, thm ch cn cho bit mc c hi ca nc. mu
cng ln th mc nhim cng cao.
c: c ca nc do cc ht l lng, cc cht hu c phn hy hoc do gii
thy sinh gy ra. c lm gim kh nng truyn nh sng trong nc, nh hng
kh nng quang hp ca cc vi sinh vt t dng trong nc, gy gim thm m v
gim cht lng ca nc s dng. c cng cao th nhim bn cng ln.
- Ch tiu nh gi nh lng trng thi cht bn tan, khng tan: Hm lng
cht rn (TS, SS, VSS, DS).
Tng cht rn (TS): c xc nh bng trng lng kh phn cn li sau khi cho
bay hi 1l mu nc trn bp cch thy 103oC cho n khi trng lng khng i.
n v tnh bng mg (hoc g/l).
Cht rn l lng dng huyn ph (SS): hm lng cc cht rn huyn ph l
trng lng kh ca cht rn cn li trn giy lc si thy tinh, khi lc 1l mu nc
qua phu lc Gooch ri sy kh 103 105oC ti khi trng lng khng i. n
v tnh bng mg (hoc g/l).
Cht rn ha tan (DS): l hiu s tng cht rn huyn ph: DS = TS SS. n v
tnh bng mg (hoc g/l).

Cht rn bay hi (VSS): hm lng cht rn bay hi l lng mt i khi nung

lng cht rn huyn ph 550oC trong khong thi gian xc nh. n v tnh
bng mg (hoc % ca SS hoc TS).
- Cc ch tiu nh gi nh lng nhim bn hu c:
BOD l lng oxi (th hin bng g hoc mg O2 theo n v th tch) do vi sinh
vttiu th oxi ha sinh hc cc cht hu c trong bng ti iu kin chun v
nhit v thi gian. Nh vy BOD phn nh c lng cht hu c d b phn
hu c trong nc mu. Thng s BOD c tm quan trng thc t v l c s
thit k v vn hnh h thng x l nuc thi; BOD cn l thng s c bn nh
gi mc nhim ca ngun nc: gi tr ca BOD cng ln ngha l mc
nhim hu c cng cao. Theo quy nh ca B Y T, nc c dng trong sinh
hot c gi tr BOD5 < 4mg/l. Tiu chun nc thu sn ca FAO quy nh gi tr
BOD l <10mg/l cho cc loi c h cyprinid. V gi tr ca BOD ph thuc vo nhit
v thi gian n nhit nn vic xc nh BOD cn tin hnh iu kin tiu
chun, th d nhit 200C trong thi gian n nhit 5 ngy (BOD5) hoc c th
nhit trong thi gian n nhit 3 ngy (BOD3).
COD l lng cht oxi ha (th hin bng g hoc mg O2 theo n v th tch) cn
oxi ha cht hu c. Ch s ny c dng rng ri biu th hm lng cht hu
c trong nc thi v nc t nhin. Hin nay, tc nhn oxi ha mnh nh kali
dicromat (K2Cr2O7) thng c dng xc nh COD, v cht ny c th oxi ha
n 95-100% cht hu c.
TOC (Tng hm lng cacbon hu c): l t l gia khi lng cacbon so vi khi
lng hp cht. Nh vy tr s TOC c tnh da theo cng thc ca hp cht, n
v th hin l gam hoc miligam cacbon theo th tch.
Oxy ha tan DO: oxy ha tan trong nc rt cn cho cc sinh vt hiu kh. Mc
oxy ha tan trong nc t nhin v nc thi ph thuc vo mc nhim cht
hu c, vo hot ng ca th gii thy sinh, cc hot ng ha sinh, ha hc v vt

l ca nc. Trong mi trng nc b nhim nng, oxy c dng nhiu cho cc

qu trnh ha sinh v xut hin hin tng thiu oxy trm trng.
Cc hp cht phenol: Phenol v cc cht dn xut phenol c trong nc thi cng
nghip. Cc hp cht phenol lm cho nc c mi, ng thi gy tc hi cho h sinh
thi v sc khe dn chng. Gi tr LD 50 ca pentaclorophenol l 27 mg/Kg i vi
chut. Mt s phenol c kh nng gy ung th. Theo quy nh ca T chc Y t Th
gii (WHO) hm lng 2,4-triclophenol v pentaclophenol trong nc ung khng
qu 1g/l. Tiu chun nc thu sn ca FAO i quy nh nng cc phenol
<5mg/l di vi cc loi c h salmonid v cyprinid.
- Cc ch tiu nh gi mc nhim dinh dng v mc ph dng ho
thu vc: l cc cht dinh dng (N, P). Trong nc thi, N tn ti cc dng Nit
hu c (N-HC), Nit amoniac (N-NH3), Nit Nitrit (N-NO2-), Nit nitrat (N-NO3-),
N tng s v N t do. P thng tn ti trong nc thi cc dng orthophosphat
(PO43-, HPO42-, H2PO4-, H3PO4) hay polyphosphat v phosphat hu c.
Amoni (NH4+): trong nc b mt t nhin vng khng nhim c lng vt amoni
(di 0,05 ppm). Nng amoni trong nc ngm cao hn nhiu. Lng amoni
trong nc thi t khu dn c v nc thi cc nh my ha cht, ch bin thc
phm, sa c th ln ti 10 -100mg/l. Theo quy nh v nc b mt ca H Lan,
lng ammoni trn 5 mg/l c xem l nhim nng. Tiu chun nc thu sn ca
FAO yu cu nng ammoni < 0,2mg/l i vi loi c salmonid v 0,8mg/l i vi
loi c cyprinid.
Nitrat (NO3-): l sn phm cui cng ca s phn hu cc cht cha Nit c trong cht
thi ca ngi v ng vt. Trong nc t nhin nng d nitrat thng di 5mg/l.
Nc sng MKng thng c nitrat 0,5mg/l. vng nhim do cht thi, phn bn,
nng nitrat cao trn 10mg/l l mi trng dinh dng tt cho s pht trin to, rong
gy nh hng n cht lng nc sinh hot v thu sn. Tr con ung nc nhiu
nitrat (NO3-) c th nh hng n mu (chng methaemoglobinaemia). Theo quy nh
ca WHO nitrat trong nc ung khng qu 10mg/l.

Photphat: cng nh nitrat, photphat l cht dinh dng cho s pht trin rong to.
Nng photphat trong ngun nc khng nhim thng < 0,01mg/l. Gi tr ny
sng Mkng thng < 0,05 mg/l nhng cc knh rch b nhim nc thi
sinh hot v cng nghip nng photphat c th ln ti trn 5mg/l. Photphat l
cht c nhiu trong phn ngi, sn xut ln, thc phm. Photphat khng ph thuc
loi ha cht c hi i vi con ngi. Theo quy nh ca H Lan, photphat trong
nc ung ti a l 6mg/l. WHO khng quy nh i vi ha cht ny. C 3 trng
thi tn ti ca photphat: orthophotphat, (PO43-) meta hoc poliphotphat PO3- v
photphat c lin kt hu c.
Sunphat (SO4): Cc ngun nc t nhin, c bit nc bin v nc phn c nng
sunphat cao. Nc sng Mkng vng khng nhim mn c nng sunphat
nh hn 50mg/l. Nc vng c m thch cao, qung cha lu hunh, nc ma
axit v nc thi cng nghip c nhiu sunfat. Nc c nng sunphat cao s gy
st r ng ng v cc cng trnh btng. nng cao sunphat cn tc hi n
cy trng. Quy nh nc thu li ca M hn ch nng cht ny di 1000mg/l.
Clorua (Cl-): l mt trong cc ion quan trng trong nc v nc thi. V mn ca
nc l do ion Cl- to ra. Nc c Cl- vi lng 250mg/l c th gy cm gic mn.
Nu cation l Ca2+, Mg2+ th nng cao n 1000mg/l cng khng cho v mn.
Nng cho php Cl- trong nc ung theo quy nh ca WHO l 250mg/l, theo
quy nh ca cng ng kinh t chu u l 25mg/l. Nc mn vi nng Cl-, Na+
v Bo cao c kh nng gy tc hi n cy trng. Tiu chun ca FAO i vi thu
li cho thy nu nng Cl- di 4mg/l (142mg/l) th cy trng khng b nh hng
xu; nng Cl- trn 10 meg/l (355mg/l) gy tc hi nng n cy trng.
Ch tiu nh gi mc nhim ca cc i tng nc thi khc nhau:
Du, m: bm vo thnh ng nc thi, lm gim cng sut ng ng. Chng
thng ni ln trn b mt ngun nc, lm nh hng ti qu trnh oxy ha nc.
Kim loi nng: phn ln cc kim loi nng c trong nc b nhim v thng tn
ti di dng ion. Cc kim loi nng gy c hi n ngi v ng vt.

- Ch (Pb): L kim loi nng c c tnh i vi no v c th gy cht ngi nu b

nhim c nng. Ch c kh nng tch ly lu di trong c th. Trong nc sng h
c lng vt ch ( 1 - 50mg/l), nc bin khng nhim c nng ch 0,03g/l.
- Thu ngn (Hg): Thu ngn v c, hu c u cc c i vi con ngi v thu
sinh. Nng cho php ca WHO i vi thu ngn trong nc ung l 1g/l. Tiu
chun nc nui c ca mt s quc gia ch cho php nng thu ngn di 0,5g/l.
- Asen (As): l cht c cc mnh c tc dng tch ly v gy ung th. Nc t
nhin c cha vt asen vi nng khong 10g/l. Tiu chun cho php ca WHO
trong nc ung l 50g/l. Tiu chun H Lan l 5g/l. Tiu chun nc nui c
cho php l nng asen di 25g/l.
Ngoi cc kim loi nng k trn hng lot nguyn t khc c c tnh rt cao nh
cadmi, crom, selen, niken... l cc tc nhn gy hi ti nguyn thu sinh v sc khe
con ngi ngay nng thp.
Ch s sinh vt: Vi sinh vtcng l mt ch tiu nh gi nc b nhim. C 3
nhm Vi sinh vtch th cho nc b nhim:
- Nhm coliform c trng l Escherichia coli (E.coli)
- Nhm streptococci c trng l Streptococcus faecalis.
- Nhm clostridia kh sulphit c trng l Clostridium perfringens.
S c mt cc vi sinh ny ch ra rng nc b nhim phn, nh vy c ngha l
c th c vi trng gy bnh ng rut trong nc v ngc li nu khng c cc vi
sinh ch th phn c ngha l c th khng c vi trng gy bnh ng rut.
Trong 3 nhm vi sinh vtch th trn, nhm coliform thng c phn tch v:
- Chng l nhm vi sinh quan trng nht trong vic nh gi v sinh ngun
nc v c y cc tiu chun ca loi vi sinh ch th l tng.
- Chng c th c xc nh trong iu kin thc a.
- Vic xc nh coliform d dng hn xc nh cc vi sinh ch th khc. Chng
hn cc quy trnh xc nh streptococci cn thi gian n nhit lu cn vic xc nh

clostridia cn phi tin hnh 80oC l ln men hai ln nn trong iu kin thc a
kh xc nh hai loi vi sinh ch th ny. Trong nhm coliform c mt s loi c kh
nng ln men lactose khi nui cy 35oC hoc 37oC to ra axit, aldehit v kh trong
vng 48 gi. C mt s loi li c kh nng ln men lactose 44oC hoc 44,5oC
(nhm coliform chu nhit). Thuc loi ny c E.Coli. [10]
1.4.2 Yu cu cn thit phi x l nc thi
Do xu th pht trin ca x hi cng vi qu trnh th ha ang din ra, cc ngnh
cng - nng nghip, cc nh my, Khu cng nghip, vng kinh t ra i, cc th
mi c m rng, i hi cn rt nhiu nc sch. Trn thc t, th gii ch c
khong 30 triu km3 nc ngt, ngun d tr ny khng thay i trong khi nhu cu
s dng nc lun tng; nhu cu nc hng nm ca th gii hin nay vo khong
3.500 3.900 t m3 nc sch, v mt na trong s tr thnh nc thi, cn mt
na khng quay tr li; 1m3 nc thi c th lm nhim bn mnh 10m3 nc
sch. Do , ngun nc mt dn kh nng t lm sch, nhanh chng b kit i,
gy ra nn thiu nc trm trng. Hin nay, gii quyt nc cho i sng con ngi
v nn kinh t quc dn tr thnh vn thc s bc thit. Nhiu quc gia trn
th gii a ra nhng quy nh php l nghim ngt v vn ny. Vic s dng
tng hp ngun nc: sinh hot, sn xut, bo v mi trng, ang rt c quan
tm. Da trn ngun gc v c tnh nc thi ca mt s ngnh ngh sn xut
trnh by phn 1.2 c th nhn thy hu ht gi tr cc thng s nhim vt rt
nhiu ln so vi tiu chun cho php, gy nh hng rt ln n cht lng nc ni
chung, v c th gy tc hi cho sc khe con ngi khi s dng. Chnh v vy x l
nc thi t tiu chun quy nh hin nay ang l vn cp thit, khng nhng
bo v sc khe con ngi, bo v mi trng sng m cn m bo thc hin theo
ng chnh sch, quy nh ban hnh ca nh nc.

CHNG II: TNG QUAN V QU TRNH SINH HC TRONG X L

NC THI
2.1 PHN LOI CC QU TRNH SINH HC
Mc ch ca x l nc thi l loi tr nhng cht nhim c th gy hi nu
chng c thi vo mi trng nc. Bi v nng DO thp gy nh hng xu
i vi thy sinh, ngi k s x l nc thi trc y thng tp trung vo vic
loi b nhng cht nhim c th lm gim DO.
Hu ht cc cht nhim c tc ng n nhu cu oxy thng l nhng hp cht
hu c, nhng hp cht v c nh N-NH3 cng c tc ng tng t. V th, nhng
h thng x l nc thi xa xa thng c thit k nhm mc ch kh cht hu
c v i khi oxy ha N-NH3 thnh N-NO3, thm ch c nhng h thng x l c
xy dng gn y cng nh vy. Khi dn s v qu trnh cng nghip ha ngy cng
gia tng li ny sinh mt vn khc, qu trnh ph dng ha thng xy ra
trong h v ca sng ... l s pht trin t ca cc loi ru v to c tha hng
qu nhiu cht dinh dng. y l kt qu ca qu trnh thi ra qu nhiu N v P. K
t nhng ngi k s mi bt u quan tm v thit k h thng x l nc thi
c th loi b c cc cht nhim dng ny vi gi thnh chp nhn c m
vn m bo tnh hiu qu, v trong sut 2 thp k qua c nhiu nghin cu tp
trung vo vn ny. Gn y, con ngi ngy cng lin quan n vic thi nhng
ha cht hu c c hi vo mi trng. Nhiu cht ny dng hu c v v th
nhng qu trnh c p dng loi b cc tc nhn nh hng n nhu cu oxy
cng c hiu qu i vi cc cht ny.
Cc cht nhim trong nc thi c th c xc nh bi nhng c tnh khc
nhau. Chng hn, chng c th c phn loi da trn:
-

Tnh cht vt l (tan hoc khng tan);

Tnh cht ha hc (v c hay hu c);

Tnh nhy cm ca chng i vi vi sinh vt(c th hoc khng th phn

hy sinh hc).

Ngun gc: biogenic hoc anthropogenic.

nh hng ca chng: c hoc khng c ...

D nhin mt cht khng phi ch c 1 c im m chng c th mang nhiu c

im khc nhau, c th c cht hu c ha tan, d phn hy sinh hc hoc cht hu
c khng ha tan, d phn hy sinh hc. Nhim v ca ngi k s x l nc thi
l phi ra c mt quy trnh c th lai b c ton b cc cht ny mt cch
hiu qu v kinh t. Vn hnh h thng ni chung thng c phn chia da trn
c s ca nhng hot ng c bn din ra bn trong chng... V d nh: c hc, ha
hc v ha sinh. C ba quan im phn chia qu trnh sinh ha:

S chuyn i sinh ha.

Mi trng sinh ha.

S nh hnh phn ng sinh hc [2]
2.1.1 Bin i sinh ha
Loi b cht hu c ha tan
i vi dng nc thi chnh, qu trnh sinh ha ch yu c ng dng loi b
cc cht hu c ha tan. Qu trnh ny din ra khi cc vi sinh s dng cc cht ny
nh ngun thc n, chuyn ha mt phn cacbon thnh sinh khi mi v phn cn
li thnh CO2. Kh CO2 s bay i cn sinh khi s c loi b bng qu trnh lng.
Do mt lng ln cacbon trong cc cht hu c ban u b oxi ha thnh CO2 nn
qu trnh loi b cc cht ha tan thng c xem nh qu trnh oxi ha cacbon.
Qu trnh vi sinh hiu kh thch hp dng loi b cht hu c c nng t 50
4000 mg/l (c xem nh COD d phn hy sinh hc). nhng nng thp hn,
qu trnh hp ph bng than hot tnh thng m bo kinh t hn mc d qu trnh
sinh ha thng c s dng x l nuc ngm b nhim bn vi nng thp
hn 50mg/l COD.
Mc d sau qu trnh k kh ngi ta thng p dng qu hiu kh m bo cho
dng ra t tiu chun x thi, tuy nhin qu trnh k kh li thng c p dng
i vi nhng loi nc thi c nng cc cht nhim cao bi v qu trnh ny

khng i hi s cung cp kh, t sinh ra sinh khi d v to thnh mt sn phm

hu ch l CH4. Tuy nhin, nu nng COD cn kh ln hn 50.000mg/l, qu trnh
ha hi v t b thng c hiu qu kinh t cao hn.
Qu trnh k kh cng thng c s dng x l nc thi c nng nhim
va phi (COD 1.000mg/l) v cng tng c p dng i vi nc thi c
pha long. Tuy nhin, cn nhn mnh mt iu l nng nhim c cp l
i vi cc cht ha tan. Cc cht l lng hoc cc ht keo thng c loi b
bng cc tc nhn vt l hay ha hc. D vy, ngi ta thng s dng cc tc nhn
sinh ha x l hn hp gm cc cht ha tan, ht keo v cc cht hu c l lng.
Qu trnh n nh ca cc cht hu c khng tan:
C nhiu loi nc thi cha mt lng ng k cc ht keo hu c l lng m qu
trnh lng khng th loi b c. Nu x l chng bng qu trnh sinh ha (thng
c s dng loi b cht hu c ha tan), phn ln cc cht ny s bm ln sinh
khi v chuyn i thnh sn phm cui cng c tnh n nh rt kh cho cc hot
ng sinh hc sau . S hnh thnh sn phm trn uc xem nh qu trnh n nh.
Mt s qu trnh n nh din ra trong qu trnh sinh ha, loi b cc cht ha tan.
+ n dnh cht hu c khng ha tan
+ Thay i cht v c khng ha tan [2]
2.1.2 Mi trng sinh ha
c tnh quan trng nht ca mi trng sinh trng v pht trin ca vi sinh vtl:
ni tip nhn cui cng ca cc electron b loi b khi chng oxy ha cc cht ha
hc hp th nng lng. C 3 loi cht nhn electron ch yu: oxy, hp cht v
c, v hp cht hu c. Ni chung, s pht trin trong mi trng nh th ny c
hiu qu cao nht v s lng sinh khi c hnh thnh trn mt n v thi b
phn hy th cao. Ni ng ra, bt c mi trng no khng hiu kh th c tnh cht
k kh. Tuy nhin, ch ring trong lnh vc x l nc thi, thut ng k kh c
dnh ring cho trng thi m trong cc hp cht hu c, CO2, v sulfate ng vai
tr nh cht nhn electron cui cng v cng trong trng thi ny, in th ca mi

trng mang in tch m. Trong iu kin ny, s pht trin ca vi sinh vtt hiu
qu hn. Khi nitrat hoc nitrit hoc c hai c mt trong mi trng v ng vai tr
nh cht nhn electron ch yu (do thiu oxy) th mi trng ny c gi l mi
trng thiu kh. S hin din ca nitrat hoc nitrit hoc c hai lm cho in th ca
mi trng lch v dng v s pht trin ca vi sinh t hiu qu hn so vi mi
trng k kh, mc d khng cao v hiu qu nh lc c mt oxy.
Mi trng sinh ha c mt tc ng su sc i vi h vi sinh vt. Qu trnh hiu
kh to chui thc n hon chnh t bc thp nht nh vi khun cho ti bc cao nh
rotifer. Qu trnh thiu kh b gii hn hn so vi qu trnh hiu kh, v qu trnh k
kh b gii hn nhiu nht, biu hin qua s pht trin ca cc loi vi khun u th.
Qu trnh sinh ha nh hng n dng ra ca qu trnh x l do vi sinh pht trin
trong ba trng thi k trn c th c cc con ng chuyn ha khc nhau. iu ny
rt quan trng i vi qu trnh x l nc thi bi v mt vi qu trnh chuyn ha
c th c thc hin ch trong iu kin hiu kh hon ton hoc k kh hon
ton.[2]
2.1.3 Trnh t phn ng ca qu trnh
+ Qu trnh sinh trng l lng: bn hot tnh iu kin hiu kh (lm thong kh,
sc hay thi kh v khuy o) v iu kin k kh (sc CO2 hoc khuy o hoc
cho dng chy ngc).
+ Qu trnh sinh trng bm dnh: mng sinh hc iu kin hiu kh v iu kin
k kh. [2]
2.2 C S L THUYT CA QU TRNH
C s x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc l qu trnh chuyn ho vt
cht, qu trnh to cn lng v qu trnh t lm sch ngun nc ca cc vi sinh
vtd dng v t dng c trong t nhin nh kh nng ng ho c rt nhiu
ngun c cht khc nhau c trong nc thi.
Trong cc ngun nc lun xy ra qu trnh Amon ho cht hu c cha nit bi
cc vi khun Amn ho. Nh cc men ngoi bo ca cc vi khun gy thi nh loi

Pseudomonadales, Eubateriales m Protein b phn hu thnh cc hp cht n

gin hn l cc Polipeptit, Oligopeptit. Cc cht ny hoc tip tc c phn hu
thnh cc Axit amin nh men Peptidaza ngoi bo hoc c t bo hp th sau
s c phn hu tip trong t bo thnh cc Axit amin. Cc axit amin mt phn
c vi sinh vt s dng sinh tng hp Protein - xy dng t bo mi, mt phn
b phn gii tip theo nhng con ng khc nhau to NH3 v nhiu sn phm
trung gian khc.
Vi cc Protein c cha S, nh tc dng ca men Desunfuraza s b phn hy to ra
H2S. Sn phm phn gii bi vi sinh vtk kh cn cho Scatol, Indol, Mercaptan v
mt s kh khc. Nh s hot ng ca mt s vi khun nh Thiobacillus,
Thiobacillus denitrificans, vi khun lu hunh dng si thuc ging Beggiatoa,
Thiothrix v nhiu vi khun d dng, vi khun hiu kh khc qu trnh Sunfat ho
c thc hin. Ngc li qu trnh kh Sunfat cng xy ra bi cc vi khun k kh
c trong bn thi, nc thi thi (i din l Desunfovibrio desunfuricans). Ngoi ra
cn thy loi Clotridium nigrificans v loi Pseudomonas Zelinskii cng c kh
nng kh Sunfat.
Trong iu kin t nhin nhiu loi vi khun nh loi Acinetobacter v nm c kh
nng phn gii v gii phng photpho trong xng ng vt dng rn Ca3(PO4)2
sang dng ho tan. Theo con ng thu phn trong iu kin hiu kh cc vi khun
Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Actinomyces v cc loi nm bc cao chuyn ho nhanh tinh
bt thnh ng v cc loi ng ny mt phn b phn hu thnh CO2 v nhiu
sn phm khc nhau, mt phn c chuyn ho trong qu trnh trao i cht. Trong
iu kin k kh tinh bt b phn hu bi Clotridium. Trong iu kin hiu kh
Cytophaza v Sporocytophaga l loi c kh nng phn hu xenluloza mnh nht.
Ngoi ra cc loi Pseudomonadales, Vibrio, Myxobacterium, Actinomycetes v
Cellvibrio cng tham gia phn hu xenluloza. Xenluloza b phn hu bi cc men
ngoi bo thnh cc sn phm trung gian v ng. Trong bn lng qu trnh ln

men k kh ch yu bi Clotridium phn hu xenluloza thnh Etanol, Axit focmic,

Axit axetic, Axit lactic, Hir v CO2.
C rt nhiu loi vi sinh vtc kh nng phn hu cht bo. ng ch hn c l
cc loi Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Sarcina, Serratina, Bacillus. Sn phm thu phn
cht bo l glixerin v axit bo nh cc men lipaza ni bo hoc ngoi bo. Sau
glixerin v axit bo b oxi ho tip tc thnh nhiu sn phm khc nhau.

Cng

vi vai tr chuyn ho vt cht cc Vi sinh vtcn tham gia to cn lng v lm bin

i chng. Nh qu trnh sinh trng l lng hoc bm dnh cc ht cht bn nh
lin kt li thnh cc ht cht bn ln hn v tng cng qu trnh sa lng. Nm si
v vi khun c cc tin mao l loi c kh nng ny trong loi Vibrio extrorquens
c tc dng lm sa lng mnh nht. Mt khc trong qu trnh thc hin vai tr x l
vi sinh vt lm thay i pH mi trng. V vy lm nh hng n qu trnh sa
lng cht bn [Siebrth, 1968].
Trong t nhin cn xy ra qu trnh t lm sch nh cc sinh vt s dng cc cht
bn trong nc lm ngun thc n. V mt sinh hc tham gia vo qu trnh t lm
sch c rt nhiu loi sinh vt nh c, chim, nguyn sinh ng vt, nhuyn th v
vi sinh vtvi mc khc nhau nhng ng vai tr quyt nh vn l cc vi sinh
vt. Ngoi ra cn thy vai tr lm sch ca cc loi to. Thng qua hot ng sng
ca mnh to cung cp oxi cho mi trng v cc cht khng sinh tiu dit cc
mm bnh c trong nc. To cn cn tr s pht trin v cnh tranh ngun thc n
ca cc vi sinh vtgy bnh. To cn tit ra mt s cht c hot tnh sinh hc gip
kch thch s pht trin ca mt s vi sinh vtc li. Mt s loi to v loi nhuyn
th 2 mnh cn c kh nng hp th cc kim loi nng v tia phng x.
Trong nc thi cc vi sinh vtlun c mi quan h rt phc tp vi nhau. Quan h
cnh tranh c nh hng quyt nh n thnh phn vi sinh vt. Quan h mi
th lm cho s lng vi sinh vttrong nc thi thay i. Ngoi 2 mi quan h
trn trong h vi sinh vtnc thi nhiu loi vi sinh vt sng cng sinh vi nhau

c nh hng qua li ln nhau. Kt qu ca cc quan h ny lm nh hng ln

n kh nng, tc v hiu qu phn hu cht bn ca cc vi sinh vt. [8]
2.3 CN BNG HA HC V NG HC CA QU TRNH SINH HC
2.3.1 ng hc phn ng ln men qu trnh x l nc thi
Qu trnh x l nc thi bng Vi sinh vt thc cht l mt qu trnh ln men. X l
nc thi vi qu trnh sinh trng l lng rt gn vi qu trnh ln men thu sinh
khi cng ngh vi sinh vt. X l nc thi vi qu trnh sinh trng bm dnh rt
gn vi qu trnh ln men theo phng php c nh t bo. Chng ch khc nhau l
qu trnh ln men c bn c thc hin vi ging vi sinh vt thun chng cn trong
x l nc thi c thc hin vi ging l mt qun th vi sinh vt t nhin. [8]
Trong trng hp chung tc phn ng ln men chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t
mi trng trong cc yu t chnh l nhit , pH, nng men, cht km
hm, cht hot ho v nng ca c cht. cc iu kin nhit , pH
khng i trong trng hp d tha c cht tc phn ng ln men tuyn tnh bc
nht vi nng men. S ph thuc tc phn ng ln men vo nng c cht S
v nng men E tun theo phng trnh Michaelis- Menten (1913):
v = {V.[S]} / {Km + [S]}

(2.1)

Trong v l tc phn ng ln men; V l tc phn ng ln men cc i

(mg/l.s); [S] l nng c cht (mg/l); Km l hng s phn ly phc cht/hng s
Michaelis- Menten (mol/l).
T phng trnh c bn v ng hc phn ng ln men ca Michaelis - Menten (2.1)
nm 1942 v 1949 vi s chp nhn gi thit tc s dng c cht v tc sinh
trng Vi sinh vtb gii hn bi tc cc phn ng ln men, Monod biu th s
nh hng ca nng c cht sinh trng gii hn S ti tc sinh trng ring
ca vi sinh vtbng phng trnh kinh nghim c dng:
= { 0.[S]} / {Ks + [S]}

(2.2)

Trong l tc sinh trng ring (1/s); 0 l tc sinh trng ring cc i

(1/s); [S] l nng c cht sinh trng gii hn (mg/l); Ks l hng s bn bo ho
c gi tr bng nng c cht khi = 0/ 2 (mg/l).
Phng trnh Monod (2.2) cho thy khi c cht d tha tc l [S] lun lun ln hn
Ks th = 0. Lc ny phng trnh tc sinh trng Vi sinh vt(1.1) c dng:
rg = dX/ dt = . X = { 0 .[S]}/ {Ks + [S]}. X = 0. X

(2.3)

Nh vy tc sinh trng rg t l bc nht vi nng bn X (mg/l). Nng bn

s quyt nh ng hc sinh trng ca vi sinh vt. Khi c cht b gii hn thiu ht
tc l [S] lun lun nh hn Ks th rg= const. Tc sinh trng rg t l bc khng
vi nng bn X. Nng bn s khng quyt nh ng hc sinh trng ca vi
sinh vt. Khi [S]= Ks th = 0 /2.
Trong nui cy theo m hoc nui cy lin tc khng phi tt c c cht u b
chuyn ho thnh sinh khi. Mt phn c cht c dng to t bo mi (ng
ho), mt phn b oxi ho (d ho) thnh cc sn phm ph v c hoc hu c. S t
bo mi c sinh ra li tip tc s dng c cht sinh trng v pht trin. Do
tc s dng c cht lun ln hn tc to thnh sinh khi.
Mi quan h gia tc sinh trng rg v tc s dng c cht rs tun theo
phng trnh:
rs = dS/ dt = - rg / Y= - { 0 .[S].X} / {Ks + [S]}.Y

(2.4)

Trong rs l tc s dng c cht (mg/l.giy); Y l tc s dng c cht ti ah s ng ho (l t s gia sinh khi v khi lng c cht c tiu th trong
mt thi gian nht nh trong pha sinh trng logarit [mg MLSS/lit]/ [mg BOD5
s dng/lit]). Trong pha sinh trng chm dn c mt s vi sinh vtb cht v b
phn hu ni sinh. Phng trnh ng hc phn hu ni sinh l phng trnh phn
ng bc nht c dng: rd = (dX/dt)ns = - Kd . X

(2.5)

Trong rd l tc phn hu ni sinh (mg/l.s); Kd l hng s tc phn hu ni

sinh (1/s); X l nng bn (mg/l). Nh vy tc sinh trng thc ca vi sinh
vttnh theo: (dX/dt) thc = r/g = rg rd hay

r/g = [- Y. rs] + [Kd . X] = - { 0 .[S].X} / {Ks + [S]} + [Kd . X]

(2.6)

Tc sinh trng ring thc c tnh theo cng thc ca Van Uden:
/ = - Kd = { 0.[S]} / {Ks + [S]} - Kd

(2.7)

Tc tng sinh khi (bn hot tnh) Yb c tnh theo cng thc:
Yb = r/g / rs

(2.8)

2.3.2. ng hc chuyn ha c cht hu c trong qu trnh x l theo sinh khi

bn v thi gian.
Theo thi gian tc chuyn ho lng cht hu c S bi 1 gam bn c biu th
bng phng trnh : - dS/dX = K.S

(2.9)

Trong dS l bin thin hm lng cht bn hu c theo sinh khi bn X (mg/g).

K l hng s tc chuyn ho cht bn hu c (1/h).
Tc chuyn ha lng cht hu c S bi mt lng bn xc nh ban u X (g/l)
theo thi gian t (h) c biu th bng phng trnh :
- dS/ dt = K.S hay Ln (Sra/ Svo) = - K.(tra- tvo)

(2.10)

Trong dS l bin thin hm lng cht bn hu c theo thi gian (mg/l.h); K l

hng s tc chuyn ha cht bn hu c/ tc ring phn hu cht bn hu c
(1/h); Svo l lng cht hu c c trong nc thi ng vi thi im t = 0 (mg/l); Sra
l lng cht hu c cn li ng vi thi gian t (mg/l); t l thi gian lu ca nc
thi trong thit b x l (h). [8]

CHNG III: VI SINH VT TRONG H THNG X L NC THI

3.1 KHI NIM
Vi sinh vt l nhng t chc sinh vt rt nh b, c th tp hp li thnh mt nhm
ln hn gm nhiu loi khc nhau di nhng hnh dng khng xc nh, chng c
th tn ti di dng n phn t, a phn t hoc mt nhm phn t. C th ni,
phn ln vi sinh vt ng vai tr rt quan trng trong cc qu trnh chuyn ha sinh
ha, chng c tc dng lm gim lng cht hu c trong nc thi, ng thi gip
n nh nng cht hu c trong cc dng chy. Cc loi vi sinh vt chim u th
trong tng qu trnh x l sinh ha ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: tnh cht dng vo,
iu kin mi trng, qu trnh thit k v cch thc vn hnh h thng. Do ,
tng cng vai tr h vi sinh vt hot ng trong x l nc thi th cn phi thit k
iu kin mi trng ph hp, v d i vi a s qu trnh x l hiu kh, cn c
cc iu kin thch hp nh: mi trng phi thng thong cung cp oxy,
cc vt cht hu c (lm thc n), nc, N v P (cht dinh dng) thc y
s oxy ha, c pH ph hp (6,5 9), v khng c cc cht gy c.
Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc vi sinh vt u c li cho cc qu trnh chuyn ha
trong x l nc thi. Nu nh cc iu kin mi trng khng cn ph hp cho
hot ng ca cc loi vi sinh vt, hoc s lng cc vi sinh trong h thng x l
tng t bin, iu ny s gy cn tr cho qu trnh chuyn ha v lm gim hiu
sut x l nc thi.
3.2 SINH THI, SINH L, PHN LOI VI SINH VT
3.2.1 Sinh thi, sinh l vi sinh vt
Vi sinh vt khng phi l mt nhm phn loi trong sinh gii m l bao gm tt c
cc sinh vt c kch thc hin vi, khng thy r c bng mt thng, do phi
s dng knh hin vi thng hoc knh hin vi in t. Ngoi ra mun nghin cu vi
sinh vtngi ta phi s dng ti phng php nui cy v khun. Vi sinh vtc cc
c im chung sau y: [2]; [7]; [8]; [18]
Kch thc nh b :

Vi sinh vt thng c o kch thc bng n v micromet (1mm= 1/1000mm

hay 1/1.000.000m). Virus c o kch thc n v bng nanomet
(1nn=1/1.000.000mm hay 1/1.000.000.000m). Kch thc cng b th din tch b
mt ca vi sinh vttrong 1 n v th tch cng ln. Chng hn ng knh ca 1 cu
khun (Coccus) ch c 1mm, nhng nu xp y chng thnh 1 khi lp nhng c
th lch l 1cm3 th chng c din tch b mt rng ti ...6 m2 !

Light microscope : KHV quang hc

Electron microscope : KHV in t
Most bacteria: Phn ln vi khun
Hnh 3.1 Kch thc cc loi vi sinh vt
Hp thu nhiu, chuyn ho nhanh :
Tuy vi sinh vtc kch thc rt nh b nhng chng li c nng lc hp thu v
chuyn ho vt xa cc sinh vt khc. Chng hn 1 vi khun lctic (Lactobacillus)
trong 1 gi c th phn gii c mt lng ng lactose ln hn 100 10.000 ln
so vi khi lng ca chng. Tc tng hp protein ca nm men cao gp 1.000
ln so vi u tng v gp 100.000 ln so vi tru b.
Sinh trng nhanh, pht trin mnh :

Chng hn, 1 trc khun i trng (Escherichia coli) trong cc iu kin thch hp
ch sau 12 - 20 pht li phn ct mt ln. Nu ly thi gian th h l 20 pht th mi
gi

phn

ct

ln,

sau

24

gi

phn

ct

72

ln

to

ra

4.722.366.500.000.000.000.000.000 t bo (4 722 366. 1017), tng ng vi 1

khi lng 4.722 tn. Tt nhin trong t nhin khng c c cc iu kin ti
u nh vy (v thiu thc n, thiu oxy, d tha cc sn phm trao i cht c
hi). Trong loi ln men vi cc iu kin nui cy thch hp, t 1 t bo c th
to ra sau 24 gi khong 100.000.000 1.000.000.000 t bo. Thi gian th h ca
nm men di hn, v d vi men ru (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) l 120 pht. Vi
nhiu vi sinh vtkhc cn di hn na, v d vi to Tiu cu ( Chlorella ) l 7 gi,
vi vi khun lam Nostoc l 23 giC th ni khng c sinh vt no c tc sinh
si ny n nhanh nh vi sinh vt.
C nng lc thch ng mnh v d dng pht sinh bin d :
Trong qu trnh tin ho lu di vi sinh vt to cho mnh nhng c ch iu ho
trao i cht thch ng c vi nhng iu kin sng rt khc nhau, k c nhng
iu kin ht sc bt li m cc sinh vt khc thng khng th tn ti c. C vi
sinh vt sng c mi trng nng n 1300C, lnh n 0 - 50C, mn n nng
32% mui n, ngt n nng mt ong, pH thp n 0,5 hoc cao n 10,7; p
sut cao n trn 1.103 at. Hay c phng x cao n 750.000 rad. Nhiu vi sinh
vtc th pht trin tt trong iu kin tuyt i k kh, c loi nm si c th pht
trin dy c trong b ngm t thi vi nng Formol rt cao
Vi sinh vt a s l n bo, n bi, sinh sn nhanh, s lng nhiu, tip xc trc
tip vi mi trng sng do rt d dng pht sinh bin d. Tn s bin d
thng mc 10-5-10-10. Ch sau mt thi gian ngn c th to ra mt s lng
rt ln cc c th bin d cc h h sau. Nhng bin d c ch s a li hiu qu
rt ln trong sn xut. Nu nh khi mi pht hin ra penicillin hot tnh ch t 20
n v/ml dch ln men (1943) th nay c th t trn 100.000 n v/ml. Khi mi

pht hin ra acid glutamic ch t 1 - 2g/l th nay t n 150g/ml dch ln men

(VEDAN-Vit Nam).
Phn b rng, chng loi nhiu :
+ Vi sinh vtc mt khp mi ni trn Tri t, trong khng kh, trong t, trn
ni cao, di bin su, trn c th, ngi, ng vt, thc vt, trong thc phm,
trn mi vt
+ Vi sinh vttham gia tch cc vo vic thc hin cc vng tun hon sinh-a-ho
hc (biogeochemical cycles) nh vng tun hon C, vng tun hon N, vng
tun hon P, vng tun hon S, vng tun hon Fe
+ Trong nc vi sinh vtc nhiu vng duyn hi (littoral zone), vng nc
nng (limnetic zone) v ngay c vng nc su (profundal zone), vng y ao
h (benthic zone).
+ Trong khng kh th cng ln cao s lng vi sinh vtcng t. S lng vi sinh
vttrong khng kh cc khu dn c ng c cao hn rt nhiu so vi khng
kh trn mt bin v nht l trong khng kh Bc cc, Nam cc
+ Hu nh khng c hp cht carbon no (tr kim cng, grapht) m khng
l thc n ca nhng nhm vi sinh vtno (k c du m, kh thin nhin,
formol. Dioxin). Vi sinh vtc rt phong ph cc kiu dinh dng khc nhau :
quang t dng (photoautotrophy), quang d dng (photoheterotrophy), ho t
dng (chemoautotrophy), ho d dng (chemoheterotrophy), t dng cht
sinh trng (auxoautotroph), d dng cht sinh trng (auxoheterotroph)
L sinh vt xut hin u tin trn tri t :
Tri t hnh thnh cch y 4,6 t nm nhng cho n nay mi ch tm thy du vt
ca s sng t cch y 3,5 t nm. l cc vi sinh vtho thch cn li vt tch
trong cc tng c. Vi sinh vt ho thch c xa nht c pht hin l nhng
dng rt ging vi Vi khun lam ngy nay. Chng c J.William Schopf tm thy
ti cc tng c min Ty Australia. Chng c dng a bo n gin, ni thnh
si di n vi chc mm vi ng knh khong 1 - 2 mm v c thnh t bo kh

dy. Trc cc nh khoa hc cng tm thy vt tch ca chi Gloeodiniopsis c

nin i cch y 1,5 t nm v vt tch ca chi Palaeolyngbya c nin i cch y
950 triu nm.

Vt tch vi khun lam

Vt tch Gloeodiniopsis cch

Vt tch Palaeolyngbya cch

cch y 3,5 t nm

y 1,5 t nm

y 950 triu nm

Hnh 3.2 Vt tch mt s loi vi khun u tin

3.2.2 Phn loi vi sinh vt
T trc n nay c rt nhiu h thng phn loi sinh vt. Cc n v phn loi sinh
vt ni chung v vi sinh vt ni ring i t thp ln cao l Loi (Species), Chi
(Genus), H (Family), B (Order), Lp (Class), Ngnh (Phylum), v Gii (Kingdom).
Hin nay trn gii cn c mt mc phn loi na gi l lnh gii (Domain).
Xa kia John Ray (1627-1705) v Carl Von Linnaeus (1707-1778) ch chia ra 2 gii
l Thc vt v ng vt. Nm 1866 E. H. Haeckel (1834-1919) b sung thm gii
Nguyn sinh (Protista). Nm 1969 R. H. Whitaker (1921-1981) xut h thng
phn loi 5 gii : Khi sinh (Monera), Nguyn sinh (Protista), Nm (Fungi), Thc
vt (Plantae) v ng vt (Animalia).
+ Khi sinh bao gm Vi khun (Bacteria) v Vi khun lam (Cyanobacteria).
+ Nguyn sinh bao gm ng vt nguyn sinh (Protzoa),

+ To (Algae) v cc Nm si sng trong nc (Water molds).

Hnh 3.3 H thng phn loi 5 gii sinh vt

Gn y hn c h thng phn loi 6 gii - nh 5 gii trn nhng thm gii C vi
khun (Archaebacteria), gii Khi sinh i thnh gii Vi khun tht (Eubacteria) (P.
H. Raven, G. B. Johnson, 2002).

Hnh 3.4 H thng phn loi 6 gii sinh vt

T. Cavalier-Smith (1993) th li xut h thng phn loi 8 gii:
+ Vi khun tht (Eubacteria),
+ C vi khun (Archaebacteria),
+ C trng (Archezoa),
+ Sc khun (Chromista),
+ Nm (Fungi),
+ Thc vt (Plantae) v
+ ng vt (Animalia).
Theo R. Cavalier-Smith th: C trng (nh Giardia) bao gm cc c th n bo
nguyn thu c nhn tht, c ribosom 70S, cha c b my Golgi, cha c ty th
(mitochondria) cha c th dip lc (Chloroplast), cha c peroxisome. Sc khun

bao gm phn ln cc c th quang hp cha th dip lc trong cc phin (lumen)

ca mng li ni cht nhn (rough endpplasmic reticulum) ch khng phi trong t
bo cht (cytoplasm), chng hn nh To silic , To nu, Cryptomonas, Nm non.

Hnh 3.5 H thng phn loi 8 gii sinh vt

Nm 1980, Carl R. Woese da trn nhng nghin cu sinh hc phn t pht hin
thy C khun c s sai khc ln trong trt t nucleotid ARN ca ribosom 16S v
18S. ng a ra h thng phn loi ba lnh gii (Domain) bao gm: C khun
(Archae), Vi khun (Bacteria) v Sinh vt nhn thc (Eucarya).

Hnh 3.6 H thng 3 lnh gii (domain)

Sai khc gia 3 lnh gii Bacteria, Archaea v Eukarya c trnh by trn bng 3.1
di y:
Bng 3.1 Bng so snh 3 lnh gii vi sinh vt
Bacteria

c im
Nhn c mng nhn v
hch nhn
Phc hp bo quan c
mng
Thnh t bo

Archaea

Eukarya

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Hu

ht

c Nhiu

loi

khc Khng

cha

acid

peptidoglycan

cha nhau,

acid muramic

khng

cha muramic

acid muramic

Cha lin kt este, Cha lin kt ete, cc Cha lin kt este,

Mng lipid

cc acid bo mch chui aliphatic phn cc acid bo mch

Ti kh

thng

nhnh

thng

Khng

Thymine

trong

phn ln tARN

ARN vn chuyn

trong nhnh T hoc C thymine

TyC ca tARN

tARN m u cha
N-formylmethionine

Khng c thymine

tARN m u cha
tARN m u cha methionine
methionine

mARN a cistron

Khng

Intron trong mARN

Khng

Khng

gn ui polyA vo Khng

Khng

Ghp ni, gn m v
mARN
Ribosom
Kch thc

70S

Yu t ko di EF2
Mn

cm

Khng phn ng vi
c t bch hu

vi Mn cm

70S

80S (ribosom t bo
cht)

C phn ng

C phn ng

Khng

Khng

cloramphenicol

kanamycin
Mn

cm

vi

anisomycin

Khng

Mn cm

Mn cm

ARN polymerase ph thuc ADN

S lng enzym

Mt

Mt s

Ba

Cu trc

4 tiu n v

8-12 tiu n v

12-14 tiu n v

Mn cm

Khng

Khng

Khng

Mn

cm

vi

rifampicin
Promoter
Polymerase II

typ

Trao i cht
Tng t ATPase

Khng

Sinh methane

Khng

Khng

C nh N2

Khng

Quang hp vi dip lc

Khng

Ho dng v c

Khng

Ngun: Nguyn Ln Dng, 2005.

Phn ln vi sinh vt thuc v ba nhm C khun, Vi khun v Nguyn sinh. Trong
gii Nm, th nm men (yeast), nm si (filamentous Fungi) v dng si (mycelia)
ca mi nm ln u c coi l vi sinh vt. Nh vy l vi sinh vt khng c mt
trong hai gii ng vt v Thc vt. Ngi ta c tnh trong s 1,5 triu loi sinh vt
c khong 200.000 loi vi sinh vt(100.000 loi ng vt nguyn sinh v to, 90.000
loi nm, 2.500 loi vi khun lam v 1.500 loi vi khun). Tuy nhin hng nm, c
thm hng nghn loi sinh vt mi c pht hin, trong c khng t loi vi sinh

vt). Theo h thng 3 lnh gii th Archaezoa bao gm Diplomonad, Trichomonad v

Microsporidian. Euglenozoa bao gm Euglenoid v Kinetoplastid. Alveolata bao
gm Dinoflagellate, Apicomplexan, v Ciliate. Strmenopila bao gm To silic
(Diatoms) , To vng (Golden algae), To nu (Brown algae) v Nm si sng trong
nc (Water mold) . Rhodophyta gm cc To (Red algae). Ring To lc (Green
algae) th mt phn thuc Nguyn sinh (Protista) mt phn thuc Thc vt (Plantae).
3.2.2.1 Vi khun
Theo quan im hin i (NCBI- National Center for Biotechnology Information,
2005) th vi khun bao gm cc ngnh sau y : Aquificae Thermotogae Thermodesulfobacteria Deinococcus - Thermus - Chrysiogenetes - Chloroflexi
Nitrospirae - Defferribacteres - Cyanobacteria - Proteobacteria - Firmicutes
Actinobacteria - Planctomycetes - Chlamydiae/Nhm Verrucomicrobia -Spirochaetes
- Fibrobacteres /Nhm Acidobacteria

- Bacteroidetes/Nhm Chlorobia

Fusobacteria - Dictyoglomi. Vic phn ngnh da trn cc c im hnh thi, sinh

l, sinh ha, sinh thi... Cn c vo t l G + C trong ADN ngi ta xy dng c
cy pht sinh chng loi (Phylogenetic tree) v chia vi khun thnh cc nhm sau y:
-Nhm Oxy ho Hydrogen -Nhm Chu nhit -Nhm Vi khun khng lu hunh
mu lc -Nhm Deinococcus -Nhm Vi khun lam -Nhm Proteobacteria -Nhm
Chlamydia -Nhm Planctomyces -Nhm Spirochaetes (Xon th) -Nhm Vi khun
lu hunh mu lc -Nhm Cytophaga -Nhm Vi khun Gram dng.
Vi khun l mt t chc nguyn thy, n bo, c th cha khong 85% l nc v
15% l cc khong cht hay cht nguyn sinh. Cht nguyn sinh phn ln l S, K,
Na, Ca, Cl v mt lng nh st, silic v magie. Chng sinh si ny n nh hnh
thc t phn i. Vi khun c th coi l mt trong nhng sinh vt sng nh nht, c
ng knh 0,5 2mm v chiu di t 1 10mm.
Cc vi khun c phn thnh 3 nhm chnh da vo hnh dng t nhin hay trng
thi tn ti ca chng. Dng n gin nht l vi khun hnh cu, cn c gi l
Cocci (khun cu). Dng th hai l cc vi khun hnh que, gi l Bacillus. Dng cui

cng l cc vi khun hnh xon hoc cong, gi l Spirilla. i a s vi khun ng

vai tr quan trng trong vic phn hy cht hu c, bin cht hu c thnh cht n
nh to thnh bng cn d lng.

Hnh 3.7 Hnh dng ca mt s loi vi khun

Vi khun k sinh (paracitic bacteria) l vi khun sng bm vo vt ch, thc n ca
n l thc n c vt ch ng ha, chng thng sng trong ng rut ca
ngi v ng vt, v i vo nc thi theo phn v nc tiu.
Vi khun hoi sinh (saprophytic bacteria) dng cht hu c khng hot ng lm
thc n, n phn hy cn hu c lm cht dinh dng sng v sinh sn, v thi ra

cc cht gm cn hu c c cu to n gin v cn v c. Bng qu trnh hot ng

nh vy, vi khun hoi sinh ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong vic lm sch nc
thi. Nu khng c hot ng sng v sinh sn ca vi khun, qu trnh phn hy s
khng xy ra. C rt nhiu loi vi khun hoi sinh, mi loi ng mt vai tr c
bit trong mi cng on ca qu trnh phn hy hon ton cn hu c c trong
nc thi, v mi loi s t cht khi hon thnh quy trnh sng v sinh sn giai
on .
Tt c cc vi khun k sinh v hoi sinh cn c thc n v oxy ng ha. Mt s
loi trong s vi khun ny ch c th h hp bng oxy ha tan trong nc gi l vi
khun hiu kh, v qu trnh phn hy cht hu c ca chng gi l qu trnh hiu
kh hay qu trnh oxy ha. Mt s loi khc trong s cc vi khun ny khng th tn
ti c khi c oxy ha tan trong nc m ly oxy cn cho s ng ha t cc hp
cht hu c v v c c cha oxy trong qu trnh phn hy chng. Nhng vi khun
ny gi l vi khun ym kh v qu trnh phn hy gi l qu trnh ym kh (k kh),
qu trnh ny to ra mi kh chu.
Cn mt s loi vi khun hiu kh trong qu trnh phn hy cht hu c, nu thiu
hon ton oxy ha tan, chng c th t iu chnh thch nghi vi mi trng gi l
vi khun hiu kh lng nghi. Ngc li, cng tn ti mt s loi vi khun ym kh,
khi c oxy ha tan trong nc chng khng b cht m li lm quen c vi mi
trng hiu kh gi l vi khun ym kh lng nghi. S t iu chnh thch nghi
vi mi trng c s thay i ca oxy ha tan ca vi khun hoi sinh l rt quan trng
trong quy trnh phn hy cht hu c ca nc thi trong cc cng trnh x l.
Nhit nc thi c nh hng rt ln n qu trnh hot ng v sinh sn ca vi
khun, phn ln vi khun hoi sinh hot ng c hiu qu cao v pht trin mnh m
nhit t 20 40oC. Mt s loi vi khun trong qu trnh x l cn pht trin
nhit 50 60oC. Khi duy tr cc iu kin mi trng: thc n, nhit , pH, oxy,
m thch hp vi khun pht trin th hiu qu x l sinh hc trong cng trnh
s t hiu qu cao nht.

Hnh 3.8 Pseudomonas

(hydratcacbon, phn nitrat ha)

Hnh 3.10 Bacillus

(Phn hy hidratcacbon, protein )

Hnh 3.12 Microthrix parvicella

Hnh 3.9 Desulfovibrio

(kh sulfat, kh nitrat)

Hnh 3.11 Nitrosomonas

(Nitrit ha))

Hnh 3.13 Zoogloea

Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc vi khun u c li cho qu trnh sinh ha, mt vi

trong s chng l loi gy hi. C hai loi vi khun c hi c th pht trin trong h
thng hiu/thiu kh. Mt l cc dng vi khun dng si (filamentous) l cc dng
phn t trung gian, thng kt vi nhau thnh li nh ni ln mt nc v gy cn
tr qu trnh lng ng trm tch; lm cho lp bn y khng c hiu qu, sinh khi
s khng gn kt li v theo cc dng chy sch qua x l ra ngoi. Mt dng vi
khun c hi khc tn ti trong lng bt d tha trong cc b phn ng sinh ha,
pht sinh t cc h thng thng gi tun hon oxy trong h thng. Cc t chc c
hi thng thng trong h thng k kh l cc vi khun kh sulfat.
3.2.2.2 Eukarya (Sinh vt nhn thc)
* Protozoa (ng vt nguyn sinh)
ng vt nguyn sinh l mt t chc ln nm trong nhm eukaryotic, vi hn
50.000 loi c bit n. Tht ra, ng vt nguyn sinh l cc sinh vt n bo
nhng cu trc t bo phc tp hn, ln hn cc vi khun. Kch thc cc ng vt
nguyn sinh thay i trong khong t 4 500mm. Chng c th tn ti nh nhng
sinh vt c lp.
Cc nhm ng vt nguyn sinh chnh c phn chia da vo phng thc vn
ng ca chng. Dng th nht l Mastigophora, l cc ng vt nguyn sinh c
nhiu roi flagella, v d nh Giardia lamblia. Dng th hai l Ciliophora, c roi
ngn hn hay cn gi l lng mao cilia, v d nh Stalked. Dng th ba l
Sarcodina, c kiu chuyn ng nh amip amoeba (lt i trong nc, hnh dng
ca chng thay i theo cc ng tc di chuyn ny).
Cc ng vt nguyn sinh n cc cht hu c sng, v thc n a thch ca chng
l cc vi khun. Cc yu t nh: cht c, pH, nhit u nh hng n tc
tng trng ca chng.

Hnh 3.14 Mt s ng vt nguyn sinh trong x l nc thi

Hnh 3.15 Amoeba

Hnh 3.16 Peritrichia (chng c mao)

Hnh 3.18 Vorticella Convallaria

Hnh 3.17 Carchesium Polypinum

Hnh 3.19 Holotrichate (chng c mao)

* To (Algae)
To l sinh vt sng trong mi trng nc, ch yu l tng mt c th s dng
nng lng mt tri trong quang hp (do cha dip lc t chlorophyll). Chng c
nhiu hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau. Mc d chng khng phi l sinh vt gy
hi, nhng chng c th gy ra mt s vn trong qu trnh x l nc thi. To
pht trin lm cho nc c mu sc, thc cht l mu sc ca to.
To xanh Aphanizomenon blosaquae, Anabaena microcistic ... lm cho nc
c mu xanh lam.
To Oscilatoria rubecens lm cho nc ng mu hng.
Khu to (Melosira, Navicula) lm cho nc c mu vng nu. Chrisophit
lm cho nc c mu vng nht.
To pht trin cn gy cho nc c nhiu mi kh chu, nh mi c, mi thi,
* Nm
L mt loi vi sinh, phn ln l dng lng t hon ton khc vi cc dng ca vi
khun. Ni chung, vi sinh dng nm c kch thc ln hn vi khun v khng c vai
tr trong giai on phn hy ban u cc cht hu c trong qu trnh x l nc thi.
Mc d nm c th s dng cc vt cht hu c tan trong mi quan h cnh tranh
vi cc vi khun, nhng chng dng nh khng cnh tranh tt trong qu trnh sinh
trng l lng iu kin bm dnh, trong mi trng bnh thng, v v vy khng
to thnh s cn i trong h thng vi trng hc. Ni cch khc, khi cung cp khng
oxy v nito, hoc khi pH qu thp, nm c th sn sinh nhanh, gy ra cc vn
nh hng tng t nh cc vi khun dng si.

Hnh 3.19 Sphearotilus natans

* Virus
Virus l mt dng c bit cha c cu trc c th cho nn cha c k n trong
s 200.000 loi vi sinh vt ni trn. S virus c t tn l khong 4.000 loi.
Virus l mt dng sng kh n gin, vi cu to chung l c mt nhn gia mang
vt cht di truyn v bao quanh l lp v protein. Chng sinh trng bng cch tn
cng vo t bo ca cc vt ch (ng vt, thc vt, vi khun, ) v sinh si ny n
trong t bo cc vt ch ny. Virus c nhiu dng: dng que mnh di, dng trn i
xng khng u, v dng a din. S hin din ca virus trong nc thi s c nh
hng khng tt cho qu trnh x l.

Hnh 3.20 Mt s hnh dng ca Virus

3.2.2.3 Archaea (c khun)
C khun l nhm vi sinh vtc ngun gc c xa. Khc vi vi khun, lipid ca
mng t bo Archaea cha lin kt ether gia acid bo v glycerol, trong 2 loi
lipid chnh l glycerol diether v diglycerol tetraether. Archeae cn cha mt lng
ln acid bo khng phn cc.
Archaea c phng thc bin dng a dng, t dng hoc d dng cacbon, v c
thm phng thc bin dng mi dn n s to thnh methane. Chng bao gm
cc nhm vi khun c th pht trin c trong cc mi trng cc oan (extra),
chng hn nh: nhm a mn (Halobacteriales) hin din trong cc mi trng c
nng mui cao, khng tng trng c khi nng mui thp hn 1,5M, tng
trng c nng mui bo ha; nhm a nhit (Thermococcales,
Thermoproteus, Thermoplasmatales) thng hin din trong nhng ng thi than
t pht nhit; nhm k kh sinh mtan (Methanococcales, Methanobacteriales,
Methanomicrobiales); v nhm vi khun lu hunh a nhit (Sulfobales,
Desulfurococcales). Nhng nghin cu gn y cho thy Archaea ngy cng c mt

nhiu trong cc loi mi trng sng khc nhau, c bit l qu trnh k kh trong
x l nc thi bng phng php sinh ha, chng ng vai tr kh quan trng
trong vic to ra CH4.
3.3 S TNG TRNG CA T BO VI SINH VT
S sinh trng ca vi sinh vtl qu trnh sinh sn (tng s lng, kch thc t bo)
v tng sinh khi (tng trng lng) qun th vi sinh vt. Hiu qu ca s dinh
dng (ng thi l s gim BOD, COD, TOC ...) l qu trnh tng hp cc b phn
ca c th t bo v s tng sinh khi. Tt c nhng bin i v hnh thi, sinh l
trong c th c tng hp thnh khi nim Pht trin.
Trong qu trnh x l nc thi s sinh trng cng l s tng s lng t bo v s
thay i kch thc t bo c phn nh qua s tng sinh khi ca vi sinh vt. Tc
sinh trng ca vi sinh vtph thuc vo iu kin bn ngoi, c tnh sinh l v
trng thi t bo. Vi sinh vtsinh sn ch yu bng cch phn i t bo. Thi gian
tng gp i s lng vi sinh vtti thiu c gi l thi gian sinh trng/ thi
gian th h thng l 20 pht c khi n vi ngy. Khi cc cht dinh dng cn kit,
pH v nhit ca mi trng thay i ra ngoi cc tr s ti u th qu trnh sinh
sn b dng li.
Phng php sinh hc x l nc thi nhn to trong iu kin tnh, iu kin ng
l da vo c s l lun c nghin cu t qu trnh nui cy tnh hoc nui
cy lin tc vi sinh vt. [8]
3.3.1 Nui cy tnh/ nui cy theo m.
y l phng php m trong sut thi gian nui cy khng thm cht dinh dng
cng nh khng loi b cc sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh trao i cht. S sinh
trng/ s tng sinh khi ca vi sinh vt biu th bng lng bn hot tnh X (mg/lit)
theo thi gian t c biu din bng ng cong abcdefg m t trn hnh 1.7 chia
lm 5 vng khc nhau.

Hnh 3.21 : ng cong sinh trng ca vi sinh

Vng 1: Giai on lm quen/ pha tim pht/ pha lag.
Pha lag bt u t lc nui cy n khi vi sinh vtbt u sinh trng. Trong pha
ny nng bn X= X0 (X0 l sinh khi thi im t = 0 giy). Tc sinh trng:
rg = dX/dt = 0.
Gn cui giai on ny t bo vi sinh vtmi bt u sinh trng tc tng v kch
thc, th tch v trng lng do to ra Protein, Axit Nucleic, men Proteinaza,
Amilaza nhng cha tng v s lng
Vng 2: Giai on sinh sn theo cch phn i t bo (theo cp s nhn)/ giai on
ly tin hay pha sinh trng logarit/ pha s m (Pha log).
Trong pha log cht dinh dng p ng y cho vi sinh vtsinh trng v pht
trin theo lu tha. Sinh trng v sinh sn t mc cao nht. Sinh khi v khi
lng t bo tng theo phng trnh: N = N0 x 2n (n l s ln phn chia t bo ca N0
t bo ban u). Tc sinh trng tng t l thun vi X (t c ng cong
hm m) theo phng trnh: rg = dX/dt = .X

(3.1)

Trong rg l tc sinh trng Vi sinh vt(mg/l.s); X l nng sinh khi/ nng

bn (mg/l); l hng s tc sinh trng hay tc sinh trng ring Vi sinh
vt(1/s). ng cong cho thy sinh khi ca bn c xu hng tng theo cp s nhn
(on a-b) thuc pha tim pht v pha sinh trng logarit. Trong pha sinh trng

logarit tc phn i t bo trong bn s iu ha t gi tr ti a. Phn gia ca

ng cong (e-f) tc sinh trng gn nh tuyn tnh vi nng sinh khi tng
ng vi nng cht dinh dng d tha.
Vng 3: Giai on sinh trng chm dn/ pha sinh trng chm dn.
Trong giai on ny (f- c) cht dinh dng trong mi trng gim st v bt u
cn kit cng vi s bin mt ca mt hay vi thnh phn cn thit cho s sinh
trng hoc do mi trng tch t cc sn phm c ch vi sinh vtc sinh ra trong
qu trnh chuyn ho cht trong t bo pha log. S sinh sn ca vi sinh vtdn t
ti tim cn ty thuc vo s gim nng cht dinh dng. X tip tc
tng nhng tc sinh trng gim dn dn khi chuyn dn dn t pha sinh trng
sang pha n nh v t mc cn bng cui pha.
Vng 4: Giai on sinh trng n nh/ pha n nh
Cht dinh dng trong pha ny c nng thp, nhiu sn phm ca qu trnh trao
i cht c tch lu. X t ti a, s lng t bo t cn bng. S sinh trng
dng li, cng trao i cht gim i r rt (c- d).
Vng 5: Giai on suy tn/ pha suy vong/ pha oxi ho ni bo.
Phn ng cong (d-g) biu th s gim sinh khi bn bi qu trnh t oxy ha din
ra. Trong pha ny s lng t bo c kh nng sng gim theo lu tha, cc t bo b
cht v t l cht c tng dn ln m nguyn nhn l cht dinh dng qu ngho
hoc ht, s tch lu sn phm trao i cht c tc ng c ch v i khi tiu
dit c vi sinh vt. Cc tnh cht l, ho mi trng thay i khng c li cho t bo,
cc t bo b gi v b cht mt cch t nhin...
Qu trnh nui cy tnh vi sinh vtc ng dng trong cng ngh x l nc thi
iu kin tnh v hot ho bn. ng cong sinh trng ca vi sinh vt(bn) theo
thi gian u ng cho c 2 mi trng hiu kh v k kh. Gi tr cc thng s ca
qu trnh ph thuc vo cc loi vi sinh vt, hm lng c cht, nhit v pH
mi trng m vi sinh vtsng trong .
3.3.2 Nui cy lin tc/ dng lin tc.

Ngc vi nui cy tnh, nui cy lin tc l phng php m trong sut thi gian
nui cy lin tc cho thm cc cht dinh dng mi vo v tin hnh loi b cc sn
phm cui cng ca qu trnh trao i cht ra khi mi trng nui cy. Do vi
sinh vtlun lun trong iu kin n nh v cht dinh dng cng nh sn phm
trao i cht v tc sinh sn ph thuc tc cung cp cht dinh dng. Qu
trnh nui cy lin tc, tc sinh trng rg c biu th bng phng trnh:
rg = dX/dt = ( D). X

(3.2)

Trong X l nng sinh khi ban u/ nng bn (mg/l); l hng s tc

sinh trng (1/s). H s pha long D = F/V; F l tc cung cp dinh dng cho
mi trng (ml/h); V l th tch mi trng (ml).
T (1.2) thy rng khi > D th dX/ dt > 0, mt vi sinh vttng. Khi < D th
dX/ dt < 0, mt vi sinh vtgim. Khi = D th dX/dt = 0, mt vi sinh vt
trng thi cn bng ng hc khng tng khng gim theo thi gian.
Qu trnh nui cy lin tc vi sinh vt c ng dng trong cng ngh x l nc
thi iu kin ng.
3.4 NG HC CA QU TRNH TNG TRNG
3.4.1 Cc c trng ng hc ca qu trnh sinh trng
Trong nghin cu ng hc ca qu trnh ln men vi sinh vt, ngi ta a ra mt s
khi nim sau: [17]
Tc ln ring:
Cho X(g/l) l nng vi sinh vt tnh bng gam/lit. Gi s sau mt thi gian t,
lng vi sinh vt tng thm l X th phng trnh m t qu trnh sinh trng
ca vi sinh vtnh sau:

X
= t , hoc vit di dng phng trnh vi phn:
X

dX
-1
= t ( gi l tc ln ring vi sinh vt, c th nguyn t ).
X

Ly tch phn phng trnh trn t X0 n X, ta c: X = X0 et. c th thay nng

vi sinh vtX (g/l) bng s lng t bo N/l, khi ta c: N = N0 et. xc nh
tc ln ring vi sinh vtcn lp th ln[X] = f(t).
Ch s ln M: l mt ch tiu c trng cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, k hiu
M =

, trong M l tc ln cc i.
M

Thi gian
Thi gian l thi gian cn thit nng vi sinh vttng gp i. thi im t1,
nng vi sinh vtl X1, thi im t2, nng vi sinh vtl X2.
Khi X2 = 2X1; = (t2 - t1); ln

X2
= (t 2 t1 ) ;
X1

Ln2 = (t2 - t1); = ln2/ = 0,63/; = 0,63/.

Tc phn chia t bo:
Gi s thi gian t0 c N0 t bo, thi gian t, qua n ln phn chia c N t bo. Nh
vy ta c: N = N02n; lgN = lgN0 + nlg2; n =

lg N lg N 0
lg 2

Gi tc phn chia t bo l i lng v:

n
t t0

v=

v=

lg N lg N 0
(t t 0 ) lg 2

v=

3,32(lg N lg N 0 )
(t t 0 )

Thi gian tch ly g:

Thi gian tch ly g l i lng nghch o ca v:
g=

1 t t0
=
v
n

3.4.2 Cc giai on pht trin ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh sinh trng

Qu trnh pht trin ca vi sinh vt(trong nui cy gin on) c th chia thnh 6
giai on: [17]
-

Giai on chm pht trin (giai on cm ng).

Giai on pht trin theo hm s m.

Giai on pht trin tuyn tnh.

Giai on n nh.

Giai on cht.

Giai on thi ra.

3.4.2.1. Giai on chm pht trin (giai on cm ng):

Trong nui cy vi sinh vt, giai on chm pht trin c bt u t khi nui cy
cho ti lc sinh vt bc vo thi k pht trin. Giai on ny c kt thc sau thi
gian chm tr L. i lng L ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: bn cht vi sinh vt,
thnh phn mi trng nui cy, nhit , nng oxy, th oxy ha kh ca mi
trng. Trong nhiu trng hp, L t l thun vi v g. L cng ngn, v g cng
nh th vi sinh vtpht trin cng nhanh. Ngoi ra, L cn ph thuc vo s lng ca
ging. V d: L ca Methanolbacillus kuzneceovi trong mi trng methanol, hoc
ca Enterobacter aerogenes trong mi trng nui cy c asparagin t l nghch s
lng ging ban u. Tm li khng c quy lut nht nh no chung cho tt c cc
vi sinh vt, thng thng mi vi sinh vtc quy lut ring cho mnh.
Ch s ln M cc giai on pht trin ca vi sinh vt trnh by bng 3.2. Trong giai
on chm pht trin, vi sinh vtc gi tr M t 0 1.
Bng 3.2. c trng pht trin ca vi sinh vttrong tng giai on
Giai on

01

10

Phng trnh c trng

dX/dt = MX; X = X0 e Mt
dX/dt = K, X = Kt
dX/dt = 0

Ngun: Trn nh Toi, Nguyn Th Vn Hi, 2005.

3.4.2.2. Giai on pht trin theo hm s m ca vi sinh vt:

Trong giai on ny, vi sinh vt hon ton thch hp vi iu kin sng, s pht
trin n cc i khng b hn ch bi thiu hoc tha c cht, v g c gi t nh
nht. trong giai on ny, s pht trin ca vi sinh vtc m t bi phng trnh:
dX
= M X X = X 0 e Mt hoc ch s ln M = /M = 1.
dt

giai on ny, s ln ca qun th vi sinh vtc c trng bi phn ng t xc

tc bc mt vi lng c cht khng hn ch, v vy tc ln ca sinh khi (s t
bo) t l thun vi sinh khi c trong h. Khi c cht trong mi trng tiu hao
dn, khng cn duy tr tc pht trin ca vi sinh vt, tc gim xung.
Mun duy tr tc pht trin theo hm s m trc khi vi sinh vtbc sang giai
on n nh th phi b sung mi trng (c cht). y l nguyn l ca nui cy
lin tc. Khi trong mi trng tiu hao ht ngun cacbon, mc d cc iu kin sng
khc vn cn th qu trnh sng vn b c ch, qun th vi sinh vtri vo trng thi
ng bng. ph v trng thi ny duy tr tc pht trin th phi b sung
ngun cacbon.
Sinh trng 2 pha: nu trong mi trng c 2 hoc hn ngun cacbon, th trong giai
on pht trin theo hm s m, trc khi vi sinh vtbc sang giai on n nh c
th c hin tng sinh trng 2 pha: vi sinh vts dng ngun cacbon th nht vi
tc nhanh hn, sau s dng ngun cacbon th hai vi tc chm hn.
3.4.2.3. Giai on pht trin tuyn tnh:
Trong giai on ny, tc tng sinh khi khng thay i: dX/dt = K
K_hng s tc tng sinh khi
X_ hm s t l thun vi thi gian X = Kt.
Ch s ln M c gi tr t 1 0. khi M = 0,5 c ngha l ch c 50% t bo ln, s
cn li khng pht trin.
3.4.2.4. Giai on n nh:
Trong giai on n nh, nng t bo khng tng: dX/dt = 0.

Trong h, vo thi im ny hnh thnh cn bng ng, ngha l mt s trong cc

t bo c sinh sn b trit tiu bi s cht i, lc y h sp bc vo giai on 5
giai on cht t bo, khng tn ti s sinh sn.
3.4.3 S ph thuc tc pht trin ca vi sinh vt vo nng c cht:
3.4.3.1 Phng trnh Mono:
Trong nhiu qu trnh ln men gin on, tc ln ring ca qu trnh sinh trng
ca vi sinh vt thng ph thuc vo nng c cht cho ti mt gii hn no y.
S ph thuc ny c m t bi phng trnh, tng t nh phng trnh ph
thuc tc phn ng enzym vo nng c cht (ph thuc Michaelis Menten),
c gi l phng trnh Mono:
=

M [S ]
K S [S ]

- tc sinh trng ring; M tc sinh trng cc i.

M
KS

M/2

[S]
[S](min)

Khi S ; M. nu ly im c tung = M/2 s c im tng ng

trn honh [S] = KS. KS c trng cho s dng c cht ca vi sinh vt, thng
c gi tr nh, nm trong khong 1.10-5mol.
Bng 3.3. KS c trng cho s dng c cht ca vi sinh vt

Vi sinh vt

C cht

Enterobacter aerogenes

Glucose

1,0

Ammoni

0,1

Magie (Mg)

0,6

Glucose

Escherichia coli

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Glucose

Hansenula polymorpha

KS, mg/l

2,0 4,0
25,0

Ribose

3,0

Metanol

120,0

Ngun: Trn nh Toi, Nguyn Th Vn Hi, 2005.

V ngha, KS cng nh, vi sinh vtcng c i lc ln vi c cht. Nh vy, KS l
i lng t l nghch vi i lc ca vi sinh vti vi c cht.
3.4.3.2 Xc nh KS v cc thng s ng hc theo phng php Lineweaver
Burk:
xc nh KS v cc thng s ng hc ca qu trnh sinh trng ca vi sinh vtc
th bin i cng thc (3.3) v lp th theo phng php Lineweaver Burk: 1/ =
f(1/[S]).
1

1
1 KS
.
+
[S ] M M

(3.4)
1/
1/M

tg = KS/M

-1/KS
1/[S]
Hnh 3.22 : Xc nh KS v cc thng s ng hc theo phng php
Lineweaver Burk

Trong nui cy gin on, rt kh xc nh KS v ti mt thi gian no , khi bt

u qu trnh ln v pht trin t bo th nng c cht gim r rt. Phng php
nui cy lin tc lun lun b li lng c cht mt i, cho php khc phc kh
khn trong xc nh KS. Tc sinh trng ring ca t bo cn b gii hn bi
lng sn phm c tch ly li trong h - coi nh cht c ch, lc y tc sinh
trng ring ca t bo c m t bi phng trnh Mono vi dng (tnh c nh
hng ca nng c cht v nng sn phm):
= M .

KP
[S ]
; trong KP l hng s c ch bi sn phm, c tnh bng
K S [ S ] K P [ P]

nng sn phm KP = [P] khi = M/2.

3.4.4 ng hc qu trnh cht ca vi sinh vt:
Nhit c nh hng rt ln n qu trnh cht ca t bo, do kh trng bng
nhit l phng php thng dng v c hiu qu hn c. Qu trnh cht ca t bo
c m t bi phng trnh:
dN
dN
= kN
= kdt ln N = kt
dt
N

(3.5)

k_hng s c trng cho qu trnh cht ca t bo; N_nng t bo.

xc nh k, c th tin hnh lp th theo phng trnh (3.5) nh sau: tng
thi im t xc nh nng t bo Nt, sau lp th lnN = f(t).
lnN
toC

t
Hnh 3.14. Xc nh k hng s c trng cho qu trnh cht ca t bo

Gi s thi im t0 c N0 t bo, ti thi im t c N t bo. Ly tch phn ca

phng trnh (3.5) t thi im t0 n thi im t ta c:
ln N
0 -kt
= kt hoc N = N e
0
N

(3.6)

Phng trnh (3.6) cho php xc nh nng t bo (N) khi bit N0 v k.

3.5 CH TH VI SINH VT TRONG CC CNG TRNH X L NC
THI
Cc vi sinh vt dng trong x l nc thi gm nhiu loi khc nhau nh: vi khun,
nm, to, nguyn sinh ng vt, v ng thc vt. Ty theo cng ngh x l m
ngi ta c th s dng nhm ny hay nhm khc.
3.5.1 Vi sinh vt ln men k kh
Nhiu nghin cu cho thy c rt nhiu loi vi sinh vttham gia vo qu trnh phn
hu cht hu c iu kin k kh: [8], [15]
- Giai on thu phn: Hydratcacbon, Protein, Lipit thnh cc Monome c th
hp th qua mng t bo bi cc vi sinh vt k kh ty tin c cha cc h men ngoi
bo nh Proteaza, Lipaza, Cellulaza Cc Vi sinh vtny rt ph bin v pht trin
nhiu trong t nhin trong c c nhm vi khun E.coli v B.subtilus.
- Giai on ln men axit: Nhm khun, nm mc v Protozoa khng to CH4 thc
hin vic ln men axit cc sn phm thy phn thnh cc axit hu c n gin.
Trong 3 nhm vi khun hiu kh, k kh tuyt i v k kh tu tin th vi khun k
kh tu tin l nhm to axt ch yu. Thng gp nht l nhng vi khun k kh tu
tin phn hu Protit v vi khun Amon ho Axit amin c th k n l Clostridium
spp; Lactobacillus spp; Desulfovibrio spp; Corynebacterium spp; Actinomyces;
Staphylococcus; Escherichia coli. Vi loi vi khun hiu kh cng tham gia vo giai
on u ca qu trnh ln men k kh axt nh loi Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium,
Alcaligenes, Micrococcus, Sarcinavulgaris, Escherichia coli. Trong b phn hu k
kh cn thy s c mt cc vi khun kh sunfat nh Desulfovibrio, cc vi khun
phn hu Protit to Hidrosunfua. Nhiu loi nm mc nh Penicillium, Fusarium,

Mucor cc Protozoa cng tham gia vo qu trnh ln men axt. Nhng nhn chung
trong giai on ny vi khun k kh ng vai tr ch yu cn vi khun hiu kh, nm
mc, Protozoa ch ng vai tr th yu.
- Giai on ln men kim: Cc Axit bo d bay hi v cc sn phm trung gian s
tip tc phn hy thnh CH4 v CO2 lm cho mi trng tr nn kim ho. Trong
giai on chuyn t ln men axit sang ln men kim cc Vi sinh vthiu kh b tiu
dit dn dn v hon ton. Cc vi sinh vtk kh bt buc pht trin mnh v vi
khun Metan pht trin rt mnh. giai on ny cc vi khun Metan ng vai tr
ch yu trong s phn hu tip cc hp cht hu c. y l loi vi khun k kh
tuyt i v rt kh phn lp. Cc vi khun Metan hin c phn lp l
Methanobacterium,

Methanosacrina,

Methanococcus,

Methanobrevibacter,

Methanothrix. Cc loi vi khun CH4 khc nhau ch c th s dng mt s cht nn

nht nh trong mi trng khc nhau lm ngun dinh dng.
3.5.2 Vi sinh vt ln men hiu kh
3.5.2.1 Tc nhn sinh trng l lng:
H vi sinh vt trong cc qu trnh ny bao gm tt c cc loi vi khun v cc
Eucarya cc nh, c th c phn thnh 5 nhm chnh: cc sinh vt dng bt kh,
thc vt hoi sinh, cc vi khun nitrat ha, ng vt n tht v cc sinh vt gy
hi.[2], [8], [15]
- Cc sinh vt dng bt kh: c vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh chuyn ha
sinh hc vi tc nhn sinh trng l lng, bi v nu khng c chng th sinh khi
khng th c phn chia t qu trnh x l nc thi hay cc cht nhim hu c
dng keo khng th b o thi. Cc vi sinh vt c phn vo nhm sinh vt dng
bt kh l cc ng vt nguyn sinh v nm, chng lm cho cc vi khun kt bng
li. Tuy nhin, cc sinh vt dng bt kh chim u th nhn chung vn l cc vi
khun, trong Zooglea ramigera ng vai tr kh quan trng.
- Saprophytes (thc vt hoi sinh): l cc vi sinh vt c kh nng phn hy cc hp
cht hu c. y l cc vi khun d dng u tin v hu ht chng c xem l

cc sinh vt dng bt. Saprophytes cng c th c chia thnh 2 loi: phn hy s

cp v th cp. Loi Saprophytes ch yu l cc vi khun gram m, ngoi ra cn c
Achorombacter,

Alcaligenes,

Bacillus,

Flavobacterium,

Micrococcus,

Pseudomonas.
- Cc vi khun Nitrat ha: thc hin qu trnh chuyn ha N-NH3 sang dng NNO3-, v c th c thc hin bi c h sinh vt d dng v t dng. Qu trnh
nitrat ha trong h thng x l nc thi thng c xem l do cc vi khun t
dng, u tin c th k n l loi Nitrosomonas v Nitrobacter. Nitrosomonas
oxy ha N-NH3 sang dng N-NO3- vi sn phm trung gian l tp on thy tc,
trong khi Nitrobacter oxy ha N-NH3 trc tip sang dng N-NO3- .
- Loi ng vt n tht chnh trong qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc vi tc nhn sinh
trng l lng l cc ng vt nguyn sinh (protozoa), thc n chnh ca chng l
cc vi khun. C khong 230 loi c xc nh l c tham gia vo qu trnh xy
ra trong bn hot tnh v chng c th to ra khong 5% sinh khi trong h thng.
Nhng loi c roi thng l cc ng vt nguyn sinh chim u th, c v s lng
ln khi lng sinh khi. Trong mt s trng hp, c amip v loi c roi c th
hin din vi s lng rt nh, nhng chng vn ng vai tr ht sc quan trng cho
qu trnh lng ng v n nh h thng.
- Cc vi sinh vt gy hi: Trong qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc vi tc nhn sinh
trng l lng, vn pht sinh nhiu nht l vic loi b sinh khi t nc thi
qua x l, nguyn nhn chnh l do cc vi khun dng si v cc loi nm. Cc vi
khun dng si tn ti vi s lng nh l iu rt tt, gip n nh cc phn t bt,
nhng nu s lng qu ln th li l iu khng tt. Loi vi khun tiu biu l
Sphaerotilus natans.
Mt tc nhn gy hi na trong sinh trng l lng l vic tha lng bt trong h
thng. iu ny gy ra trc ht l do loi vi khun Nocardia v cc loi Microthrix
pavicella. V Nocardia v Microthrix pavicella l cc t bo khng a nc trn b

mt, chng to ra cc bong bng trn mt nc ni chng , v vy to nn cc bt

kh v gy ra hin tng d bt.
Cc tc ng ny cng xy ra tng t nhng vng thiu oxy trong h thng sinh
trng l lng ko theo s gia tng ca vi khun kh nitrat ha. Qu trnh ny c th
c hon thnh bi mt s lng ln cc loi vi khun tm thy trong h thng x
l

nc,

bao

gm:

Achromobacter,

Aerobacter,

Alcaligenous,

Bacillus,

Flavobacterium, Micrococcus, Proteus, v Pseudomonas.

3.5.2.2 Tc nhn sinh trng bm dnh:
Cc vi khun to thnh bazo t chui thc n thng qua hot ng ca vt cht hu
c trong nc thi c x l. Cc cht ha tan tng ln mt cch nhanh chng
trong khi cc phn t cht keo b st gim to thnh cc lp sn st. Ti , chng
tri qua qu trnh gn kt vi enzym ngoi bo, gii phng mt lng nh phn t
m chng chuyn ha c. H vi khun gm c cc thc vt hoi sinh s cp v
th cp, ging nh trong h thng tc nhn sinh trng l lng, bao gm cc loi:
Achromobacterium, Alcaligenes, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Sphaerotilus v
Zooglea. Tuy nhin, khng hon ton ging nh trong h thng tc nhn sinh trng
l lng, s phn b cc loi ny c th thay i v tr trong cc phn ng. Tc nhn
tng trng bm dnh cng bao gm vi khun nitrat ha, nh cc loi Nitrosomonas
v Nitrobacter, vi xu hng c pht hin nhng vng ca cc tng c nng
cc cht hu c l lng thp.
Vi sinh vt hin din trong h thng bn hot tnh:
Thnh phn ca vi sinh vt hin din trong h thng bn hot tnh cha 70-90% cht
hu c; 10-30% cht v c. Vi khun, nm, protozoa, rotifer, metazoa hin din
trong h thng bn hot tnh.
Vi khun chim u th (90%) trong h thng x l. S pht trin ca vi khun ph
thuc iu kin mi trng, cc yu t v thit k, vn hnh h thng v tnh cht
ca nc thi. Vi khun c kch thc trung bnh t 0,3 1 m. Trong h thng bn
hot tnh c s hin din ca vi khun hiu kh tuyt i, vi khun ty nghi v vi

khun k kh. Mt s vi khun d dng thng trng trong h thng bn hot tnh
gm c: Achromobacter, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Citromonas, Flavobacterium,
Pseudomonas, and Zoogloea. (Jenkins, et al., 1993). Hai nhm vi khun chu trch
nhim cho vic chuyn ha amonia thnh nitrat l: vi khun nitrobacter v
nitrosomonas.
Nm l cu t thuc h thng bn hot tnh. Cc vi sinh vt a bo ny tham gia vo
qu trnh trao i cht v cnh tranh vi vi khun trong mi trng hot ng. Ch
c mt lng nh nm c kh nng oxy ha NH3 thnh nitrit v nitrat. Cc loi
nm thng thng l: Sphaerotilus natans v Zoogloea sp (Curtis, 1969).
Protozoa: L vi sinh vt c kch thc 10 100 micron c pht hin trong h
thng bn hot tnh. y l nhm vi sinh vt ch th cho hot ng ca h thng x
l nc thi. Trong h thng bn hot tnh, protozoan c chia lm 4 nhm chnh:
Protozoa; amoebae, flagellates, and ciliates (dng bi t do, dng b trn, dng c
tim mao).
- Amoebae thng xut hin trong nc thi u vo, nhng khng tn ti lu ti
cc b hiu kh. Amoebae ch sinh trng nhanh trong cc b hiu kh c ti cao.
Chng di chuyn chm v kh cnh tranh thc n, nht l khi ngun thc n b hn
ch nn chng ch chim u th ti cc b hiu kh trong mt khong thi gian
ngn. Thc n ca Amoebae l cc cht hu c kch thc nh. H thng bn hot
tnh xut hin nhiu amoebae chng t ang b sc ti . Khi DO thp (amoebae
tn ti c trong mi trng c DO rt thp).
- Flagellates: Ngay sau khi amoebae bt u bin mt, nhng nc thi vn cn
cha hm lng hu c cao, th flagellates xut hin. Phn ln Flagellates hp thu
cc cht dinh dng ho tan. C flagellates v vi khun u s dng cc cht hu c
lm ngun thc n. Tuy nhin, khi thc n gim Flagellates kh cnh tranh thc n
vi vi khun nn gim s lng. Nu Flagellates xut hin nhiu giai on n
nh chng t nc thi vn cn cha mt lng ng k cc cht hu c ha tan.

- Ciliates: Thc n ca ciliates l vi khun v cc cht c trng. Ciliate cnh tranh

ngun thc n vi rotifer. S hin din ca ciliates chng t bn hot tnh tt, to
bng v phn ln cc cht hu c c loi b. C 3 loi Ciliate: Cc Ciliate bi
t do xut hin khi flagellate bt u bin mt, s lng vi khun tng cao; chnh vi
khun l ngun thc n ca cc ciliate bi t do ny. Cc loi Ciliate trn, b: khi
kch thc bn ln v n nh, loi ciliate ny chui vo trong bn, cnh tranh thc
n vi loi ciliate bi t do l nh vo kh nng ny. Cc loi Ciliate c tim mao:
xut hin bn rt n nh, trong cc loi bn ny th chng v cc loi ciliate
trn, b cnh tranh nhau v thc n. Ciliates hin din trong h thng bn hot tnh
l aspidisca costata; Carchesium polypinum, Chilodonella uncinata, Opercularia
coarcta and O. microdiscum, Trachelophyllum pusillum, Vorticella convallaria and
V. microstoma. (Curds and Cockburn, 1970). Ciliates c nhim v loi b
Escherichia coli bng cch n hoc to cm. Trong thc t, bn hot tnh c th
kh 91-99% E.Coli.
- Rolifer l ng vt a bo c hai b tim mao chuyn ng xoay trn, lm cho
hnh dng ca chng nh hai bnh xe xoay i nhau. Chng di ng nhanh trong
nc, c kh nng xo trn mnh ngun nc tm ngun thc n, ging protozoa.
y l vi sinh vt hiu kh tuyt i, kh nhy cm vi c tnh ca nc thi.
Chng thng xut hin trong h thng bn hot tnh n nh, nc c hm
lng hu c thp. Rotifer him khi c pht hin vi s lng ln trong cc h
thng x l nc thi. Vai tr chnh ca rotifer l loi b vi khun v kch thch s
to bng ca bn. Chnh rotifer s dng vi khun khng to bng, lm gim c
ca nc thi. Cc mng nhy c rotifer tit ra ming v chn gip bn kt
bng d dng. Rotifer cn thi gian kh di thch nghi trong qu trnh x l.
Virus cng c pht hin trong h thng bn hot tnh v vic loi b virus nh c
ch i khng sinh hc, s hp ph, qu trnh kh cc cht l lng, cc cht keo, qu
trnh thi kh,.
Vi sinh vt trong thit b lc sinh hc nh git:

Theo nhng nghin cu ca S. Winogradsly (1890), sau khi quan st di knh hin
vi lp mng lc trong b lc sinh hc nh git, tm thy rt nhiu vi khun
zoogleal, cc vi khun hnh que, vi khun hnh si, nm si, protozoa v mt s
ng vt bc cao.
Mt trong nhng nghin cu nhm c lng cc loi vi khun trong h thng lc
sinh hc nh git c tin hnh bi M. Hotchkiss nm 1923. Kt qu l tm thy
nhiu loi vi khun khc nhau cc su khc nhau trong b lc. Cc nhm vi
khun bao gm: vi khun kh nitrat, sulfat to thnh t protein, phn hy albumin,
kh sulfat, oxy ha sulfit, Mt lng ln vi khun nitrat phn b phn trn ca
b v su khong 1,6m; c rt t vi khun kh nitrat c pht hin su t
0,3 1m; sulfit c to thnh t cc protein nhiu nht l su 0,3m v gim
dn qua lp lc; kh sulfat cao nht l b mt v oxy ha sulfua nhiu nht
su 1,6m; cc dng nitrit gia tng theo su v c s lng ln hn cc dng nitrat.
Nm 1925, S. L. Neave v A. M. Buswell tin hnh nhng th nghim tip theo
v tm thy mt s chng vi khun: phn hy pepton, phn hy gelatin, dng nitrat,
dng nitrit, v kh nitrat. C th nhn thy rng, cc vi khun phn hy hin din
nhiu nht phn trn ca b lc v cc vi khun oxy ha c nhiu tng di b
lc. Protozoa l loi c tm thy nhiu nht trong h thng ny: Sarcodina,
Mastigophera, Suctoria, Psychoda,
R. H. Holtje (1943) a ra bng tm tt cc vi sinh vt hin din trong b lc sinh
hc nh git. Loi vi khun u tin pht hin c l dng vi khun zoogleal vi
cc vi khun nitrat ha xy ra trong h thng lc sinh hc thp ti. Vi khun dng si
d dng pht hin hn vi khun zoogleal, bao gm Beggiatoa v Sphaerotilus.
Beggiatoa d dng pht hin khi chng l cc vi khun oxy ha sulfua dng si. Cc
loi nm thng thng l Fusarium v Leptomitus. Ngoi ra cn c to lc,
Stigeoclonium, v to xanh lc, Oscillatoria. Cc loi nm thng xut hin trn
b mt ca b lc ni c nh sng. Protozo Amip, Protozoa flagellated, Protozoa c

mao bi t do, Protozoa c mao dng thn, c tm thy nhng phn khc nhau
trong b lc.
Bng tm tt mt s ging vi khun chnh c trong bn hot tnh v chc nng chnh
ca chng khi tham gia x l nc thi.
Bng 3.4 : Mt s ging chnh vi khun v chc nng ca chng
STT
1

Vi khun
Pseudomonas

Chc nng
Phn hu Hirat cacbon, Protein, cc cht hu
c v phn Nitrat

Arthrobacter

Phn hu Hirat cacbon

Bacillus

Phn hu Hirat cacbon, Protein

Cytophaga

Phn hu cc Polime

Zooglea

To thnh cht nhy (Polisaccarit), cht keo t

Acinetobacter

Tch lu Poliphosphat, phn Nitrat

Nitrosomonas

Nitrit ho

Nitrobacter

Nitrat ho

Sphaerotilus

Sinh nhiu tiu mao, phn hu cc cht hu c

10

Alkaligenes

Phn hu Protein, phn Nitrat ho

11

Flavobacterium

Phn hu Protein

12

Nitrococus

Phn Nitrat ho (kh nitrat thnh N2)

denitrificans
13

Thiobaccillus

Phn Nitrat ho (kh nitrat thnh N2)

denitrificans
14

Acinetobacter

Phn Nitrat ho (kh nitrat thnh N2)

15

Hyphomicrobium

Phn Nitrat ho (kh nitrat thnh N2)

16

Desulfovibrio

Kh sulfat, kh nitrat

Ngun: Nguyn Phc Ha, 2006.

3.5.3 Vi sinh vt trong cc h n nh

H. F. Ludwig et al., 1951 xc nh cc vai tr ca to trong h thng cc h n nh.

Nhng nghin cu ban u ch ra rng Euglena gracilis, mt loi to lc c th di
chuyn c v Cholerella pyrenoidosa, loi to lc khng di chuyn, rt thng thy
trong cc h n nh California. Nghin cu cng ch ra rng cc vi khun chuyn
ha cc hp cht hu c trong nc thi cng vi vic to thnh CO2 to s dng
cho vic tng hp cc t bo ca chng.
Nm 1953, P. C. Silva v G. F. Papenfus tin hnh nghin cu trn 8 h n nh v nhn
thy, Euglena, Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Chlorogonium v Scenedesmus l cc loi
to lc ph bin nht. Loi to xanh lc gm: Oscillatoria, Anabaena, v Microcystis.
V loi to ct ph bin l Navicula.
Mt nghin cu khc ca Gann et al., cng ch ra rng cc loi vi khun ph bin trong
h n nh thng l cc vi khun t: Achromobater, Flavobacterium v Bacillus. S
tng trng ca cc vi khun v Chlorella s kch thch s tng trng ca Protozoa c
mao bi t do: Paramecium, Glaucoma v Colpidium, di iu kin hiu kh.
Protozoa crawling, Euplotes, v Protozoa c mao c thn, Vorticella, cng c th c
tm thy vi s lng ln trong cc h n nh. Cc Roftifer: Epiphanes, Philodina v
Proales cng c th tng trng trong mi trng hiu kh. Cc loi gip xc: Moina,
v Daphnia c th xut hin vi s lng ln vo ma xun v c th loi b hon ton
mt lng ln cc loi to ra khi h. Diaptomus v Cyclops cng c tm thy vi s
lng khc nhau.
3.6 NG DNG
Cc vi sinh vt ng gp rt nhiu vo cc lnh vc v cc ngnh kinh t khc nhau:
thc phm, ha cht, y hc, nng nghip, khai thc nguyn liu, bo v mi trng.[18]
3.6.1 Thc phm
Ngoi cc loi nc ung c cn, cc sn phm ch bin t sa, ngy nay ngi ta
ch nhiu n s dng vi sinh vt sn xut cc loi protein n bo, cc acid
amin, cc loi gia v, cc loi thc ung c cn v nc ung khng cn, cc loi
enzym ch bin thc phm.

3.6.2 Nng nghip

Mt trong nhng ng dng quan trng ca vi sinh vttrong nng nghip l bo v
thc vt. Phng php sinh hc bo v thc vt nhm mc ch phc hi nhng loi
i khng ca vi sinh vt gy bnh da trn nguyn tc nui nhn to cc loi i
khng v a tr li thin nhin nhng ni c nhiu loi gy hi. V d nh c th
dng cc vi khun, nm, virus dit su; dng vi khun, x khun, nm, bacteriphage
dit cc bnh cy trng.
3.6.3 Khai thc nguyn liu
Ngy nay ngi ta s dng nhiu phng php vi sinh khai thc cc loi qung
ngho v phn tn m nu sn xut bng phng php thng thng s khng c
kinh t. cc vi khun thuc ging Thiobacillus c kh nng oxy ha cc hp cht lu
hunh thnh acid sulfuric, nh vy acid to thnh ha tan c ng hoc cc kim
loi khc nh km, uranium, cadmium, germani, mangan, molipden, selen, thnh
mui sulfat (phng php leaching).
T 1 tn qung pyrit c cha vng, nh vi khun Thiobacillus ferrooxldans c th
cho ta 150 gram vng nguyn cht. Vi sinh vtcng c dng khai thc du m,
lm cc cht bi trn trong cc mi khoan, hoc dng trong cng ngh lc du.
3.6.4 Bo v mi trng
Vi sinh vt ng vai tr quyt nh trong bo v mi trng, chng gi cc chc
nng then cht trong vng tun hon ca cc cht trong t nhin. Vic tch ly trong
mi trng ngy cng nhiu nhng cht do con ngi tng hp ra cha h co trong
t nhin, i hi phi to ra cc chng vi sinh vtmi c kh nng phn hy c
cc cht . Hin nay, phng php lm sch nc thi ngoi vic s dng qun th
vi sinh vtc sn trong t nhin, ngi ta cn sn xut ra cc ch phm vi sinh
a vo cc ngun nc b nhim.
iu ng quan tm c bit l cc cht khng b phn hy ca nc thi cng
nghip, trc ht l ca cng nghip ha hc. loi tr nhng cht l ny, cn phi
la chn nhng chng c nng lc mi v mnh. Trong iu kin t nhin, hnh

thnh nhng nng lc mi ny i hi mt thi gian rt di v l kt qu ca hng

lot cc t bin v chn lc t nhin.
Nh cc phng php di truyn hc v vi sinh vttrong mt thi gian ngn c th
to c nhng chng hoc nhng qun th hn hp cc chng dng trong lnh vc
x l mi trng. Trong cc thit b lm sch nc thi cng nghip cng tn ti
mt p lc tin ha cn thit cho vic duy tr nhng chng ny.
lm sch nc thi mt cch trit , ngi ta c th s dng cc loi vi to
chng ng ha cc cht v c sinh ra trong qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c,
bng cch tch cc t bo to ra khi mi trng s lm cho mi trng tr nn
sch. Vic phi hp gia vn sinh tng hp sinh khi vi vn lm sch nc
thi s tng hiu qu kinh t ca phng php.
Mt phng php c p dng trong thc t x l nc l dng vi sinh vt
loi b Nit v c nh qu trnh kh Nitrat. Cc vi khun thuc ging Thiobacillus
c dng kh cc kim loi nng c trong bn, nh vy va lm sch c mi
trng va thu li c cc kim loi qu.

CHNG IV: NG HC CA QU TRNH SINH HC

4.1 M HNH NG HC HNH THC
M hnh u tin l m hnh phn ng n phn t
r=

dS
= kS n
d

(4.1)

S nng c cht
p dng m hnh ny khng hon ton ng v phn ng ln men l phn ng 2 cu
t: c cht v men. Tuy nhin, nu S E th c th b qua sai s v phn ng c
xem l gi n phn t. Di y chng ta s xem xt mt s trng hp ring ca
phng trnh ng hc (4.1)
4.1.1 Phn ng bc 1
Khi n = 1 th phng trnh (4.1) c dng

dS
d

= kS

(4.2)

Tch phn phng trnh (4.2) vi iu kin ban u S (0) = So, ta c:

S = S o e k

( 4.3)

Do ch mt phn c cht S phn hy v to ra sn phm mi P nn ta c phng

trnh lng ha hc nh sau:
SP

Khi

dP
=
dS

(4.4)

Ly o hm (4.4) vi iu lin ban u S(0) = So, P(0) = Po ta thu c phng

trnh quan h gia S v P:
P = Po + (So S)

(4.5)

Thay (4.3) vo (4.5) ta c biu thc i vi nng sn phm

P = Po + So [ 1- exp (-k. )]

(4.6)

M hnh (4.2) ch c mt tham s l h s k, c xc nh bng thc nghim, theo

th ln So/S -
4.1.2 Phn ng bc 2
Nu n = 2, ly o hm (4.1), ta thu c biu thc sau:
S=

So
1 + S o k

hoc

(4.7)

1
1

= k
S So

(4.8)

4.1.3 Phn ng bc bt k
i vi phn ng bc bt k
Gii phng trnh (4.1) ta c

S = S o 1 + S on1k (n 1)

n 1

(4.9)

Vic xc nh h s k theo phng trnh ny t d liu thc nghim gp nhiu kh

khn. Nu trong thc nghim xc nh c vn tc gim c cht v t y
dS
, x = lnS, bo = ln k, b1 = n th phng trnh (4.1) s c tuyn tnh ho v
d

= ln

c dng: y = bo + b1x, khi cc h s bo, b1 s c xc nh mt cch d dng.

Thng thng khi tin hnh thc nghim qu trnh phn hy sinh hc khng thu
c vn tc thay i m l nng c cht hoc sn phm. Do , vic tuyn tnh
ho phng trnh (4.9) khi cha bit n l khng th c v vy, bi ton phi gii
theo 2 giai on. Trc ht xc nh bc phn ng v sau vi gi tr bc phn ng
bit s tuyn tnh ho biu thc (4.9)
a vo chuyn ho X =

So S
khi phng trnh (4.9) c dng
So

(1 X )1 n = 1 kS on 1 (1 n)

n
1 n
S1
o 1 (1 X )

k =
1 n

Suy ra

(4.10)

xc nh bc phn ng ta p dng phng php t l thi gian, chn 2 thi im

1 v 2 tng ng vi 2 chuyn ho X1 v X2
a vo phng trnh (4.10), ta c:
1 (1 X 1 )1 n 1
=
2 (1 X )1 n 1
2

(4.11)

cho X1 = 0,4 cn X2 = 0,6 ngha l lng c cht tham gia phn ng l 40% v 60%
lng c cht ban u.
Cho 1 s gi tr ca n, tnh t l 1/2
n

1,4

1,5

1,6

1,7

1,8

1,9

2,0

1/2

0,511

0,501

0,488

0,477

0,466

0,517

0,667

Tip theo tnh t l (4.11) theo d liu thc nghim v gi tr trng lp ca 1/2 cho
php xc nh bc phn ng n
Theo gi tr n ta xc nh hng s k
S 1o n 1 (1 X )1 n

k=
(1 n)

(4.12)

V d 1:
Kt qu kho st thc nghim mt qu trnh thy phn tinh bt nh sau:
, h

12

16

20

24

28

S, %

12

6,1

3,55

2,79

2,34

2,22

1,5

1,24

Gii:
Thi gian 1 , 2 tng ng chuyn ha c cht X1 = 0,4, X2 = 0,6, xc nh trc
tip theo th S - v t l ca chng l:

1
3,2
=
= 0 , 478
2
6 ,7

Da vo bng ( ), xc nh c n = 1,7 l bc phn ng, cn hng s k:

k=

1
S 1 n 1 (1 X 1 )1 n = 0 ,0233 1

h
(1 n ) 1 o

Xc nh phng sai
2 =

1
(S lt S tt )2 = 0,459
n 1

4.2 M HNH DA TRN C CH LN MEN XC TC

4.2.1 Phng trnh ng hc phng trnh Michaelis-Menten:
S phn ng enzym hai giai on theo c ch Michaelis - Menten c th vit nh
sau: [14]
k1

k3

E + S ES E + P E
k2

(4.13)

[E]: nng enzym;

[S]: nng c cht;
[ES]: nng trung gian enzym c cht;
[P]: nng sn phm
k1, k2: hng s to phc v hng s phn ly phc trung gian;
k3: hng s tc phn ng, s vng phn ng hay hng s xc tc;
Phng trnh ng hc c dng
r ES =

d [ES ]
= k1[E ][S ] k 2 [ES ] k 3 [ES ]
d

(4.14)

trng thi cn bng

k
[ES ]
Kc = 1 =
k 2 [E ][S ]

Cn bng vt cht theo men

[Eo] = [E] + [ES]
Khi

k1 ([Eo] [ES])[S] = k2[ES] + k3 [ES]

(4.15)

k1 [Eo][S] = [ES] (k2 + k3 + k1[S])

[ES ] =

k1 [E o ][S ]
(k 2 + k 3 + k1[S])

(4.16)

k + k3
t km = 2
k1

[ES ] =

[Eo ][S ]
k m + [S ]

(4.17)

Vn tc to ra sn phm P
k [E ][S ] Vm [S ]
dP
= k 3 [ES ] = 3 o
=
d
k m + [S ] k m + [S ]

(4.18)

t V = dP/d
V=

Vm [S ]
k m + [S ]

(4.19)

Trong trng hp nng c cht ln hn nhiu so vi nng enzym [S]0 >>[E]0

th c th coi lng c cht bin i khng ng k: [S] = [S]0, do cng thc
(4.19) c th vit thnh (4.20):
V=

Vm [ S ] 0
K m + [ S ]0

(4.20)

Nu tng nng c cht ln ln sao cho ln hn nhiu so vi hng s Michaelis:

[S]0 >> Km, khi y Km + [S] [S], suy ra V k2[E]0. Nh vy, khi nng c cht
tng ti mt gi tr no , tc n nh ca phn ng t ti mt gi tr nht nh.
Tc khi y c gi l tc cc i ca phn ng, Vm.
Vm = k2[E]0

(4.21)

Hng s Michaelis Km biu th i lc ca c cht i vi enzym, thng hng s

Michaelis c gi tr t 10-5 - 10-1M.
Khi k3 nh, Km

k2
= KS, khi y KS l hng s phn ly phc trung gian enzym c
k1

cht. khi y, phng trnh (4.15) c th vit li thnh:

V=

Vm[ S ]0
K S + [ S ]0

(4.22)

Nu tc phn ly phc cht trung gian thnh c cht ban u v cng ln so vi

tc phn ly thnh sn phm k2 >> k3 (k3/k2 rt nh):
Km =

k3 + k 2 k 2 k3
k
=
+
= KS + 3
k1
k1 k1
k1

Trong , Km l hng s ng hc, cn KS l hng s cn bng v chnh lch mt

i lng

k3
.
k1

4.2.2 Xc nh cc thng s ng hc
Thng s vn tc ban u V0 [15]
i vi phn ng enzym, bao gi cng cn bit gi tr tc cc i Vm c trng
cho tnh cht ng hc ca phn ng. thi im bt u ca phn ng, khi cha c
nh hng ca cc tc ng khc th phn ng xy ra ng vi tc thc, gi l
tc ban u (V0). Tc ban u chnh l o hm ca ng th biu din s
phu thuc sn phm (P) vo thi gian (t). Nu xc nh chnh xc V0 th xc nh
c chnh xc Vm. xc nh c tc ban u V0, t gc ta phi v
ng tim cn vi ng biu din sn phm, lc V0 l nghing ca ng
tim cn: V0 = tg. Phng php ny thng gp sai s ln, v ph thuc rt nhiu
vo k thut v ng tim cn.
P

 khc phc cc sai st trn, ngi ta dng cc phng php gn ng khc nhau
xc nh V0. Mt trong nhng phng php l phng php Niuton-Gregori,
vi ni dung nh sau:
Trn trc thi gian (t) ca th ng hc to thnh sn phm (P) ly cc gi tr t1,
t2,t3,,ti c khong cch sao cho t = t1 t0 = t2 - t1 = ti ti-1; t xc nh cc gi
tr sn phm tng ng P1, P2, P3, Pi. Khi y cc gi tr P c biu din gn
ng nh trong bng 4.1.
Bng 4.1 Cc gi tr gn ng P tng ng vi 5 mc thi gian c khong cch
nh nhau
2Pi

3Pi

Pi

t0 (= 0)

P0 (= 0)

t1

P1

P0 = P1 P0

t2

P2

P1 = P2 P1

2P0 = P1 P0

t3

P3

P2 = P3 P2

2P1 = P2 P1

3P0 = 2P1 2P0

t4

P4

P3 = P4 P3

2P2 = P3 P2

3P1 = 2P2 2P1

Pi

4Pi

4P0 = 3P1 3P0

Ngun: Trn nh Toi, Nguyn Th Vn Hi, 2005.

Khi y, tc ban u V0 c th biu din bng cng thc gn ng:
V0
4 P0
3 P0
2 P0
t1t 2 t 3 ...
t1 t 2 +
t1 +
V0 =

t
2!(t ) 2
3!(t ) 3
4!(t ) 4

tnh tc c chnh xc cn ly nhiu mc thi gian. i vi mi phn ng

cn ly t nht t 7 10 mc thi gian.

1
V

Xc nh VK, Km
Xc nh h s Vm v km t

Km
Vm

d liu thc nghim, dng ng

1
Vm
- 1
Km

1
{S

Vi s c mt ca cc cht c bit vn tc phn ng c th tng hoc gim v

c m t bi cc biu thc khc nhau.
V d
Khi c cht xc tin
V = Vm

A
[S ]
k m + [S ] K A + A

(4.23)

Khi c cht km hm cnh tranh

V = Vm

[S ]
k m + [S ] + I
kI

(4.24)

Cht km hm khng cnh tranh

V = Vm

[S ]
(k m + [S ]) + 1 + [I ]kI

(4.25)

[A], [I] nng cht xc tin v cht km hm

kA, kI hng s
Cc phng trnh nu trn c th m t bng 1 cng thc tng qut
V = Vm

[S ]
[I ][S ] + a(k I [S ] k m [I ] + k m k I )

(4.26)

Ngoi ra trong nguyn l ng hc ln men xc tc, ngi ta cn kho st cc

phng trnh phc tp hn tnh n s tng tc ca men vi 2 hoc vi c cht,
tng tc ca cc cht km hm cnh tranh v khng cnh tranh, km hm bi sn
phm phn ng v bi c cht
M hnh tnh n hiu ng km hm ca c cht c dng nh sau (Holgein)
V = Vm

S
2
km + S + S
'
km

(4.27)

Phng php xc nh cc h s ng hc t d liu thc nghim ca phng

trnh Michaelis Menten v phng trnh (4.27)
Ly tch phn (4.18) vi S(0) = So ta c,

S
1
S o S + k m ln o
Vm
S

(4.28)

hoc i vi sn phm
=

So
1 P Po

+ km ln
Vm
So + Po P

(4.29)

Tuyn tnh ho phng trnh ny bng cch t

x1 = So S, x2 = ln So/S

(4.30)

= b1x1 + b2x2

(4.31)

b1 = 1/Vm

b2 = km/Vm

hoc x1 = P Po,

x2 = ln

S o
S o + Po P

= b1x1 + b2x2
b1 = 1/Vm

(4.32)
(4.33)

b2 = km/Vm

Theo d liu thc nghim gii phng trnh (4.31) v (4.32) ta xc nh c cc h

s b1 , b2. T suy ra Vm v km
i vi phng trnh (4.27) sau khi ly tch phn ta c:
=

1
Vm

2
2

S S + S o S + k ln S o
m
o
'
S
km

hoc qua sn phm phn ng

=

1
Vm

P P (P P ) 2 S + P P

So
o+
o
o o

+ km ln

2
'
So + Po P
2 km

Tuyn tnh ho (4.34) bng cch t

x1 = P - Po
x2 = (P-Po) (2 S o + Po P )
x3 = ln

So
S o + Po P

= b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3

(4.34)

vi b1 =

b2 =

Vm

b3 = km/Vm

'
2 2Vm k m

V d 2:
p dng m hnh (19), xc nh cc h s b1 v b2 t h phng php tuyn tnh
b1x21 + b2x1x2 = x1
b1x22 + b2x1x2 = x2
Xc nh

Vm = - 0,3489 h-1
Km = -11,149 %

Phng sai

2 = 0,854

p dng m hnh (4.27)

B1 = 51,66, b2 = -10,156,
Suy ra
Phng sai

Vm = 0,985 1/h,

b3 = 0,272
km = -5,087 %,

km = -18,635

2 =0,0552

nh gi chnh xc ca cc m hnh nu trn ta nhn thy rng chng nh cng

thc gn ng, ngha l m t cc d liu trong khong thi gian cho trc. Cn kh
nng d bo ca cc m hnh ny cha r. xc nh kh nng d bo ca m
hnh ta thc hin cc tnh ton nh sau: p dng m hnh (4.27) cho phn u thc
nghim, v d trong khong t 0 16 h, ta thu c cc h s nh sau:
Vm = 0,00668 h-1,

km = -4,458,

km = 17,236

Theo cc thng s thu c ta tnh gi tr S( ) trong khong thi gian t = 0 28h

Phng sai ca m hnh l 2 = 0,144 tng hn mt t, tuy nhin sai lch ny khng
vt qu 2,9% trong khong 16-28 v vy c th b qua
Nh vy m hnh (4.27) c th p dng hiu qu m t gn ng qu trnh thy phn.
4.3 M HNH DA TRN C CH LN MEN SINH KHI
4.3.1 M hnh da trn c ch ln men sinh khi
M t ton hc qui lut pht trin qun th sinh hc rt quan trng v l bi tan
tng qut, bao trm nhiu hin tng sng.

 m t qu trnh pht trin ca tng t bo hoc ca qun th t bo cn a vo

cc i lng c trng nh: N nng vi sinh (s lng vi sinh trong mt n v
th tch), X nng sinh khi ( khi lng ca vi sinh vttrong mt n v th
tch, thng thng c tnh theo khi lng kho). C 2 c trng quan h vi nhau
bi khi lng ca 1 t bo = X/N.
N l s chn khng m
X- i lng thay i
Vn tc bin i sinh khi dX/dt l mt c trng c bn ca vi sinh v i vi a
s vi sinh n bo vn tc tng trng sinh khi t l gi tr ca n. Cho Xo l nng
sinh khi ban u v sau mt thi gian gx, sinh khi tng gp i khi qua n
chu k i lng sinh khi l
X = 2n.Xo

(4.35)

n = /gx vi l thi gian sinh khi

ly o hm theo thi gian
dX
= 2
d

ln 2
gx

(4.36)

dX
= X
d

ln 2
dX
- h s t l gia X v
, c gi l vn tc tng trng ring
gx
d

- l h s ng hc rt quan trng bi v c rng cho vn tc tng trng ca

tng n v sinh khi
=

dX 1
.
d X

(4.37)

M hnh ng hc chia ra lm nhiu dng vi cc m hnh phn ng ln men khc nhau

M hnh thng dng nht l m hnh Monod
= m

S
ks + S

(4.38)

m vn tc tng trng ring cc i

ks hng s
M hnh Monod Ierusalimski, c tnh s km hm ca sn phm phn ng:
= m

kp
S
ks + S k p + P

(4.39)

kp h s km hm
M hnh Mozer
= m

1
1 + a1S a 2

(4.40)

a1, a2- cc h s
M hnh Andrius, tnh n s km hm ca c cht
= m

S
2
ks + S + S '
kS

(4.41)

M hnh tnh n s km hm ca sinh khi

S

= m

X
kX + S
X

(4.42)

4.3.2 Phng php xc nh cc thng s ca m hnh

4.3.2.1 Phng php vi phn
1. Phng trnh Monod
= m

S
ks + S

(4.43)

ly nghch o
1

k +S
= S

mS

(4.44)

y = 1/

Ta c

y = ao +a1x

x = 1/S

ao = 1/m

a1 = ks/m

Theo cc d liu thc nghim - S , ta xc nh c ao, a1

T suy ra : m = 1/ao

ks = a1/ao

2. Phng trnh Monod Ierusalimski

1

(k S

+ S) k p + P

m S k p

t y = 1/

x = 1/S

a o = k p + (S o k s ) ; a1 =

vi =

dP
dS

(4.45)
x2 = S

k s k p + S o
mk p

; a2 =

mk p

suy ra P = (So S)

ta c y = ao + a1x1 + a2x2
Sau khi xc nh cc h s ao, a1, a2 ta xc nh cc h s ng hc theo cc phng
trnh nh sau:
a2k2s + aoa2ks + a1 = 0
kp = ao + (ks So); m = - /a2kp
Nhc im ca phng php nu trn l khi tnh cc tham s cn phi c
y=

X
m trong thc t khng o c. Thng thng ch c S, X ch khng
dX
d

c vn tc thay i ca chng. xc nh thng s ca m hnh theo cc gi tr o

c S, X cn chuyn phng trnh t dng vi phn v dng tch phn.
4.3.2.2 Phng php tch phn
1. M hnh Monod
X k +S

s
=
dX

m d
XS
Xo
o

(4.46)

t Y = dX/ dS h s sn lng l phn c cht chuyn thnh sinh khi. Y = const

X = Xo + Y(So S)
Ly tch phn ta c
=

vi

YSo
Yk
1 Yk s
X
1 + s ln
+
ln
X m X o
m X m X m X

(4.47)

Xm = Xo + YSo nng sinh khi ti a, khi c cht phn hy hon ton

Nu thc nghim ch do S
=

So
Yk X YS
1 Yk s

1 + s ln m
ln
+
m X m
S
Xm
X o

S
x1 = ln o

Nh

= a1x1 + a2x2

, x2 = ln

X m YS
Xo

, a1 =

Yk s
m X m

(4.48)
a2 =

X m + Yk s
m X m

Sau khi xc nh a1, a2, ta tnh m v ks theo cng thc sau

m =

1
a 2 a1

; ks =

a1 X m
Y (a 2 a1 )

trng hp m ngha l S nh, m hnh Monod tr thnh = 1.S

Khi =

S ( X YS )
Y
ln o m
1 X m
X oS

(4.49)

Li gii cho X c dng

X o X m exp 1 1 X m

Y
X=


X m + X o exp 1 1 X m 1

y

y = ln

X X m X o
X o (X m X

)
)

x=

1
X m
Y

Ta c y = 1.x, t y d dng xc nh 1.
2. M hnh Monod Ierusalimski

(4.50)

(S o S )
S
b3
Xo
Yb2
ln o +
ln

mk p
S
mk p
m k p X m YS

(4.51)

b1 = kp + Po + So
b3 = b1 k s

Xm +

Yk s b1
Xm

k b
b2 = s 1
Xm

x1 = So S
a1 =

x2 = ln

Xo
X m YS

; a2 =

mk p

S
x3 = ln o
S

b3
mk p

; a3 =

Yb3
mk p

ta c = a1x1 + a2x2 + a3x3

sau khi xc h h s a1, a2, a3, xc nh cc thng s ng hc
X a X
a
k s2 k s 2 + m 3 m = 0
Y
a1Y
a1

a X
k p = 3 m S o

a1Yk s

m =

a1k p

3. M hnh tnh n s km hm ca c cht

S o (S o S ) k s
Xm
Yb2 k s
1
+
+
+ +
ln
=

S
X
Y Y 2k '
mk p X m
Yk s'
s
m

S
x1 = ln o
S
Yk s
a1 =
m X m

x2 = S o S

; a2 =

m k s'

x3 = ln

X YS
ln m

Xo

X m YS
Xo

2
Yk s' (Yk s + X m ) + X m
; a3 =
Y m X m k s'

M hnh tnh ton n s km hm ca sinh khi

(4.52)

= m

X
kX + S
X

S
1 X m YS
+ Yk x ln o
ln
S
Xo
m
X YS
S
x1 = ln m
; x 2 = ln o
Xo
S

a1 =

; a2 =

Yk x

Khi chn m hnh m t mt qu trnh c th cn chn theo bn cht v chnh

xc. Cc qu trnh chu cc yu t km hm s c chn theo m hnh c tnh n
cc yu t km hm . Cn nu cc yu t cha r rng th c th chn theo mc
thch ng ca m hnh (phng sai) khi ta m t bng nhiu m hnh v sau
nh gi theo tnh thch ng (phng sai). M hnh no c phng sai nh nht th
ta chn n v t khng nh cc yu t nh hng.
V du 2:
Kt qu kho st thc nghim 1 qu trnh phn hy cht hu c bng vi sinh vtnh
sau:
1

Vi So = 92,9kg/m3,

Xo = 0,16 kg/m3,

10

Y = 0,035

Hy xc nh m hnh v cc cc thng s ng hc m t qa trnh phn hy nu

trn
Gii:
1. M hnh Monod cho m = 0,5996 h-1 ks = 127,55 kg/m3
phng sai

2 = 0,3018

2. M hnh Monod n gin 1 = 0,0033 m3/kgh

phng sai 2 = 0,6904

3. M hnh Monod Ierusalimski

mkp = -16,0599 ; ks (kp + Po + So) = -4533,97
kp + Po - (So +ks) = 38,3923
phng sai: 2 = 0,1826
4. M hnh c s km hm ca c cht
m = 0,1938 h-1 ks = 54,7178 kg/m3

ks = 133,2188 kg/m3

2 = 0,1836
5. M hnh c s km hm ca sinh khi
m = 0,2397 h-1 kx = 11,3873 kg/m3

2 = 0,6698

4.4 PHNG TRNH MICHAELIS-MENTEN TRONG DNG TCH PHN:

Dng vi phn ca phng trnh tc phn ng enzym theo c ch Michaelis
Menten trng thi n nh v vi iu kin [S] >> [E]0 c th vit: [14]
V=

V [S ]
d [S ]
= M
dt
K M + [S ]

hay

ly tch phn t [S] n [S]0 ta c: K M ln

K M + [S ]
d [ S ] = VM dt
[S ]

(4.53)

[S ]
+ ([ S ] [ S ]0 ) = VM t
[ S ]0

(4.54)

vi [S]0 = [S] + [P], suy ra [P] = [S]0 - [S] hay [S] = [S]0 - [P], thay vo phng trnh
trn ta c:
VM t = K M ln

[ S ]0
[ S ]0
+ ([ S ]0 [ S ]) ; VM t = K M ln
+ [ P]
[ S ]0 [ P]
[ S ]0 [ P ]

nh vy: [ P] = VM t K M ln
hoc:

[ S ]0
[ S ]0 [ P]

[ S ]0
[ P]
1
= VM K M ln
t
t [ S ]0 [ P]
1
t

t B = ln

[ S ]0
;
[ S ]0 [ P]
1
t

hay t C = ln

[ S ]0
;
[ S ]0 [ P]

(4.55)

[ P]
= VM K M B
t
[ P]
= VM K M C
t

(4.56)
(4.57)
(4.58)

lp th:

[ P]
[ P]
= f ( B) hay
= f (C ) nh hnh di:
t
t

[P]/(t)
[P]/(t)

VM

VM

B
tg = tg = -KM

C
tg = KM

[P]/(t)

VM

C
tg = KM
Nh vy, nu thc nghim cho php xc nh c sn phm theo thi gian phn ng
P = f(t), c th lp th nh trn th c th xc nh c KM ca phn ng. phng
php ny c u im ch [P] v t u nm 2 trc ta nn sai s kh nhau.
Ly tch phn kp ca phng trnh (4.54) t 0 n [S]0
Nhn c 2 v ca phng trnh 4.54 vi d[S]:
VM td [ S ] = K M ln
[ S ]0

[ S ]0
d [ S ] + ([ S ]0 [ S ])d [ S ]
[S ]
[ S ]0

V M td [ S ] =

K M ln

[ S ]0
[ S ]0
d [ S ] + ([ S ]0 [ S ])d [ S ]
0
[S ]

[ S ]0

t A =

VMA =

td [ S ] , ta c:

[ S ]02
+ K M [ S ]0 ;
2

lp th

K
2 A [ S ]0
=
+2 M
VM
[ S ] 0 VM

2A
= f ([ S ]0 )
[ S ]0

2A/[S]

2KM/VM

[S]0
tg = 1/VM

Dng phng php tip tuyn tm s ph thuc [P] = f(t)

Bin i phng trnh Michaelis Menten nh sau:
V0
=
[ S ]0

VM
[ S ]0

K M 1 +
K M

ng thi bin i (4.55): t =

KM
VM

[ P]
[ S ]0

+ ln
[ S ]0 [ P]
KM

Nhn cc v ca 2 phng trnh trn ta c:

V0 t
VM
=
[ S ]0 [ S ] 0
1 +
KM

[ P]
[ S ]0

+ ln
[ S ]0 [ P]
KM

(4.59)

Nh vy, nu thc nghim cho php xc nh c sn phm theo thi gian phn
ng [P] = f(t), xc nh V0 c th lp th [P] = f(t) theo cng thc (4.58).

CHNG V: CNG NGH SINH HC K KH

5.1 C S L THUYT
Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l s dng cc vi sinh vtk kh v vi sinh vttu
nghi phn hu cc hp cht hu c v v c c trong nc thi, iu kin
khng c oxi ho tan vi nhit , pH thch hp cho cc sn phm dng kh
(ch yu l CO2, CH4). Qu trnh phn hu k kh cht bn c th m t bng s
tng qut:
(CHO)n NS CO2 + H2O + CH4 + NH4 + H2 + H2S + T bo VI SINH
VT +
Trong 10 nm tr li y do cng ngh sinh hc pht trin, qu trnh x l k kh
trong iu kin nhn to c p dng x l cc loi b cn cht thi cng
nghip, sinh hot cng nh cc loi nc thi m c c hm lng cht bn hu
c cao: BOD 10 - 30 (g/l).
Hin nay cc nh khoa hc ang c gng u t nghin cu ng dng t phng th
nghim n quy m pilot vi cc m hnh c th tch nh n quy m ln. c
trn di vi chc nh my x l sinh hc k kh nc thi cc nc nh H Lan,
Hoa K, Thy S, Cng ho lin bang cdo phng php c cc u im: Thit
k n gin, th tch cng trnh nh, chim t din tch mt bng; cng trnh c cu
to kh n gin v gi thnh khng cao; chi ph vn hnh v nng lng thp; kh
nng thu hi nng lng - Biogaz cao; khng i hi cung cp nhiu cht dinh
dng; lng bn sinh ra t hn 10 - 20 ln so vi phng php hiu kh v c tnh
n nh tng i cao c th tn tr trong mt thi gian kh di v l mt ngun
phn bn c gi tr; ti trng phn hu cht bn hu c cao. Chu c s thay i
t ngt v lu lng.
Ngoi cc u im trn phng php cng c nhng hn ch l rt nhy cm vi cc
cht c hi vi s thay i bt thng v ti trng ca cng trnh; x l nc thi
cha trit ; nhng hiu bit v cc vi sinh vt k kh cn hn ch; thiu kinh
nghim v vn hnh cng trnh. [8]

5.2 CC CNG TRNH SINH HC K KH

5.2.1 Cc dng b x l k kh
B t hoi: [8]
c xy dng bng cc cu kin btng c sn, gch mt ngn hay nhiu
ngn vi 2 chc nng: lng v ln men cn lng, thng dng cho cc h gia nh.
B t hoi cng c s dng trong x l cn bn ca h thng x l nc thi ch
bin thu sn 1 2 thng, bn c nng nhit n 35oC v y b c van tho
cn. Qu trnh phn hu bn cn c tng cng khi bn c khuy trn.

scum

baffle

primary
treated
effluent

raw
influent
bulk liquid

sludge

Hnh 5.1: B t hoai (septic tank)

B lng 2 v:
c xy bng gch hoc b tng ct thp hnh trn hay ch nht, c y hnh nn
hay hnh chp ct cha v phn hu bn cn. B lng 2 v c chc nng tng t
nh b t hoi, nhng c cng sut ln hn vi quy m ln hn. Pha trn b l cc
mng lng ng vai tr nh b lng ngang. Nc chuyn ng chm qua mng lng.
Bn lng theo khe trt xung ngn ln men, phn hu v n nh bn cn. B lng
2 v c s dng cho cc cng trnh x l c cng sut nh v trung bnh
(Q<10.000 m3/ngy m).
Bn cn lu trong b t 1 6 thng. Hiu sut lng t 55 60%. Tt c cc trm x
l nc thi u c th s dng cng trnh ny.

B metan:
c xy bng b tng ct thp hnh tr, y v np hnh nn. B c s dng
phn hy cn lng t b lng I & II cng nh bn hot tnh d ca trm x l nc
thi. Ngoi ra, b cn c dng phn hy rc nghin, ph thi rn hu c. Cc
trm x l nc thi u s dng cng trnh ny, k c trm x l nc thi ch bin
thy sn.

Kh len men
Can mi

Nc nong
Can a len men

Hnh 5.2 B ln men metan

5.2.2 Sinh hc k kh hai giai on:
H thng sinh hc phn hy k kh 2 giai on thng c thit k cho vng dn
c t 30.000 50.000 ngi. giai on u, cc hot ng sinh ha chnh l s
lng ha cc cht rn hu c, phn hy cc hp cht hu c ha tan v s kh
ha. giai on th hai xy ra ch yu l s kh ha, tuy nhin, vn c s phn chia
b mt, cha kh v phn hy bn. Giai on u thng l qu trnh phn hy ti
trng cao vi s ha trn lin tc cc cht, trong kh giai on hai thng l s
ha trn ti trng thp vi s ni trn b mt v pha trn khng lin tc. Cc cht
hu c cung cp ban u dng vo trong giai on mt thng ln hn so vi giai
on hai.

Kh
Kh
Nc

Kh
Bn
sch

Phn hy
bn

Bm

Phn
hy
bn

Cht lng
ni trn mt
Dng bn b
phn hy

Hnh 5.1 B sinh hc k kh 2 giai on

Hu ht cc b phn hy c gi nhit 85oF 100oF trong sut ma lnh
y mnh thi gian phn hy. Kh thot ra t h thng c s dng cho mc ch
gi nhit. Khong pH thun li nht t 7 7,2 c th c duy tr nu lng bn
sch c cung cp hng ngy dng ht, v lng bn thm cng nh bn thi
khng qu tha. Thng thng, s acid ha s khng xy ra nu bn kh c thm
vo hoc lng bn d hng ngy khng vt qu 3 5% lng bn kh c trong
h thng. S acid th hin s gim pH, hn ch s pht trin ca vi khun
methane, gim kh nng to kh, v v vy n c th pht sinh ra mi kh chu,
to bt v bn ni. Cht lng trn b mt chnh l nc thot ra trong qu trnh phn
hy, n c th c BOD5 cao n 2.000 mg/l v nng cc cht rn l lng ln n
1.000 mg/l. Lng nc ny thng c a tr li dng thi vo lng s b.
Mc phn hy bn c th c c tnh bng cch tnh ton lng cht rn bay
hi gim bt i v lng kh bn c sinh ra. [2]
5.2.3 B k kh kiu m bn dng chy ngc - UASB (Upflow Anaerobic
Sludge Blanket reactor)
c xy dng bng gch hoc btng ct thp, c np kn bng nha, kim loi, g
hoc btng. B UASB c s dng rng ri x l cc loi nc thi ca cc

nh my cng nghip thc phm hoc cho cc khu dn c c lu lng <

500m3/ngy m.
biogas

gas dome
inlet box
effluent
gutter

settling
zone

baffle

biogas
gas collector

deflector

sludge
outlets
sludge blanket

inlet point

Hnh 5.2 : B k kh kiu m bn dng chy ngc

B c cu to 2 ngn: Ngn lng v ngn ln men. Trong b din ra 2 qu trnh: lc
trong nc thi qua tng cn l lng v ln men lng cn gi li. Nh cc vi sinh
vtc trong bn hot tnh m cc cht bn trong nc thi i t di ln, xuyn qua
lp bn b phn hy. Trong b, cc vi sinh vtlin kt nhau li v hnh thnh cc ht
bn ln nng khng b ra tri ra khi thit b. Bn c x ra khi b UASB
t 3 5 nm/ln nu nc thi a vo qua b lng I, hoc 3 6 thng/ln nu
nc thi a vo x l trc tip. B c s dng x l nc thi c hm lng
cht hu c cao. [2]; [8]; [10]

Hnh 5. 3 M hnh x l nc thi bng h thng UASB

- u im: chi ph u t, vn hnh thp, lng ha cht cn b sung t, khng i
hi cp kh, tn nng lng, c th thu hi, ti s dng nng lng t biogas,
lng bn sinh ra t, cho php vn hnh vi ti trng hu c cao, gim din tch
cng trnh
- Khuyt im:
+ Giai on khi ng ko di
+ D b sc ti khi cht lng nc vo bin ng
+ B nh hng bi cc cht c hi
+ Kh hi phc sau thi gian ngng hot ng [8]

Hnh 5.4 B UASB

5.2.4 B phn ng khuy lin tc - CSTR (Continuously stirred tank reactor)
B phn ng khuy lin tc cn c gi l b phn ng pha trn hon ton. B ny
tip nhn dng cht thi c th tch V vi tc dng chy F ch cha cc cht c
th tan c, cc cht hu c nn c th b phn hy bi vi khun c nng SSO,
v mt lng cc cht dinh dng v c gii hn tng trng ca cc vt cht

hu c l lng. Lu lng dng chy vo v cc thng s nh: nng , gi tr pH,

nhit , cng nh cc iu kin mi trng khc l khng i.
Trong b phn ng sinh hc, sinh khi ca cc sinh vt d dng s dng cc cht l
lng lm ngun thc n, v vy s tng trng ca chng t n nng XB,H trong
khi nng cc cht l lng gim xung SS. Sinh khi gim trong qu trnh tng
trng khin cho cc vi khun vn nh cng hin din vi nng XD. C 2 dng
chy thot ra t b phn ng, nhng do b ny c pha trn hon ton, nng ca
tt c cc dung dch cu thnh nn chng l nh nhau trong b phn ng. Dng th
nht vi tc dng chy l FW, chy trc tip ra khi b phn ng v mang theo
sinh khi cng nh cc t bo v vn c nng cn bng vi b phn ng. Dng
chy cn li c vn tc (F FW), chy qua thit b tch sinh khi trc khi thi ra
ngoi, lm cho dng chy ny c gii phng khi vt cht l lng. Tt c cc ht
vt cht b phn tch bi thit b phn chia qu trnh trn s c quay tr li b
phn ng sinh hc ban u. [2]
F - FW, SS
V, SS, XB,H, XD

F, SSO

THIET B
PHAN TACH SINH KHOI

V, SS, XB,H, XD

Hnh 5.5 S hot ng ca b phn ng khuy lin tc

5.2.5 B phn ng dng chy u - PFR (plug flow reactor)

Q, Ct

Q, Co

Hnh 5.6 B phn ng dng chy u

B phn ng dng chy u c th n gin ch l mt ng hay mt hp kn c km
theo cht cht xc tc. Dng thi cn x l c cha cc tc cht c cung cp lin
tc qua cc ng ng nh vo b phn ng, trong khi dng chy ra cha cc sn
phm v cc cht khng phn ng, c a ra ngoi qua cc ng ng thot.
Dng chy bn trong b c vn tc kh n nh v nng c phn tn ng u
bn trong ng, ng thi khng c s pha trn quanh trc, v vy cc thnh phn
trong cht lng di chuyn qua b phn ng trong cng mt iu kin nh nhau,
ging nh qu bng quay trn quanh trc. Ngoi ra, bi v cc phn ng xy ra dc
theo chiu di ca b phn ng, nng ca cc tc cht v sn phm thay i theo
khong cch quanh trc. Do , b phn ng dng chy u cn c gi l b phn
ng dng chy hnh ng hay hnh cu. [2]
5.2.6 Lc k kh bm dnh c nh - AFR (anaerobic filter reactor)
H thng lc k kh bm dnh c nh s dng cc Vi sinh vtbm dnh trn cc vt
liu lc t trong b c dng nc thi chy t di ln hoc t trn xung v mng
vi sinh vtbm dnh ny khng b ra tri trong qu trnh x l.
Dng nc thi vo v dng tun hon ra c phn b t bn ny sang bn kia ca
b phn ng sinh hc, ct ngang v to ra dng chy ngc i qua mng sinh hc.
Qu trnh x l xy ra l kt qu ca s l lng v ha trn sinh khi c gi li
bi mng lc. Dng chy ra phn trn ca mng, l tp hp ca cc tc nhn b
o thi. Kh nm pha di b phn ng c thu li v c chuyn i ni khc
s dng sau. Dng chy ra c tun hon li duy tr iu kin np nc c
ng nht trong b phn ng, bt chp vn tc dng chy vo thay i, v vy c th

duy tr iu kin thy ng lc hc ng nht trong b phn ng. Vic thit k b

phn ng sinh ha da vo thi gian lu nc v th tch cht hu c u ra. Thi
gian lu nc trung bnh khong 0,5 4 ngy, tng ng vi th tch cht hu c
u ra t 5 15 kg COD/m3.ngy. Sinh khi phi thng xuyn c kim tra, v
nu c s d tha sinh khi th chng s c lm sch khi h thng v thi ra
ngoi trong dng chy ra. [2], [8]
5.2.7 B phn ng k kh c m gin - FBR, EBR (fluidized and expanded bed
reactor)
Cc vi sinh vt bm dnh trn cc ht mang (thng l cc ht ct l lng vi ng
knh t 0,2 0,5mm) s c phn b u khp thit b nh tc dng nc thi
chy ngc thch hp lm gin n lp ct (m gin n). Trong h thng b phn
ng k kh c m gin, tc dng chy ngc ln ngn s gn kt sinh
khi ca cc ht mang ny, kt qu l lm gia tng th tch m so vi th tch thc
ca n. Trong cc m gin n, vn tc dng chy ngc c th lm gin m t 15
30%. Vi th tch gin n ny, s kt dnh sinh khi ch c ngn chn mt phn
no bi cht lu, v mt phn khc l do s tip xc vi cc khi sinh khi kt
dnh lin k nhau, v v vy chng c xu hng gi nguyn trng thi trong mi
trng m. Trong dung dch m lng s dng tc dng chy ngc cao s lm
gia tng th tch m ln 25 300% so vi th tch ban u. Di nhng iu kin
ny, sinh khi kt dnh s b ngn chn hon ton bi dng chy ngc v di chuyn
t do trong mi trng m. Kh sinh ra y cng l kt qu ca s hn n ny.
Trong bt k qu trnh sinh ha no, lng sinh khi tha cng phi c a ra
khi b phn ng sinh ha n nh lng sinh khi. Qu trnh tch ly sinh khi
trn cc ht ct l lng s lm gia tng ng knh ca khi sinh khi kt dnh v
ng thi cng lm gim mt ca chng. Kt qu ca hai qu trnh tri ngc ny
l lm gim tc lng ng ca sinh khi kt dnh v c xu hng tch ly sinh
khi tng trn ca b phn ng sinh ha. [2]

5.3 M T QU TRNH
Cht hu c phc tp (Gluxit, Protein, Lipit)
Cht hu c n gin (ng n, Peptit, Axit
amin, Glixerin, Axit bo)
Cc Axit bo d bay hi (Propionic,
Butiric, Lactic ), Etanol
H2, CO2

Axetat

CH4, CO2,
HO
Hnh 5.7: Qu trnh phn hu cht hu c trong iu kin k kh
Qu trnh phn hu k kh cht bn l qu trnh din ra hng lot cc phn ng sinh
ho rt phc tp v c th c m t trn hnh 5.7. [8]
C ch ca qu trnh ny hin nay cha c bit n mt cch y v chnh xc.
Tuy nhin c 2 c ch c ngh.
1. C ch 2 giai on
Giai on 1 (Thu phn- to axit )
Di tc dng ca nhiu loi men khc nhau cc cht phc tp nh Gluxit chuyn
thnh cc ng n gin, Protit chuyn thnh cc Pep tid v cc Axt amin, Lipit
chuyn thnh Glyxerin v Axt bo.
Sn phm ca giai on ny rt a dng bao gm cc Axit, Ru, Axit amin,
Amoniac, HidrosunfuaV vy khi lng ca cn gim t v c mi kh chu.
pH ca giai on ny < 7 nn c gi l giai on ln men axit.
Giai on 2 (To kh to kim hay to Me tan)
Di tc dng ch yu ca vi khun Me tan sn phm ca qu trnh thu phn li
tip tc b phn gii v to ra sn phm cui cng l hn hp cc kh sinh hc.
Hydrat cacbon b phn hu nhanh nht thnh CH4 v CO2. Cc cht hu c khc

cng b phn hu gn nh hon ton. pH nc thi t 7- 8 nn c gi l giai

on ln men kim.
2. C ch 3 giai on [Eckenfelder w.w]
Giai on 1 (Thu phn v ln men axit)
Giai on ny c thc hin trong cc iu kin rt khc nhau: n ho (30-400C)
hay nng (> 450C). Di tc dng ca cc loi men khc nhau do nhiu loi vi sinh
vttit ra cc cht hu c phc tp nh Hidrat cacbon, Protein, Lipit d dng b phn
hu thnh cc cht hu c n gin, d bay hi nh Etanol, cc Axit bo nh Axit
Axetic, Axit Butyric, Axit Propionic, Axit Lactic v cc kh gaz CO2, H2 v NH3.
pH ca dung dch gim xung ti 5 v c th thp hn na nn c gi l giai
on thu phn v ln men axit. Giai on ny c mi thi.
Giai on 2 (Chm dt ln men axit)
Cc axit bo hu c v cc hp cht hu c tan cha nit tip tc b phn hu thnh
hp cht Amon, Amin, Cacbonat v mt t CO2, N2, CH4, H2 Bn c to ra c
mu en, nht ri to bt ni ln thnh mng. Sn phm ln men to mi kh chu
hi thi do H2S, Indol, Scatol, Mecaptan c sinh ra v pH ca mi trng tng
dn ln.
Giai on 3 (Ln men Metan hay ln men kim)
Cc sn phm nh Axit bo cc hp cht cha nit tip tc b phn hu bi cc vi
khun Metan to ra nhiu CO2, CH4. pH ca mi trng tng ln v chuyn sang
mi trng kim.
Qu trnh ln men Metan c th xy ra h sinh thi lnh (10-150C), n ho (30400C) v thm ch h sinh thi nng (> 450C). V ho sinh trong giai on ln men
Metan tt c cc hp cht hu c phc tp u chuyn v sn phm cui cng l
CO2, H2 v CH4 c m t trn hnh 5.8.

Hnh 5.8 : S phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh sinh hc k kh

5.4 YU T NH HNG
Yu t cn lu u tin l nhit . Vng nhit qu trnh phn hy k kh
kh rng v mi vng nhit s thch hp cho tng nhm vi sinh vtk kh khc
nhau. Vng nhit m- trung bnh: 20 450C v vng nhit cao - nng: 45
650C s thch hp cho s hot ng ca nhm vi sinh vtln men Metan. Mt s
nhm vi sinh vtk kh c kh nng hot ng vng nhit thp - lnh: 100C
150C. Khi nhit < 100C th vi khun to Metan hu nh khng hot ng. Nhit
ti u l 350C.
pH l yu t th 2 c nh hng mnh m n qu trnh phn hu k kh. Trong
qu trnh x l k kh cc giai on phn hy c nh hng trc tip qua li ln
nhau, lm thay i tc qu trnh phn hy chung. Nc thi mi np vo cng
trnh th nhm vi sinh vtaxit ha thch nghi hn nhm vi sinh vtMetan ha. Khi
pH gim mnh (pH < 6) s lm cho kh Metan sinh ra gim i. Khong pH ti u
dao ng trong mt khong hp t 6,5 - 8,5.

Cc cht c mt trong mi trng nh hng ln n s sinh trng v pht trin

ca Vi sinh vtk kh. Oxigen c coi l c t ca qu trnh ny. Mt s dn xut
ca Metan nh CCl4, CHCl3, CH2Cl2 v mt s kim loi nng (Cu, Ni, Zn ), cc
cht nh HCHO, SO2, H2S cng gy c cho vi sinh vtk kh. NH4+ gy c ch cho
qu trnh k kh v S2- c coi l cht gy c ch cho qu trnh Metan ha. Cc
cht c tnh oxi ho mnh nh thuc tm, cc halogen v cc mui c oxi ca n,
ozone c coi l cht dit khun hu hiu hin nay.
Qu trnh phn hy k kh xy ra thun li khi nc thi c y ngun cacbon,
nit, photpho v mt s nguyn t vi lng vi mt t l thch hp tc l thnh phn
nc thi hay bn cn c nh hng ln n qu trnh ln men. [8]
5.5 THNG S THIT K
Bang 5.1: Tom tat cac thong so thiet ke cho cac cong trnh sinh hoc k kh
STT

Thit b

Ti trng kg

Thi

Thi

E%

Thi

COD/m3.ng

gian lu

gian

COD

gian x

bn

lu

bn,

(ngy)

nc

nm

(ngy)
1

H k kh : 1

1,5 - 2

6m
2

K kh tip

10-90

30-90

2-3 nm

ngy
1-5

> 20

1 10

70 - 95

xc
3

UASB

5 - 20

> 100

0,25 - 1

80-95

Lc k kh

5 - 15

> 50

I,5 2

70 - 90

K kh m

10 - 40

> 100

1/24 - 2

60 - 85

gin n
Ngun: Nguyn Th Thanh Phng, 2006.

0,5 nm

Phn hy k kh ti trng thp v cao c dng tin x l nc thi cng nghip

v i khi l x l nc thi sinh hot. Cc thng s thit k cho m hnh phn hy
k kh ti trng thp (khuy trn khng lin tc) v ti trng cao (c s pha trn u
trong b) c trnh by bng 5.2 di y:
Bng 5.2 Thng s thit k cho m hnh phn hy k kh
Ti trng thp

Ti trng cao

30 60

10 20

0,0025 0,006

0,009 0,025

Bn ban u.

0,566 0,849

0,4245 0,566

Bn ban u v bn t thit b lc.

1,132 1,416

0,166 0,208

Bn th cp v bn d

1,132 1,698

0,166 1,132

Thng s
Thi gian phn hy, ngy
Cht rn hu c u vo, kg VSS/m3-ngy
Tiu chun th tch, m3/ngi.

Ngun: Tom D. Reynolds Texas A&M University.

Thit k b phn ng UASB:
Thng thng, cc b phn ng k kh c thit k vi ti trng ln hn so vi yu
cu thc t, do vy qu trnh hot ng s an ton hn. Ty vo mc acid ha,
thnh phn cc cht rn l lng v cc hp cht c c trong nc thi, ti trng
thit k s thay i theo. Phng php chung thit k ti trng trong trng hp
trn l c tnh sn lng bn tng. i vi ngun nc thi phc tp c cha mt
lng ln cc cht rn l lng, tiu chun thit k s da vo yu cu loi b cc
cht rn l lng . [21]
Bng 5.3 Ti trng thit k b UASB
Nhit , oC

Ti trng thit k, kg COD/m3 ngy

10

13

15

37

20

7 15

30

15 20

40

20 - 30

Ngun: Instruction manual for the understanding and use of anaerobic wastewater
treatment method.
C nhiu gi tr thit k khc nhau i vi thit b phn loi kh-bn, mt vi gi tr
c sn. Chiu cao b phn ng: gi tr ny c gii hn bi tc dng chy
ngc ti a ca bn, thng thng tc ny khong 1m/gi l ti a. i vi bn
dng ht, tc ny c th t n 5m/gi. Trong cc b FBR vn tc dng chy
ngc s vo khong 15 m/gi.
+ Lng bn ht ban u: 20 -30 g/l .
+ Ti trng khi ng: 0,5 kg COD/m3.ng
+ Thi gian lu nc: 0,2 2 ngy
+ Ti trng hu c: 2 25 kg COD/m3.ngy
+ COD vo: c th ln 20.000 mg/l
+ pH thch hp cho qu trnh phn hy k kh dao ng trong khong 6,6 7,6.
Do cn cung cp kim (1.000 5.000 mg/L)
Thit k b ln men mtan:
Bng 5.4 Mt s thng s cn thit cho tnh ton thit k b Mtan
Thng s

B tc chun

B tc cao

Thi gian lu ca cht rn (ngy)

30 90

10 - 20

Ti lng cht rn bay hi (kg/m3.ngy)

0,5 1,6

1,6 6,4

Nng cht rn tiu hy c (%)

46

46

Hiu sut gim cht rn bay hi (%)

35 50

45 55

0,5 0,55

0,6 0,65

65

65

Nng sut kh (m3/kg VSS np vo b )

Hm lng CH4 (%)
Ngun: Lng c Phm.
5.6 THNG S VN HNH

Vn hnh b phn ng UASB v cc thng s k thut, thit b cn thit vn

hnh: [21]
Kim tra b UASB:
 Kim tra thit b phn tch bn-kh c c lp t ng hay khng.
 Kim tra water-lock c c lp t ng hay khng.
 Kim tra cc im th mu c hay khng. Thng thng s lng mu th
khong 4 6 im dc theo chiu cao ca b.
 Chun b cc th nghim theo m: khi vn hnh h thng th hot ng ny rt
quan trng nhm xc nh hot ng ca methan trong bn hot tnh.
Kim tra nc thi:
 Kim tra nng cc hp cht hu c trong nc thi: nu nng COD < 100
mg/l l c vn , mc d h thng UASB vn c th x l ngun nc thi ny.
Khi nng COD > 50.000 mg/l th c th pha long nc thi hoc tun hon
dng thi.
 Kim tra kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca nc thi: c th xc nh c khi
bit lng COD trong b phn ng, v methane sinh ra trong sut qu trnh phn
ng (khong 40 ngy).
 Kim tra xem nc thi c tnh m khng: c th kim tra kh nng lm mi
trng m ca nc thi bng cch thm vo 1 g/l hay 40% COD trong nc
thi khi COD trong nc thi nh hn 2,5 g/l. khi pH ca nc thi mc 6,5
hoc cao hn, nc thi tt lm lp m.
 Kim tra lng dinh dng trong nc thi c duy tr s sinh trng ca vi
khun hay khng. Nhu cu dinh dng cho vi khun l rt thp nhng khng th
khng c. Nng ti thiu cn thit ca cc cht dinh dng (N, P, S) theo t
ln sau: (COD/Y): N: P: S = (50/Y): 5: 1: 1. Cc vi khun methane c lin quan
mt thit n nng cc kim loi nng trong nc thi (st, Ni, Co).
 Kim tra xem nc thi c cha nng cao cc cht rn l lng khng. Trong
trng hp nc thi cha cc cht rn l lng vi nng cao, hot ng ca

b UASB c th khng thch nghi c. khi nng ny ln n 3.000 mg/l v

cc cht rn l lng ny khng c kh nng phn hy sinh hc, chng s c
gi li trong b phn ng hoc theo dng chy ra ngoi ty vo kch thc cc
ht bn, khi cc ht bn c kch thc nh nhau th chng s tch ly trong b
phn ng.
 Kim tra xem nc thi c cha cc c cht khng (Kjehldal-N, NH3-N, SO4,
). B UASB s khng thch hp x l nc thi khi nng cc cht t n
mt gi tr gii hn, nh hng khng tt khi vn hnh h thng (nng NH3-N
= 2.000 mg/l, SO4,> 500 mg/l, t l COD/ SO4 < 5, mn > 15.000 mg/l, )
 Kim tra nhit nc thi: khi nhit nc thi thp hn 20oC cn phi gia
nhit cho h thng, nhit cao hn 60oC th khi khi ng h thng cn phi
cn thn. nhit thch hp vn hnh h thng l t 20 - 42 oC.
Hng dn ng dng kh nng tun hon
 Nu COD ca nc thi khng t n 5 kg COD/m3, vic tun hon l khng
cn thit, ngoi tr khi nng Sulfit t n 200 mg/l. Trong trng hp ny,
vic tun hon c chn lm gim nng Sulfit dng vo xung di
100 mg/l.
 Khi nng COD trong nc thi thay i t 5 20 kg COD/m3, khi bt u
vn hnh nn pha long nng COD xung cn 5 kg BOD/m3. Vi nng
nc thi qu cao, ln n 20 kg COD/m3 th nht thit phi pha long nc thi.
Tuy nhin, khi nng nc thi qu cao thng km theo mn cao, dn n
tc to sn phm methane rt thp. V vy, qu trnh tng trng thu c s
tt khi nc thi c pha long. Tt nht l pha long n nng 5 kg
COD/m3, nhng khi iu ny l khng th, 20 kg BOD/m3 l nng ti a.
 i vi nc thi c mu ti, cn thm vo mt vi hp cht xc nh lng
VFA. Nu nng VFA khng gim xung di 3 meg/l trong mt thng, cn
xc nh nng tht ca VFA. iu ny c th thc hin bng cch un si

mu VFA trong 20 pht, sau khi chnh pH v 4, th VFA s b loi b khi

dung dch.
Khi ng b phn ng UASB:
- Bc u tin khi ng h thng l rt quan trng. Khi khng c cht nn ban
u tt, vn hnh b phi ht sc cn thn. khi vn tc dng chy ngc qu ln, cc
vi khun s b y ra khi b phn ng, v s khi ng s phi bt u li t u.
khi ng h thng hiu qu, ti trng cht nn vo khong 3 kg COD/m3 ngy,
vi thi gian lu nc ti thiu l 24 gi. tip theo cn kim tra cc thng s:
Nng ca nc thi l bao nhiu: khi nng nc thi < 5000 mg COD /l th
khng c vn g, ngoi tr khi nc thi c cha cc cht c vi nng cao.
Khi nng nc thi cao hn 5000 mg COD /l, nn pha long hoc tun hon
nc thi khi vn hnh.
- Kim tra hot tnh methane trong bn nn ban u:
Sau bt u vn hnh b phn ng bng cch cung cp ti lng vo n mt na
th tch b, vi nng ti thiu l 0,2 kg COD/m3 ngy, hoc thi gian lu nc ti
thiu l 24 gi (trc khi b phn ng vn hnh hon ho).
Sau khi ch trong 5 ngy u tin, kim tra xem lng kh thot ra c t c 0,1
m3/m3 ngy. Nu khng t c gi tr ny, tt nht nn dng cung cp dng vo
v ch n khi sn lng kh to ra gia tng trong 3 ngy k tip, ri sau li tip
tc cung cp nc thi.
- Kim tra lng VFA thp hn 3 meq/l khng. Nu khng, dng cung cp dng vo
v ch khong 1 tun. gi tr VFA ny c th l hi thp nhng i vi h thng mi
khi ng th n s gip cho s vn hnh h thng sau ny tt hn. Sau khi cung cp
li dng thi, nn kim tra nng VFA 2 ngy 1 ln. Khi t n gi tr 8 meq/l th
li dng cung cp nc thi v li ch cho n khi gi tr ny gim xung di 3
meq/l.

Mt khi duy tr c ti trng lin tc mc 0,2 kg COD/m3 ngy, th pha u

tin ca qu trnh khi ng hon thnh. By gi c th gia tng ti trng hu c
mc cao hn.
- Kim tra nc thi c pha long khng, nu khng th gia tng th tch ti lng
hu c. Sau khi ch trong 3 ngy, kim tra nng VFA c quay li di 3 meq/l
khng. Trong trng hp nng VFA dng ra thp, c th li tng th tch ti trng
hu c, ng thi gim tc nhn pha long, hoc gia tng tc dng vo. Khi nng
VFA gia tng n gi tr 8 meq/l, gi n nh, nhng kim sot pH trong b. hot
ng b phn ng c th khng tt khi mi trng c tnh acid.
Khi nng VFA ln n 15 meq/l, kim tra nu pH khng gim xung di 6,5,
khi cn phi thm NaOH, Ca(OH)2, hay NaHCO3, ng thi quay li bc u
l gim ti trng xung 30%.
5.7 NG DNG C TRNG
H thng sinh hc trc y c ng dng n nh nng cht hu c trong
nc thi c nng long, vi nng COD d b phn hy nh hn 1.000 mg/l,
nhng h thng hiu kh li t ra c hiu qu hn trong x l cc loi nc thi ny.
u im ca h thng k kh l to ra t sn phm cht rn, cn nhu cu dinh dng
v nng lng thp, v n to ra sn phm hu dng.
Hin nay, h thng k kh thng c dng trong x l nc thi c nng cao,
c bit nc thi c cha nng cc cht rn l lng cao, vi chi ph vn hnh
thp. Qu trnh k kh ti trng thp thng x l nc thi c nng dao ng
kh ln, c th gm c cc cht rn l lng c nng cao, nng COD d phn
hy sinh hc thng t 20.000 30.000 mg/l. Tuy nhin, hn ch ln nht ca h
thng ny l cn din tch xy dng tng i ln. Cn qu trnh k kh ti trng
cao thng dng x l nc thi c nng n nh (thng nng COD phn
hy sinh hc = < 20.000 mg/l). [2]

CHNG VI: CNG NGH SINH HC HIU KH

6.1 C S L THUYT
Nguyn tc ca phng php l s dng cc vi sinh vt hiu kh phn hy cc cht
hu c trong nc thi c y oxy ha tan nhit , pH thch hp. Qu trnh
phn hy cht hu c ca Vi sinh vthiu kh c th m t bng s :
(CHO)nNS + O2 CO2 + H2O + NH4+ + H2S + T bo vi sinh vt+ ... H
Trong iu kin hiu kh NH4+ v H2S cng b phn hu nh qu trnh Nitrat ha,
sunfat ha bi vi sinh vtt dng:
NH4+ + 2O2 NO3- + 2H+ H2O + H

H2S + 2O2 SO42- + 2H+ + H

Hot ng sng ca vi sinh vthiu kh bao gm qu trnh dinh dng: Vi sinh vts
dng cc cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng v cc nguyn t khong vi lng kim
loi xy dng t bo mi tng sinh khi v sinh sn. Qu trnh phn hu: Vi sinh
vtoxi ho phn hu cc cht hu c ho tan hoc dng cc ht keo phn tn nh
thnh nc v CO2 hoc to ra cc cht kh khc. So vi phng php k kh th
phng php hiu kh c cc u im l nhng hiu bit v qu trnh x l y
hn. Hiu qu x l cao hn v trit hn, khng gy nhim th cp nh phng
php ho hc, ho l.
Nhng phng php hiu kh cng c cc nhc im l th tch cng trnh ln v
chim nhiu mt bng hn. Chi ph xy dng cng trnh v u t thit b ln hn.
Chi ph vn hnh cho nng lng sc kh tng i cao. Khng c kh nng thu hi
nng lng. Khng chu c nhng thay i t ngt v ti trng hu c khi
nguyn liu khan him. Sau x l sinh ra mt lng bn d cao v lng bn ny
km n nh i hi chi ph u t x l bn. X l vi nc thi c ti trng
khng cao nh phng php k kh. [8]
M t qu trnh:
Thc cht qu trnh phn hu cht bn hu c bng phng php hiu kh l qu
trnh ln men bng vi sinh vttrong iu kin c oxi cho sn phm l CO2, H2O,
NO3- v SO42-. Cng nh x l k kh, khi x l hiu kh cc cht bn phc tp nh

Protein, Tinh bt, Cht bo s b thu phn bi cc men ngoi bo cho cc cht
n gin l cc Axit amin, cc Axit bo, cc Axit hu c, cc ng nCc cht
n gin ny s thm qua mng t bo v b phn hu tip tc hoc chuyn ho
thnh cc vt liu xy dng t bo mi bi qu trnh h hp ni bo cho sn phm
cui cng l CO2 v H2O. C ch qu trnh x l hiu kh gm 3 giai on
[Eckenfelder w.w v Conon D.J, 1961].
Giai on 1- Oxy ha ton b cht hu c c trong nc thi p ng nhu cu
nng lng ca t bo

Men

CxHyOzN + (x + y/4 + z/3 + ) O2 xCO2 + [(y-3)/2] H2O + NH3

Giai on 2 (Qu trnh ng ha)- Tng hp xy dng t bo
Men
CxHyOzN + NH3 + O2 xCO2 + C5H7NO2
Giai on 3 (Qu trnh d ha)- H hp ni bo
Men
C5H7NO2 + 5O2 xCO2 + H2O ;

Men

Men

NH3 + O2 O2 + HNO2 HNO3

Khi khng cht dinh dng qu trnh chuyn ho cc cht ca t bo bt u xy

ra bng s t oxi ha cht liu t bo. [8]
6.2 CC YU T NH HNG
Qu trnh x l hiu kh chu nh hng nng bn hot tnh tc ph thuc vo ch
s bn. Ch s bn cng nh th nng bn cho vo cng trnh x l cng ln hoc
ngc li. Nng oxi cng nh hng mnh m n qu trnh ny. Khi tin hnh
qu trnh cn phi cung cp y lng oxy mt cch lin tc sao cho lng oxy
ha tan trong nc ra khi b lng t II 2 (mg/l).
Khc vi qu trnh x l k kh, ti trng hu c trong x l hiu kh thng thp
hn nn nng cc cht bn hu c nc thi qua Aerotank c BOD ton phn
phi 1000 (mg/l) cn trong b lc sinh hc th BOD ton phn ca nc thi 500

(mg/l) . Ngoi ra trong nc thi cng cn c cc nguyn t vi lng, nguyn t

dinh dng. Thng thng cc nguyn t vi lng nh K, Na, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Mo,
Ni, Co, Zn, Cu, S, Cl... thng c trong nc thi. Ty theo hm lng c cht
hu c trong nc thi m c yu cu v nng cc nguyn t dinh dng cn
thit l khc nhau. Thng thng cn duy tr cc nguyn t dinh dng theo mt t
l thch hp: BODton phn: N: P = 100: 5:1 hay COD: N: P = 150: 5: 1. Nu thi gian
x l l 20 ngy, m th gi t l: BODton phn: N: P = 200: 5: 1 [M.X. Moxitrep,
1982].

Hnh 6.1 S cng ngh x l nc thi hn hp

Qu trnh x l nc thi c m t trn hnh 6.1 s n nh v hon ton hn, hiu
xut x l s cao hn khi x l kt hp nc thi sinh hot v nc thi sn xut
cng nghip v rng trong nc thi sinh hot c cha cc cht dinh dng, cc
phn t gen sinh hc v nc thi cng nghip b pha long.

Bn hot tnh c kh nng hp th mui cc kim loi nng. Khi hot tnh sinh
hc ca bn gim, bn s b trng phng kh lng do s pht trin mnh lit ca vi
khun dng si ch. V vy nng cc cht c v cc kim loi nng trong nc
thi phi nm trong gii hn cho php theo tiu chun 5945 - TCVN, 1995. pH
v nhit mi trng l cc yu t c nh hng rt ln n qu trnh x l sinh
hc nc thi. Mi loi men khc nhau s c mt pH ti thch khc nhau. Cng mt
loi men nhng thu c t cc ngun khc nhau s c pH ti thch khc nhau. Gi
tr pH ti u cho a s vi sinh vtt 6,5 - 8,5. pH < 5 s thc y nm pht trin.
Nu pH > 9 s ph hy cn bng nguyn sinh cht t bo, vi sinh vt s cht.
Mi loi men khc nhau s c nhit ti thch khc nhau. Nhit ny khng phi
l hng s m ph thuc vo c cht, pH, nng men, ngun gc men. Nc thi c
nhit thch nghi vi a s vi sinh vtti u t 250- 370C hoc t 20 - 800C, hoc t
20 - 400C (ti u 250- 350C) thp nht vo ma ng l 120 C. Men t thc vt c
nhit ti thch t 50 - 60oC; men t ng vt c nhit ti thch t 40 - 50oC .
Ngoi ra, qu trnh x l hiu kh cn ph thuc vo nng mui v c, lng
cht l lng chy vo b x l cng nh cc loi vi sinh vtv cu trc cc cht bn
hu c. [8]
6.3 CC DNG CNG NGH SINH HC HIU KH
6.3.1 Bn hot tnh
Cng ngh bn hot tnh hay b hiu kh (Aerotank) l qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu
kh, trong nng cao ca vi sinh vt mi c to thnh c trn u vi
nc thi trong b hiu kh. Quy trnh x l nc thi bng bn hot tnh c thc
hin nc Anh t nm 1914, v c duy tr v pht trin n ngy nay vi
phm vi ng dng rng ri x l nc thi sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip.
Bn hot tnh bao gm nhng sinh vt sng kt li thnh dng ht hoc dng bng
vi trung tm l cc cht nn rn l lng (40%). Cht nn trong bn hot tnh c th
n 90% l phn cht rn ca ru, to v cc phn st rn khc nhau. Bn hiu kh
dng bng bn vng nu, d lng l h keo v nh hnh cn bn k kh dng bng

hoc dng ht mu en. Nhng sinh vt sng trong bn l vi khun n bo hoc a

bo, nm men, nm mc, x khun, cc ng vt nguyn sinh v ng vt h ng,
di, giun, i khi l cc u trng su b. Vai tr c bn trong qu trnh lm sch
nc thi ca bn hot tnh l vi khun c th chia ra lm 8 nhm:
1. Alkaligenes- Achromobacter

5- Cytophaga- Flavobacterium
6- Pseudomonas- Vibrio aeromonas
2. Pseudomonas
7- Achrobacter
3. Enterobacteriaceae
8- Hn hp cc vi khun khc;
4. Athrobacter baccillus
Ecoli, Micrococus
Trong nc thi cc t bo ca loi Zooglea c kh nng sinh ra bao nhy xung
quanh t bo c tc dng gn kt cc vi khun cc ht l lng kh lng cc cht mu
cht gy mi v pht trin thnh cc ht bng cn. Cc ht bng cn ny khi c
khuy o v thi kh s dn dn ln ln do hp ph nhiu ht rn l lng nh, t
bo vi sinh vt, nguyn sinh ng vt v cc cht c. Nhng ht bng ny khi
ngng thi kh hoc khi cc c cht cn kit, chng s lng xung to ra bn hot
tnh. Trong bn hot tnh lun c mt ng vt nguyn sinh m i din l
Sarcodina, Mastigophora, Ciliata, Suctoria v vi loi sinh vt phc tp khc. Quan
h gia ng vt nguyn sinh v vi khun l quan h Mi - th thuc cn bng
ng cht hu c - vi khun - ng vt nguyn sinh. Khi bn lng xung l bn
gi hot tnh bn b gim. Hot tnh ca bn c th c hot ho tr li bng cch
cung cp y dinh dng v c cht hu c. Phn ln cc vi sinh vt u c kh
nng xm chim, bm dnh trn b mt vt rn khi c c cht, mui khong v oxi
to nn mng sinh hc dng nhy c mu thay i theo thnh phn nc thi t vng
xm n nu ti. Trn mng lc sinh hc c cha hng triu n hng t t bo vi
khun, nm men, nm mc v mt s ng vt nguyn sinh khc. Tuy nhin khc
vi h qun th vi sinh vttrong bn hot tnh thnh phn loi v s lng cc loi
trong mng sinh hc tng i ng nht. Cng thc bn hot tnh thng dng
trong cc tnh ton l C5H7O2N. [2]; [8]
H thng x l nc thi trong b bn hot tnh (Aerotank) c m t hnh 6.2.

Nc thi

Khng kh
Nc sch

1
Bn d

5
Bn hot tnh

1- b lng t 1; 2- b sc kh s b; 3- aerotank; 4- b phc hi; 5- b lng t hai.

Hnh 6.2 S h thng x l hiu kh nc thi

Aerotank c phn loi theo ch thu ng lc dng chy vo; Ch lm vic
ca bn hot tnh; Cu to Aerotank;
Qu trnh sinh hc xy ra qua 3 giai on:
Giai on 1: Bn hot tnh hnh thnh v pht trin. Lc ny, c cht v cht dinh
dng ang rt phong ph, sinh khi bn cn t. Theo thi gian, qu trnh thch nghi

ca vi sinh vt tng, chng sinh trng rt mnh theo cp s nhn, sinh khi bn
tng mnh. V vy, lng oxy tiu th tng dn vo cui giai on ny rt cao. Tc
tiu th oxy vo cui giai on ny c khi gp 3 ln giai on 2. Tc phn
hy cht bn hu c tng dn.
Giai on 2: Vi sinh vtpht trin n nh, hot lc enzym t Max v ko di trong
thi gian tip theo. Tc phn hy cht hu c t Max, cc cht hu c b phn
hy nhiu nht. Tc tiu th oxy gn nh khng thay i sau mt thi gian kh di.
Giai on 3: Tc tiu th oxy c chiu hng gim dn v sau li tng ln.
Tc phn hy cht bn hu c gim dn v qu trnh Nitrat ha amoniac xy ra.
Sau cng, nhu cu tiu th oxy li gim v qu trnh lm vic ca Aerotank kt thc.

Hnh 6.3 B bn hot tnh

H thng b bn hot tnh gm cc loi: b bn hot tnh truyn thng, b bn hot
tnh tip xc-n nh, b bn hot tnh thng kh ko di, b bn hot tnh thng kh
cao c khuy o hon chnh, b bn hot tnh chn lc. [2]
B bn hot tnh truyn thng: Bn hot tnh dng truyn thng u tin c s
dng l cc bn hiu kh di, hp. Lng oxy cn dng thay i dc theo chiu di
ca b phn ng sinh ha. Do h thng ny s dng cc thit b thng gi lm
thong b mt lng oxy cung cp ph hp vi nhu cu s dng dc theo chiu
di b. B phn ng thng c dng hnh ch nht, vi dng vo v tun hon bn

hot tnh i vo b 1 u v cht lng trong b c ha trn (dng thi) s i ra

u i din. M hnh dng chy gn ging nh h thng dng chy u, vi s
phn b thi gian lu cht ph thuc vo t l chiu di v chiu rng ca bn cha,
hn hp trong b gm oxy do thit b cung cp, cc cht nn c sn trong dng vo
v dng ra.
Lng gi cp vo t 55 m3/1kg BOD5 n 65 m3/1kg BOD5 cn kh. Ch s th
tch bn thng dao ng t 50 150 ml/g, tui ca bn thng t 3 15 ngy.
Nng BOD u vo thng < 400mg/l, hiu qu lm sch thng t 80 95%.
B bn hot tnh tip xc-n nh: H thng ny chia b phn ng thnh 2 vng:
vng tip xc l ni xy ra qu trnh chuyn ha cc vt cht hu c trong nc thi
u vo, v vng n nh l ni bn hot tnh tun hon t thit b lc c sc kh
n nh vt cht hu c. Do nng cht rn l lng trong nc kh cao trong b
n nh (tng ng vi nng bn hot tnh tun hon), tng th tch b phn
ng sinh ha (vng tip xc v n nh) c th nh hn, ging nh loi b bn
kiu truyn thng, trong khi vn duy tr thi gian lu bn nh c. V vy, b bn loi
ny c s dng c th va lm gim th tch b phn ng, hoc c th lm gia
tng kh nng lu cha ca b bn truyn thng.
Trong vng tip xc, thi gian tip xc t 20 60 pht (ph thuc lu lng dng
vo). Dng bn ti sinh thng chim 25 75% dng nc thi u vo x l.
Th tch ca vng n nh chim 50 60% tng th tch ca ton h thng, vi thi
gian lu nc thng t 0,5 2 gi, trong khi th tch vng tip xc l 30 35%
tng th tch chung, vi thi gian lu nc l 4 6 gi ty thuc vo dng bn hot
tnh tun hon. Hiu qu x l ca h thng ny thng t 85 95% kh nng loi
b BOD5 v cc cht rn l lng khi nc thi x l.
B bn tip xc-n nh thng dng trong x l nc thi sinh hot vi s lng
ng k cc hp cht hu c di dng cc phn t cht rn.

Lng

Vng tip xc
Bn hot tnh
tun han

Bm tun
hon

Vng n nh bn
Bn d
Hnh 6.4 B bn hot tnh tip xc - n nh

B bn hot tnh thng kh ko di: Thng c thi gian lu bn ko di n nh

lng sinh khi rn t qu trnh chuyn ha ca cc vt cht hu c b phn hy bi
vi khun. Thi gian lu bn thng ko di t 20 30 ngy, ng ngha vi vic cn
thi gian lu nc khong 24 gi duy tr kh nng pha trn nng cc cht rn l
lng trong nc. Thi gian lu nc ko di c 2 tc dng: lm gim lng cht rn
b loi b v lm tng s n nh ca qu trnh. Tuy nhin, i vi b phn ng loi
ln th yu t ny s gy mt s bt li, l lm hn ch kh nng pha trn.
Thng gi

Lng

Dng vo

Bn hot tnh tun

hon (sau lng)

Dng ra

Bn d

Hnh 6.5 : H thng b bn hot tnh thng kh ko di

B bn hot tnh thng kh cao c khuy o hon chnh: B hiu kh c tc

thng kh cao v khuy o hon chnh l loi Aerotank tng i l tng x l
nc thi c nhim cng nh nng cc cht l lng cao. Aerotank loi ny
s c thi gian lm vic ngn. Rt ngn c thi gian thng kh bng vn hnh t
s F/M cao, gim tui th bn hot tnh (thi gian lu nc trong b ngn). Trong
b Aerotank khuy o hon chnh, nc thi, bn hot tnh, oxy ha tan c
khuy trn u, tc thi. Do vy, nng bn hot tnh v ox ha tan c phn b
u mi ni trong b v dn n qu trnh oxy ha c ng u, hiu qu cao.
u im ca cng ngh ny l:
 Pha long ngay tc khc nng cc cht nhim bn, k c cc cht c hi (nu
c).
 Khng xy ra hin tng qu ti cc b mt ni no trong b.
 Thch hp cho x l cc loi nc thi c ti trng cao, ch s th tch bn cao,
cn kh lng.
My khuy b mt
Kh nn

Nc vo

Lng
1

X bn cn

Lng
2

X ra ngun
tip nhn

Tun hon bn
X bn d

Hnh 6.6. B Aerotank thng kh cao c khuy o hon chnh

Da trn nguyn l lm vic ca aerotannk khuy o hon chnh, ngi ta thay
khng kh nn bng cch sc oxy tinh khit. B phn ng thng c nhiu ngn, kn,
v cung cp cc dng nc giu oxy dng kh ha trn trong cht lng. Dng nc

thi vo v dng bn hot tnh tun hon ch c a vo ngn u tin cng vi

oxy (thng tinh khit 98%). mi ngn c s pha trn hon ton trong tng . S
pha trn cc cht rn l lng v oxy ha tan c cung cp cho mi ngn. Cc loi
my mc s dng trong loi b ny l: my thi kh b mt tc nh v tuabin t
trong nc. Vic s dng ngun oxy c tinh khit cao s c tc dng lm gia tng
p sut oxy tham gia trong mi ngn, v vy s lm tng t l chuyn ha th tch
oxy hn so vi h thng s dng khng kh. iu ny s lm cho th tch b phn
ng sinh ha cn s dng nh li, v vy thi gian lu nc ch cn khong 2 4
gi. Thi gian lu bn ti thiu t 1 2 ngy thng c s dng x l nc
thi sinh hot, cn i vi nc thi cng nghip cn thi gian lu bn di hn.
O2
Dng vo

Dng ra

Bn hot tnh tun hon (sau lng)

Bn d

Hnh 6.7 Aerotank l vic vi kh nn l oxy

B bn hot tnh chn lc: B bn hot tnh ny ch mi c pht minh gn y,
c dng kim sot s tng trng qu mc ca cc vi khun ln men, c th
gm cc loi gy hi. N cung cp iu kin mi trng c li cho s tng trng
ca cc vi sinh vt kt bng, kt qu l lm gia tng kh nng lng ng ca bn
hot tnh. B bn hot tnh chn lc s dng 2 c ch chn lc cc vi sinh vt:
ng hc v trao i cht. B bn hot tnh chn lc thng chia thnh tng khi
th tch nh, cha trong cc ngn ring bit. Dng chy xung t b phn ng c th
c pha trn hon ton hay ch l dng chy kn.

Chn lc
Bn
thng gi

Dngvo

Bn hot tnh tun hon (sau lng)

Dng ra

Lng

Bn d

Hnh 6.8 : B bn hot tnh chn lc

6.3.1.1 Khuy trn hon ton
Loi b bn hot tnh khuy trn hon ton c pht minh vo cui nhng nm
50 ca th k XX, mc ch l x l nc thi cng nghip c nng m c,
c bit l cc cht hu c kh phn hy. Vic x l loi nc thi ny thng kh
thc hin trong b bn hot tnh truyn thng do nng cc cht hu c u vo qu
cao, n s ngn chn s to thnh sinh khi, khin cho qu trnh x l km hiu qu.
Hnh 6.8 m t 2 m hnh b phn ng sinh ha thng c s dng khuy trn
hon ton. Loi th nht c s dng vi h thng thng gi khuch tn, khuy
trn hon ton mt cch c hiu qu bng cch b sung dng vo dc theo chiu di,
phn hp ca b phn ng, cn dng ra c a ra pha i din. Loi th hai, b
phn ng sinh ha dng vung c s dng vi dng vo v dng ra c b tr
trn cng mt ng thng t c s khuy trn c hiu qu nht. Trong c 2
trng hp, nc thi, bn hot tnh v oxy ha tan c khuy trn u tc thi
sao cho nng cc cht c phn b u mi phn t trong b.
u im chnh ca h thng ny l pha long ngay tc khc nng ca cc cht
c hi (kim loi nng) trong ton th tch b, khng xy ra hin tng qu ti cc
b bt c phn no ca b, p dng thch hp cho loi nc thi c ch s th tch
bn cao, cn kh lng. [2]

Dng vo

Lng

Bn hot tnh tun hon

Dng ra

Bn d

Dng vo
Dng ra
Lng

Bn hot tnh tun hon

Bn d

Hnh 6.9 B bn hot tnh khuy trn hon ton

6.3.1.2 Dng chy nt (B bn hot tnh cp kh gim dn)
S ny p dng khi thy rng u vo ca b cn lng oxy ln hn (do nng
cht hu c vo b aerotank c gim dn t u n cui b), do phi cung
cp khng kh nhiu hn u vo v gim dn cc tip theo p ng cng
tiu th khng u oxy trong ton b. [10]
u im:
+ Gim c khng kh cp vo, ngha l gim cng sut ca my thi kh.
+ Khng c hin tng lm thong qu mc lm ngn cn s sinh trng ca vi
khun kh cc hp cht cha Nito.
+ C th p dng ti trng cao (F/M cao), cht lng nc ra tt hn.

6.3.1.3 Thi kh nhiu bc (B bn hot tnh np nc thi theo bc)

Dng vo

Bn hot tnh
tun hon
(sau lng)

Hn hp cht lng
(i lng)

Bn hot tnh
tun hon
(sau lng)

Dng vo
Dng vo

Hn hp cht lng
(i lng)
Hnh 6.10 : H thng b bn hot tnh np nc thi theo bc
Khng ging vi dng bn hot tnh truyn thng, dng nc vo c a vo h
thng ny nhng v tr khc nhau dc theo chiu di b. C nhiu dng b bn
hot tnh loi ny vi vic phn b v tr cung cp dng vo tu thuc vo hnh dng
thit k. Thng thng b bn loi ny c 4 ngn, v nhu cu c cht u vo cung
cp cho tng ngn l nh nhau v bng tng lu lng nc thi cn x l. Thi
gian phn ng hay thi gian thng kh ca h thng thng t 4 8 gi (ph thuc
lu lng dng chy), thi gian lu tng ngn l 4 12 ngy. Np theo bc c tc
dng lm cn bng ti trng BOD theo th tch v lm gim thiu ht oxy u

b v lng oxy cn thit c tri u theo dc b, lm cho hiu sut s dng Oxy
tng ln, kt qu vn hnh h thng ny thng loi b c t 80 95% BOD5 v
cc cht rn l lng khi nc thi. [2]
6.3.1.4 Mng oxy ha:

Hnh 6.11 : Mng oxy ha

Ln u tin c ng dng x l nc thi ti H Lan (1950) do tin s Pasveer
ch tr. y l mt dng Aerotank ci tin khuy trn hon chnh trong iu kin
hiu kh ko di chuyn ng tun hon trong mng. [12]

2
1

a)

7 8

4
6

b)

2
3

6
c)

2
1

d)

a) Mng oxy ha pasver, hot ng gin on (1- nc vo; 2- my thi kh; 3nc ra)
b) Mng oxy ha c hai mng bn hng, hot ng lun phin aerotank v lng
(1- nc vo; 2,7,8- my thi kh; 3- ca chn bn; 4- ho bn hng s 1; 5- ho
bn hng s 2; 6- nc thi lun phin)
c) Mng oxy ha c hai hnh lang, dng lng nc lun phin (1- nc vo; 2my thi kh; 3- ca bn; 4- ca kim sot trong mng, lm vic lun phin; 5ca thi; 6- nc ra)
d) Mng oxy ha c b lng ring (1- nc vo; 2- my thi kh; 3- b lng
trong; 4- my bm tun hon bn; 5- tch bn d; 6- nc ra)
Hnh 6.12 Cc mng oxy ha c bn
Mng oxy ha n gin, khng tn nhiu cng sc, vi chi ph u t nh hn 2
ln so vi lc sinh hc. Nu p dng ng, mng oxy ha c th x l nc thi
m bo t yu cu. Tuy nhin, do cc yu cu k thut trong vn hnh lm hn
ch vic ng dng cc mng oxy ha cha nc cho cc x nghip nh lm vic
1 2 ca v cc khu dn c di 700 ngi. Ngoi ra, ngay c khi vn tc nc
0,3m/s vn c s sp l t ca mng oxy ha ti im gn my thi kh v cc
khc quanh. Do , cn phi bao ph sn dc mng t nht 0,6m thp hn mc
nc cao nht. i vi vng t st cht c th ph bng tm lt, cn i vi vng

ct phi btng ha thnh hon ton. ng thi, mng phi c cu trc n gin
nht (hnh ch O) tng hiu qu x l.
Mng oxy ha c th c phn thnh 2 nhm chnh: lin tc v gin on.
Mng oxy ha gin on c hnh vnh khn, su t 0,9 1,5m, hot ng lun
phin thi kh v lng. V vy, qu trnh x l c dng bc v thu c nc x
l c cht lng tt (do qu trnh lng trong din ra vi chiu su khng ln).
Mng oxy ha lin tc loi 1 ging mng oxy ha gin on nhng nc vo v
ra lin tc, qu trnh lng din ra trong 2 mng bn hng lun phin nhau. Mng
oxy ha lin tc dng 2 rt gn, lng v thi nc sch tin hnh trong khong 30
40 pht. Trong thi gian ny, lng nc thi trong ho tng v su ngp nc
my thi kh cng tng.
Dong vao

Dong
ra

Dong
ra

Dong vao
Dong vao
Dong ra
a)

b)

c)

Dong vao

Dong vao

Dong vao

Dong
ra

Dong
vao

Dong
ra
d)

e)

f)

Dong ra

Dong ra

Dong
vao
Dong
vao

Dong
ra
g)

Dong vao
h)

i)

a) Dng cng ko di (dng vnh khn); b) C mng lng bn hng;

c) C hai mng lng bn hng; d) C phn vng trn o hng chuyn
ng ca nc;
e) Dng ch U; f) Dng ch L; g) Dng qu l; h) Dng s 1; i) Dng s 8
Hnh 6.13 Dng mt bng cc mng oxy ha
Kh khn nht trong thit k mng oxy ha l tnh ng my thi kh; thng
thng my thi kh c ng knh 700mm vi tn s quay 80 vng/pht, ngp
nc 18 25cm l tt nht. Nc thi trc khi vo mng phi qua li chn rc
ng knh 25mm v i khi qua b lng ct.
Mt s s mng oxy ha p dng ti Ba Lan, ni c nhiu kinh nghim trong p
dng cc mng oxy ha tun hon, trnh by trn hnh 6.11.
Th tch mng oxy ha tun hon t 100 1.235m2; di 60 400m; su trung
bnh l 1m; nghing thnh 1:1 v 1:1,5; lu lng nc thi t 30 584m3. Cc
kt qu x l tt nht cho nc thi nh my sa, nng nghip, nu bia, Nc sau
x l nh my sa c BOD5 = 8 10mg/l; cn nc thi sinh hot BOD5 = 20
25mg/l.
- u im :
+ Hiu qu x l BOD, nit, photpho cao.
+ Qun l vn hnh n gin.
+ t b nh hng bi s dao ng ln v cht lng v lu lng
- Nhc im :
+ i hi din tch xy dng ln.
+ Thi gian lu nc di
+ Lng oxy cung cp cho mng ln.
+ Mng oxy ho c th p dng x l nc thi cao su sau giai on x l k
kh
6.3.1.5 Thit b kh nng (Airlift reactor)

M hnh thit b kh nng c th hin nh hnh 6.12. ng knh trong ca

downcomer l 6,25 cm. Riser c chiu cao l 90 cm, c ng knh trong l 4cm,
thit b ny nm cch y ca downcomer 1,25cm. B phn ng ny hot ng nh
b phn ng gin on nn cn c gi l thit b kh nng gin on (SBAR).
Thi gian lu nc trong h thng l 5 - 6 gi v ti lng cc cht l lng u vo
l 2,5 kg COD/m3.ngy. Khng kh c cung cp bi thit b thi kh nh nm
y vi vn tc 80m/gi, v tc dng kh ny c kim sot bi mass-flow
controller. Nhit ca b phn ng c duy tr 20oC bng cch s dng cc
thit b n nhit, v pH lun c duy tr gi tr 7,0 0,2. B phn ng t s pha
trn tt v mc hn lon cao vi thi gian tun hon cht lng khong 0,6 giy.

Hnh 6.14 M hnh thit b kh nng

B phn ng hot ng hiu qu vi chu k 3 gi/ln. Trong mi chu k hot ng,
cn 2 pht a cht lng vo h thng, 170 pht thng gi, 3 pht lng ng
v 5 pht thu hi dng ra. Dng thi ra c thu hi ti v tr cch y b 50cm.

Bn hot tnh t qu trnh loi b cc cht dinh dng trong h thng x l s c

inoculum. DO, pH v kh CO2 thot ra t h thng s c kim tra lin tc. Trng
lng kh ca b phn ng (dw), phn tro ca sinh khi, tng C hu c trong dng
ra (TOC), sinh khi trong b phn ng v mt sinh khi (r) s c tnh ton mi
ngy. Hnh thi ca cc ht nh s c o mt cch u n bng phng php IA
(phn tch hnh nh). Acetate, NH4+, NO2-, v NO3- i khi s c tnh ton trong
mi chu k vn hnh xc nh chu k tun hon ca chng.
B phn ng ny vn hnh trong khong 140 ngy. ngy th 42, mt vi mg bn
hot tnh nitrat ha s c thm vo b thc y s tch ly nitrifiers trong h
thng. Qu trnh Nitrat ha v kh nitrat lun c ch trong sut qu trnh hot
ng ca h thng. nh gi s ti u ca qu trnh kh nitrat ha, t ngy 66
n ngy th 71, DO trong b phn ng s c gim xung n mc khng i
bng cch pha trn thm vo dng kh cung cp ban u mt lng kh N2, nhng
vn duy tr tc dng kh nh c, v trong nhng ngy tip theo, DO ca h thng
vn khng c iu chnh li.
Hot ng ca b phn ng ny cng cn s tham gia ca cc cht trung gian, nh:
Medium A: NaAc 97,7mM, MgSO4.7H2O: 3,7mM. Medium B: K2HPO4: 20mM,
KH2PO4 10mM, KCl 4,8mM, NH4Cl 30 mM; cc yu t vi lng tan nh Vishniac
v Santer 10 ml/l. Trong mi chu k hot ng, khong 150 ml medium A, 150 ml
medium B v 1300 ml nc my c thm vo trong b phn ng.

Hnh 6.15 M hnh qu trnh lng ng v mt cc ht bn trong b phn ng

Cc ht bn bt u xut hin v pht trin trong b phn ng trong vng 1 tun u
sau khi c gn kt vo b, v trong cc ngy phn ng tip theo, cc ht bn ny
s bt u tng kch thc dn dn. Qu trnh chn lc cc ht bn t hn hp sinh
khi trong b phn ng da vo tc lng ng khc nhau gia cc ht bn (tc
lng ng nhanh) v cc si to (tc lng ng chm). Nhng yu t c thi gian
lng ng khong 10 m/gi s c gi li trong b phn ng. Sau 3 pht, nhng
phn t no khng kp lng xung s b a ra ngoi theo dng thi. Sau 1 thng vn
hnh, cc ht bn s t c ng knh 2,5mm. ng thi, mt bn trong b
gia tng t l thun vi s gia tng sinh khi, mt cao nht m n t c l
khong 60 g VSS/l. [5]

Hnh 6.16 Kch thc ht bn trong trong thit b kh nng theo thi gian
6.3.1.6 Tng trng hiu kh ca sinh khi trong cc thp kn A B (Aerobic
growth of biomass in packed towers)
B phn ng dng thp kn l loi b sinh hc vi tc nhn sinh trng bm dnh
c s dng ph bin nht, n cha cc vi sinh vt tng trng trn cc gi c
nh v cho dng nc thi chy qua lp mng bm trn gi ny. Gn y, cc
thp kn thng s dng lp plastic nh gi c nh trong h thng. Ngi ta
thng s dng 2 loi thp chnh: random packing, hnh dng thng thy l hnh
tr vi ng knh xp x 5 cm v chiu di l 5 cm; loi th hai l bundle media,
thng l lp mng ngn dng bn c nh n hi vi b mt phng thng ng.
Lp trung gian ny c t trong h thng lm nhim v lc t nhin i vi
random packing, nhng i vi bundle media th n ch c nhim v lm gim
lng nc tro ra v hn ch nh hng ca gi. Nhng vi phun c lp t c
nh c th hot ng mt cch lin tc hoc gin on vi chuyn ng thy lc

quay vng. Sau khi i qua mng gi , nc thi x l s c tp trung li ti

h thng cng thot ngm ri chy vo b lng loi b sinh khi.
Khi nc thi cha cc cht hu c, N hoc nhng tc nhn cung cp nng lng
chy qua thp kn, cc vi sinh vts tiu th cc cht nn v tng trng bm dnh
vo lp mng to thnh mng vi sinh. Sinh khi l lng sau khi lng ng t nhin,
phn cn li s c thi ra ngoi theo dng nc x l. Trong mt s trng
hp, dng thi t thp x l s c tun hon li nh thp, iu ny cho php
kim sot c tc dng chy qua thp v chi phi nng ca cht nn. Dng
tun hon ny thng c lc sau khi x thi ra, nhng khng phi l lun lun.
Mc d thp kn l h thng c cu to n gin nht trong h thng cc tc nhn
tng trng l lng, nhng m hnh hot ng ca n li phc tp nht, nguyn
nhn l do: th nht l c tc nhn cho v nhn in t ca h thng cn phi c
cung cp vo mng sinh hc thc hin cc phn ng chuyn ha. Th hai, mc d
dng thi thng c xem l chy bnh thng qua lp mng mng hu ht cc
h thng, nhng thc t th hnh thi ca dng chy li thc s kh phc tp. Th
ba, cc chng vi khun khc nhau s phi cnh tranh v cht dinh dng v khng
gian sng mng sinh hc nhiu hn so vi cc tc nhn sinh trng l lng ng
nht. Th t, mng sinh hc khng c hnh thnh mt cch ng u trn ton b
lp ph, ni ng hn l s hnh thnh lp mng ny ph thuc vo c hnh thi
dng chy ca cht lng v nng cht nn trong . [2]
6.3.1.7 B hiu kh gin on - SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor)
B SBR l h thng x l nc thi vi bn hot tnh l lng theo kiu lm y v
x cn, hot ng theo chu k gin on (do qu trnh lm thong v lng trong
c thc hin trong cng 1 b). Cc bc x l trong chu k hot ng ca h
thng nh sau: 1- lm y, 2- sc kh (kh BOD), 3- lng trong, 4- x cn d v x
nc ra, 5- ngh. Tip tc thc hin x l theo chu k m nc thi khc. [8]

Hnh 6.17 Cc bc x l trong chu k hot ng ca h thng SBR

Pha lm y c th l cc trng thi: tnh, khuy trn hoc thng kh, ty thuc vo
i tng cn x l. Trng thi tnh l do nng lng u vo thp v nng cc
cht nn cao cui giai on. trng thi khuy trn l do c s kh nitrat (khi c s
hin din ca nitrat) cc cht l lng s lm gim nhu cu oxy v nng lng u
vo, v cn phi c iu kin thiu hoc k kh cho qu trnh loi b siinh ha P.
Trng thi thng kh l do cc phn ng hiu kh ban u, lm gim thi gian tun
hon v gi nng cht nn mc thp, iu ny l quan trng nu tn ti thnh
phn cc cht hu c d b phn hy vi nng c tnh cao.
Nu khng c phn ng sinh ha xy ra trong sut pha lm y tnh, nng cht nn
trong b SBR s t ti a cui pha ny. Nu trng thi khuy trn c chn, nng
cht nn, nng oxy ha tan v nng nitrat s thay i trong sut qu trnh.
Khi khng c oxy hin din, nitrat s tr thnh tc nhn nhn in t v phn ng sinh
ha thiu kh s lm gim cht nn. cui cng, s ln men hoc cc phn ng sinh ha
k kh s bt u mt khi oxy v nitrat c ly ht ra. Trng thi thng kh c tin

hnh khi kh c cung cp trong sut qu trnh lm y. tc phn hy cht nn

c gii hn bi tc phn ng sinh ha l hm ca sinih khi, v nng cht
nn khi nng oxy ha tan cao hn so vi nng ti thiu, hoc l hm ca tc
vi oxy c cung cp t thit b thi kh. Trong trng hp u tin, kch thc b
SBR thng nh hn, nhng thit b thi kh ln hn v nng lng cung cp ln
hn. Trong trng hp th hai, i hi c b phn ng ln hn, nhng h thng thng
gi nh hn v nng lng cn cung cp t hn. Khi cc phn ng sinh ha b gii hn
bi tc thng gi, nng oxy ha tan tin gn ti 0.

Hnh 6.18 B SBR

6.3.1.8 Unitank
Cu to n gin nht ca mt h thng Unitank l mt khi b hnh ch nht c
chia l 3 ngn, 3 ngn ny thng thy nhau bng ca m phn tng chung. Kch
thc mi ngn l 20,5m x 20,5m x 5m; chiu cao 5m nhng mc nc c gi
mc 4,5m. Trong mi ngn c 1 my sc kh b mt cng sut 75KW v cnh
khuy. Hai ngn ngoi c thm h thng mng trn nhm thc hin c 2 chc nng:

va l b Aerotank (sc kh) v b lng. Nc thi c a vo tng ngn. Nc

sau x l theo mng trn ra ngoi; bn sinh hc d cng c a ra khi h t hai
ngn ngoi. Hot ng ca b gm 2 pha chnh v 2 pha trung gian.
Pha chnh th nht:
Nc thi c np vo ngn A. lc ny ngn A ang sc kh. nc thi vo s c
ha trn vi bn hot tnh. Cc hp cht hu c c hp th v phn hy mt
phn, qu trnh ny gi l s tch ly. T ngn A, hn hp bn lng (nc + bn)
chy qua ngn B v tip tc c sc kh. bn s phn hy nt cc cht hu c
c hp th ngn A, qu trnh ny gi l s ti sinh. Cui cng hn hp bn lng
ti ngn C, y khng sc kh v khng khuy trn. trong iu kin tnh lng, cc
ht bn lng xung do trng lc, cn nc trong c thu ra bng mng trn. Bn
sinh hc d c loi b ti ngn C. trnh s li cun bn t A, b v tch ly C,
hng dng chy s c thay i sau 120 180 pht (s chuyn pha).
Pha trung gian th nht:
Mi pha chnh c tip ni bng mt pha trung gian. Chc nng ca pha ny l
chuyn i ngn sc kh thnh ngn lng. nc thi c np vo ngn B v c 2
ngn A, C u ang trong qu trnh lng. trong thi gian ny, pha chnh tip theo
(vi hng dng chy ngc li) c chun b, m bo cho s phn tch tt, dng
ra sch.
Pha chnh th hai:
Pha ny tng t nh pha chnh th nht nhng vi dng chy ngc li. nc thi
c np vo ngn C, chy qua B ti A. Ngn A by gi ng vai tr l ngn lng
(khng sc kh, khng khuy trn).
Pha trung gian th hai:
Pha ny i nghch vi pha trung gian th nht. ngn sc kh C by gi s chuyn
thnh ngn lng trong khi ngn A ang phn cui ca qu trnh lng v ngn B sc
kh. pha ny chun b cho h thng bc vo pha chnh th nht v bt u chu trnh
mi.

Dng vo

PHA CHNH 1
Dng ra

C
Bn d

PHA PH 2

Dng
vo

Dng
vo

PHA PH 1
Dng
ra

Dng
ra

PHA CHNH 2

Dng vo

Dng ra

Bn d

Hnh 6.19 S hot ng ca Unitank

6.3.2 Lc sinh hc
Thit b lc sinh hc l thit b c b tr m v c cu phn phi nc cng nh
khng kh. Trong thit b lc sinh hc, nc thi c lc qua lp vt liu bao ph
bi mng vi sinh vt. Cc vi khun trong mng sinh hc thng c hot tnh cao hn
vi khun trong bn hot tnh. Mng sinh hc hiu kh l mt h vi sinh vttu tin.

ngoi cng ca mng l lp vi khun hiu kh m d thy l trc khun Bacillus

gia l cc vi khun tu tin nh Alkaligenes, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium,
Micrococus v c Bacillus. Lp su bn trong mng l cc vi khun k kh kh S v
nitrat nh Desulfovibrio. Phn cui cng ca mng l cc ng vt nguyn sinh v
mt s sinh vt khc. Vi sinh trong mang sinh hc s oxi ha cc cht hu c, s
dng chng lm ngun dinh dng v nng lng. Nh vy, cht hu c c tch
ra khi nc, cn khi lng ca mng sinh hc tng ln. Mng vi sinh cht c
cun tri theo nc v a ra khi thit b lc sinh hc.
Vt liu m l vt liu c xp cao, khi lng ring nh v b mt ring phn
ln nh si, , ng nha, si nha, x da.... Mng sinh hc ng vai tr tng t
nh bn hot tnh. N hp th v phn hy cc cht hu c trong nc thi. Cng
oxi ha trong thit b lc sinh hc thp hn trong aerotank. Phn ln cc vi sinh
vt c kh nng xm chim b mt vt rn nh polimer ngoi bo, to thnh mt lp
mng nhy. Vic phn hy cht hu c din ra ngay trn b mt v trong lp mng
nhy ny. Qu trnh din ra rt phc tp. Ban u, oxy v thc n c vn chuyn
ti b mt lp mng. Khi ny, b dy lp mng cn tng i nh, oxy c kh nng
xuyn thu vo trong t bo. Theo thi gian, b dy lp mng ny tng ln, dn ti
vic bn trong mng hnh thnh mt lp k kh nm di lp hiu kh. Khi cht hu
c khng cn, cc t bo b phn hy, trc thnh tng mng, cun theo dng nc.
Cc yu t nh hng n hiu qu x l trong thit b lc sinh hc l: bn cht ca
cht hu c nhim, vn tc oxi ha, cng thng kh, tit din mng sinh hc,
thnh phn vi sinh, din tch v chiu cao thit b, c tnh vt liu m (kch thc,
xp v b mt ring phn), tnh cht vt li ca nc thi, nhit ca qu trnh,
ti trng thy lc, cng tun hon, s phn phi nc thi... [8], [10]

Mang vi sinh vat

K kh

Hieu kh

Nc thai

Lp
mang
hieu qua
BOD
H2S
Acid Hu
C

Medium

NH4
O2

NO3
NO2

Hnh 6.20 Cu to mng sinh hc

- u im:
+ Khi ng nhanh : 2 tun
+ Kh nng loi b nhng c cht phn hu chm
+ Kh nng chu bin ng v nhit v ti lng nhim.
+ S a dng v thit b x l
+ Hiu qu cao i vi nc thi c nng nhim thp.
- Nhc im
+ Khng c kh nng iu khin sinh khi
+ Tc lm sch b hn ch bi qu trnh khuch tn: vt liu lm gi th phi
c din tch b mt ring ln. Thm vo vn tc nc chy trn b mt mng
phi ln.

Hnh 6.21 Lc sinh hc

6.3.2.1 RBC (Roltating Biological Contactor - a quay sinh hc):
c p dng u tin Cng ho lin bang c nm 1960 sau M v Canaa
kh BOD v Nitrat rt hiu qu. RBC c s dng nhiu x l nc thi ch
bin thy sn.
RBC gm hng lot a trn, phng lm bng polystyren (PS) hoc polyvinylclorua
(PVC) lp trn mt trc bng thp c ng knh ti 3,5m. Cc a c t ngp
mt phn trong nc thi (40%) v quay t t vi tc 1 3 vng/pht. Trong qu
trnh vn hnh, cc vi sinh vts sinh trng gn kt trn b mt a v hnh thnh
lp mng mng nhy trn b mt t ca a (1 4mm). Khi a quay, ln lt lm
cho lp mng vi sinh vttip xc vi cht hu c trong nc thi v vi khng kh
hp th oxy. a quay cng l c ch tch cc cht rn tha ra khi b mt cc
a nh lc ly tm. [8]

Hnh 6.22 a quay sinh hc

6.3.2.2 Lc nh git:
B lc sinh hc nh git rt a dng, gm cc loi: lc sinh hc nh git quay;
biophin nh git gm cc na ng hnh tr c b tr ngang thnh hng song song
vi nhau v c b mt lm quay ln; b lc sinh hc th; x l nc thi trit ,
thng c hnh tr hoc ch nht. [2]; [8]
Thit b lc nh git thng bao gm 5 thnh phn chnh: mi trng lc m, b
cha, h thng cung cp nc thi, cng thot ngm, v h thng thng gi.
- Mi trng lc m thng cung cp cho b mt ca h thng cc vi sinh
vttng trng, tn ti trong cc loi vt cht nh , g, cht do tng hp vi
nhiu loi v hnh dng khc nhau, nhng thng dng nht l c ng
knh 25 100mm.
- B cha dng cha mi trng m v nc thi cn x l, ng thi kim
sot nh hng ca gi. B cha thng xy bng btng hoc vt liu lm
bng si thy tinh, thp c sn ngoi,

- H thng cung cp nc thi cung cp nc thi cho mi trng m. Vic

cung cp u n l cn thit duy tr tnh trng m t cho ton b phn
m.
- Cng thot ngm c 2 chc nng. Th nht l tp trung dng chy thot ra
chuyn i x l tip ni khc hay thi b ra mi trng. Th hai l to ra
mt khong trng khng kh bn ngoi c th lu thng vo tng m, do
cung cp lng oxy cn thit cho s chuyn ha hiu kh.
- H thng thng gi cung cp khng kh cho h thng lc bng cc thit k thi
gi t nhin hay c cung cp mt cch th ng.

Sprinkler

Filter media

Air supply
vents

Underdrain system

Influent
Effluent
Hnh 6.23 Thit b lc sinh hc nh git quay
B lc sinh hc nh git dng x l nc thi trit , thng c hnh tr hoc
ch nht. c im ring ca b l kch thc ht vt liu lc nh hn 25 - 30mm,
ti trng thy lc 0,5 - 1 m3/m3 vt liu lc.ngy. Hiu sut x l rt cao, c th ln
n 90% (theo BOD). Cng sut oxy ho, l lng oxy tnh theo BOD trong ngy
trn 1 m3 vt liu lc, c xc nh da trn nhit nc thi, mc nhim bn,
vt liu lc v phng php thng kh. [2]; [8]

Hnh 6.24 B biophin thng kh

Hnh 6.20 trnh by thit b thng kh - lc sinh hc. Thit b ny c cc na ng tr
ng knh 80mm c b tr nm ngang xen k nhau. Nc thi i vo t trn,
y cc ng na tr v chy trn xung di. mt ngoi ca ng hnh thnh cc
mng sinh hc, cn bn trong ng l khi sinh vt ging nh bn hot tnh. Nc
c bo ha oxy khi chy t trn xung. Thit b ny c nng sut v hiu qu x
l cao. [11]
6.3.2.3 Lc sinh hc ngp nc (m c nh, m gin n)
c s dng Php, M, c trong nhng nm 90 ca th k XX dng x l
nc thi sinh hot v cng ngh thc phm. B lc hot ng theo chu k: nc
thi v khng kh cng chiu hay ngc chiu, i t di ln hay t trn xung tip
xc vi vt liu lc.
Nc sau khi qua b lng t 1 c bm ln mng phn phi, theo ng dn phn
b u trn din tch y b. Nc c trn u vi khng kh cp t ngoi vo
qua dn phn phi. Hn hp kh- nc thi i cng chiu t di ln, qua lp vt
liu lc. Ti y xy ra qu trnh kh BOD v chuyn ho NH4+ thnh NO3-. Lp vt
liu lc cng c kh nng kh cn l lng trong nc thi. Khi b lc t n tn
tht p lc yu cu, ta tin hnh ra b lc. ng van cp nc v kh, ng, m van
x ra lin tc nhiu ln. C 2 cch tin hnh x ra: cng chiu v i t di ln;
ngc chiu: nc thi i t trn xung, gi i t di ln s gy tn tht thy lc

qua lp lc cao, hiu qu x l thp. Quy trnh cng chiu cho hiu qu cao v tn
tht p lc nh. [2]
6.4 THNG S TNH TON
6.4.1 Tnh ton b Aerotank
6.4.1.1 Aerotank nng sut cao vi s khong ha bn hot tnh tch bit
Th tch cn thit ca vng sc kh c xc nh theo thi gian lu ca nc thi,
tnh theo lu lng gi trung bnh (nu h s khng ng u 1,25), hoc theo lu
lng gi ti a (nu h s khng ng u ln hn). tnh th tch cn thit ca
vng sc kh, tt nht l s dng cc d liu nghin cu hoc thc t vn hnh
aerotank i vi cc nc thi c thnh phn tng t. Nu khng c cc d liu
th c th s dng cc ph thuc sau, ph hp vi kt qu x l nhiu loi nc thi
ca cng nghip thc phm: [12]
m

(6.1)

R1 = Ro + k1 [ a1 (1 1 )] .Lt

Hoc:
vi: R1

R1 = Ro + k1 a nm . Lnt
1

- vn tc oxy ha cht bn trong aerotank theo BODt mg/(l.h)

Ro - vn tc ti thiu oxy ha cht bn, Ro = 16mg/(l.h)

k1 - hng s vn tc oxy ha to = 18oC; k1 = 0,75h1 (mg/l)1
m,n - bc ca phn ng sinh ha: m = 0,75; n = 1,25
1 - tro ca bn, phn n v
a1, an1 - liu lng bn hot tnh theo cht kh v khng tro tng ng, g/l.
Cng thc xc nh thi gian sc kh c dng cui cng nh sau:
t1 =

Lo Lt
0,75

16 + 0,75[a1 (1 1 )]

L1t ,25

Lo Lt
16 + 0,75a0,75 L1t, 25

(6.2)

Ta nhn thy rng, s gia tng liu lng bn mc d thc y qu trnh oxy ha
cht bn nhng s lm cn tr s tng trng ca khi bn hot tnh. iu l do
s trao i cht trong cc vi sinh xy ra mnh lit, cn dng cht thc n n n v
dng sn phm i ra t n c thc hin ch yu bi s khuch tn qu trnh ny

chm hn. D hiu rng khi mt t bo vi sinh ln trong vng bao quanh chng
khng thc n v nng sn phm tng cao.
H s kt tnh theo nhit trung bnh ca nc thi thu c t kt qu x l cc s
liu kho st trong v ngoi nc nh sau:
kT =

kT =

k18 o
0,0028T + 0,04
k18 o
0,004T + 0,03

khi t 18oC

(6.3)

khi t > 18oC

(6.4)

kT18o = 0,09
thun tin cho vic tnh ton thi gian thng kh cn thit c th s dng gin
thc nghim (Hnh 6.23).
S liu thu c theo gin hnh 6.23 tng ng vi nhit nc thi bng 18oC.
Mun tnh thi gian sc kh nhit nc thi khc th kt qu thu c t gin
hoc cng thc (6.2) phi nhn vi h s nhit kT.
i khi trong tnh ton thc t cn xc nh thi gian sc kh cn thit c th s
dng hiu qu x l. Hiu qu x l chia ra lm hai i lng tng i E1 v tuyt
i E2. Xc nh theo cng thc sau:
E1 =

Lt
100%
Lo

E2 =

Lo Lt
100%
Lo

(6.5)

Cng thc xc nh thi gian sc kh cn thit c dng sau:

E

Lo 1 1
100

t1 =
1, 25
L
16 + 0,75a0,75 E o
1
100

t1 =

E2
100 Lo
E2 1,25

Lo
100

0,75

16 + 0,75a

(6.6)

250
1

225

200

1=94

1=84

9
8

175

150

i
125

100

75

64

1=

1=

54

1=

=4 2 /

a 1

1=

2 /
a 1=3

2 /
a 1=2

25

74

1=

2 /
a 1=5

50

1=

44

54
3,7 54
,
=3
1

54
3, 2

34

1= 2,754
1= =2,54
1 ,254
2
1=

a =6,5
1

A =5,5
1

a =4,5

4
,75
1=1 ,54
1=1254
,
1=1 =14

3
2

a =3,5
1
a1 =2,5

a =1,5

a =1

a =0,5
1

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

bc

Hnh 6.25 Gin tnh aerotank nng sut cao

Xc nh kch thc b lng t II
Ch cng ngh ca b lng t II khc nhiu so vi ch cng ngh ca b lng
t I do bn cht v nng cht l lng cng nh cc thng s thy lc m trc
ht l c dng bn hot tnh tun hon.
Nu tnh b lng t II theo kinh nghim thng thng i vi b lng ng l nhn
thi gian lng bng 1,52 gi th c th s khng hot ng c hoc kh nng
lng rt thp. Trn c s kho st hot ng ca cc b lng cho aerotank nng sut
cao c th vit cng thc sau:
1 = 0,36a1

i10,55
1,12

+ 1,25

(6.7)

Hoc tnh cho bn khng tro vi l = 0,8:

1 = 0,45a

vi: 1

i10,55
1

1,12

+ 1,25

- thi gian lng cn thit, h; i1 - ch s bn, cm3/g

(6.8)

b - nng cht l lng b li cun theo nc, mg/l.

thun li cho vic tnh ton, c th s dng gin (Hnh 6.24).

74
64
t 1=1 t 1=1

350

Lo
300

250

4
54
34
t 1=1 t 1=14 t 1=1 124 4
t 1= =11 104 94
t1
t 1=
t 1=

200

84
74
t 1=
t 1=

15
a

10

12
/

a =32/

1,5
2/
2,5 22/
2 /

3,52/
42/
4,52/
52/
5,52/
62/

=0

0,

10

15

20

25

,5
2

75

100

54
3 ,7
t 1= ,254
3
t 1= ,754
2
t 1=
54
2 ,2
4
t 1=
, 75
54
t 1=1
1,2 t 1=14
t 1=

2/

30

150

t1 =
t1 =
44
3,
t
t1 = 1 =34 54
2,
54
t
t1 = 1 =24
1,
54

400

64
t1 =
54

t 1=1

450

t1 =

t1 500
20
84

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

Lo

Hnh 6.26 Gin tnh b lng t II ca aerotank nng sut cao

Ch s bn l mt trong cc thng s c bn c trng ca bn hot tnh, c s
dng rng ri trong vn hnh h thng x l. Thng thng ch s bn trong
aerotank t 5090, ch s ny tng ng mc x l cao v bn lng tt trong b
lng t II.
ng cong bin i ch s bn theo ti trng c ba vng r rt: vng c ch s bn
thp (ti trng trong khong 25600mg/g ngy m), vng bn trng n (khong
ti trng 6001250mg/g ngy m) v vng c ch s bn tng dn (khong ti
trng 12504000mg/g ngy m). Cng thc thc nghim ch s bn ph thuc ti
trng:

1, 25
Ra
10

+ 35 1 +
i =
2

100
Ra

exp
6,4

1,25

(6.9)

trong Ra l ti trng theo BODt, mg/(g ngy m).

Cng thc ny p dng cho nhit trung bnh nc thi 1618oC. Nu nc thi
c nhit khc th sai s tnh i theo cng thc trn cng ln.

Bng 6.1 Bng ch s bn ph thuc ti trng

Ti trng

Ti trng

Ti trng

mg/(g ngy m)

(cm3/g)

mg/(g ngy m)

(cm3/g)

mg/(g ngy m)

(cm3/g)

50

36,3

250

44,8

1000

188,2

75

37,2

300

47,3

1250

109,3

100

38,2

400

52,8

1500

102,6

125

39,0

500

59,6

2000

168,4

150

40,1

600

92,9

2500

212,8

175

41,3

700

154,5

3000

258,9

200

42,6

800

427,6

3500

298,0

225

43,7

900

268,0

4000

351,2

Nng bn hot tnh ph thuc lu lng bn tun hon nhng l i lng khng
n nh do trong iu kin thc t lu lng v thnh phn nc thi dao ng, c
bit dao ng ng k i vi trm x l nh. Nu b qua dao ng thnh phn v
lu lng nc thi v nh hng ca cc yu t thy sinh v thy ng, ta c hm
ph thuc:
bo + ai1 r1
(0,8 + 0,85)
a =

1
+
r
1
1

(6.10)

vi: bo- hm lng cht l lng trong nc thi u vo, g/l

ai

- nng bn tun hon, g/l; r1 - h s tun hon, phn n v.

Cng thc ny cho kt qu ng khi th tch bn tun hon khng qu 100% lu

lng trung bnh gi nc thi. Nu lng bn tun hon ln hn 100%, cng thc
ny cho kt qu khng ph hp vi thc t, v s khng ph hp cng cao khi r1
cng cao. iu ny c gii thch l khi tng lu lng bn tun hon s din ra s
khuy c trong b lng t II v nng bn tun hon bt u gim, to thnh
hm ph thuc: ai = f (r1)
1

Cng thc chnh xc hn tnh n s ph thuc bn tun hon vo h s tun

hon r1 v ch s bn i1 c dng:

vi:

2.10 3
+ (0,8 + 0,85)
bo + r1

i + 50
=
1 + r1

(6.11)

= 0,9 0,05lgr1

Tng phn bn tun hon ln hn 200% vi mc ch tng liu lng bn khng c

ngha thc t. Ngoi ra, tng qu ln dng bn tun hon lm gim kh nng lm
vic ca vng lng, to s li cun bn ra khi b.
Xc nh kch thc b ln men hiu kh (b khong ha bn hot tnh)
Bn d ca h thng x l hot ng trong ch nng sut cao c ly ra (lin
tc hoc gin on) v a i x l trong b ln men hiu kh.
Hiu qu ln men hiu kh bn hot tnh ph thuc c tnh nc thi, ti trng ca
bn v iu kin nhit v iu gii thch s khc nhau ln gia vn tc ln
men bn ca cc h thng x l khc nhau. Bn nc thi cng nghip c khong
ha n 3040% trong thi gian 610 ngy.
Th tch b ln men hiu kh bn c tnh theo cng thc:
V2 = t2 .q1

a1
a2

vi: t2 - thi gian ln men: t2 = 510 ngy m

q1 - lu lng bn d t aerotank, m3/ngy m
aI1 - nng bn tun hon theo cht kh g/l hoc kg/m3
a2 - liu lng bn trong b ln men sc kh g/l hoc kg/m3 thng nhn bng
1015.
T cng thc ta thy liu lng bn cng cao trong b ln men th th tch n cng
nh. V vy vi mc ch bo m tnh lin tc cho qu trnh cng ngh ca b
khong ha, thng ngi ta b tr b nn bn. Lu lng bn hot tnh d c th
xc nh theo cng thc:

q1 =

p1
ai

(6.12)

trong P1 l vn tc tng trng bn hot tnh theo cht kh, tn/ngy m.

S tng trng bn ph thuc nhiu yu t v v quan trng nht l tnh cht nc
thi, ch cng ngh ca aerotank cng nh nng cht l lng v cht tan (c
bit l cht hu c). C nhiu cng thc xc nh s tng trng bn nhng ni
chung khng mang tnh tng qut.
S tng trng bn dao ng theo ma trong nm, gim trong ma h. V vy, cng
thc chnh xc xc nh bn tng trng hin nay cha c.
Thng s tng trng bn c xc nh theo thc nghim i vi nc thi thc
t hay tng t, nu khng c cc s liu c th s dng cng thc sau:
q1 = 1

R1V1 24
a1 106

vi: 1 - h s tng trng bn, i vi b aerotank cao ti, 1 nm trong khong

1,251,75; trung bnh 1,5
R1 - vn tc oxy ha cht bn trong aerotank, mg/(l.h) hoc g/(m3.h); V1 - th
tch hu ch b aerotank, m3
a1 - liu lng bn hot tnh trong b aerotank theo cht kh, g/l.
Xc nh kch thc b nn bn khong ha
Trc khi a bn khong ha ra sn bn cn phi a n vo b nn, th tch
ca b c tnh cho thi gian lng 1216h, tnh theo lu lng Q1 bn d. Trong
qu trnh nn, mt lng ln cht rn l lng i ra cng vi nc khong 4080mg/l
(trung bnh 60mg/l). Ngoi ra, cn c th c vi sinh ni hoc du m. Do nc
bn c quay tr li h thng x l hoc thi b cng vi nc sau x l, sau khi
kim tra tng nng SS trong dng ra chung, d trng no trong b nn bn cng
cn c dng c gi v loi tp cht ni.
Lng nc tch ra trong qu trnh nn bn xc nh nh sau:

q2 = q1

,
a2 a i
,
a2

(6.13)

vi a2 l nng bn c nn theo cht kh nhn bng 1520g/l. Lng bn nn

,

a ra bi bn: q2 = q1 q2
6.4.1.2 Ti u ha cng ngh b aerotank nng sut cao
Tng liu lng bn trong aerotank cho php tng vn tc oxy ha cht hu c,
gim thi gian sc kh v v vy l mt trong cc phng php tng nng sut ca
b. Mt khc, tng liu lng bn gy phc tp cho b lng t II, tng lng bn b
cun theo nc hoc lm tng th tch b lng nu mun gi nguyn hm lng cht
l lng trong nc ra.
Bi ton ti u ha l tm liu lng bn hot tnh sao cho th tch (gi thnh) ca
h thng aerotank + b lng t II l ti thiu. Xc nh liu lng bn ti u,
ngha l tm cc tr ca hm f (a1) = t = t1 + t2 bng cch cho o hm ca n = 0:
f ' ( a1 ) =

Hoc:

f ' ( a ) =
1

dt1
d 1
+
=0
da1
da1

dt1
d1
+
= 0
da
da
1

V d, i vi nc thi cha cht d phn hy sinh hc c nng BODt di

500mg/l v bn to thnh d lng, ta c:
0, 25

f ' ( a ) =
1

1,25 a

[L

2, 25
t

1, 25

Lt

Lo

(16 + 0,75a0,75 L1t,25 )2

1

i10,55
1,12

=0

T phng trnh ny ta c cc nhn xt sau:

- Tng BOD ca nc thi th phi tng liu lng bn.
- Khi ch s bn tng th v mt kinh t phi gim liu lng bn.
- Liu lng bn ti u trong x l khng hon ton thp hn trong x l hon
ton.

- Tng liu lng cht l lng trong nc ra t b lng t II cho php tng
liu lng bn hot tnh.
Phng php ngh nu trn cho php trong mt s trng hp trnh c s gia
tng th tch thit b khng cn thit bng 6.2.
Bng 6.2 Cc phng n ti u

Thi gian lu

Phng n 1

Phng n 2

Phng n 3

Liu lng

Liu lng

Liu lng

bn

bn

bn

a1 = 1,5 g/l

a1 = 7 g/l

a1 = 3,8 g/l

2,20 h

0,84 h

1,26 h

1,55 h

2,58 h

2,00 h

3,75 h

3,42 h

3,26 h

Tnh theo cng

thc t1
Tnh theo cng
thc t2
Tng thi gian
lu

Ghi ch: 1- Liu lng bn cho phng n 1 v 2 chn ngu nhin

2- i vi phng n 3, liu lng bn ti u tnh theo phng trnh.
1,
10,0 3
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
0

2
6
5
1
4

Lo Lt
16 + 0,75a 0,75 L1t,25

1,
10,0
8,0
6,0

= 0,45a

i10,55
1

B1,12

+ 1,25

4,0
2,0

0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
a ,2/
1

1
2
3
4

0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
a ,2/
1

1- Lo = 100 mg/l; Lt = 15 mg/l

2- Lo = 200 mg/l; Lt = 15 mg/l

3- Lo = 300 mg/l; Lt = 15 mg/l

4- Lo = 100 mg/l; Lt = 15 mg/l

5- Lo = 200 mg/l; Lt = 30 mg/l

6- Lo = 300 mg/l; Lt = 30 mg/l

Hnh 6.27 Thi gian sc kh cn thit ph thuc vo liu lng bn khng tro
cho x l sinh hc hon ton v khng hon ton

t
6

5
4
3
2
1

1- i = 100cm3/g; b = 16mg/l

2- i = 50cm3/g;

b = 15mg/l

3- i = 100cm3/g; b = 30mg/l
4- i = 50cm3/g;

b = 30mg/l

2
5
4
3
2
1

Hnh 6. 28 Ph thuc thi gian lu (t, t1, t2) ca nc thi trong ton h thng
(ng cong 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), trong vng thi kh (ng cong 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) v
vng lng (ng 1) vo liu lng bn cng tc a1
Cho I = 100cm3/g v cc gi tr BOD ban u khc.
6.4.1.3 Kt cu aerotank nng sut cao
Cc thng s c bn ca h thng sc kh kt hp kh c v c kh ca mt cng ty
M trnh by trong bng 6.3
Bng 6. 3 Cc thng s c bn ca h thng sc kh kt hp kh c
Lu

Kch thc cng trnh

Th tch

lng

ng

Chiu su

vng sc

m3/ngy

knh, m

cng tc, m

kh, (m3)

Th tch
cng trnh,
(m3)

Ti trng
Kg
BOD5/(kg.ngy
m)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

190

3.4

3,1

8,4

16

0,56

380

4.6

3,5

22,5

38

0,47

570

5,8

3,5

22,5

50

0,54

760

6,4

3,7

31,3

67

0,53

1140

7,6

3,0

47,0

102

0,52

1500

8,8

4,0

63,0

132

0,54

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

1900

10,6

4,1

81,7

168

0,52

2300

11,0

4,3

100,0

210

0,49

2700

11,6

4,3

100,0

215

0,57

3000

12,8

4,6

143,0

311

0,46

3400

13,4

4,6

143,0

312

0,51

3800

14,3

4,9

183,0

390

0,45

4700

15,8

5,0

244,0

500

0,44

5700

17,3

5,2

306,0

615

0,43

6600

18,9

5,5

382,0

795

0,39

7600

20,4

5,6

532,0

1040

0,34

8500

22,0

5,8

630,0

1220

0,33

9500

23,5

5,9

860,0

1520

0,29

10400

24,4

5,9

860,0

1550

0,31

11400

25,6

6,1

1000,0

1830

0,42

Bng 6. 4 Thng s thit k cng trnh

Kch thc
Lu

cng trnh

Th tch Th tch

lng

ng

Chiu

vng

cng

m3/ng

knh,

su

sc kh,

trnh,

y m

cng

(m3)

(m3)

tc, m

Ti trng kg
BOD5/(kg.ng
y m)

190

3,4

3,0

11

17

0,53

380

4,9

3,0

18

31

0,58

570

5,8

3,0

25

41

0,65

760

6,7

3,0

32

52

0,69

1140

7,9

3,4

50

85

0,61

1500

9,1

3,4

61

100

0,70

1900

10,7

3,7

98

155

0,57

2300

11,9

3,7

145

215

0,50

2700

13,7

4,0

265

378

0,33

3000

14,3

4,0

265

385

0,37

3400

14,9

4,0

265

386

0,41

3800

16,5

4,0

375

510

0,35

4700

18,3

4,3

500

690

0,32

5700

20,0

4,6

600

860

0,31

6600

22,6

4,6

900

1200

0,26

7600

23,8

4,9

1040

1440

0,25

8500

25,5

4,9

1240

1870

0,24

9500

26,7

5,2

1400

1983

0,22

10400

27,4

5,2

1400

1987

0,24

11400

28,3

5,5

1600

2320

0,23

Cng ty ny cho rng cng trnh vi h sc kh kt hp kh c qu trnh oxy ha

cht bn xy ra nhanh hn.
Ln men hiu kh bn hot tnh c p dng trong thit b compac v cho trm x
l nc thi cng sut khng ln v khng c b lng t I. Thit b gn c ch
to dng cc cm (block) c lp bao gm song chn rc, aerotank vi thi gian lu
nc thi ngn, b lng t II v ngn ln hiu kh bn hot tnh vi thi gian thi
kh ko di 512 ngy m, aerotank v lng t II c tnh nh thng thng.

Ln men bn hot tnh trong ngn ring cho php gim th tch cng trnh v bo
m tng cht lng x l theo cn l lng so vi thit b oxy ha hon ton. Nhc
im ca thit b oxy ha hon ton l cn l lng b cun theo nhiu do vic tch
cn tr khng oxy ha sinh hc, th tch aerotank tng i ln, thng c tnh
cho thi gian lu l mt ngy m.
i vi cng trnh x l nc thi nh cc th tch ny c th chp nhn c bi v
trong aerotank xy ra ng thi qu trnh x l nc cng nh qu trnh sc kh cn.
Tuy nhin, i vi vic x l mt lng nc thi ln cng trnh dng ny rt cng
knh v yu cu chi ph kim loi v cc vt liu khc ln, cho nn cn phi thc hin
vic x l cn trong ngn ring.
6.4.1.4 Aerotank sc kh ko di
Aerotank sc kh ko di t lu c p dng rng ri nc ngoi. Nhc im
cng ngh ca ch sc kh ko di (khi bn hot tnh i, cn bng bn b ph
v) l hm lng cht rn l lng trong nc ra cao (thng ln hn 25mg/l). Cng
trnh loi ny ng dng thch hp x l bc mt trc ao sinh hc hoc trc lc
ct x l b sung.
Xc nh kch thc aerotank
Th tch yu cu ca vng thi kh c xc nh theo thi gian lu cn thit ca
nc thi, tnh theo lu lng trung bnh gi. Thi gian lu ca nc thi trong
vng thi kh ph thuc nng cht bn trong nc vo v sau x l, vn tc loi
tr cht bn hoc ti trng BOD trn 1g bn hot tnh khng tro trong mt ngy m
v liu lng bn trong vng sc kh:
t3 =

( Lo Lt ) 24 ( Lo Lt ) 24
=
a3 (1 3 )R3
a R3

(6.14)

trong 3 l tro ca bn phn n v (0,3).

Cng thc trn ng cho nhit trung bnh nm ca nc thi l 15oC. Nu nhit
trung bnh nm ca nc thi l t th thi gian sc kh tnh theo cng thc ny
phi c nhn vi t l 15/t.

c im ca qu trnh oxy ha hon ton l ti trng trn bn thp P3 t 60130mg

BODt trn 1g bn khng tro trong mt ngy m (ti trng ti u l 80mg/(g ngy
m). Theo cng thc ta thy thi gian sc kh t l nghch vi liu lng bn.
Biu din cng thc tnh t3 qua hiu qu x l tng i E1 v tuyt i E2:
E

Lo 1 1 24
100

t3 =
a R3
3

Hay:

E2
24
100 Lo
t3 =
a R3

(6.15)

Xc nh kch thc b lng t II

Thi gian lu ca nc thi trong vng lng 3 ph thuc vo liu lng bn theo
cht kh a3 (g/l) v ch s bn (cm3/g) theo cng thc sau:
1,5
a 3
. i3

1
3

+ 2,2
3 =
a i3 0,5
3
3

35 10

(6.16)

Cng thc ny ging ht cng thc tnh thi gian lu nc thi trong b lng t II
sau aerotank nng sut cao nhng khng c i lng bn b li cun. iu ny l
do phn cht l lng cn li sau aerotank sc kh ko di rt nh v nhuyn n ni
thc t khng lng ngay c thi gian lng trong iu kin tnh ko di.
Liu lng bn theo cht kh trong vng sc kh ph thuc lng bn tun hon v
ch s bn:
3

a =
3

r3 . 10
(1 3 )
i3 ( r3 + 100)

(6.17)

trong r3 l nng bn tun hon, % th tch.

Cng thc cho thy tun hon bn vi s lng ln hn 300% khng c li v
khng tng liu lng bn trong aerotank ln bao nhiu. Nu ch s bn 100cm3/g
v lng bn tun hon l 300% th liu lng bn trong vng sc kh theo cht

khng tro s bng 7,5g/l. d tr phng nga s gia tng ch s bn, liu lng
bn trong b sc kh nn chn bng 4,56g/l theo cht khng tro ph thuc vo dng
nc thi.
S tng trng bn trong ngy m:
P3 = 3

R3 V3
10

T/ ngy m

(6.18)

trong : V3 - th tch hu ch aerotank; 3 - h s tng bn, i vi aerotank sc

kh ko di 3 = 0,30,6, trung bnh 0,4.
Lng bn d a ra sn bn l:
q3 =

P3
. 1000 ,
a

m3/ngy m

(6.19)

trong a3 l nng bn tun hon nhn bng 19g/l hoc 10kg/m3.

Trong x l nc thi sinh hot, din tch sn phi bn, t qu trnh oxy ha hon
ton c xc nh bng 270g BOD20 vo trn 1m2 sn phi bn trong ngy m
trong iu kin mi ngi thi 54g BODt trong mt ngy m.
6.4.1.5 V d tnh ton cng ngh h thng x l
Yu cu xc nh kch thc c bn ca h thng x l nu lu lng trung bnh
nc thi cng nghip l Q = 3000m3/ngy; h s khng ng u l 1,8; nng
cht rn l lng (sau thit b lng ct) bo = 150mg/l, nng BODt ban u Lo =
250mg/l v nhit trung bnh ca nc thi l 16oC, km theo cc iu kin b
sung sau: h thng hot ng theo s cng ngh trnh by trn hnh 3.2, trong
9/10 lu lng nc thi vo b aerotank nng sut cao, cn 1/10 vo b sc kh ko
di (khong ha bn).
Nc thi c x l khng c b lng t I, lng cht l lng cun theo nc thi
t b lng t II khng vt qu 12mg/l. Chiu su cng tc ca b sc kh khng
vt qu 4,5m. Sau khi qua h thng x l, nc thi c clo ha v i vo b tip
xc.
Xc nh kch thc b sc kh nng sut cao

Lu lng nc thi tnh ton:

Qmax =

3000 1,8
= 225 m 3 / h
24

Chn liu lng bn ban u l a1 = 3g/l. Tra bng 1.1 i vi a1 v Lt = 15mg/l,

ta tm c R1 = 131,7mg/(l.h).
Ti trng ca bn hot tnh (theo cht khng tro) l:
Ra =

R1 24
24
= 66,5
= 532,5 mg / g.ngay
a
3,0
1

Xc nh ch s bn bng cch ni suy theo bng hoc chnh xc hn theo cng

thc:
1, 25

i =

532,2
100

10
95 cm 3 / g
+ 35 1 +
2

632,2

6,4
exp

1,25

(6.20)

Thi gian sc kh cn thit:

t1 =

250 15
= 3,53 h
66,5

Bit t1, ta xc nh th tch lm vic ca aerotank:

V1 =

225,353 9
710,0 m 3
10

Chiu su cng tc ca b l 4,5 nn din tch mt bng ca aerotank l:

S =

714
2
= 160 m
4,5

Ta chn aerotank gm hai mt bng hnh vung kch thc mi b l 9,0 vi chiu
su cng tc l 4,5m.
Xc nh kch thc b lng t II
Thi gian lu cn thit ca b lng t II c xc nh theo gin hnh 1.11, hoc
chnh xc hn theo cng thc:
0,55

1 = 0,45 3,0

95
+ 1,25 = 2,48 h
1,12
10

vi b chn bng 10mg/l thp hn so vi yu cu, v sau b khong ha - sc kh ko

di lng bn l lng s cao hn lu lng bn tun hon gi liu lng bn a1
= 3g/l trong aerotank nng sut cao.
Qt = r . Qtb . 0,9 =

10 8000
3
112 m / h
24 0,9

Cho vn tc bn tun hon trung bnh l 1m/s hoc 3600m/h, ta xc nh din tch
ct ngang ca ng tun hon:
S =

112
0,031 m 2
3600

ng knh ng tun hon:

D=

4.0,031
0,2m

hoc 200mm

Trong b lng ng, nc chuyn ng theo phng thng ng t di ln trn,

cn cn lng xung. Vn tc dng ln bo m tch hon ton bn hot tnh ra khi
nc thi nm trong khong 0,550,65mm/s (2,02,35m/h), trung bnh 0,6m/s
(2,15m/h), nhng trong kho st thc t vn tc ny nn gim vi h s t
1,51,8; ly trung bnh = 1,65.
2,15
v
1 = h =
2,48 3,1 m

1,65

Tit din b lng:

S =

Qmax 1 9
225 2,48 9
2
.
=
.
= 162 m
h
10
3,1
10

bn tch ra khi nc tt hn cn phi gii phng cc bong bng kh nh bao

quanh bng bn, ngha l phi kh kh. V vy, trc khi cho bn vo b lng t II
cn cho bn qua ngn tch kh vi vn tc i ln v1 khng ln hn 7,68cm/s v
thi gian lu 1 = 0,01h. Nh vy chiu cao ng kh kh l:
,
2
h1 = v1 1 = 7,8 10 3600 0,01 = 2,8 m

Xc nh tit din ca ng kh kh:

s1 =

Qtb ( r1 + 1)
3000(1 + 1)0,01
2
0,9 m
1 =
h1
24 2,8

Nh vy tng din tch ca b lng l:

162 + 0,9 = 162,9 m2
Chn hai b lng ging nhau, kch thc mi b s l:
162,9
= 9,0 m
3

A=

ng knh ng kh kh:
0,9
= 0,76 m
2 0,753

d1 =

Chn d1 = 1,0m
Xc nh kch thc b khong ha hiu kh - thi kh ko di
Nng bn hot tnh d ai , tch ra t aerotank theo cng thc:
1

2 10 3
10,6 g / l
ai =
1
95 + 50

i lng tng trng bn hot tnh P1 theo cht kh trong aerotank bng:
p1 = 1,5

66,5 355 24
3,0 10

0,3

tn/ngy

Lu lng bn d t b aerotank nng sut cao vo b khong ha - sc kh ko di,

theo cng thc bng:
q1 =

0,3
3
100 = 28,3 m / ngay
10,6

Xc nh th tch v2 cn thit ln men him kh bn hot tnh d theo cng thc:

v2 = 7 30,9

10,6
192 m 3
12

Xc nh thi gian thi kh th tch v3 yu cu x l nc thi n sch cho

trc trong ch thi kh ko di theo cng thc:
t3 =

250 15
24 = 9,4 h
6 100

Xc nh th tch v3 cn thit x l 1/10 lu lng nc thi theo ch thi

kh ko di:
v =

3000 9,4 9
15
3

o 176,5 m
24
10 t

(t = 10oC)

Vy tng th tch b oxy ha sinh hc thc hin ng thi hai nhim v khong ha
hiu kh v aerptank ko di bng:
v2 + v3 = 368,5 m3
Chiu su vng thi kh l 4,5m nn din tch mt bng cng trnh l:
368,5
2
= 82,0 m
4,5

Chn vng thi kh oxy ha sinh hc l hnh vung mi chiu 9,0m.

Xc nh kch thc b nn bn - b lng t II
,

Th tch v2 cn thit nn bn d lu lng q1 = 28,3m3/ngy trong 16h bng:

, 28,3 16
v2 =
= 18,5 m 3
24

Chn ti trng Ra = 100mg/(g ngy m) tng ng vi ch sc kh ko, ch s

bn I = 38,2cm2/g. Theo iu kin ny, thi gian lu nc thi trong b lng t II
(sau aerotank thi kh ko di):

3 =

1 0,3

1,5

38,2

6 38,2

35 10 3

1 0,3

0, 5

= 2,2 = 3,5 h

Th tch ca b lng t II:

225 1 3,5
,
v3 =
= 78,7 m 3
10

Th tch cng tc ca b lng thc hin ng thi hai chc nng nn bn v lng t
II bng:
18,5 + 78,7 = 97,2 m3
Theo cng thc ( ) lng nc lng trong chy ra t b nn bn l:

q2 = 28,3

20 10,6
= 13,3 m 3/ngay em
20

Khi , lng bn q2, a n sn bn l:

,
q2 =

28,3 13,3 = 15,0 m3/ ngy

S tng trng bn hot tnh trong b aerotank sc kh ko di l:

P3 =

0,4 100 176,5

10

= 0,004

tn/ngy m

Cn lng bn q3 cho phn sc kh ko di a n sn bn l:

q3 =

0,004 1000
= 0,4
10

m3/ngy m

Tng lng bn dn n sn bn l:
15,0 + 0,4 = 15,4 m3/ngy m
Tng lng nc thi x l sau b khong ha - sc kh ko di bng:
15,4 +

3000
1

= 28
24
10

m3/ngy

Xc nh nng cht l lng trong dng nc thi chung, sau khi x l trong
aerotank cao ti nhn bng 10,0mg/l, cn sau x l trong aerotank khong ha - sc
kh ko di nhn bng 30mg/l.
3000 9
1
10,0 + 3000
30
10
10
bt =
= 12 mg / l
3000

Tha mn iu kin ban u ca bi ton.

Xc nh lng oxy cn thit cho h thng x l
Tng nng lc oxy ha:
B =
=

( Lo Lt )0,9Qm2
m1 d

(250 20) 0,9 3000 1,3

0,8 0,8

kgO2/ngy m
= 1260

Trong : m1 - h s cht lng nc bng 0,8

m2 - h s tnh n lng O2 cn thit gim 1kg BODt; m2 = 1,3
d - s thiu ht oxy trong aerotank; d = 0,8.

6.4.2 Cc thng s thit k c th

6.4.2.1 Qu trnh phn hy hiu kh
Cc thng s thit k v tnh ton cho qu trnh phn hy hiu kh c trnh by
trong bng 6.5. [15], [16]
Bng 6.5 Cc thng s thit k cho qu trnh phn hy hiu kh
Thng s

Gi tr

Thi gian lu nc trong ngy, 20oC

Bn hot tnh ban u v bn thi, hay bn lc nh git

18 22

Bn hot tnh thi t s thm ht sinh ha hoc thit b

16 18

tip xc n nh
Bn hot tnh thi

12-16

Thi gian lu bn ti thiu, ngy

Bn hot tnh ban u v thi

15 20

Bn hot tnh thi

10 15

Thi gian lu bn ti a, ngy

45 60

Nng bn, mg/l

Ln n 50.000

Cht hu c u vo, kg cht rn d bay hi/m3-ngy

0,0025 0,0125

Th tch dng vo, m3/ngi

Nhit hot ng

0,425 1,133
> 15

Phn hy cc cht rn d bay hi, %

40 75

Phn hy cc cht rn , %

35 55

Nhu cu oxy
Bn ban u, lb O2/lb BOD5 b phn hy

1,9

Bn hot tnh thi, lb O2/lb cht rn b phn hy

2,0

Mn t thit b lc, lb O2/lb cht rn b phn hy

2,0

Oxy ha tan ti thiu, mg/l

Ngun: Tom D. Reynolds Texas A&M University.

1,0 2,0

Bng 6.1 a ra thng s v cc thi gian lu cho cc loi bn hot tnh khc
nhau nhit hot ng 20oC. Nu vi vng nhit hot ng ln hn 20oC,
thi gian lu nc c tnh theo biu thc:
h2 = h20 . 20-T2
Trong :
h2 : thi gian lu nc trong ngy nhit T2
h20 : thi gian lu nc 20oC
T2 : nhit , oC.
6.4.2.2 Cc thng s thit k cho b Aerotank:
Khi thit k xy dng cc b Aerotank, cn ch n cc thng s sau: Lu lng
nc vo b (m3/ngy), hm lng BODvo v BODra, lng bn hot tnh trong
nc vo, nhit nc thi, nhit mi trng xung quanh, hm lng cht l
lng vo v ra, lng cn hu c c trong dng ra, lng cn bay hi c trong dng
ra.
Bng 6.6 Gi tr in hnh cc thng s thit k mt s loi b Aerotank
Loi b

Tui

F/M

Ti trng BOD5 trn

Nng bn

Thi

bn

(g BOD5/g

1 n v th tch

hot tnh l

gian lu

bn hot

(La kgBOD5/m3.ngy)

lng trong

= V/Q

b (mg/l)

(gi)

tnh)
B bn

0,75 15

0,2 1,0

0,80 1,90

800 4.000

3-5

3 15

0,2 0,5

0,64 0,96

1.500 3.500

35

15 30

0,04 0,1

0,08 0,24

2.000 4.000

8 36

3 15

0,2 0,6

0,32 0,64

1.000 3.000

48

khuy trn
hon chnh
Thi kh
nhiu bc
Mng oxy
ha
B bn hot

tnh truyn
thng
B bn tip

5 15

0,2 0,6

0,95 1,20

1.000 3.000

0,5 1

20 40

0,04 0,1

0,08 0,24

2.000 4.000

18 36

xc - n
nh
B bn
thng kh
ko di
Ngun: Tom D. Reynolds Texas A&M University.
6.4.2.3 Cc thng s thit k mng oxy ha
+ T s F/M = 0,04 0,1
+ Nng bn: 2000 5000 mg/l
+ H s tun hon bn: = Qt/Q =1-2
+ Thi gian lu nc: 1 3 ngy
+ Tc nitrat ho (mg N/mg bn.ngy): 0,2 0,8
+ Tc kh NO3 (mg NO3/mg bn.ngy):0,1 - 0,4
+ Vn tc hn hp nc, bn(m/s): 0,4 0,5
6.4.2.4 Thit k b lc sinh hc nh git
Tnh ton thit k:
E=

100
1 + a LV

Vi E: hiu qu x l theo BOD5 ca b lc sinh hc, E thng c chn trn 85%.

L: ti trng cht bn hu c ca b lc, kgBOD5/m3 vt liu lc.ngy.
a: h s thc nghim ph thuc nhit nc thi v BOD5 trc khi x l,
iu kin 20oC c xc nh nh sau:
BOD5, mg/l

100

0,38

150

0,34

200

0,30

Sau khi tnh c ti trng Lv, ta c th tnh c th tch vt liu lc W:

W=

( La Lt )Q 3
,m
1000.LV

Vi: La, Lt: BOD5 ca nc thi trc v sau khi x l.

Q: Lu lng nc thi, m3/ngy.
m bo ti trng thy lc q t 1 3m3/m2.ngy, chiu cao b lc H thng
chn t 1,5 2m. Tn tht p lc qua b lc sinh hc h thng ly bng H + 1,8m.
Bng 6.7: Thng s thit k cc b lc sinh hc nh git
Thng s

Tiu chun

Trung gian

Cao ti

Siu cao ti

Mnh

Ti trng hu

0,0088

0,032

0,081

0,123

> 0,317

0,032

0,081

0,317

0,739

Ti trng hu

1416

4248

7079

Ln n

c (BOD/m2)

7079

8495

84950

84950

Ti tun hon

Khng

Thng

Lun lun

Thng

Khng thng

xuyn

xuyn

Ln n

1 12,5

c
(m3/m2.ngy)

xuyn

su

lp

2 2,5

2 2,5

1- 2,5

m (m)
Loi m

> 84950

12,5
, plastic,

, plastic,

, plastic,

Plastic

, plastic, g

Nitrat ha

Mt t

Mt t

Gii hn

Khng

Loi BOD

80 85%

50 70%

65 80%

65 85%

40 65%

Loi TSS

80 85%

50 70%

65 80%

65 85%

40 65%

Ngun: Spellman, F.R., Spellmans Standard Handbook for Wastewater Operation,

Vol. 1, 1999.
6.4.2.5 Thng s thit k b lc sinh hc ngp nc

Thit k b lc sinh hc vi kch thc vt liu ni d = 2 5mm kh BOD v

chuyn ha NH4+ thnh NO3- (BOD5 < 500 mg/l v tc lc < 3 m/h) c th dng
cng thc:
k=

So
= 10F +
S

Trong :
So: hm lng BOD5 u vo (mg/l)
S : hm lng BOD5 u ra (mg/l)
F : chun s tng hp tnh theo:
F = H.B0,6KT/q0,4
KT l hng s tiu th oxy ph thuc vo nhit :
KT = 0,2 x 1,407T-20
T : nhit nc thi (oC)
H : chiu cao lp vt liu lc (m)
B : lu lng n v khng kh (m3 khng kh /1m3 nc thi: chn t 8 12 m3
khng kh /1m3 nc thi)
q : ti trng thy lc (m3 nc thi /m2 mt b.ngy), chn t 20 80 m3/ m2.ngy.
v : h s ph thuc vo n v lu lng n v ca khng kh vo gi tr ca
chun s tng hp F ly theo bng 6. 8.
Bng 6.8 Gi tr ca h s v
Lu lng n v ca khng kh B = m3/ m2

Chun s tng hp F

0,662

1,51

0,662

0,47

0,69

0,85

1,2

0,13

0,85

0,4

0,83

1,06

1,1

0,19

1,06

0,2

1,15

10
12

Ngun: Lng c Phm.

6.5 THNG S VN HNH

6.5.1 Vn hnh h thng x l hiu kh
Trc khi tin hnh vn hnh ton b h thng, cn tin hnh cc thao tc: khi
ng k thut, khi ng h thng sinh hc.
* Khi ng k thut:
Kim tra h thng in cung cp cho ton b h thng.
Kim tra ha cht cn cung cp v mc nc trong cc b.
Kim tra k thut ton b h thng (vn hnh cc bm, sc kh, cc van, chng
trnh...). ng thi, thc hin vic th bng nc sch trc khi vn hnh h thng
trn nc thi thc t.
* Khi ng h thng sinh hc:
Thng thng, khi ng h thng sinh hc th cn phi c sn lng sinh khi
trong cc h thng x l. Sinh khi c th pht trin t pht thng qua vic cp nc
thi lin tc vo b phn ng. tit kim thi gian, cy vo b phn ng sinh khi
ly t nh my x l nc thi ang hot ng hoc sinh khi vi sinh chuyn bit.
Cc sinh khi thng thng c nui cy t cc h thng x l bn hot tnh ang
hot ng, hoc ngun sinh khi c th c ly t cc ngun khc. Khi s i
hi thi mt nhiu thi gian hn. Hm lng sinh khi sau khi cy nm trong
khong 2g/l.
Khi ng vi ti sinh khi tht thp khng vt qu gi tr thit k (0,15kg
BOD/kg.ngy). Nu cht lng nc sau x l tt (BOD, COD, v Nit), tng ti
trng. Tng ti cn m bo hm lng sinh khi thch hp.
Cc thng s cn xem xt:
- COD; BOD; MLSS; MLVSS; N (N-NH3; N-NO2; N-NO3; N kiejdahl), P (ortho P,
Poly P)
- Th tch sinh khi: th tch bn lng sau 30 pht (V Th nghim = 1lt)
- Ch s th tch sinh khi: SVI (ml/g) = th tch sinh khi lng/ hm lng sinh
khi.

 Ti trng hu c:
Vi COD: OLR = COD (kg/m3) x Q (m3/ngy)/ V b (m3)
Vi BOD: OLR = BOD (kg/m3) x Q (m3/ngy)/ V b (m3)
 Ti sinh khi:
F/M = {COD (kg/m3) x Q (m3/ngy)}/ {V b (m3)x MLSS (kg/m3)}
 Ti trng b mt: l lng nc chy vo b lng trong mt gi trn mt mt
vung b mt lng
Vs (m3/m2.h) = Lu lng (m3/h)/din tch b mt lng (m2)
 Thi gian lu trung bnh ca sinh khi: l tui ca sinh khi
MCRT (ngy) = MLSS (kg/m3) x th tch ton b (m3)/ sinh khi ly ra hng ngy
(kg/ngy)
* Trong qu trnh vn hnh cn quan tm:
Nm vng v cng ngh
Theo di, phn tch nh k, quan st tnh bin ng ca nc thi, cc yu t
bt thng
Ghi chp, lu gi thng tin chnh xc, d truy tm
cc ti liu tra cu
6.5.1.1 Cc thng s kim tra trong qu trnh vn hnh
Lu lng: quyt nh kh nng chu ti ca h thng v ti lng b mt ca b
lng. Cn m bo lu lng n nh trc khi vo cng trnh sinh hc.
F/M : thch hp khong 0,2 0,6. Hn ch tnh trng pH gim, bn ni, lng km.
Nu F/M thp: l do Vi khun co cu trc c bit nm, F/M cao: DO thp, qu ti,
bn en, lng km, c mi tanh, hiu qu x l thp.
pH: Thch hp l 6,5 8,5. pH cao do qu trnh chuyn ho N thnh N-NH3 tt, kh
nng m cao. pH thp: Qu trnh nitrat ho, hm lng HCO3- thp. Cn tng
cng ho cht tng kim. Cch khc phc s dao ng pH ny l cn cung cp
dinh dng, hm lng hu c, hn ch qu trnh phn hy ni bo, s dng ho
cht tng kim

BOD/COD > 0,5 => Thch hp cho phn hy sinh hc

Kim tra thng xuyn BOD v COD trnh hin tng thiu ti hoc qu ti
Cht dinh dng: N, P m bo t l BOD:N:P = 100:5:1, nu thiu, phi b sung
ngun t bn ngoi. Nc thi sinh hot, khng cn thit b sung N, P
Cc cht c : Kim loi nng, du m, hm lng Cl, sunfat, N-NH3 cao
6.5.1.2 Kim sot qu trnh x l
Ti lng hu c
Ti lng hu c cao: DO thp; bn sng nu, lng km, to bt
Ti lng hu c thp: DO cao, bn lng nhanh, nn tt, bn xp, nu. Xut
hin lp m v vng ni trn b mt
Ti lng b mt: cao s nh hng n qu trnh lng. Sinh khi tri ra
ngoi
Ti lng b mt thch hp : 0,3 1 m3/m2/h
Bn lng km:
Ni trn mt: Qu trnh kh nitrat, sinh ra N2, thiu dinh dng xut hin vi
khun filamentous, hoc d dinhh dng, bn cht ni trn b mt
Sinh khi pht trin tn mn: do ti lng hu c cao hoc thp, d oxy,
nhim c
Sinh khi ng kt: Thiu oxy, thiu dinh dng, cht hu c d phn hy
sinh hc
Oxy ho tan:
Ph thuc vo ti lng hu c v hm lng sinh khi. DO thch hp: 1-2 mgO2/l.
Thiu oxy s lm gim hiu qu x l, xut hin vi khun hnh que, nm, gim kh
nng lng v c ch qu trnh nitrat ho.
BOD sau x l cao do: Qu ti, Thiu oxy, pH thay i, nhim c, xao trn km
N sau x l cn cao do: Cng ngh cha n nh, C s hin din cc hp cht N
kh phn hy, Sinh khi bn trong b cao, Nhim c, cht vi khun

N-NH3 cao do: pH khng thch hp (<6,5 hoc > 8,5), Tui bn thp < 10 ngy, DO
thp < 2 mgO2/l, Ti N cao, Hin din cht c, Vn hnh cha n nh, nhit
thp
N-NO3; N-NO2 cao do: pH khng thch hp (<6,5 hoc > 8,5), Ti N cao, Hin din
cht c, Vn hnh cha n nh, nhit thp, D oxy (b ym kh), Thiu cht
hu c.
P: yu cu ortho photphat : 1-2 mg/l, Thiu phi b sung.
6.5.1.3 Quan st vn hnh
- S thay i mu biu hin hot ng ca h thng x l
- Cht rn l lng dng r, mn cng gy mu
- Mu ca chnh nc thi nguyn thy
Cm quan: Mi, mu, bt. H thng hot ng tt thng khng gy mi. Trong
qu trnh sc kh -> bt trng, nh; nu c qu nhiu bt trng l do: Sinh khi ang
trong giai on thch nghi hay hi phc, Qu ti, Thiu oxy, thiu dng cht, Nhit
bin i, Hm lng cht hot ng b mt cao, Hin diin cc cht c.
6.5.1.4 Ngng hot ng
C nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau quyt nh dng hot ng ca nh my x l
nc thi. Kt qu:
- Qun th sinh vt b i, thiu thc n, phn hy ni bo
- Sinh khi cht tri thot ra ngoi lm gia tng lng cn l lng trong nc
sch.
Oxy vn cn phi cung cp trnh iu kin k kh v cc vn v mi, tuy
nhin cn phi gim n mc thp nht.
6.5.1.5 Gii quyt s c

Nu c th, hy c gng tch tr cng nhiu cng tt nc thi trong b iu
ha hoc b cha.

Gim lng nc thi vo n 20 30% mc bnh thng.


Gim lng oxi cung cp xung mc thp nht c th (DO khong 1

2mg/l).

Duy tr qu trnh vn hnh bnh thng lu n mc c th.

Duy tr b sung cht dinh dng nu c th.

Nu cn thit, phi b sung ngun Carbon t ngoi vo (nh acetate,
methanole...) trnh cho sinh khi b thi ra v ly ra cng nhiu cng tt.
6.5.1.6 Nhng s c thng gp
Hng hc v bm:
Hng ngy kim tra bm c y nc ln hay khng. Khi my bm hot ng
nhng khng ln nc cn kim tra ln lt cc nguyn nhn sau:
- Ngun cung cp in c bnh thng khng.
- Cnh bm c b chn bi cc vt l khng.
- Khi bm c ting ku l cng cn ngng bm lp tc v tm ra nguyn nhn
khc phc s c trn. Cn sa cha bm theo tng trng hp c th.
Trang b hai bm va d phng, va hot ng lun phin v bm ng thi
khi cn bm vi lu lng ln hn cng sut ca bm.
Sc kh:
- Oxy tt nhin l nguyn t quan trng nht trong qua trnh sinh khi hot tnh.
Nu ngun cung cp oxy b ct hoc ngay c khi cung cp hn ch, sinh khi s
tr nn sm mu, ta mi kh chu v cht lng nc sau x l s b suy gim - Cn phi gim ngay lu lng cp nc thi vo hoc ngng hn (nu my sc
kh hng hn).
- Sau nhng thi k di khng oxy, sinh khi phi c sc kh mnh m
khng np nc thi mi. Sau , lu lng cp nc thi c th c tng ln
tng bc mt.
- Cc vn v oxy cn phi c gii quyt trit cng sm cng tt.
Cc vn v ng m van:
- Cc van cp nc thi vo khng m/ng:

- Cc van thi sinh khi d khng m/ng:

Cc van thi sinh khi c dng loi b sinh khi d t cc b sinh khi hot
tnh. Trong trng hp h hng, sinh khi d khng c ly ra v hm lng
MLSS s tng ln. Ni chung, iu ny c th d dng chp nhn trong vi ngy.
Sau mt chu k lu hn,hm lng MLSS cao s lm cho qu trnh tch sinh khi
nc tr nn kh hn.
Cc s c v dinh dng:
Cc cht dinh dng trong nc thi bao gm N v P. Trong : Hm lng Nit
trong nc thi u vo c coi l nu tng Nit (bao gm Nit Kjedalhl,
Nit Amoni, Nit Nitrit, Nit Nitrat) trong nc x l l 1 2mg/l. Nu cao
hn, ngha l hm lng Nit trong nc thi d tha th cn chm dt vic b
sung Nit t ngoi (nu c).
Cc s c v sinh khi:
- Sinh khi ni ln mt nc: Kim tra ti lng hu c, cc cht c ch
- Sinh khi pht trin tn mn: Thay i ti lng hu c, DO. Kim tra cc cht
c p dng bin php tin x l hoc gim ti hu c
- Sinh khi to thnh hn hp c: Tng ti trong, oxy, n nh pH thch hp, b
sung cht dinh dng.
6.5.2 Vn hnh h thng lc sinh hc nh git
Vn hnh h thng lc sinh hc nh git yu cu cn phi theo di thng xuyn,
kim sot cc qu trnh th mu v kim tra, ng thi tnh ton kim sot cc qu
trnh. [15]
6.5.2.1 Theo di vn hnh
 Lp mng: ngi vn hnh phi kim tra dy ca lp mng m bo n
mng v ng b hoc dy v nng (cho bit cht hu c qu nng). ng thi,
vic vn hnh cn quan tm n mu sc ca lp mng. Lp mng mu xanh l
bnh thng, mu xanh en hoc mu en cho bit cht hu c qu ti, nhng
mu khc c th cho bit nng nc thi cng nghip hoc cc cht ha hc

thm vo h thng. Cn kim tra s tng trng b mt ph ca lp mng

m bo n vn hot ng tt (mng v trong m); nu s tng trng dy v ti
cho thy cht hu c qu ti.
 Lu lng: s phn phi lu lng dng thi phi c kim tra m bo vn
hnh ng b. Ngoi ra cng cn quan tm n s thot nc ca h thng.
 B phn phi: cn phi ng b v phng. B phn phi phi c kim tra
trnh s r r.
 Lp m: kim tra m bo vn hnh ng b.
6.5.2.2 Kim sot cc qu trnh th mu v kim tra
bo m s hot ng hiu qu ca h thng lc sinh hc nh git, mu th v
thi gian l rt quan trng.
 Lc dng vo: kim tra cc thng s: DO, pH, nhit , cc cht rn c th
lng, BOD, cht rn l lng v cc kim loi.
 Lu lng ti tun hon: cc thng s cn kim tra: DO, pH, tc dng
chy, v nhit .
 Lc dng ra: kim tra DO, pH v bnh.
 Qu trnh thi: kim tra DO, pH, cc cht rn c th lng, BOD v cc cht
rn l lng.
6.5.2.3 Cc vn thng gp trong qu trnh vn hnh v cch khc phc
* H:
Triu chng:
 Hnh thnh cc ao hoc vng nc nh trn b mt ca lp m.
 Gim kh nng loi b BOD v TSS.
 Xut hin mi kh chu do iu kin k kh trong lp m.
 Lp m c lu lng kh ngho.
Nguyn nhn:
 Ti lng thy lc khng m bo lp m sch bng phng.
 Dng thi tun hon khng cung cp cho s pha long.

 Lp m khng ng b, hoc ng b nhng qu nh.

 S phn hy lp m do thi tit.
 Cc vt liu vn (l, que, ...) hoc cc sinh vt sng cn tr cc ch trng.
Khc phc:
 Loi b tt c cc vt liu bi k trn ra khi vt liu m.
 Gia tng dng tun hon tng kh nng pha long trong h thng.
 S dng dng nc c p sut cao thay i v lm y din tch h.
 Lm kh lp vt liu m. Khi dng chy ngng i qua lp m, lp mng s
kh v lng ra. Khi dng chy bt u li, lp mng lng ra s theo dng
chy ra ngoi lp m. Thi gian kh s ph thuc vo dy ca lp mng
v yu cu chuyn ha, thng thng t vi gi n vi ngy.
* Mi:
Thng thng, mi pht sinh thng cho bit hot ng ca h thng c vn .
Nguyn nhn:
 Tha lng cht hu c do cht lng lc dng ra km, hot ng x l s
cp km v kim sot qu trnh x l bn hat tnh khng tt l nguyn nhn
hy nn hin tng BOD cao trong dng ti tun hon.
 Thng kh km
 Thit b lc b qu ti.
Khc phc:
 Tnh ton hot ng ca qu trnh x l s cp
 Tnh ton v iu chnh kim sot qu trnh x l bn hat tnh lm gim
lng BOD.
 Tng tc ti tun hon tng DO trong dng chy vo h thng.
 Duy tr iu kin thng kh dng vo h thng.
 Thm khong 1 2mg.l chlorine d trong mi gi khi lu lng dng chy
thp.
* High Clarifier Effluent SS v BOD:

Triu chng:
 Dng ra t qu trnh lc nh git c nng cc cht rn l lng kh cao.
Nguyn nhn:
 Dng ti tun hon kh cao, do ti lng thy lc ca b lng.
 Mng ngn ca b lng b n mn hoc b ph hng.
 Thit b thu gom bn b hng hay b trc trc.
 Tc rt bn khng thch hp.
 Ti lng cc cht rn tha.
Khc phc:
 Kim tra ti lng thy lc v iu chnh lu lng ti tun hon nu ti
lng thy lc qu cao.
 iu chnh dng chy m bo cn bng vi s phn b.
 Kim tra thit b loi b bn. Sa cha cc thit b b h hng.
 Kim tra chiu su lp bn v nng cc cht trong bn, iu chnh tc
loi b bn v/hoc thng xuyn duy tr iu kin hiu kh trong b lng.
 Xc nh nhit trong b lng nhiu thi im khc nhau.
* Filter flies:
Triu chng:
 Lc nh git v din tch xung quanh l mi trng thch hp cho mt lng
ln cc sinh vt rt nh bay c sinh sng.
Nguyn nhn:
 Ti tun hon khng hiu qu
 iu kin kh v m gin on
 Thi tit m.
Khc phc:
 Tng tc ti tun hon duy tr ti trng thy lc ti thiu l 0,07 m3/
m2.ngy.
 Lm sch cc b mt thnh b lc v loi b c di, bi cy, quanh b lc.

 Duy tr liu lng tc cht trong b lc vi nng chlorine thp (< 1mg/l).
iu ny s gip ph hy cc u trng.
 Lm kh lp m lc trong vi gi.
 Lm ngp nc b lc trong 24 gi.
* Freezing:
Nguyn nhn:
 Ti tun hon lm gia tng hoc gim nhit cc git nc.
 Gi thnh hnh gy nn s mt nhit.
 i khi cc tc cht thm vo nc thi qu nhiu v qu lu cng gy hin
tng ng lnh.
Khc phc:
 Gim s tun hon ti mc c th hn ch nh hng ca s lnh.
 Vn hnh 2 b lc song song lm gim s mt nhit.
 Ph lp m gim s mt nhit.
6.5.3. Vn hnh h thng bn hot tnh:
Chun b lng bn hot tnh cn thit v cho khi ng cc cng trnh sinh hc
(aerotank, mng oxy ha) theo trnh t nh sau:
- Trc tin cho mt phn nc thi vi nng BODtp khong 200250mg/l
chy qua cng trnh. Nu nc thi cng nghip c nng cao th pha long bng
nc sn xut hoc nc sng. Bn lng ti b lng t 2 c tun hon lin tc v
aerotank.
- Bn hot tnh s gia tng theo thi gian. Theo s gia tng ca bn c s xut
hin ca nitrat v nitrit, tng dn lng nc cn x l hoc gim pha long.
C th s dng bn c sn t b aerotank bt k hoc bn hot tnh phi 60oC,
hoc mng sinh hc tri ra t b lc sinh hc hoc bn ao h. Bn hot tnh c th
thu t bn sng hoc ao h khng nhim bn du m hay du khong. Trc khi
cho vo b aerotank, bn sng hoc ao h phi c loi s b cc tp khong nng
(si ct). Vi mc ch ny, bn c trn vi nc, ri sau thi gian lng ngn

(36 pht) c vo b aerotank. Ti bn c thi kh, khng cn nc thi.

Sau khi chun b bn xong, cho nc thi vo b aerotank, ban u vi lng nh,
sau theo mc tch ly bn, tng dn cho n khi t lu lng thit k.
Trong bn hot tnh hot ng tt, ngoi cc bng tp trung cc ng vt vi sinh cn
gp mt lng khng ln tho trng (trng lng), trng xon, giun.
Khi iu kin lm vic n nh b ph v, trong bn pht trin cc vi khun dng ch
(sphacrotilus, cladothrix) thc vt nhnh (zooglea ramigeras, cc nm nc...). Cc
dng thc vt ny lm cho bn ni, bn ny kh lng trong b lng t 2 v b cun
tri theo nc ra vi lng ng k.
Nguyn nhn ca s ni bn l b aerotank qu ti, c lng ln cacbon trong nc
thi, khng cp oxy, pH nc trong aerotank thp. khng ch s ni bn cn
phi gim ti trng b aerotank. Thm ch tm thi ngng khng cho nc thi vo,
hoc tng lng oxy ha tan trong b aerotank, nng pH dng vo n 8,59,5 trong
khong thi gian no .
Nu nc thi nng cao thi ra tng t bt thng th phi yu cu lnh o
nh my chnh n nguyn tc cng ngh hoc thay i ch thi nc bng
cch lp t b iu chnh hoc b cha d tr.
Khi vn hnh nhiu b lng 2 cn phi phn b ng u lu lng nc thi v bn
hot tnh gia chng cng nh tch bn hot tnh ra khi cc b lng.
Vic tch bn hot tnh hon ton c th tin hnh lin tc v khng cho hnh thnh
lp bn nm trong b lng. Vic tch bn khng ng thi gian s lm bn v lm
gim cht lng nc x l, ngoi ra cn lm ni bn lng.
Nguyn nhn li cun bn t b lng 2 c th do nng bn cao hn gii hn i
vi ti trng cho.
i khi cn c trng hp kh bo m tch bn t b lng ng. V vy trong cc
b lng ny cn co bn t y phu mt cch h thng (hoc vi ln trong ngy),
kh khn ny cng c th gii quyt bng cch tng th tch bn tun hon.

Nu trong trm x l c vi b lng t 2 v khng c dng c o bn tun hon,

tch ra t mi phu th trn mi b lng cn c dng c kim tra su ca bn, cc
dng c ny c th l:
- Thit b bm dng (ng thng nhau) c t cc mc tng ng kim
sot mc bn cao nht v thp nht trong b.
- T bo quang.
Nu khng c dng c o th mc bn xc nh bng cch ly mu cc su
khc nhau. S xut hin trn b mt b lng 2 cc bt kh v cm bn hot tnh l do
thi gian lu ca bn trong b lng qu lu, khng ch hin tng ny nn tng
th tch bn ly ra.
S c mt ca du m, sn phm du m, cht bo trong b aerotank lm cho bn
ni v li cun bn t b lng 2. Trng hp ny cn phi tng cng hiu qu ca
thit b tch du s b v nu c th ngng khng tip nhn nc thi cha du m,
cc sn phm du m.
6.5.3.1 Cc thng s vn hnh h thng:
vn hnh h thng bn hot tnh, cn ch cc yu t sau:
* kim: kim sot kim trong b hiu kh l cn thit kim sot ton b
qu trnh. kim khng s lm gim hot tnh ca vi sinh vt v cng c th
nh hng n pH.
* DO: Hot ng ca b bn hot tnh l mt qu trnh hiu kh nn n i hi lng
DO phi hin din mi thi im. lng DO ny ph thuc vo BOD dng vo,
tnh cht ca bn hot tnh v yu cu x l.
* pH: pH trong h thng hiu kh thng nm trong khong 6,5 9.
* MLSS, MLVSS, v MLTSS:
* Nng v tc tun hon bn hot tnh: Ngi vn hnh phi duy tr s tun
hon bn hot tnh tip din trong h thng. nu tc ny qu thp, b hiu kh c
th b qu ti thy lc, lm gim thi gian thng kh. Nng tun hon cng rt

quan trng bi v n c th dng xc nh tc tun hon cn thit gi

MLSS cn thit.
* Tc dng chy bn hot tnh thi: Bi v bn hot tnh c cha ccvi sinh vt
sng tng trng, nn lng bn hot tnh c th tip tc gia tng. Nu bn hot tnh
duy tr trong h thng qu lu, hiu qu ca qu trnh s gim xung. Nu c qu
nhiu bn hot tnh b loi khi h thng, cc cht rn s khng lng ng nhanh
c loi b thit b lng th cp.
* Nhit : Nhit nh hng trc tip n hot ng ca vi sinh vt.
* su lp ph bn: Nu cc cht rn khng b loi b ra khi h thng t thit b
lc vi cng tc chng c a vo, lp ph s gia tng su. su lp ph
bn c th chu nh hng ca nhiu iu kin: nhit , c tnh trong nc thi,..
6.5.3.2 Kim sot vn hnh h thng;
* Tc tun hon
- Tc tun hon qu cao, kt qu l: S thng kh v lng ng cc b b qu ti
thy lc; thi gian thng kh v lng ng gim,
- Tc tun hon qu thp, kt qu l: s tun hon thi, cc cht rn b gi li
trong cc b lng, gim MLSS trong b hiu kh,
* Tc nc thi:
- Tc nc thi qu cao, kt qu: gim MLSS, gim mt bn, gia tng SVI,
gim MCRT, tng t l F/M.
- Tc nc thi qu thp, kt qu l: tng MLSS, tng mt bn, gim SVI,
tng MCRT, gim t l F/M.
* Tc thng kh:
- Tc thng kh qu cao, kt qu l: nng lng b lng ph, tng ch ph vn
hnh, cc cht rn ni ln, ph v bn hot tnh.
- Tc thng kh qu thp, kt qu l: b hiu kh thi, hiu qu km, mt s nitrat
ha.
6.5.3.3 Cc vn c th xy ra khi vn hnh v cch khc phc:

* Triu chng 1: Lp bn ph b chy ra ngoi theo dng thi, khng cn bn lng.

- Do cht hu c qu ti. Khc phc: gim ti lng hu c.
- Do pH thp. Khc phc: thm kim.
- Do s tng trng ca nm si (filamentous). Khc phc: thm dinh dng, thm
chlorine hay peroxyde tun hon.
- Do thiu ht dinh dng. Khc phc: thm dinh dng.
- Do c tnh. Khc phc: xc nh ngun, b sung tin x l.
- Do thng kh qu nhiu. Khc phc: gim thng kh trong khong thi gian lu
lng thp.
* Triu chng 2: mt lng ln cc ht rn nh ri khi b lng.
- Nguyn nhn: bn c. Khc phc: gim tui bn, gia tng tc dng thi.
- Nguyn nhn: s hn lon qu mc. Khc phc: gim s hn lon (kim sot thi
kh khi lu lng thp).
* Triu chng 3: Mt lng ln cc phn t trong m, nh ri khi b lng.
- Do tc tng trng ca bn. Khc phc: tng tui bn.
- Do bn hot tnh mi, yu. Khc phc: gim nc thi.
* Triu chng 4: Bn lng tt, nhng li ni ln b mt trong thi gian ngn.
- Do s kh nitrat ha. Khc phc: tng tc tun hon, iu chnh tui bn hn
ch s kh nitrat.
- Do thng kh qu mc. Khc phc: gim s thng kh.
* Triu chng 5: cc vi sinh vt trong bn hot tnh cht trong thi gian ngn.
Do dng vo cha cc cht c tnh. Khc phc: tch bn hot tnh (nu c th).
Tun hon tt c cc cht rn ang hin din. Ngng cung cp nc thi. Tng tc
tun hon. B sung cc chng trnh tin x l.
* Triu chng 6: b mt ca b hiu kh b bao ph bi lp bt nhn, dy.
- Do bn qu gi. Khc phc: gim tui bn. Tng lng nc thi, s dng cc cht
bm kim sot bt.

- Do qu nhiu du v cht bo trong h thng. Khc phc: tng cng loi b cht
bo. S dng cc cht bm kim sot bt. B sung cc chng trnh tin x l.
- Do cc vi khun vng bm to bt. Khc phc: loi b cc vi khun ny.
* Triu chng 7: xut hin nhng m bt ln trn b mt b hiu kh.
- Do bn hot tnh tr, lng bn t. Khc phc: tng tui bn, gim cung cp nc
thi, s dng cc cht bm kim sot bt.
- Do cc cht ty ra. Khc phc: hn ch cc cht hot ng b mt, s dng cc
cht bm kim sot bt.
Bng 6.8: Cc vn thng gp khi vn hnh qu trnh bn hot tnh
STT
1

Vn

Nguyn nhn

Bn pht trin phn tn Cc vi sinh vt khng to bng

(Dispersed growth )

Hu qu
Hiu sut b lng

m phn tn di dng nhng t hai thp, nc

c th ring bit hay nhng ra khi b b c.
cm nh vi ng knh Lng bn tun
10m-20m.

Bn khng kt dnh c
( pinpoint floc )

hon t.

Bng bn thng c hnh cu Ch s th tch bn

nn nh, c ng knh 50- SVI thp, nc ra
100m, nguyn nhn l do c khi b b c.
s phn chia cc bng bn ln,
thiu thc n, vi sinh vt phi
dng cc polysaccarit ngoi
bo nh ngun C v nng
lng cho qu trnh sng

Bn to khi

Cc vi khun dng si pht SVI cao

(bulking )

trin qu mc trong bn lm Kh duy tr nng

bn nn km v lng km.

bn cn thit
trong b sc kh

Kh

nng

tch

nc ca bn gim
4

Bn ni (rising sludge)

Trong b lng t hai din ra Hnh thnh lp bn

qu trnh kh nitrat ho sinh ra hot tnh trn mt
kh N2, kh N2 di chuyn ln nc.
trn ko theo cc bng bn
hot tnh ln trn mt nc.
Thi gian lu lp bn nh hn
1 gi la hnh thnh lp bt
kh

Bt vng (foaming/scum)

Do s hin din ca vi khun Gy mi hi

Norcadia spp

v Microthrix Lm tng SS, BOD

parvicella

nc thi u ra
Lp bt vng s
gi li mt lp bn
hot tnh lm nh
hng ti thi gian
lu bn.

Bn to khi khng phi do Bn cha qu nhiu polyme Tng SS, BOD

vi khun dng si

ngoi bo lm lp bn xp

nc thi u ra,
lm long lng
bn.

Ngun: Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming Control

Hnh 6. 29 Bn ni

Hnh 6.30 Bn to thnh bt v vng

Hnh 6.31 Bn to thnh khi

Cc bin php kim sot bn kh lng:
1. Kim sot bn dng khi:
Cc yu t lu khi kim sot bn dng khi:
- Thnh phn nc thi
Nc thi cha nhiu cc nguyn t dng vt cng gy ra hin tng bn to khi.
i vi nc thi cng nghip, thnh phn Nit v Photpho cn c kim tra trc
khi a vo h thng x l, s thiu ht dinh dng trong nc thi cng nghip vi
hm lng BOD cao s to nn khi bn. S dao ng pH cng l yu t gy bt li
i vi thit k. S khc nhau v ti trng khi vn hnh h thng hot ng mt m
cng gy ra hin tng bn to khi.
- Nng oxy cn duy tr ti thiu 2 mg/l.
- Thi gian lu bn (SRT): cn c kim tra v tnh ton sao cho nm trong khong
gi tr chp nhn c. Trong nhiu trng hp, cc h thng khuy trn hon

ton vi thi gian lu bn ln v t s F/M nh thng xut hin vi khun dng si.
nhng h thng nh vy, cc vi khun ny hay cnh tranh nhau v thc n. Nhiu
nghin cu trong phng th nghim cng vi cc m hnh hon chnh a ra
nhng hnh dng b phn ng h tr cho bn to bng thay v s pht trin cc vi
khun dng si. Nhng b ny c gi l selector.
- Nng dinh dng
Mc d liu lng dinh dng cn ngn chn s pht trin qu mc ca cc vi
khun dng si l duy nht tng h thng, tuy nhin khi khng th xc nh chnh
xc c con s ny th theo Richard nn duy tr:

Nng N v c (NH4+_N, NO2-_ N, NO3-_N ) ln hn 1mg/l.

Nng orthophosphate photpho (PO43-_P) ln hn 0.2mg/l.
- pH l mt thng s k thut quan trng ca bn hot tnh nhng li thng xuyn
b l i do gi tr ca n thng ch thay i 2 mc. Vi sinh vt ch b nh hng
khi pH nh 6.0-6.5 v ln hn 8.5. trnh tnh trng pht trin qu mc ca nm
do pH thp, cn trang b cc thit b iu chnh pH, ti thiu cng phi c thit b
nh liu lng vi.
- Nhit nh hng n 2 thng s sau :

Nhit tng lm gim ho tan ca oxy trong nc

Nhit tng lm tng tc ca qu trnh chuyn ho. Qu trnh ny li
cn oxy ho tan nn tc tiu th DO cng tng.
V vy, nhit ch nh hng ch yu n s pht trin ca nhng vi khun dng
si do DO thp nh Sphaerotilus natans v loi 1701. Richard chy m hnh
kho st nh hng ca nhit ln s pht trin cnh tranh gia loi 1701 v mt
loi vi sinh vt to bng. T a ra kt lun rng nhit ln hn hoc bng
28oC, loi 1701 pht trin mnh hn loi to bng ang nghin cu. Nh vy ta c
th rt ra kt lun rng nhit tng th nng DO cn phi tng ngn qu trnh
bn khi gy ra do cc vi khun dng si pht trin trong nc c DO thp.
S dng ho cht:

 mt tnh hung khn cp hoc kim tra tt c cc yu t nu trn, Clo v hydro

peroxuyt thng c s dng kim sot hin tng bn khi. Clo l cht oxy
ho lu i nht (c s dng trc Th Chin 2) . Vic s dng chlorine c
Jenkins (ngi M) v cc cng s ca ng ng h. S dng chlorine khng ch
qu trnh bn khi cng c nghin cu kh k Nam Phi. Chu u, Anh l
nc thng dng chlorine nht. Ti c v Trung u, chlorine ch c dng
trong nhng trng hp cp bch. Nguyn nhn l do h s xut hin cc halogen
hu c (organohalogen) trong nc thi sau x l.
Dng Clo:
Chlorine l mt ho cht nguy him i vi c bn hot tnh ln mi trng. V th,
khi dng chlorine, ch cc nhn vin c c o to thao tc, v tuyt i
phi tun th cc quy tc. Jenkins cng khuyn nn o SVI trc khi clo ho. Ch
thm Chlorine khi SVI thc s vt qu mc cho php.
Liu lng clo thng dng cho h thng thp khong 0.002-0.008 kg/kg
MLSS.ngy (theo Jenkins 1993). Clo ho hiu qu cho bn dng khi gy ra bi vi
khun dng si. Clo thng lm nc ra u ra b c. X l bng clo cn lm
xut hin trihalomentan v cc hp cht khc gy hi tim tng cho sc khe con
ngi v mi trng. Hydro peroxut cng c dng kim sot bn khi, liu
lng ca cht ny tu thuc vo khong pht trin ca vi khun dng si.
DngH2O2 :
Mt trong nhng cch thay th vic dng Clo l tc nhn oxy ho, ngi ta dng
H2O2. H2O2 khng tiu dit mnh cc vi khun dng si nm bn ngoi v chng
khng phi l cht oxy ho mnh nh clo. Tuy vy chng vn c th xm nhp vo
cc lp trong ca bn hot tnh v tc ng vo sinh khi ca cc vi sinh vt to
bng.
H2O2 c th dit vi khun dng si ng thi cng gii phng oxy nn thch hp
dng trong trng hp bn khi do DO thp. Tuy nhin nu bn oxy ho H2O2 trc

khi ho cht ny kp c phn ng tiu dit vi khun dng si th phng php ny

khng hiu qu.
Dng Ozone:
Nam Phi, van Leeuwen v Pretorius kho st tnh nng kim sot bn khi ca
ozone. Ozone l tc nhn oxy ho mnh hn Clo v H2O2 v c bit l chng
khng to ra bt k cht c no. Trong h thng loi b cht dinh dng bng bn
hot tnh, liu lng Ozone thch hp l 4g/kgMLSS. Dng Ozone c th tng
cng qu trnh nitrat ho v loi b cc cht hu c tr.
2. Kim sot bt vng
Gn bt mt cch h thng nhm loi b v ph hy bn ni trong b sc kh. Cht
dng gn b bt khng tun hon li b lng, v vic ny s dn ti s sinh si
ca cc vi khun gy bt vng. Ngoi ra, cng khng nn tun hon cht ny v b
aeroten.
Dng Clo phun xt ln b mt bt Nocardia.
S hin din ca Nocardia cng nh Nocardia-Microthrix lin quan ti nc thi
cha nhiu cht bo v du m. V vy gim du m trong nc thi cng l mt
bin php ngn nga s pht trin ca cc vi khun gy bt vng ny.
Trong trng hp bt vng gy nn bi Microthrix parvilla, liu lng Clo s dng
phi gp 10-100 ln liu lng cn thit v Microthrix parvilla c kh nng chu c
clo tt hn so vi cc vi khun dng si khc. Tuy nhin, U.K, theo kinh nghim,
ngi ta thy rng liu lng clo khong 3g/kg l kim sot Microthrix
parvilla.
trnh trng hp xu khi s dng clo qu liu, Duchene v Pujol kim tra kh
nng kim sot bt ca cc cht keo t. Khi thm vo cht keo t FeCl3 liu lng
4g/kg.ngy c th lm gim bt Norcadia trong vng 2 tun. Phn nhm cng cho
kt qu tng t. Khi , Norcadia khng b loi b m dinh cht vo bng bn. V
vy, khi ngng cho cht keo t, Norcadia xut hin tr li trong vng 2 tun. (Jiri
Wanner).

3. Kim sot bn ni:

Bn ni c th kim sot bng cc bin php sau
Tng lng bn tun hon thi b t b lng t hai, nhm gim thi gian
lu bn trong b lng.
Gim thi gian lu bn trnh qu trnh nitrat ho. Ni c kh hu m, rt
kh vn hnh thi gian lu bn ngn trnh nitrat ho.
Nu qu trnh bn hot tnh i hi nitrat ho, th nn s dng m hnh
dng chy nt. Khi , b u tin s l vng ym kh. y, cc vi khun
s c ho trn cng vi cc ion nitrat, ion nitrit t bn tun hon v
BOD trong nc thi. vng ym kh, cc vi khun trong iu kin t
oxy, cng s hin din ca cc ion nitrit v nitrat, BOD s thc y qu
trnh nitrat ho.
6.6 NG DNG
Phn hy hiu kh c ng dng rng ri n nh cht rn vi kch thc b x
l nc thi t nh n trung bnh (< 20.000 n 40.000 m3/ngy).
M hnh x l hiu kh truyn thng c s dng nhiu trng hp v n vn
hnh n gin, v bi v s dy c v n nh ca cht rn c th c kt hp
trong b n. Tuy nhin m hnh ny li khng c hiu qu nhng vng c kh hu
lnh, v n i hi cn nng lng vn hnh kh ln, thi gian lu bn di, nhng
kh nng lm mt hot tnh ca cc pathogen li km, pH c th xung thp do s
nitrat ha, v nh vy, m hnh kt hp thng gi/k kh ngy cng c ch
nhiu hn so vi m hnh k kh truyn thng do n c th kim sot c pH ca
h thng, v chi ph vn hnh thp hn so vi m hnh truyn thng nhng vn cn
mc cao. [2]

CHNG VII: H SINH HC

7.1 C S L THUYT
H l mt khi nc nm trong ni a c kch thc t nh, trung bnh n ln, b
mt ca h tip xc vi khng kh. Cc h lp y nhng ni st, ln pha di
vng bo ha xung quanh cc vt liu t v . H l mt trong nhng hnh thc
lu i nht x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc. H sinh hc dng x
l nhng ngun thi th cp vi c ch phn hy cc cht hu c xy ra mt cch t
nhin. Ban u, cu trc cc h kh n gin nn khng th hin r cc c im vt
l, ha hc v cc qu trnh sinh hc phc tp trong sut hot ng sinh ha, kt qu
lm hn ch s hiu bit v cc yu t c tc ng n hiu sut ca qu trnh. V
vy, cht lng nc u ra t h thng tng i thp.
Cc h sinh hc c th l cc h n hoc thng c kt hp vi cc phng
php x l khc. Cc hot ng din ra trong h sinh hc l kt qu ca s cng sinh
phc tp gia nm v to, gip n nh dng nc v lm gim cc vi sinh vtgy
bnh. Tuy nhin, s tng trng ca to trong h cng l mt vn ng quan tm.
Nhn chung, do s lng ng ca to din ra chm nn n lm tng nng ca cc
cht rn l lng v cc vt liu hu c d phn hy. H sinh hc c th dng x
l nhiu loi nc thi khc nhau: nc thi cng nghip hay sinh hot phc tp,
trong nhng iu kin thi tit khc nhau. Cc qu trnh din ra trong ao, h sinh
hc cng tng t nh qu trnh t lm sch cc sng h t nhin. Vi sinh vtng
vai tr ch yu trong qu trnh x l cht thi hu c. [2]
7.2 CC DNG H SINH HC
C nhiu cch thc phn loi h. Chng ta c th s dng phng php n gin
phn loi da trn tng loi chuyn ha c th xy ra v c ch tip nhn c cht
khc nhau. C 2 c ch ch yu cung cp oxy l: s tng trng ca to, to ra oxy
thng qua hot ng quang tng hp; v cung cp oxy mt cch th ng, nh vi
cc tc nhn hiu kh b mt, hay lm bin i qu trnh hiu kh bng qut gi. H

sinh hc c th c phn thnh 2 loi h chnh: h lm thong nhn to (h t

nhin) v h n nh nc thi (k kh, ty tin v hiu kh). [2]; [3]; [10]
7.2.1 H t nhin, h nhn to:
7.2.1.1 H t nhin
- H c hnh thnh do qu trnh kin to b mt tri t, ta bit rng tri t trc
y c b mt lin khi, theo thi gian, s vn hnh lp cht lng trong lp v tri
t tch b mt tri t thnh nhng mnh nh ngy nay ta gi l cc lc a, v
qu trnh ny vn khng ngng hot ng, ch c iu trc quan chng ta khng th
nhn thy. Song song l qu trnh hot ng ca ni la hot ng phun tro nham
thch, qu trnh st ln cng vi qu trnh to sn l s hnh thnh nn nhng i
dng, nhng con sng hay nhng h t nhin phn ph khp trn tri t nh ngy
nay.
- H t nhin trc y, khi cha chu tc ng ng k ca con ngi thng l
nhng h sinh thi c a dng sinh hc cao, l ni c tr ca nhiu loi ng
thc vt. n ny di tc ng ca bn tay con ngi, mt s h b xo s, mt
s c khai thc cn kit cc ti nguyn trong h hay phi gnh chu nhng vn
nhim mi trng do con ngi to ra.
7.2.1.2 H nhn to
- H nhn to c hnh thnh do nhng tc ng ca con ngi nhm nhng mc
ch ny hay mc ch khc, nh p chn dng sng ngn l, lu tr nc cho nh
my pht in, diu tit dng chy cung ng cho ti tiu chng hn to nhng h
sinh thi khu vc thng ngun. H cn do qu trnh o p t hoc khai thc
t , khong sn to thng cc h su rng, theo thi gian nc c lp y do
ma to thnh nhng lng h, lm mi trng sng cho cc loi ng vt thu
sinh

Hnh 7.1 H x l nc thi

7.2.2 H k kh:
H k kh dng lng v phn hy cn lng v phng php sinh ha t nhin da
trn c s sng v hot ng ca vi sinh vtk kh. Cc vi khun k kh ph v cc
hp cht hu c trong dng chy, gii phng kh CH4 v CO2.

Hnh 7.2 Hot ng ca h k kh

H k kh thng su t 2 5m v c kh nng x l nc thi cha cht hu c

cao (thng > 100g BOD/m3 vi su 3m h). Lng cht hu c c trong h c
lin quan mt thit n lng oxy np vo h, nhm duy tr iu kin k kh trn b
mt h. H k kh khng c mt ca to, mc d i khi chng ta vn c th bt gp
c s hin din ch yu ca loi Chlamydomonas trn b mt. Chng hot ng cc
k hiu qu trong iu kin kh hu m (c th loi b n 60 - 85% BOD). H k
kh lm gim lng N, P, K v cc vi sinh vtgy bnh bng cch to ra bn v gii
phng NH3 vo khng kh. Sau khi hon thnh qu trnh x l, h k kh thng
em li kt qu sau:
+ Chuyn i vt cht t dng vt liu ha tan thnh dng vt cht lng ng nh
bn y.
+ Ha tan cc dng vt cht hu c khc.
+ Ph v qu trnh phn hy sinh hc ca cc vt cht hu c.
+ Cha vt cht khng ha tan v khng phn hy nh bn y.
+ Cha vt cht khng hp th v dng v nh hnh nh bn y.
+ Cho php x l mt phn dng chy i qua.
Qu trnh ln men v hot ng ca tin trnh oxy ha k kh trong h lm gim
khong 70% lng BOD5 trong dng chy. y l phng php rt hiu qu lm
gim BOD5. Thng thng, mt h k kh n trong mi ln x l lin tc s t
hiu qu nu nng dng thi vo nh hn 1.000 mg/l BOD5. i vi nc thi
cng nghip c nng cao hn, phi cn n chui 3 h k kh mi c th x l tt
nhng thi gian lu mi h khng nn t hn 1 ngy (McGarry and Pescod, 1970).
7.2.3 H ty tin:
H ty tin c 2 loi: h ty tin nguyn thy, tip nhn ngun thi nguyn cht
cha qua x l; v h ty tin th cp, tip nhn ngun thi qua x l (thng l
dng thi t h k kh). H c thit k nhm loi b BOD trn c s ti lng
tng i ca dng vo (100 400 kg BOD/ha nhit t 20 25oC), tng t
nh lng oxy cung cp cho vic loi b BOD bi vi khun trong h thng c

sinh ra bi qu trnh quang tng hp ca to. To thng chim u th trong nc

c, c bn ca h ty tin l cc loi sinh vt ph du (nh Chlamydomonas,
Pyrobotrys v Euglena).
Dng chy vo h ty tin t h k kh (h ty tin th cp) thng c chuyn
ha thnh CO2, nc v cc t bo vi khun v to mi trong iu kin c oxy.
Lng to trong h hiu kh i hi phi c nh sng mt tri. Chng pht trin v
sn sinh ra oxy nhiu hn c nhu cu s dng ca chng. Lng oxy d ny c
cc vi khun s dng ph v cc hp cht hu c trong dng thi vo. Vic to ra
oxy t to xy ra gn b mt ca h hiu kh, su m nh sng c th xuyn
ti c (thng thng su n 500mm). Oxy cng c th c cung cp vo h
nh gi. H ny thng c gi chnh xc bi thut ng ty tin, bi v trn thc
t trong h thng c tng hiu kh trn v tng k kh di. S d c iu ny l
v mc oxy cao khng th c duy tr trong ton b su ca h hiu kh. V vy
ton b trn b mt pht trin lp hiu kh, tip theo l tng hiu/k kh lp trung
gian v ton b tng k kh nm y h. Oxy khng th c duy tr tng thp
hn nu:
+ H qu su, mu nc qu ti, nn nh sng khng th xuyn ti hon ton.
+ Nhu cu oxy cho tng di cao hn kh nng cung cp. Nhu cu gia tng khi
hm lng cht hu c cng nhiu. Lp k kh s xung su hn trong h hiu
kh khi hm lng cht hu c cc k cao trong dng thi vo.
+ Tng mt giu oxy, nhng li khng c s pha trn tha ng vi tng y.
+ C th l s tng hp ca cc iu kin trn.
Do hot ng quang tng hp ca to trong h, nn c s thay i nng oxy ha
tan vo ban ngy. i vi h ty tin in hnh, ct nc s ch yu l hiu kh
thi im bc x mt tri nh im, v ch yu k kh lc mt tri mc. Sau khi
mt tri mc, mc ha tan oxy s gia tng n cc i vo gia tra, v sau s
l cc tiu trong sut bui ti. V tr im dng oxy (l su m kh nng ha tan
nng oxy tin ti 0) thng t thay i, gi cng c nh hng quan trng ln

hot ng ca h ty tin, gy ra s xo trn theo chiu dc ca cht lng trong h.

S xo trn tt bo m s phn phi BOD mt cch ng u, kh nng ha tan
oxy, vi khun v to, v do nhit ca nc n nh hn. Nu khng c s xo
trn do gi, s lng to c xu hng phn tng trong cc di hp hn, i khi dy
20cm, trong sut khong thi gian nh sang ban ngy. Hot ng ca h ty tin
c m t c th trong hnh 7.3

Hnh 7.3 Hot ng ca h ty tin

Khi qu trnh hon thnh, h ty tin s p ng:
+ Tng cng x l dng thi vo t x l k kh thng qua vic phn chia, phn
hy v tiu ha cc vt cht hu c.
+ X l hiu kh ph v hu ht cc dng hu c cn li gn b mt h.
+ Lm gim s lng vi sinh vtc kh nng gy bnh.
i khi 2 hoc nhiu h ty tin nh lin tip c th dng thay th cho vic xy
dng mt h c kch thc ln.
i vi h ty tin nguyn thy (tip nhn nc thi cha qua x l) lm chc nng
kt hp ca 2 loi h k kh v ty tin th cp. Loi h ny c thit k chung

cho vic x l nc thi long v nhng v tr cn c x l cn thn khi mi

pht sinh t h k kh khng th chp nhn c.
7.2.4 H hiu kh:
Qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c nh cc vi sinh vt hiu kh. C th phn loi h
ny thnh hai nhm: h lm thong t nhin v h lm thong nhn to. H hiu kh
c thit k vi tc dng ngn khng cho to pht trin. iu ny c thc hin
thng qua 2 iu kin. u tin, s trn ln hiu qu c tc dng lm cho tt c sinh
khi tnh trng l lng, do cung cp c cn thit lm gim s xm nhp
ca nh sng vo trong ct nc. S trn ln ny cng lm cho thi gian lu bn cn
bng vi thi gian lu nc. Th hai, thi gian lu nc c kim sot t hn gi
tr ti thiu ca thi gian lu bn lm gim s pht trin ca to. Bi v to b
ngn chn khng cho pht trin, oxy c cung cp vi ngha th ng.
H thng h ny c th c thit k vi nhiu mc tiu khc nhau, bao gm c vic
chuyn ha cc vt liu hu c b vi khun lm cho thi ra thng qua vic
chuyn i thnh sinh khi, s n nh ca vt cht hu c (bao gm c sinh khi
tng hp) thng qua s phn hy hiu kh, v s chuyn ha ca sinh khi tng hp
do lng ng t nhin. Bt chp cc mc tiu trn, bc u tin trong h thng h
ty tin l s pha trn hon ton khng kh trong h lm cho tt c cc cht rn sinh
hc trong tnh trng l lng. Ch trong h thng bn hot tnh, cc vi khun hiu
kh mi oxy ha thc n ca cc vt liu hu c b vi khun lm cho thi ra
thnh CO2 v nc, v chuyn ha thc n thnh dng sinh khi mi.

Harewood Whin, England

Summerston, Scotland

Hnh 7. 4 H hiu kh
7.2.5 H sinh hc vi s tham gia ca thc vt nc:
H sinh hc vi s tham gia ca thc vt nc (h thc vt) l phng php x l
c xem l lu i nht (trn 3.000 nm) c kh nng x l cc cht hu c, nit,
phospho.
Vic p dng h thc vt ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: tnh cht nc thi: BOD,
dinh dng, cc cht c hi, nhit nc thi; iu kin kh hu, thi tit: nhit
, bc x,vvv; tnh cht ngun nc tip nhn (hm lng mui, kim,
cng);
Thc vt nc c mt trong cc h sinh hc ch yu l mt s loi to, phiu sinh
thc vt v cc thc vt ni.
+ Pleustophyte (tng trng trn mt nc, l ni trn b mt): Lc bnh, c vt,
rau mung, bo hoa du, bo ty, bo nht bn
+ Heltophyte (r nm ngp trong nc): Lau sy, c ch, Iris, c nng, lc
+ Hydrophytes (ngp trong nc): Elodea, c thi
+ Phiu sinh thc vt (Phytoplankton): To chlorella, Euglena, Scenedesmus
Vai tr chnh ca chng l kh ngun nhim dinh dng N, P c trong nc, tch
ly kim loi nng, vn chuyn oxy v gii phng oxy t do, lm gim ti lng

nhim, to mi trng thun li cho vi sinh vttng trng v l ngun dinh dng
cho cc loi thy sinh vt.
C ch hot ng ca h thc vt nh sau:
+ Vi khun phn hy cc cht hu c to thnh CO2 v H2O; acid hu c trong
iu kin ym kh.
+ To s dng nng lng nh sng mt tri, CO2 v cc cht v c trong nc
tng hp nguyn sinh cht, gii phng oxy
+ Oxy cung cp cho vi khun b sung t nc (khng kh, gi xo ng khuy
trn nc h, nhit , hm lng mui nh hng n oxy ha tan) v oxy
nhn to.
+ Hin tng lng cn cng xy ra trong h thc vt nc.

Hnh 7.5 H thc vt

7.3 VI SINH VT HIN DIN

Vi sinh vt hin din trong h sinh hc l a dng nht trong s cc h thng x l

bng phng php sinh hc, bao gm cc loi vi khun hiu kh, vi khun k kh,
cc sinh vt c kh nng quang tng hp, ng vt nguyn sinh v khng xng
sng. [2]; [13]
7.3.1 Vi khun hiu kh:
Cc loi vi khun hin din trong h x l sinh hc cng ging nh trong cc h
thng x l khc, nh trong bn hot tnh, gm cc nhm: nhm n vi khun t do,
nhm vi khun dng khi cu, nhm vi khun dng si. Cc nhm ny u c chc
nng phn hy cc cht hu c, gii phng CO2 v to sinh khi mi.
- Cc n vi khun t do mc d phn hy cc hp cht hu c nhng chng li
khng th lng xung y, v v vy chng thng b cun ra ngoi theo dng thi
di dng cc cht rn ha tan. Cc vi khun ny thng tn ti trong cc mi
trng c nng hu c dng vo cao v nng oxy trong nc thp.
- Nhm vi khun dng khi cu tng trng gn kt thnh mt khi ln do to ra cc
polime ngoi bo. Kiu tng trng ny rt quan trng gip y nhanh tc phn
hy BOD v lng ng cui qu trnh, v v vy gip hn ch lng cht rn l
lng thi ra ngoi.
- S lng vi khun dng si xut hin trong iu kin mi trng tng trng c
bit. Cc vi khun ny thng khng c nh hng tiu cc nh trng hp trong
bn hot tnh.
Hu ht cc vi khun d dng c kh nng thch ng vi khong pH mi trng
rng, hiu sut loi b BOD trong mi trng hiu kh tt nht l pH = 6,5 9,
nhit thch hp l t 3 - 4oC n 60 - 70oC. C mt nhm vi khun c bit xut
hin trong h x l sinh hc, c kh nng oxy ha ammonia thng qua con ng
nitrit n nitrat, gi l vi khun nitrat ha. C 2 loi vi khun tham gia vo qu trnh
nitrat ha: Nitrosomonas europaea, oxy ha ammonia thnh nitrite, v Nitrobacter
winogradskyi, oxy ha nitrite thnh nitrate.

7.3.2 Vi khun k kh:

Cc vi khun k kh xut hin trong h sinh hc thng l cc loi c kh nng to
methane (vi khun to acid v vi khun methane) v kh sulfate. Nhiu loi vi
khun k kh thng thy phn cc protein, cht bo, poly saccharides c trong
nc thi sang dng amino acid, cc chui peptit ngn hn, acid bo, glycerol, and
mono- and di-saccharides.
- Nhm vi khun to acid s chuyn ha cc sn phm trn trong iu kin k kh
thnh cc dng alcohol n v cc acid hu c nh acetic, propionic, and butyric.
Loi vi khun ny thch nghi tt vi cc iu kin mi trng pH v nhit khc
nhau.
- Nhm vi khun to methane c chc nng chuyn cc sn phm nh formic acid,
methanol, methylamine, and acetic acid trong iu kin k kh thnh methane. Vi
khun methane thng d b nh hng bi iu kin mi trng, v thch nghi vi
khong pH hp: 6,5 7,5; yu cu nhit > 14oC.
- Nhm vi khun kh sulfate (gm c 14 loi, Bolt et al., 1994) c th s dng
sulfate nh l tc nhn cung cp nng lng, gip chuyn ha sulfate thnh
hydrogen sulfide. Nhm vi khun ny ch xut hin khi nc thi cha BOD v
sulfate nhng khng c oxy. Qu trnh chuyn ha ny l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra
mi kh chu cc h x l.
7.3.3 Cc vi sinh vt quang hp:
- Loi vi khun ny xut hin tt c cc loi h nhng chim u th nht l h k
kh. Cc vi khun S k kh thng c phn loi thnh 2 nhm: vi khun S mu
v mu xanh, vi tng s 28 loi (Ehrlich, 1990), c nhim v oxy ha lm gim
hp cht H2S thng qua s dng nng lng nh sng mt tri, to sn phm l S v
Sulfate.
- To l loi hiu kh, c kh nng quang hp v tng trng nh vo cc hp cht
hu c n gin nh CO2, NH3, NO3-, v PO4-- , s dng nh sng mt tri nh
ngun nng lng. C 3 nhm chnh (da vo cht dip lc): to nu (to ct), to

xanh (Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, and Euglena) v to . Cc loi to ny tng

trng ph thuc vo iu kin mi trng, nht l nhit , ti lng cht hu c,
tnh trng oxy trong h, hin trng cht dinh dng,
Loi to th 4 c th xut hin trong h l to xanh lc, thng thch nghi vi iu
kin mi trng kh khc nghit: nhit cao, t nh sng, cht dinh dng trong h
km. C th k n l cc loi: Aphanothece, Microcystis, Oscillatoria v Anabaena.
7.3.4 ng vt nguyn sinh v ng vt khng xng sng:
C nhiu loi sinh vt bc cao hn c th xut hin trong cc h sinh hc (ng vt)
nh ng vt nguyn sinh v ng vt khng xng sng, nh: rotifers, daphnia,
giun t, chironomids (u trng mui vn), v u trng mui (thng gi l
zooplankton-thc vt ni).
7.3.5 H thc vt:
S hin din v pht trin ca cc loi vi sinh vttrong h thc vt di cc iu
kin mi trng khc nhau s rt khc nhau.
- Khi ti trng hu c cao pht trin cc loi: phytoplagenllata, Euglena cnh tranh
vi s pht trin ca vi khun nh: Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes. Vi
khun ecoli cht nhanh do sn phm khng sinh ca to v cc loi vi khun khc.
ng thi, xut hin cc loi cillata gi tc nh: colpidium, paramecium, glaucoma,
protozoa, rotifer, s dng vi khun lm ngun thc n.
- Khi ti trng hu c thp, pht trin cc loi nh Daphnia, Rotozoa.
7.4 THNG S THIT K
Bn thng s quan trng nht trong thit k h sinh hc l: [3]; [13]; [18]
- Nhit : thng thng nhit thit k c hiu l nhit khng kh trong
thng lnh nht, trong mt qu hay trong khong thi gian hot ng nng nghip.
- Din tch b mt: y l thng s thit k cho h ty tin v h t nhin, khng p
dng cho h k kh v cc lp vng pht sinh trn b mt ca h k kh s ngn cn
qu trnh thot hi nc (Shaw, 1962).

- Dng chy: thit k dng chy ph hp c th t n 80% hiu qu tiu th nc

thi trong nh. Thit k dng chy c th da vo kinh nghim thc t hoc tnh
trng kinh t x hi a phng, cng nh nhu cu s dng nc thc t.
- BOD: nu c nc thi th c th o c BOD. Nu khng, c th c tnh t cc
cng thc bn di (Mara v Pearson, 1998):
Li = 1000 B/Q
Trong :
Li: BOD trong nc thi, mg/l
B: nng BOD, g/ngy
Q: lu lng nc thi, m3/ngy
Nit, Coliform, v s lng trng giun sn cng quan trng nu nh dng chy cui
cng chy qua cc vng canh tc nng nghip hay nui trng thy sn.
7.4.1 Thit k h k kh
H k kh thng c thit k (theo kinh nghim) c din tch bng 10 20% din
tch h ty tin. Thi gian lu nc trong ma h l 1,5 ngy, trong ma ng khng
qu 5 ngy. c im cu to ca h:
+ H nn c 2 ngn lm vic d phng khi x bn trong h.
+ Ca x nc vo h phi t chm, phi m bo vic phn b cn lng ng
u trong h, nu din tch h nh hn 0,5ha ch cn mt ming x; nu ln hn
th phi b tr thm.
+ Ca tho nc ra khi h thit k theo kiu thu nc b mt v c tm ngn
bn khng thot ra ngoi cng vi nc.
- H k kh c th thit k mt cch hon chnh, khng pht sinh mi c hi v kh
chu da trn thng s th tch dng vo c BOD (lv, g/m3ngy), c cho bi:
lv = Li.Q/Va
Trong :
Li: dng vo c BOD, mg/l (g/m3)
Q: lu lng dng chy, m3/ngy

Va: th tch h k kh, m3

Bng 7.1 Cc thng s thit k cho h k kh (Mara and Pearson 1996)
Nhit T (oC)

Th tch dng vo (g/m3ngy)

Loi b BOD (%)

< 10

100

40

10 20

10T 100

2T + 20

20 25

10T + 100

2T + 20

> 25

350

70

Ngun: Hamzeh Ramadan, Victor M. Ponce, 10/2006.

Lv c th t n 400 g/m3ngy, nhng trong bng trn li quy nh mc 350 nhm
m bo mc an ton i vi vic pht thi mi. Lu rng th tch BOD dng
vo c th chp nhn c khng nn nh hn 100 g/m3 duy tr iu kin k kh.
iu ny thng thch hp cho x l nc thi trong nh hay nc thi sinh hot,
vi nng SO4- nh hn 300 mg/l.
- Thi gian lu nc c xc nh t cng thc:
qa = Va / Q (ti thiu trong 1 ngy; nu tnh ton cho t hn 1 ngy, gi tr 1 ngy c
th dng v gi tr Va nn phi tnh ton li).
- Din tch xy dng h:
Aa = Li.Q/D.lv
Trong :
Aa: l din tch h k kh, m2
Li.Q: lng BOD, g/ngy
D: su h, m
lv: th tch dng vo c BOD, g/m3ngy
7.4.2 Thit k h ty tin
H ty tin thng su t 1,5 2,5m (4 - 8 ft), trong mc nc duy tr trong h
thng l t 1 2m (3 6 feet), vi lp hiu kh nm trn lp k kh (lp k kh
thng cha trm tch lng ng), thi gian lu thng dng l 5 30 ngy. S ln
men k kh xy ra tng bn di, v s n nh hiu kh xy ra tng trn. Thit

k h tu tin thng da vo s loi b BOD. Khi nhit trung bnh trong ma

ng trn 15oC (59oF), ti lng BOD u vo nn nm trong khong 45 90
kg/ha.ngy. Khi nhit trung bnh trong ma ng thay i t 0 15oC, ti lng
cc cht hu c khong 22 45 kg/ha.ngy. Khi nhit trung bnh trong ma ng
di 0oC th ti lng cht hu c ch nn t 11 22 kg/ha.ngy. Ti lng BOD
dng vo ngn u tin ch nn gii hn ti 40 kg/ha.ngy hoc c th nh hn, v
tng thi gian lu nc trong h thng l 120 180 ngy, trong iu kin nhit
trung bnh khng kh di 0oC. Trong iu kin thi tit m vi nhit khng kh
trn 15oC th ti lng BOD dng vo ngn u tin c th t n 100
kg/ha.ngy.
Hiu qu loi b BOD5 c th t n 80 90%. Chiu su thit k h ty tin
thng l 1m, dng kim sot tc tng trng ca thc vt. H cng c th
c thit k su hn nu dng cha bn. Bng 7.2 di y hng dn thit k
su cho h ty tin.
Bng 7.2 Thit k su cho h ty tin
Trng hp

su, m

Ghi ch

M hnh thit k ph bin, nhit rt ng u,

bn lng ti thiu.

1,25

iu kin nh trn nhng lng bn lng nhiu hn.

1,5

Ging iu kin 2 nhng c th dng nhng vng

c iu kin nhit thay i theo ma, dng chy
trong ngy c th thay i bt thng.

>=2

Dng ha tan cc cht thi c kh nng phn hy

sinh hc km v thi gian lu c kim sot.

Ngun: Sherwood C. Reed, E. Joe Middle Brooks, Ronald W. Crites.

c im v cu to h:

+ T l chiu di, chiu rng h thng ly bng 1:1 hay 2:1. nhng vng c
nhiu gi nn lm h c din tch rng, cn vng t gi nn lm h c nhiu
ngn.
+ Nu t y h d thm nc th phi ph lp t st dy 15cm. B h c mi
dc 1:1 1,5:1 pha trong v 2:1 2,5:1 pha ngoi.
Thng h thng gm 2 hay nhiu h (ni tip hoc song song) c ngh s
dng trong x l, ti lng cht hu c u vo c th ln n 6,69 7,14 kg BOD5/
ha.ngy (75 80 lb BOD5/ngy.acre). i vi h thng h n khi s dng x l
nc thi sinh hot, ti lng cht hu c u vo thng l 2,23 3,12 kg BOD5/
ha.ngy (25 35 lb BOD5/ngy.acre).
Th tch xy dng h ty tin trong x l nc thi sinh hot (theo Gloyna, 1976)
nh sau:
V = (3,5 x 10-5)QLa35-Tf.f

(7.1)

Trong :
V th tch h, m3
Q lu lng dng chy vo, l/ngy
La cc thng s c bn COD hay BOD dng vo, mg/l
- h s thay i nhit (= 1,085)
T nhit h, oC
f to c
f nhu cu oxy sulfide
i vi nhng vng c nhit thay i theo ma v dng chy chnh dao ng
trong ngy th nn thit k h c su 1,5m (5ft). Yu t f c thng nht l 1,0
(i vi nc thi sinh hot v mt s loi nc thi cng nghip), v f cng coi l
bng 1,0 khi nng ion sulfate tng ng nh hn 500 mg/l. Nhit c la
chn trong thit k thng da vo nhit trung bnh ca h trong thng lnh nht.
nh sng khng phi l tiu chun trong thit k h nhng c th kt hp trong cng
thc (7.1), v nh vy cng thc (7.1) c th c vit li nh sau:

V = 0,035Q(BOD)(1,099)LIGHT(35-T)/250

(7.2)

Trong :
BOD = BOD5 trong h thng dng vo, mg/l
LIGHT = bc x mt tri, langleys
V = th tch h, m3
Q = lu lng dng vo, l/ngy
T = nhit h, oC
- Khi thit k h ty tin, cn ch n din tch mt nc s dng. Tng din tch
mt nc ca h ty tin s lm tng hiu sut ca h. Cn ch rng h ty tin
phi c thit k da trn thng s BOD vo trn b mt (Lg, kg/ha.ngy), c
cho bi:
Lg = 10.Li.Q/Af
Trong , Af l din tch h ty tin, m2.
- Cc thng s thit k c th nh sau (Mara, 1987):
Lg = 350.(1,107 0,002T)T-25
- Sau khi la chn gi tr Lg v tnh ton din tch h, bc tip theo l tnh ton thi
gian lu nc (trong ngy) ca h ty tin:
qf = Af.D/Qm
Trong :
D: l su ca h, m
Qm: lu lng trung bnh, m3/ngy (dng vo Qi v dng ra Qe)
Do , ta cng c th tnh: qf = Af.D/[1/2(Qi + Qe)]
Nu s r r l khng ng k, Qe c tnh nh sau: Qe = Qi 0,001.e.Af, vi e l
tc thot hi nc, mm/ngy. Do :
qf = 2.Af.D/(2.Qi 0,001.e.Af)
- Din tch xy dng h:
Af = 10.Li.Q/ls
Trong :

Af : l din tch h k kh, m2.

Li.Q: lng BOD, g/ngy
Ls: thng s BOD vo trn b mt , kg/ha.ngy.
Tm tt:
+ Thit k lu lng dng vo (Q) = 1.893 m3/ngy
+ Nng BOD dng vo (C0) = 200 mg/l
+ Nng BOD yu cu dng ra (Ce) = 30 mg/l
+ Nhit nc thi tiu chun = 10oC
+ Nhit khng kh trung bnh trong ma ng = 5oC
+ Nng SS = 250 mg/l
+ Nng Sulfate = < 500 mg/l.
7.4.3 Thit k h hiu kh

Hnh 7. 6 Thit k h hiu kh

i vi h hiu kh lm thong t nhin, chiu su ca h phi nh hn 30 40cm;
sc cha tiu chun ly theo BOD khong 250 300 kg/ha.ngy; thi gian lu nc
trong h khong 3 12 ngy.
H hiu kh lm thong nhn to c chiu su t 2 4,5m; sc cha tiu chun
khong 400 kg BOD/ha.ngy; thi gian lu nc trong h khong 1 3 ngy.

7.4.4 Thit k h thc vt nc:

Bng 7.3 Tiu chun thit k h thc vt x l bc 2
Cc yu t

Tiu chun thit k

Yu cu dng ra

BOD < 10 mg/l, SS < 10 mg/l, c s

chuyn ha N

- Ti lng cht hu c
+ Trong ton b b mt h thng

100 kg BOD/ha.ngy

+ B mt u tin

300 kg BOD/ha.ngy

- Thi gian lu

> 6 ngy

- Nhit ngun nc

> 20o C

- Chiu su ct nc

< 0,9 m

- Ti lng nc

< 800 m3/ha.ngy

- Hnh dng b

Hnh ch nht, t l di: rng = 1: 3

- Din tch b n

< 0,4 ha

- Kim sot mui

Cn thit

- Thng k kt qu

Hng thng

Ngun: Clifford W. Randall, James L. Barnard, H. David Stensel.

Bng 7.4 Tiu chun thit k h thc vt x l bc 3
Cc yu t
Yu cu dng ra

Tiu chun thit k

BOD < 10 mg/l, SS < 10 mg/l, TP v TN < 5
mg/l

- Ti lng cht hu c
+ Trong ton b b mt h thng

<50 kg BOD/ha.ngy

+ B mt u tin

<150 kg BOD/ha.ngy

- Thi gian lu

6 ngy hoc t hn (ph thuc vo su h).

- Nhit ngun nc

> 20o C

- Chiu su ct nc

<< 0,9 m

- Ti lng nc

< 800 m3/ha.ngy

- Hnh dng b

hnh ch nht, t l di: rng > 1: 3

- Din tch ln nht (b n)

< 0,4 ha

- Kim sot mui

cn thit

- Thng k kt qu

mi tun

Ngun: Clifford W. Randall, James L. Barnard, H. David Stensel.

7.5 THNG S VN HNH
H k kh: hiu qu gim BOD vo khong 65 80% trong ma h v 45 65%
trong ma ng. [3]
Bng 7. 5 Hiu qu x l
V

BOD, mg/l

SS, mg/l

Tng N, mg/l

Tng P, mg/l

Dng

Dng

Dng

Dng

Dng

Dng

Dng

Dng

vo

ra

vo

ra

vo

ra

vo

ra

VT1

110

97

10

12

3,4

3,7

1,6

VT2

161

23

125

VT3

50

14

49

15

VT4

46

91

7,7

3,3

5,7

VT5

13

22,4

1,0

11

3,6

tr

- VT1: h ty tin n, su 122cm, 2ha, thi gian lu 54 ngy, ti lng nc vo

240 m3/ha.ngy, ti lng cht hu c vo 26 kg BOD/ha.ngy.
- VT2: h ty tin n, su 173cm, 3,6ha, thi gian lu 67 ngy, ti lng nc vo
260 m3/ha.ngy, ti lng cht hu c vo 44 kg BOD/ha.ngy.
- VT3: h thng kh 2 , su 183cm, 0,3ha, thi gian lu 7 ngy, ti lng nc vo
3570 m3/ha.ngy, ti lng cht hu c vo 179 kg BOD/ha.ngy.
- VT4: h ty tin 4 , su 85cm, 0,06ha, thi gian lu 4,5ngy, ti lng nc vo
109 m3/ha.ngy, ti lng cht hu c vo 89 kg BOD/ha.ngy.
- VT5: h ty tin 5 , su 38cm, 0,5ha, thi gian lu 11 ngy, ti lng nc vo
378 m3/ha.ngy, ti lng cht hu c vo 113 kg BOD/ha.ngy.

7.6 NG DNG C TRNG

H sinh hc c ng dng rng ri x l nc thi. Hin c khong gn 5.000
h x l nc thi sinh hot M, trong tng s 12.500 h x l trn th gii.
Ngoi ra, chng cng c s dng x l mt s loi nc thi cng nghip.
H k kh thng c dng tin x l nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot,
nhng ch yu l x l nc thi cng nghip c nng cht hu c d phn hy
sinh hc cao. Ngoi ra, h k kh cn dng tin x l nc thi chn nui trc
khi c a vo mi trng t.
H ty tin trc y thng dng x l nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip.
Hin nay, h ty tin c dng nhiu trong x l nc thi sinh hot cha qua x
l, hoc x l cc dng thi th cp t cc h thng x l khc nh cc thit b lc,
h hiu kh, h k kh, Nhiu h x l ty tin thng c kch thc nh. Trn
thc t ngi ta thng s dng kt hp h thng h ty tin/hiu kh, i khi kt
hp vi h k kh thng dng trong x l nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip
nhng nc pht trin do gi thnh thp v kh nng kim sot cc sinh vt gy hi
c hiu qu.
H hiu kh lc u c dng x l nc thi bt giy v ngnh cng nghip
sn xut giy, sau n c s dng rng ri trong x l cc loi nc thi cng
nghip khc nhau. K t 1960, h hiu kh li c ng dng trong x l nc thi
sinh hot. Nhiu h thng tht ra l h ty tin/hiu kh bi v nng lng thng kh
thng thng khng ha tan hon ton cc cht rn sinh hc, khin cho cht
lng dng ra km. Hin nay, h hiu kh ngy cng t hiu qu cao trong x l
nc thi sinh hot trc khi x thi ra mi trng nc mt.
H thc vt c s dng vi mc ch x l nc thi sinh hot, khu du lch, cc
cm dn c nh, nc thi cng nghip v x l bc 3 i vi nc thi cng
nghip, vi chi ph u t, vn hnh, bo tr thp v c kh nng kh pathogen (cc
vi sinh vtgy hi) cao. Nc sau x l thch hp cho ti tiu phc v nng
nghip.[2]

CHNG VIII: CNG NGH SINH HC LAI HP

8.1. C S L THUYT
Sau giai on ra i ca cc h thng sinh hc k kh, vo nm 1968, cng vi s
hnh thnh h thng lc sinh hc k kh, mt s h thng hybrid k kh c bt
u nghin cu. Mc tiu chnh l tn dng nhng u im ca mt s h thng h
thng hin c, kt hp v s dng chng hiu qu sao cho chi ph u t thp, thu
gn h thng, vn hnh n gin, khc phc c nhng nhc iem ca cc h
thng ring r, c bit l tng hiu qu x l, chu xc ti tt v ngn nga s suy
gim ca h vi sinh vt hin din. [9]
a s cc h thng hybrid c hot ng theo cng ngh:
- Kt hp sinh trng l lng v sinh trng bm dnh trn cng mt h thng
x l k kh hoc hiu kh. Ti y, mt vi sinh vt cao, tng cng hiu qu
x l dn n thit k cc h thng sinh hc c th tch nh hn ng k.
- Kt hp sinh hc v hp ph, s dng cc cht mang c din tch b mt ring
ln. Tng cng hiu qu x l, loi b cc hp cht kh phn hy sinh hc v
kh cc cht dinh dng c nong cao.
- Kt hp sinh hc v cc phng php cng ngh bc cao nh mng lc, thm
thu ngc nh vy gim khi tch cng trnh, x l trit cc cht nhim,
n gin ho quy trnh vn hnh.
- Kt hp sinh hc k kh, thiu kh v hiu kh trong cng mt h thng x l.
Cho php cc phn ng thy phn, ct mch cc hp cht phc tp c xy ra
ng thi vi cc phn ng sinh hc hiu kh chuyn ho thnh CO2 v nc.
Phn ng din ra mt chiu vi tc cao. c bit l qu trnh kh nit sinh
hc nh nitrat ho, kh nitrat hay anammox xy ra trc tip trong cng mt h
thng x l.

8.2 CC DNG H THNG SINH HC LAI HP

u im ca cng ngh lai hp: Khc phc nhng bt li ca cng ngh c in,
nh kt hp 2-3 cng trnh n v trn cng mt h thng x l, tn dng u im
ca tng cng trnh. [9]
8.2.1 Cng ngh k kh hai giai on (acid ha + lc k kh)
M. Van der Merwe and T. J. Britz nghin cu Cng ngh lai hp: acid ho kt
hp lc k kh x l nc thi nh my sn xut men bnh m, vi ti trng vn
hnh 10 kg COD/m3.ngym, thi gian lu nc 3 ngy. Hiu qu x l COD t
trn 85%.
ng dng: X l nc thi kh phn hy phn hy, Nc thi c hm lng cht
hu c cao: Ncthi ch bin phomai, sa, tinh bt m.

Hnh 8.1 M hnh lai hp k kh hai giai on

8.2.2 UASB + lc k kh
c nghin cu bi Guiot and Van den Berg (1984). Sau tip tc pht trin bi
(Lo et.al. 1994, James 2000). Cng ngh Hybrid ny ang c trin khai mnh vi
u im chnh l chu ti cao v t b sc ti.

biogas
floating cover

Plastic net
curtains

sludge bed

primary
treated
effluent

Pre-treated
influent

sludge recycle
UASB MODULE

sedimentation
compartment

ATTACHED FILM MODULE

digested solids
to drying beds

Hnh 8.2 M hnh UASB + lc k kh

Nc thi sau x l s b (lng, tch du, keo t) s c a vo h thng lai hp
x l qua UASB v lc sinh hc k kh. Trong :
-

B UASB lm nhim v kh cc cht hu c phc tp, dng rn kh phn

hy (cn thi gian di phn hy).

B lc sinh hc k kh: Nh lp vi sinh pht trin trn b mt vt liu lc c

kh nng phn hy tip phn ln cc cht hu c dng keo v ha tan

u im ca h thng:

Khng cn lp bn dy c hoc bn dng ht

n nh v chu sc ti tt, chu c tnh cao

Cht lng nc n nh, hm lng cn l lng thp

Chu c ti trng vn hnh cao
Tn dng nhng u im trn, nhiu nghin cu trn h thng lai hp UASB v lc
k kh c thc hin.
8.2.3 H Hybrid Lc Mng, K Kh
Qa trnh MBR k kh c ng dng thnh cng cho x l nc thi cha nng
cht hu c cao hoc cn l lng cao. Hai m hnh pilot k kh vi mng ngoi
UF c p dng cho x l nc thi chng ct ru c nng COD 37g/l (Ross,

1990). Mun UF hot ng di p sut u vo l 400kPa. Kh c 93% COD

nhng ti trng l 4 12kgCOD/m3.ng. v MLSS l 30g/l. Dng thm ra khng c
cn l lng.
Nagano (1992) chng t rng qa trnh MBR k kh c hiu qa rt tt trong s
phn hy ca cn l lng v nhng hp cht hu c, dng ra s chng ct ru cn
cha 40gCOD/L v 13gSS/L. Kh trn 98% COD ti trng 7kgCOD/m3.ngy.
COD v BOD5 dng ra tng ng l 600mg/l v 100mg/l.
Harada (1994) nghin cu x l k kh ca nc thi cha nng cht hu c
khng tan cao bng MBR vi mng UF chy xin. Hn 98% COD c kh ti
trng 2,5 kgCOD/m3.ngy. MLSS ti a t c l 15g MLSS/L.
Bng 8.1: Kt qu thc nghim ng dng MBR trong x l nc thi
Cc thng s

Nc thi

Nc thi

Nc

Nc

Bn hot

sinh hot

thi sinh

thi nh

tnh thng

hot

my

thng

th

kem
Loi mng

MF 0,1 m

MF 0,1 m

MF0,1

UF

Xo trn

hnh ng

hon ton

kgBOD/m3.ngy 1,35

6,2

kgCOD/m3.ngy 1,5

1,2

0,47

12,8

0,8 1,9

HRT

4h

24h

5,8 ngy

68h

F/M, g/g.ngy

0,1

0,1

0,2

0,2 0,6

MLSS , g/l

14

11

2,5 3,0

16

2,5 4,0

SRT

50 100

50

25

COD kh (%)

> 95%

96

96

97

99

DO

0,5 1,5

>3

2,0

Ngun

Yamamoto

Buission

Trouve

Scott and Metcalf

cng cng

cng cng

cng cng Smith,

5 10

and Eddy

s.(1989)

s (1998)

s (1994)

1997

(1991)

Dng ra

Bm
Dng vo

mng

u sc
kh

(a) S

(b) Hnh minh ha

Hnh 8.3 M hnh lc mng, k kh

8.2.4 H thng hybrid k kh tng trng l lng.
y l mt phng php c in c p dng cho x l nc thi c hm lng
nhim cao, lng cn l lng ln, pH ban u thp khong 4,5 6.
8.2.4.1 Hybrid Baffled /UASB reactor:
Nghin cu ca trng i hc Andes Bogot cho thy vic pht trin cng ngh
hybrid k kh bng s kt hp gia m hnh dng chy nt (Baffler) v m hnh
UASB cho hiu qu x l COD cao trn 70%.
Trong h thng trn, nhng khoang u baffled reactor lu gi sinh khi kh tt,
gia tng hiu qu kh c cht cn UASB c tc dng kh cht hu c cn li v
tch bn, gas, nc thi.

H thng loi b trng hp tht thot bn t UASB trong nhng trng hp xc ti

ng thi tng cng qu trnh phn hy k kh, gim n mc c th chp nhn
c cc hp cht kh phn hy sinh hc.
Trong h thng BUR, bn ht c a thch cho vn hnh h thng. Bn ht c tnh
lng tt v hiu qu x l cao.

Pre-treated
influent

solid media
(plasitc
(beverage crates)

upflow
chamber

Vertical baffles

effluent
gutter

gas/liquid/solids
phase separator

granular
sludge
bed

downflow
chamber

Baffled Module

settling zone

sludge blanket

UASB Module

Hnh 8.4 M hnh Hybrid Baffled /UASB

8.2.4.2 Hybrid UASB septic tank
Kt qu nghin cu ca Kuyawa Rocleved et al., 2005 p dng trn m hnh
hybrid septic tank cho x l nc thi th. M hnh hot ng theo quy trnh
nc thi c cho vo b t trn xung qua lp bn sau li chy ngc ln tip
xc vi lp bn y. Theo phng php ny, hiu qu x l s tt hn khi nc thi
c lc qua lp bn y.
Kt qu nghin cu bi K.V. Raijeshwari et al. cho thy i vi nc thi ch bin
phomai h thng x l hat ng n nh vi ti trng ln n 9- 15 kg
COD/m3.ng. Hiu qu kh COD t 91-97%, thi gian lu nc 2 ngy
u im ca h thng:

Thi gian lu nc ngn hn so vi UASB

Vn tc cho php nh hn 0,5 m/s (Halalshen 2002)

Thi gian lu bn di hn, c th tch qu trnh thnh nhiu pha

Hnh 8.5 M hnh UASB septic tank

F Malaspina, L.stante, C.M.Cellamare and A Tilche, Italia- 1995 nghin cu x l
nc thi ch bin sa chua, phomai p dng h k kh chy xui, chy ngc.
Vt liu lc chim th tch 2/5 b; nc thi tun hon li vi t l 2,5 ln nhm x
l trit c cht v nng, n nh pH trong khong 6,5 - 7. COD vo ln n
10.000 mg/l. Hiu qu x l COD t 90%.
8.2.4.3 Hybrid septictank Baffler

Hnh 8.6 M hnh Hybrid septictank Baffler

p dng cho x l nc thi c hm lng cht hu c cao, cn giai on thy
phn, tch cn. Tn dng u im ca h baffler reactor gim lng bn, vi sinh b
tht thot nh vy h thng x l hot ng n nh.
Nguyn tc hot ng: Nc thi ban u c dn vo khoang septic sau chy
n b baffler qua nhiu ngn. Ti y bn v nc thi c tip xc u. Trong
nhng ngn u do hm lng c cht v mt vi sinh cao, hiu qu x l ng
k. Ti cc ngn cui, mt vi sinh thp, bn lng tt, loi SS cho nc sau x l.
8.2.5 Bn hot tnh + lc mng
P. Artiga a, V. Oyanedel a'b, J.M. Garrldo , R. Mendeza kt hp lc mng v h
hybrid tng trng l lng v tng trng bm dnh trn cng mt h thng x l.
u im ca h thng l p dng lc mng cho php gim th tch b, tch cn sinh
hc tt, cho php thi gian lu bn di cho qu trnh nitrat hoa pht trin ng thi
tng ti trng vn hnh. H thng lc mng hot ng n nh, kh nng chu xc ti
tt.
ng dng cho x l nc thi thuc da vi COD: 1300 mg/l. Kt qu nghin cu
cho hiu qu kh COD t 95%; thi gian lu nc : 2,5 ngy. Ti trng vn hnh
4- 6,5 kg COD/m3.ng.

Nghin cu trn nc thi ch bin c hp, vi ti trng N tng dn t 0,22 1,7 kg

N-NH4/m3.ng. N-NH3= 100mg/l. Thi gian lu bn l 50 ngy. Hiu qu x l
COD t trn 98%; N-NH3 sau x l < 1 mg/l.
G.T.Seo, T.S. Lee; B.H.Moon , Hn Quc-1997 ng dng lc mng v bn hot
tnh cho x l thnh phn hu c trong nc thi nhim du. Chn loi mng lc
ultrafiltration, p sut 2 kg/cm2. Thi gian lu bn: 10 ngy cho hiu qu x l COD
t trn 90%.
Pierre ct, Herv Busson, Mathieu Praderie p dng h hybrid lc mng cho x
l nc thi th. Kt qu nghin cu vi hm lng sinh khi bn 15 25 g
VSS/l; ti trng vn hnh 1,2 2,3 kg COD/m3.ng. Hiu qu kh COD v nit l
96% v 95%.
Ueda and Hata(1999) nghin cu x l nc thi th bng m htnh pilot kt
hp h thng k kh/hiu kh vi mng t ngp. iu kin hot ng ca h thng
ny c duy t l: thi gian lu nc 13,5 gi; thi gian lu bn 72 ngy; MLSS
10g/l; ti trng BOD5 0.25 kg/m3.ngy; ti trng TKN 0,06 kg/m3.ngy v t s F/M
l 0,2. Cht lng nc sau x l rt tt, c th t c: 1,3 mgBOD5/L; khng c
cn l lng; 0,6MPK coliform/100ml; 7,1mgT_N/L; 0,3N_NH3/L v 4,6mg
N_NO3/L.
u im:
+ H thng nh, gn, lng bn sinh ra thp,vn hnh n gin, d bo tr
+ Nng bn m c nn c thi trc tip khng cn lng bn
+ Cht lng nc sau x l tt
+ Lai b cht dinh dng, tit kim nng lng
Ueda and Hata (1999) nghin cu x l nc thi th bng h thng k
kh/hiu kh vi mng t ngp.
Thi gian lu nc 13,5gi; thi gian lu bn 72ngy; MLVSS 10g/l; ti trng
BOD5 0,25kg/m3.ngy; 1,3mgBOD5/l; khng c cn l lng; ; 7,1mgT-N/l; 0,3NNH3/l

Hnh 8.7 M hnh hybrid septictank Baffler

8.2.6 Bn hot tnh + lc sinh hc
N Muller 1998 c ng dng 7 m hnh hybrid hiu kh cho x l nc thi
min nam nc c. H hybrid trn c nghin cu t nm 1982 1988 bi
weber Ingenieur vi tn gi l qu trnh bio 2 sludge, kt hplc sinh hc v bn
hot tnh. Mc ch chnh ca h hybrid l kh C v N.

Hnh 8.8 M hnh hybrid Bn hot tnh + lc sinh hc

Bio 2 c ng dng cho x l nc thi cc khu dn c 10.000 25.000 dn. Vic
kt hp hai h thng trn cho php hm lng SS ln n 11 g/l. ng thi trong h
thng cc qu trnh nitrat ho v kh nitrat cng din ra ng thi.
Nhn chung h thng hybrid hiu kh trn c p dng ph bin trong trng hp
yu cu nng cp cng sut ca cc h thng x l nc thi do mt s u im sau:
- Mt Vi sinh vtcao, tng ti trng vn hnh
- Cc chng vi khun a dng tham gia vo qu trnh kh c cht v dinh dng
- Chu c bin ng v nhit v ti lng nhim
- Hn ch lng bn sinh ra, gim chi ph x l bn
u im ca h thng:

Gim khi tch cng trnh

D vn hnh

Vi sinh c nh trn lp vt liu lc c tui bn cao hn nn cho php gia
tng qu trnh nitrat ho ng thi h vi sinh vta dng trong pht trin theo
chiu dy lp mng sinh hc cng gp phn y nhanh qu trnh kh nitrat.


Bn hot tnh trong h thng khc bn hot tnh thng thng vi hm lng
hu c thp hn do mt phn c cht c s dng trong h thng lc
sinh hc. Kt qu l ch s bn thp, kh nng lng tt hn.

Kh nng chu sc ti do bin ng v ti lng nhim v nhit s tt
hn

Hn ch lng bn sinh ra, gim chi ph x l bn, gim 50% so vi h thng
bn hot tnh

Qu trnh nitrat ho ti 0,2 0,25 kg COD/kg bn.ng

T l VSS/SS thp do bn mng sinh hc c thi gian lu di
H thng thng c p dng cho cc nh my hin hu b qu ti v mun gia
tng cng sut vi chi ph u t thp v iu kin hn ch v mt bng.
Cc nghin cu gn y ca Emori et al., 1994; Mishima et al., 1996 kt hp vi
khun bn hot tnh l lng (kh P) v vi khun lc sinh hc bm dnh (ci thin
qu trnh nitrat ho)
W. Jianlong et al. :Process Biochemistry 36 (2000) 297303 nghin cu trn h Bio
2 sludge cho thy:
- Ti trngvn hnh: Lng sinh khi c th tng 4,3 5,75 g/l, th tch vt liu lc
15-30%. Hiu qu x l COD > 80%.
FADI GEBARA (Libang) Wat. Res. Vol 33. No 1
Cc thng s vn hnh: vi ti trng bn: 0,07 0,3 kgCOD/kg bn. ng. SVI dao
ng t 46 130 ml/g. nng bn: 3-7,6 g/l.
T h thng trn, mt s cng trnh nghin cu khc trn h thng sinh hc hiu kh
cng c pht trin.
8.3 NG HC CA QU TRNH
8.4 THNG S TNH TON

8.5 CC NG DNG C TRNG

CHNG IX: X L CC CHT DINH DNG (N,P) BNG CNG

NGH SINH HC
9.1 C S L THUYT CA QU TRNH
Cng vi s nhim ngun nc ngy cng tr nn nghim trng do cc cht hu
c, cc kim loi nng, thuc bo v thc vt, ha cht cng nghip, t cc ngun
thi do cc hot ng nng nghip, cng nghip, sinh hc, du lch, giao thng vn
ti,th s nhim mi trng do cc cht dinh dng N, P cng l mt vn
mang tnh cht c th hin nay. Khi hm lng N-NH3, N-NO3-, P trong nc d
tha s gy nn hin tng ph dng ho ngun nc lm cho rong to v mt
s thc vt nc bng n, sinh trng v pht trin qu gy nh hng xu n
cht lng nc sinh hot v cc thu vc nui trng thu sn. N-NO3- c th gy
bnh thiu mu cho ngi nng cao v n l mt tin cht ca N-nitroso,
Nitrosamin l nhng cht c kh nng gy ung th mnh nht hin nay.
Phng php thc tin duy nht v hiu qu nht kim sot qu trnh ph dng ha
l tp trung kim sot hm lng Phosphor v Nit trong nc. X l sinh ha nc thi
cha N, P cng l mt bin php qun l cht lng ngun nc. C s ca phng php
ny l cn c vo qu trnh chuyn ha ca N v P trong nc thi. [8]; [20]

Hnh 9.1 Qu trnh chuyn ho Nit trong nc thi khi x l sinh hc

Cc h thng x l nc thi bc 2 thng thng c thit k loi b cc cht

hu c (nh gi qua cc thng s COD, BOD5), v thng ch loi c mt phn
N m thi. Do vy, vic loi N thng phi c tin hnh giai on tip theo sau
tc x l bc cao. Nm 1995, mt phn ng chuyn ha N mi cha tng c
bit n trc v c l thuyt ln thc nghim c pht hin; l phn ng
oxy ha k kh Ammonium (Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation, vit tt l
anammox) trong ammonium c oxy ha bi nitrit trong iu kin k kh,
khng cn s cung cp cht hu c, to thnh N phn t. [6]

NH4+

N2

NO2NO3Hnh: Chu trnh N mi c thm mt xch anammox

Ha sinh hc ca qu trnh anammox:
C ch chuyn ha ni bo ca phn ng anammox n nay vn cha c lm
sng t hon ton. S dng phng php ng v 15N cp mt c ch sinh ha
ca anammox nh hnh di y:

anammoxosome

cytoplasm

N2
NH4
+

N2H4
4e-

NH2OH

NO2-

NH2OH
Cytoplasm
HH

NH4+

anammoxosom
e
N2H4

NO25H+

NR
4eHZO

4H+
N2

Hnh Sinh ha ca qu trnh anammox

NR: enzyme kh nitrit (sn phm gi thit l NH2OH), HH: hydrazine hydrolase
(xc tc phn ng to hydrazine t amoni v hydroxylamine), HZO: enzyme oxy ha
hydrazine (tng t enzyme hydroxylamine oxido reductase tc l HAO
Nitrosomonas).
Theo , qu trnh i qua sn phm trung gian l hydrazine (N2H4).HZO mt
enzyme tng t nh enzyme HAO tham gia trong qu trnh oxy ha hiu kh
ammoni, s xc tc cho s oxy ha hydrazine thnh nito phn t (Go = -288 kJ/mol).
Cc in t t qu trnh oxy ha ny (4e) s c chuyn cho s kh nitrit thnh
hydroxylamine vi s xc tc ca mt enzyme c tm gi l NR (Go = -22,5

kJ/mol). Hydroxylamine to ra s phn ng ngng t vi ammoni to ra

hydrazine mi (xc tc bi enzyme HH, Go = -46 kJ/mol). Chu trnh xc tc c th
s c lp li nhiu ln.
Cc bng chng ban u cho thy phn ng ngng t ammonium vi
hydroxylamine v oxy ha hydrazine xy ra bn trong mt th gi l
anammoxosome. Anammoxosome nm trong t bo cht, bao bc bi mng lipid
ladderane, v c th tch nguyn vn t t bo anammox.

Thnh t bo

Mng trong t bo
cht

Anammoxosome
Nucleoid
Riboplasm
Paryphoplasm

Mng t bo cht

Hnh S phn khoang t bo anammox

Mt im kh th v lin quan n enzyme HZO ca vi khun anammox l c cu trc
tng t Hao trong cc vi khun Nitrosomonas, tc l cha cc cytochrome c (cyt c)
vi nhn haem c hp th mnh 468 nm. V ion trung tm ca cc haem ny l st
nn cc vi khun anammox c mu c trng khi qun t mt ln. Xut hin
mu trong bn hot tnh l mt ch th tt v s hin din ca vi khun anammox.
Vi sinh hc ca qu trnh anammox:
nh danh v phn loi vi khun anammox
n nay, c 3 chi ca vi khun anammox c pht hin, gm Brocadia,
Kuenenia, Scalindua. V mt phn loi, cc vi khun ny l nhng thnh vin mi

v to thnh phn nhnh su ca ngnh Planctomycetes, b Planctoycetales (Schmid

et al., 2005).
trng hp pht hin u tin, bn k kh c nui cy lm giu bng phng
php m lin tc (SBR), vi khun c tch bng k thut ly tm gradient t trng,
chit xut DNA, ri tin hnh phn tch trnh t 16S rDNA. Kt qu phn tch trnh
t cho thy thuc phn nhnh Planctomycetes su v c t tn l Candidatus
Brocadia anammoxidans. Trn c s kt qu phn tch trnh t phn t 16S rDNA
vo nm 2000, cc vi khun anammox pht hin h x l RBC Stuttgart (c)
c xc nh l mi ( tng t di 90% so vi B. anammoxidans) v c t
tn l Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis (Schmid et al., 2000). Sau , vi khun
anammox c pht hin Thy S, B v cng c xc nhn l Candidatus
Kuenenia stuttgartiensis.
phng th nghim thuc i hc tng hp Kumamoto (Nht Bn), trong qua trnh
nui cy lin tc iu kin k kh t dng trn vt liu bm l mt dng polyester
c thit k c bit (non-woven), phn ng anammox v du hiu mu c
trng ca bn sinh khi vi khun anammox c pht hin (Furukawa et al.,
2002). Kt qu phn tch trnh t 16S rDNA trn vi sinh vtt mng lc sinh hc sau
pht hin cc vi khun anammox ny cng c tng ng kh cao vi
Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans (92,2%) v tng ng rt thp vi cc nhm
khc bit trc . Trn c s , mt dng vi khun anammox mi k hiu l
KSU-1 trong hng ng cc Planctomycetes (Fujii et al., 2002).
Ln u tin vi khun anammox cng c pht hin trong h sinh thi t nhin
vng nc ngho oxy Bin en. Kt qu phn tch trnh t 16S rDNA cho thy
87,9% v 87,6% tng t vi cc vi khun Kuenenia v Brocadia bit, nh th c
ngha l vi khun pht hin ny thuc mt chi khc v c t tn l Candidatus
Scalindua sorokinii (Kuypers et al., 2003).
Cc loi anammox khc c pht hin t a quay sinh hc nitrat ha ti mt
nh my x l nc thi Pitsea (Anh). Kt qu m t v phn tch trnh t 16S

RNA cho thy chng thuc cng chi Scalindua v c t tn l Candidatus

Scalindua brodae, Candidatus Scalindua wagneri. tng t v trnh t 16S rRNA
gia 2 loi l 93%.
Mt trong cc vn ng lu l vi khun anammox sinh trng rt chm (thi gian
nhn i khong hn 3 tun), nn vic nui cy, phn lp gp nhiu khso khn. Tuy
nhin, nh vo k thut sinh hc phn t, vic pht hin trc tip trn mu sng (in
situ) nn vic nh danh cc vi khun anammox phn lp c tin hnh thun li.
c im sinh l ca vi khun anammox
Vi khun anammox c th hot ng trong khong nhit t 20 43oC (ti u
40oC), pH 6,4 8,3 (ti u pH 8,0). iu kin ti u, tc tiu th c cht ring
cc i l 55 mol NH4-N/g protein/min. i lc vi cc c cht ammonium v nitrit
rt cao (hng s i lc di 10 M). nng 100 M, v nitrat khng b c ch
bi nitrit nng trn 20 M. khi tip xc vi nng nitrit trn 5 M trong thi
gian di (12h), hot tnh anammox b mt hon ton. Tuy nhin hot tnh se phc hi
khi thm lng vt (50 M) mt trong cc sn phm trung gian ca phn ng
anammox l hydrazin hay hydrolamin. Hot tnh anammox b c ch hon nng
oxy trn 0,5% bo ha khng kh (Strous et al., 1999).
Bng 9.1 Mt s c trng sinh l ca vi khun v phn ng anammox
Thng s

n v

Anammox

AOB

NH4+ + NO2- N2 NH4+ + O2- N2

Go

kJ/mol

-357

-275

mol C/mol N

0,006

0,08

qmax hiu kh

nmol/min/mg/protein

200 600

qmax k kh

nmol/min/mg/protein

60

max

/h

0,003

0,04

DT

Ngy

10,6

0,73

Ks (NH4+)

mol

5 2600

Ks (NO2-)

mol

<5

K.A

Ks (O2)

mol

K.A

10 - 50

Ngun: Kenji Furukawa , Pham Khac Lieu, Hiroyuk Tokitoh, Ritsuko Hatozaki,
Takao Fujii; 10/2005.
Ch thch: Go nng lng t do, Y hiu sut to sinh khi, qmax hot tnh cc
i, max tc sinh trng cc i, DT thi gian nhn i, Ks h s i lc,
K.A khng p dng. (Jetten et al., 2001).
Nghin cu x l P thc s bt u vo gia nhng nm 60 ca th k XX, vi cng
trnh ca Shapiro v Levin. Cc ng nhn thy rng, vi sinh vttrong bn s dng
P trong qu trnh tng hp t bo v vn chuyn nng lng. Khi bn hot tnh
khng c sc kh th gii phng P v khi nng oxi tng ln th bn s hp th
li P. iu ny c ngha l trong iu kin k kh/Anoxic - P c gii phng t bn
vo nc thi dng mui ho tan v ngc li trong iu kin hiu kh - P c
bn hp th. Loi vi khun Acinetobacter phn gii axit bo d bay hi iu kin
k kh bng cch gii phng P tch lu c. P khng ch c s dng cho t
bo hot ng, tng hp t bo, vn chuyn nng lng m cn c tch lu, d tr
vi sinh vt s dng khi cn thit. [8]
9.2 NG HC CA QU TRNH
9.2.1 ng hc qu trnh Nitrat ha sinh hc
Thi gian lu bn trong h thng x l vi qu trnh Nitrat ha sinh hc c xc
nh nh sau (Poduska, 1973): [1]; [2]; [16]
SRTd = S.F.(SRT)
Trong :
SRTd : Thi gian lu bn thit k, ngy
S.F : thit k cc yu t an ton = peak/ti lng NH3-N trung bnh
SRT : Thi gian lu bn cn thit, ngy.
Th tch b hiu kh vi s pha trn hon ton bn hot tnh c th c tnh ton
theo thi gian lu bn thit k:

V = [YnH(S0 S) + X1 + YnN(Nox)]Q(SRTd)/X

(9.1)

Trong :
V : th tch b hiu kh, m3
Q : lu lng dng vo, m3/ngy
X : Nng hn hp cht lng trong b hiu kh, mg/l
S0 : BOD5 dng vo, mg/l
S : BOD5 dng ra, mg/l
Nox : Ammonia dng vo b oxy ha, mg/l
YnN : Net yield ca cc vi sinh vtt dng khi thit k SRT bao gm c s
phn r ni sinh, g TSS/g BOD5 b loi b.
YnH : Net yield ca cc vi khun nitrat ha, g TSS/g N b oxy ha.
X1 : nng cht rn tr khng b phn hy sinh hc dng vo, mg/l
Phng trnh (9.1) cho thy thit k thi gian lu bn l mt trong nhng yu t
xc nh th tch b hiu kh. Thi gian lu bn cn thit c quan h qua li vi s
tng trng c trng ca cc vi sinh vtnitrat ha.
SRT =

1
n K nd

(9.2)

Trong :
n : Tc tng trng c trng ca cc vi sinh vtnitrat ha, g t bo mi/g

t bo, ngy.
K nd : Tc phn hy ni sinh ca cc vi khun nitrat ha, g t bo b phn

hy/g t bo, ngy.

Tuy nhin, nhiu kinh nghim cho thy tc tng trng c trng ca vi khun
vn gia tng m khng cn phi tnh tc phn hy ni sinh hay bt k mt yu t
quan trng no khc. V vy, thi gian lu bn cn thit ch c quan h mt thit vi
tc tng trng c trng, c xc nh bng phng trnh ng hc Monod:
n =

( n , max) N
Kn + N

(9.3)

Trong :
n ,max : Tc tng trng c trng ti a ca cc vi sinh vtnitrat ha, g t

bo c to thnh/g t bo, ngy.

Kn : H s bn bo ha, mg/l.
N : Nng NH3-N, mg/l.
Trong cc h thng nitrat ha ch ng, nng ca nitrit thng rt thp so vi
nng ca Amoni, do tc oxy ha nitrit bi Nitrobacter cao hn so vi tc
oxy ha Ammonia bi Nitrosomonas. V vy, qu trnh ng hc thng da vo tc
s dng ammonia-nitrogen hoc hot ng ca vi khun Nitrosomonas. Ch
rng trong sut thi gian bt u qu trnh nitrat ha, nng Nitrit s lun cao hn
cho n khi s lng cc vi khun Nitrobacter gim xung mc cn bng.
Gi tr n ,max chu nh hng ca nhit . Nhng nghin cu khc nhau c
tin hnh v xc nh c thng s ng hc n ,max l mt hm ph thuc nhit .
Bng 9.2 nh hng ca nhit ln tc tng trng c trng ti a ca qu
trnh nitrat ha.
Ngun

n ,max (ngy-1)

n ,max theo nhit ,

o

10o

15o

20o

Downing (1964a)

(0,47)e0,098(T-15)

0,29

0,47

0,77

Downing (1964b)

(0,18)e0,116(T-15)

0,10

0,18

0,32

Hultman (1971)

(0,50)100,033(T-20)

0,23

0,34

0,50

Barnard (1975)

0,33(1,127)T-20

0,10

0,18

0,37

Painter (1983)

(0,18)e0,0729(T-15)

0,12

0,18

0,26

Beccan (1979)

0,27

Bidstrup (1988)

0,65

Hall (1980)

0,46

Lawrence (1976)

0,50

Ngun: Washington Depart of Health, 1/2005

H s bn bo ha, Kn, c xc nh l mt hm ph thuc nhit (Knowles et

al., 1965):
Kn = 100,051T 1,148

(9.4)

9.2.2 ng hc qu trnh kh Nitrat sinh hc

ng hc qu trnh kh Nitrat sinh hc thng p dng cho thit k 3 loi h thng
chuyn ha N sau: [16]
+ H thng vi vng thiu kh trc vng hiu kh, ni y dng thi u vo
cung cp ngun C to ra nhu cu sinh ha cn cho Nitrat.
+ B phn ng post-aeration ni nhu cu oxy cn cho h hp ni bo ca vi
khun c s dng lm gim nitrat.
+ H thng phn ng post-nitrification c b lc ring, ni methanol c cung
cp cho s tng trng ca vi sinh vtv to ra nhu cu cht nhn in t
Nitrat.
ng hc qu trnh kh Nitrat Pre-Anoxic
Nhu cu oxy cn thit trong h thng sinh hc lm chc nng chuyn ha cht nn
v phn hy ni sinh (Metcaft v Eddy, 1990) c trnh by trong phng trnh
(9.5) kh Nitrat:
Rno = ARsu +

1,42
K d X ( FDN )
2,86

(9.5)

Trong :
Rno : tc gim Nitrat, mg/l-ngy
Rsu : tc loi b cc cht nn, mg/l-ngy
A : NO3-N s dng loi b cc cht nn hu c tng hp t bo, g/g.
Gi tr A c th c xc nh nh sau:
A=

1 1,42Y
2,86

(9.6)

Trng thi n nh cn bng ca cc cht nn trong giai on thiu kh ca h thng

thiu-hiu kh c th hin phng trnh:

O = QS O + rQSe + RQSe (Q + rQ + RQ) S1 RsuV

(9.7)

Vi tc s dng cht nn:

Rsu =

Rsu =

R xn
Y

S1 K o
NO1
( FDN )

Y
K + S1 K d + O1 NOs + NO1

(9.8)

Trong :
Rxn : tc tng trng ca cc vi sinh vtkh Nitrat, mg/l-ngy
m : tc tng trng c trng ti a ca cc vi sinh vtd dng, g/g-ngy
FDN : t l cc vi sinh vtd dng s dng Nitrat lm cht nhn in t, g/g
S : nng cht nn d b phn hy sinh hc, mg/l
Ks : H s bn bo ha ca cc cht nn d b phn hy sinh hc, mg/l
Ko : H s c ch DO, mg/l
O : nng DO, mg/l
NO : nng Nitrat nitrogen, mg/l
NOs : h s bn bo ha ca nng Nitrat nitrogen, mg/l
Gi tr Rno c th c s dng trong trng thi n nh cn bng Nitrat tip theo
giai on 1 xc nh nng nitrat nitrogen trong dng chy vo giai on 2:
O = RQNO + rQNO (Q + rQ + RQ) NO1 RnoV

(9.9)

Tc kh Nitrat c trng - SDNR (mg NO3-N/mg VSS-ngy) c xc nh:

SDNR =

Rno
XH

(9.10)

A( Rsu ) 1,42 K d FDN

+
2,86
XH

(9.11)

hoc:
SDNR =

Nhit cng c nh hng n tc kh nitrat trong vng pre-anoxic:

SDNRT = (SDRN20) T-20
Tc kh Nitrat Post-Anoxic s h hp ni sinh:

(9.13)

Tip theo sau qu trnh nitrat ha, vng kh nitrat cng c th c kt hp cht ch
vo h thng bn hot tnh trc khi lc th cp. Sau khi nitrat ha, nng cc
cht nn hu c mc thp nht v tc kh nitrat ph thuc vo tc h hp
ca cc vi khun s dng thc n d tr t qu trnh phn hy ni bo. Nhiu
nghin cu t phng th nghim c tin hnh vi h thng bn hot tnh lun
phin hiu-thiu kh, v SDNR c lin quan n hot ng ca SRT v tc hp
thu oxy Carbonaceous c trng (SCOUR). Gi tr SDRN t l nghch vi gi tr
ca SRT nhit 20oC, theo phng trnh:
SDRN = 0,12(SRT)-0,706

(9.14)

Cc iu kin ca b phn ng trng thi n nh cng t ti nhit 10oC, v

tc nhn hiu chnh nhit () phng trnh (9.13) l 1,02.
Phng trnh (9.14) c khai trin cho iu kin nc thi c trng, v tc
SDRN cng thay i ty thuc vo tnh cht nc thi.
SCOUR =

An
YNT

SRT

(9.15)

Trong :
SCOUR : tc hp thu oxy Carbonaceous c trng, g O2/g BOD5 b loi b.
YNT : TSS thc c to ra, bao gm c cht rn tr v sinh khi, g TSS/g
BOD5 b loi b.
An : Oxy carbonacous thc cn thit, g O2/g BOD5 b loi b.
SDNR c th c bin i t SCOUR nh bn di:
F An 1

SDNR =

2,86 YN SRT

(9.16)

Trong :
F : t l tc hp th oxy carbonacous khi s dng Nitrat thay cho cc phn
t oxy, g/g.
2,86 : cn bng oxy trong nitrat, g/g.
Gi tr An v YNT c th c tnh ton cho nc thi:

An = 1,5 1,42Y +

YNT =

1,42 K d Y .SRT
1 + K d SRT

(9.17)

X
Y
+ 1
1 + K d SRT S o

(9.18)

Trong :
Y: h s synthesis yield, g TSS/g BOD5 b loi b.
X1 : nng cc cht rn tr khng b phn hy sinh hc dng vo, mg/l
So : nng BOD5 dng vo, mg/l
Kh Nitrat vi ngun C t bn ngoi:
Trc y, methanol c s dng nh ngun C bn ngoi cung cp cho qu
trnh kh Nitrat trong cc h thng bn hot tnh ring bit ngay sau qu trnh Nitrat
ha. Methanol cng c b sung thm vo vng post-anoxic tip theo qu trnh
nitrat ha cung cp cht nn hu c cn thit hoc gp phn y nhanh tc
kh Nitrat.
Bng 9.3 H s ng hc c bn ca qu trnh kh Nitrat cho cc h thng s
dng methanol.
Thng s

20oC

10oC

H s synthesis yield, Y gr VSS/gr COD dng.

0,18

0,17

H s phn hy ni sinh, K2, g/g.

0,04

0,05

Tc s dng cc cht nn c trng ti a, K g

10,3

3,1

9,1

12,6

COD/g VSS
H s half-velocity, Ks, mg/l

Ngun: Clifford W. Randall, James L. Barnard, H. David Stensel

Phng php thit k trng thi n nh cho h thng kh Nitrat pha trn hon ton
dng methanol s c trnh by ngay sau y. Bc u tin l phi xc nh nng
methanol COD cn thm vo dng vo, thng qua phng trnh
COD
2,86
, v xc nh nng COD ha tan dng ra:
=
N
1,134YN

So S =

2,86
(No N )
1 1,134YN

(9.19)

Trong :
So : nng COD methanol dng vo, mg/l
S : nng COD methanol dng ra, mg/l
No : nng NO3-N dng vo, mg/l
No : nng NO3-N dng ra, mg/l
i vi cc b phn ng pha trn hon ton, S c th c xc nh nh mt hm
ca SRT v cc h s ng hc ca h thng thit k (Lawrence v McCarty, 1970):
S=

K s [1 + K d SRT ]
SRT [YK K d ] 1

(9.20)

Cc gi tr nng sinh khi kh Nitrat v thi gian lu nc c th c xc nh

t cn bng khi lng trong bn (Lawrence v McCarty, 1970):
( X ) HRT =

Y ( S o S ) SRT
(1 + K d SRT )

(9.21)

Trong :
HRT : thi gian lu nc, ngy
X : nng sinh khi kh Nitrat, mg/l.
Tc kh Nitrat c trng c th c tnh ton theo phng trnh:
SDNR =

No N
( X )( HRT )

(9.22)

Phng trnh cho thy nu c qu nhiu methanol c thm vo qu mc cn thit,

gi tr X(HRT) s tng ln v kt qu l SDNR s b gim xung.
Bng cho thy nh hng ca thit k SRT trong tng hp SDNR v thi gian lu
cn thit lm gim NO3-N trong dng vo i vi h thng kh Nitrat ring bit
s dng methanol, thng l t 30,0 mg/l n 1,0 mg/l.
Bng 9.4 nh hng ca SRT ln thit k b phn ng kh Nitrat (T = 20oC)
(NO3-N b loi b l 29,0 mg/l)

SRT, ngy

S, mg/l

3,7

2,3

1,7

1,4

1,1

0,9

So, mg/l

105,8

103,6

102,3

101,3

100,0

99,0

X HRT, mg/l-ngy

35,3

50,0

63,5

74,9

87,1

108,0

Thi gian lu (MLVSS = 2.000

0,4

0,6

0,8

0,9

1,0

1,3

0,82

0,58

0,46

0,40

0,33

0,27

mg/l), gi
SDNR, g/g-ngy

Ngun: Clifford W. Randall, James L. Barnard, H. David Stensel

9.3 CC YU T NH HNG
C nhiu nhn t nh hng n hiu qu hot ng ca qu trnh chuyn ha sinh
ha cc cht dinh dng. [2]
Trc ht, qu trnh ny chu nh hng bi thi gian lu bn trong h thng. i
vi qu trnh chuyn ha P nn s dng thi gian lu bn trong mi trng k kh t
1 1,5 ngy, ty thuc vo iu kin nhit ; thi gian lu bn trong mi trng
hiu kh c p dng thch hp nht l 1,5 ngy. Cn i vi qu trnh chuyn ha
N, thi gian lu bn trong mi trng thiu kh ban u phi ti thiu t 1 1,5
ngy (ty vo iu kin nhit ), nhng thi gian ny c th ln hn nu c hot
ng thy phn chm ca cc cht hu c l lng b d b phn hy sinh hc. i
vi qu trnh chuyn ha ng thi N v P, thi gian lu bn trong c mi trng k
kh/thiu kh nn ti thiu l t 2 3 ngy, thi gian ny c th ln hn nu c hot
ng thy phn chm ca cc cht hu c l lng d b phn hy sinh hc, cn
trong mi trng hiu kh thi gian ch nn ti thiu l 0,5 ngy.
Cht hu c b d phn hy ng vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh chuyn ha
cc cht dinh dng. i vi qu trnh chuyn ha N, cht hu c ng vai tr quan
trng l nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD) v nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD). Thc t cho
thy, t l gia cc cht hu c so vi N cng cao th hiu sut ca qu trnh chuyn
ha cng tng.

Bng 9.5 Mi quan h gia hiu sut chuyn ha N v t l gia cc cht hu c

so vi N
Hiu sut qu trnh

COD/N tng

BOD5/N-NH3

BOD5/N tng

<5

<4

< 2,5

Trung bnh

57

46

2,5 3,5

Tt

79

68

3,5 5

>9

>8

>5

chuyn ha N
Km

Cc tt

Ngun: C. P. Leslie Grady, Jr. ; Glen T. Daigger; Henry C. Lim.

i vi qu trnh chuyn ha P, ch tiu nh gi hiu sut chuyn ha P trong
nc thi l COD/P, BOD5/P (trong P = P tng qu trnh chuyn ha dng
vo P ha tan qu trnh chuyn ha dng ra). Tuy nhin, tri vi qu trnh
chuyn ha N, khi t l ny cng cao th hiu sut chuyn ha P cng thp.
Bng 9.6 Mi quan h gia hiu sut chuyn ha N v t l gia cc cht hu c
so vi P
Hiu sut qu trnh

BOD5/P

COD/P

Cao

15 20

26 34

Trung bnh

20 25

34 43

> 25

> 43

chuyn ha P

Thp

Ngun: C. P. Leslie Grady, Jr. ; Glen T. Daigger; Henry C. Lim.

Thnh phn cc cht hu c trong nc thi cng nh hng n qu trnh ny.
Ngoi ra, nhng nh hng khng tt ca cht rn l lng ln nng ca N v P
trong nc thi cng l iu cn quan tm khi s dng h thng ny. Thc t cho
thy, s lng N v P trong nc thi s tng ln nu nng tng cht rn l lng
trong nc thi gia tng, (lng P s tng 1 mg/l nu trong nc thi nng cht

rn l lng ln n 10 mg/l, v N s tng 1 2 mg/l nu nng cht rn l lng t

10 30mg/l ).
Mt s nhn t mi trng khc cng nh hng n hiu qu ca qu trnh ny, c
th k n l nhit , pH, nng oxy ha tan (DO). Nhit nh hng mnh
nht n loi vi khun nitrat ha. Gim nhit c th lm cho tc kh nitrat
gim xung, kt qu l lm gim hiu qu ca qu trnh chuyn ha N. Gim nhit
ca h thng cng lm tc ln men ca cc vt cht hu c v lm thay i
thnh phn nc thi trong h thng x l. Ngoi ra, hot ng ca vi khun nitrat
ha cng gim khi pH gim xung di 6,5; cn trong khong pH t 6,5 7, qu
trnh nitrat ha vn c th thch nghi tt vi mi trng v t b gim hot tnh. Nng
oxy ha tan nh hng n qu trnh nitrat ha, kh nitrat v chuyn ha P theo
nhiu cch khc nhau. Nng DO vng hot ng hiu kh xung di 2mg/l c
th khng thc y qu trnh nitrat ha v chuyn ha P, trong khi li y
mnh qu trnh kh nitrat. Nng DO thp cng gp phn lm tng trng cc vi
khun ln men. Vic thm DO vo cc vng thiu v k kh cn phi hn ch v n
s nh hng n qu trnh kh nitrat.
9.4 TNH TON THIT K
9.4.1 Nitrat ha v kh nitrat kt hp
V mt k thut, cc h thng x l Nit dng ny c th c thit k theo trnh t
nitrat ha denitrat ha (post-denitrification) hay ngc li (pre-denitrification).
Trong trng hp th nht, ngun cacbon bn ngoi phi c cung cp cho b
denitrat ha; cn trong trng hp th hai, phi cn mt dng hi lu ln hn (R =
2 3) t b nitrat ha. Trong cc qu trnh ny, hot ng hiu kh c s dng
trc tin loi b BOD v nitrat ha cc cht hu c v N-NH3; sau l n qu
trnh thiu kh vi vai tr chuyn Nitrat sang dng kh N2, ng thi s dng nc
thi nh mt ngun cung cp C hoc s dng ngun C t bn ngoi. Mc d c
nhiu dng m hnh chuyn ha, nhng qu trnh nitrat ha/kh nitrat sinh hc c

chng minh l kh thi nht, c v kinh t ln k thut. Hnh 9.2 di y s a ra

m hnh ca qu trnh nitrat ha v kh nitrat trong h thng x l nc thi.

Hnh 9.2 Qu trnh Nitrat ha/kh Nitrat sinh hc trong h thng x l nc thi
Phn loi cc h thng chuyn ha sinh hc N
Qu trnh tng trng l lng l qu trnh x l sinh hc trong cc vi sinh vtx
l c duy tr trong iu kin l lng trong cht lng, bng cch lm thong kh c
hc hoc khuch tn khng kh vo h thng.
Qu trnh tng trng bm dnh l qu trnh x l sinh hc trong cc vi sinh
vtx l c gn kt vo cc mi trng m tr nh ct, si, lp plastic, v c th
c t ngp nc hon ton hoc khng ngp nc (Crites and Tchobanoglous,
1998; Metcalf & Eddy, 1991).
Bng 9.7 Hiu sut chuyn ha N ca cc qu trnh sinh ha
Cc qu trnh

Hiu sut chuyn

Tng N

ha tng N, %

dng ra, mg/l

25 61

37 60

60

15,5

Tng trng l lng

Hiu kh
B phn ng theo tng ngn

Tng trng bm dnh

B lc ct n (SPSF)

8 50

30 65

B lc ct tun hon (RSF)

15 84

10 47

B lc i vt liu si

14 38

9 83

B RSF lc thiu kh

40 90

7 23

B RSF thiu kh vi ngun C bn

74 80

10 13

ngoi

29 54

18 53

96

2,2

H thng RUCK
Nitrex
Ngun: Washington Depart of Health, 1/2005
Nitrat ha sinh hc

Qu trnh ha hc: Nh trnh by trn, nitrat ha l mt qu trnh t dng 2

giai on (s nitrat ha s dng CO2 thay cho ngun C hu c nh ngun cung cp
C cho vic tng hp t bo) chuyn ha NH4+ thnh Nitrat. Trong sut qu trnh
phn ng to nng lng ny, mt vi ion NH4+ c tng hp trong cc m t bo
gy ra ton b qu trnh oxy ha v phn ng tng hp:
Vi khun to nhng t bo vi khun mi:
1.00NH4+ + 1.89O2 + 0.08CO2 0.98NO3- + 0.016C5H7O2N + 0.95H2O + 1.98H+
Ni chung, cn khong 4,32 mg oxy oxy ha mi mg NH4+, v sau s mt 7,1
mg cht kim (CaCO3) trong nc thi v to ra 0,1 mg mi t bo vi khun. Ni
cch khc, oxy ha 20 mg/l NH4+ cn tiu th 84,6 mg/l oxy ha tan, ph hy
141,4 mg/l cht kim nh CaCO3, v to ra 2,6 mg/l cc vi sinh vtnitrat ha.
V vy, qu trnh nitrat ha c th s dng nhu cu oxy sinh ha pha N (NBOD)
rt cao ngoi tr nhu cu oxy sinh ha pha C (CBOD) bit. Theo phng trnh
phn ng trn, c 40 mg/l NH4+ dng ra th cn phi c 184 mg/l NBOD, ngoi
tr phn CBOD. S nitrat ha cng ko theo s gim pH nu khng c lp m
x l trong nc thi.

Qu trnh vi sinh: Cc sinh vt t dng tham gia vo qu trnh nitrat ha (s dng

CO2 nh ngun C hnh thnh cc m t bo) c tc tng trng thp hn so
vi cc vi sinh vtd dng (s dng C hu c hnh thnh t bo). V vy, tc
nitrat ha c kim sot bi qu trnh oxy ha bi CBOD ca cc sinh vt d
dng.
V vy h thng nitrat ha phi c thit k sao cho thi gian lu trong h thng
cc vi khun nitrat ha c th tng trng. Cc vi khun d dng cng ng vai
tr quan trng trong vic hn ch cung cp oxy cho cc vi khun nitrat ha, c bit
l trong h thng tng trng bm dnh. Sau khi cnh tranh vi cc vi khun d
dng, tc nitrat ha s b gii hn do nng NH4+ sn c trong h thng.
Nhit , pH v cc cht c ch ha hc cng ng vai tr quan trng trong qu
trnh.

Hnh 9.3 Mi quan h gia cc vi sinh vtnitrat ha trong h thng x l nc

thi vi tc nhn tng trng l lng (bn hot tnh) v t l BOD5/TKN
Khi t l ny thp (0,5 3) th s lng vi khun nitrat ha kh nhiu, v nh vy s
nitrat ha s khng b nh hng bi cc vi khun d dng oxy ha; qu trnh ny
gi l qu trnh nitrat ha ring bit. Khi t l BOD5/TKN cao, s lng cc vi

khun nitrat ha s gim xung do cc vi khun d dng cnh tranh do s oxy ha

ca CBOD; qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh nitrat ha single-stage.

Hnh 9.4 Qu trnh nitrat ha ring bit v single-stage.

Nhu cu oxy ha tan v ti lng cht hu c dng vo
H thng tng trng l lng: nng oxy ha tan c nh hng quan trng trong
s nitrat ha trong x l nc thi. Kinh nghim thc t cho thy, nng DO phi
c duy tr mc xp x 2 mg/l trong h thng hiu kh sinh trng l lng, nht
l khi ti lng NH4+ lun dao ng ln xung kh nhiu.
H thng tng trng bm dnh, bao gm c trng hp t ngp nc hay khng,
th nng DO phi c duy tr mc ti thiu l gp 2,7 ln so vi nng NH4+
chng li s di chuyn oxy qua mng sinh hc lm hn ch tc nitrat ha.
Nhng trn thc t s liu ny thng ln hn do vic s dng ti lng cht hu c
b mt thp hn so vi nng thng cung cp cho chuyn ha CBOD cc vi
sinh vttng trng; mt khc, cc vi sinh vtd dng s chim u th hn so vi
lp mng vi sinh trong lp gi tng trng bm dnh. Vic ti tun hon ca dng
thi ra qua lp gi tng trng bm dnh, cng nh vic s dng cc vt liu gi
c bit, nh gi plastic trong b lc nh git vi din tch tip xc b mt

kh ln c tc dng lm gim ti lng cht hu c b mt v thc y tc truyn

oxy.
nh hng ca pH v kim: Khong pH thun li nht cho s Nitrat ha l t 6,5
8. Do s nitrat ha tiu th khong 7,1 mg kim (CaCO3) cho mi mg NH4+ b oxy
ha, v vy khi kim trong nc thi c nguy c xung thp th s nitrat ha s
lm pH cng gim xung. V d, nitrat ha khong 40 mg/l NH4+ cn phi c
khong 284 mg/l kim duy tr hm lng pH.
nh hng ca nhit : Nhit c nh hng quan trng trong s nitrat ha, nn
n phi c cn nhc k khi a vo thit k. Nhn chung, nhit thp s i hi
c thi gian lu trong h thng di hn i vi tc nhn tng trng l lng v tc
np nc thp hn trong tc nhn tng trng bm dnh, do tc tng trng
chm hn ca cc vi khun nitrat ha.
nh hng ca cht c ch: Cc vi khun nitrat ha thng nhy cm hn cc vi
khun d dng v d b nh hng bi cc thay i khc nhau ca cc cht c ch
hu c v v c.

Hnh 9.5 V d v cc cht c ch qu trnh Nitrat ha

Kh nitrat sinh hc

Qu trnh ha hc: Kh nitrat l mt qu trnh sinh hc s dng nitrat nh mt

ngun cung cp in t, ngoi tr oxy, oxy ha cc cht hu c (kh nitrat d
dng) hay cc cht v c nh S hay H (kh nitrat t dng). Trong sut qu trnh,
Nitrat s gim dn v chuyn thnh kh N2. C qu trnh ny s xy ra trong iu
kin thiu kh. Cc vi sinh vtkh nitrat ha l cc sinh vt a kh ty nghi (chng
c th chuyn i gia h hp trong iu kin c oxy v trong iu kin c nitrat).
Kh nitrat t dng thng s dng trong x l nc nhiu hn l trong x l nc
thi. i vi qu trnh kh nitrat t dng, ngun C c th ly t nc thi, cc t
bo vi khun hoc t ngun C bn ngoi nh CH4 hay acetat.

Hnh 9.6 Qu trnh kh Nitrat d dng vi cc ngun C khc nhau

Qu trnh vi sinh ca s kh nitrat d dng
Qu trnh kh nitrat d dng xy ra vi tc nhanh, thch nghi tt vi cc hp cht
c ch, i hi nng hu c cao v nng DO thp hoc c th khng c. Cc vi
khun hin din trong h thng l cc vi khun hiu kh ty nghi, vic thit k vng
thiu kh l mt trong nhng nhn t quan trng nht trong qu trnh kh nitrat ha.

Ngun C t nc thi
Cc vi khun d dng
COHNS + NO3- N2 + CO2 + C5H7O2N + OH- + H2O + end products organic
bacterial matter cells
Theo l thuyt, 3,57 mg kim (CaCO3) c to ra khi mi mg nitrat b chuyn sang
dng kh N2, khi nc thi c s dng nh ngun cung cp C. V vy, s kh
Nitrat ha c th ly li c khong mt na lng kim mt trong qu trnh
nitrat ha v c th khc phc c tnh trng gim pH trong mi trng nc kim.
Do cc vi sinh vtkh nitrat l cc sinh vt d dng, nn chng d b nh hng bi
s thay i pH ca mi trng. Nhn chung, tc kh nitrat s b gim st khi pH
xung di 6 hoc trn 8.
Trong trng hp CBOD trong nc thi khng cung cp C cho qu trnh kh
nitrat, th ngun C bn ngoi phi c cung cp thm, ch yu l methanol v
acetat. V nh vy, kim mt c th hoc c th khng c thu hi li, ph
thuc vo tnh cht ha hc ca ngun C c s dng.
nh hng ca nhit : Tc ca qu trnh kh nitrat ha c th chu nh hng
quan trng khi nhit gim xung di 20oC (68oF), tc nitrat ha 10oC
(50oF) ch bng 20 40% so vi khi 20oC.
nh hng ca cc cht c ch: Nhn chung, cc sinh vt trong kh nitrta ha
thng thch nghi tt hn so vi cc sinh vt nitrat ha.
Hai giai on nitrat ha v denitrat ha xy ra vi hai iu kin ngc nhau: hiu
kh k kh, t dng d dng. Do vy, hai giai on phi tin hnh trong cc b
phn ng ring bit v s vn hnh, kim sot qu trnh ca h thng x l nit
truyn thng tr nn phc tp. V d, trong khi giai on nitrat ha cn duy tr DO
ti thiu l 2mg/lt th giai on denitrat ha phi khng ch DO di 0,3mg/lt.
Bng 9.8 cho php so snh mt vi thng s vn hnh c trng ca cc h thng x
l nit truyn thng v ci tin khc nhau.
Bng 9.9 So snh mt s h thng x l nit khc nhau

Hiu sut

Ti lng

Tiu th

(kg-

nng lng

N/ha/d)

(kWh/kg-N)

200 700

2.31)

36

1 1.2

> 75

200 700

1.71)

24

0.8 0.9

> 75

> 200-700

0.9

< 0.1

> 75

Ao nui to

15 30

0.1 1

67

10 15

23 78

Ao nui bo

34

< 0.1

28

20 26

74 77

3 26

< 0.1

27

30 70

H thng
N/DN bn hot
tnh truyn thng
SNBR bn hot
tnh
Bn hot tnh hon
t dng

Cnh ng ngp
nhn to

COD/N

To sinh khi
(kgkh/kg-N)

loi tng N
(%)

1)

Ch tnh in nng tiu th cho khng kh vi hiu sut 2 kg O2/kWh (Mulder,

2003)
9.4.2 Nitrat ha v kh nitrat ring bit
H thng tch ring 2 qu trnh nitrat ha v kh nitrat ring bit, c th c thit
k bi cc thnh phn ging nh trong qu trnh hiu kh. Tuy nhin, trong trng
hp ny, do cht nhn in t (NO3-N) hin din dng thi u vo nn cn cung
cp nng lng cho qu trnh.
9.4.3 Kh P
c im chung ca phng n sinh hc x l P l s lun phin thay i qu trnh
k kh v qu trnh hiu kh. Nh vy vic kh P i hi phi s dng c hai loi b
phn ng k kh/Anoxic v hiu kh. Hai vng ny c th thuc 2 b x l ring bit
hoc b tr c 2 vng trong cng mt b nh qu trnh A/O (Anaerobic/oxic); qu
trnh Phostrip.
Qu trnh ch o (qu trnh A/O ): l qu trnh ch yu s dng loi b phn ng k
kh/Anoxic. Vic la chn thi gian lu bn trong b k kh chu nh hng mnh ca

s lng v tnh cht ca cc cht l lng d b phn hy trong nc thi. Cc vi

khun tch ly P b c lp bi cc axit bo trong vng k kh, v vy phi cung cp cho
chng mt nng lng tng trng v duy tr P trong vng hiu kh. chuyn ha
1mg P phi cn khong 7 10 mg axit acetic, tng ng vi 7,5 10,7 mg COD tnh
theo cc axit bo cho mi mg P c chuyn ha. Nu cn mt lng cc axit bo
hin din trong nc thi, thi gian lu nc trong b k kh phi ngn hn 0,5 ngy
20oC. Nu khng c cc axit bo trong dng chy u vo, nhng to ra mt
lng cc cht l lng d b phn hy cn thit do s ln men, th thi gian lu nc
trong b k kh phi gn 1,5 ngy 20oC. Trong trng hp vn c s hin din ca
cc axit bo, nhng vn cn c s ln men th thi gian lu nc trong b k nm
trong khong 0,5 1,5 ngy, ty vo lng cc axit bo c trong .
Do nhng nh hng khng tt ca qu trnh Nitrat ha, h thng A/O nn thit k
sao cho thi gian lu bn vng hiu kh ngn li c th gim n ti thiu s
Nitrat ha; ng thi iu ny cng s thc y mnh s sn xut sinh khi, t
qu trnh chuyn ha P c th t hiu qu cao nht. ng thi, cn thit k sao cho
kch thc ca vng hiu kh v k kh t l vi thi gian lu bn trong chng.
Qu trnh ph (qu trnh Phostrip): v c bn, vic thit k qu trnh ny cng gn
ging nh qu trnh ch o. im khc bit ln nht l ch vng k kh c
t mt v tr ring bit, do m qu trnh chuyn ha P c thc hin 2 ln,
mt i vo dng bn d nh cc qu trnh chuyn ha P thng thng khc, v
mt trong dng chy trn t b tch k kh.
9.5 NG DNG C TRNG
Kh nng chuyn ha cc cht dinh dng bng cng ngh sinh hc c th c kt
hp vo thit k mt s b bn hot tnh. Khi , ban u vng thiu kh v vng k
kh lm chc nng nh mt thit b lc lm tng kh nng lng ca bn thng qua
vic kim sot s tng trng ca vi khun hnh si. Ngay c kh nng kh nitrat
trong h thng bn hot tnh kh nitrat cng gim kim v s tiu th nng lng
v lm gim kh nng tch bn h thng lc th cp thng qua vic lm gim

nng NO3-N trong h thng. Trong mt s trng hp, s kt hp ny em li

nhng li ch to ln: hiu qu kinh t hn, lm tng kh nng hot ng ca bn
hot tnh.
S ln men cc cht rn ngy cng c s dng rng ri lm tng hiu sut ca
qu trnh chuyn ha sinh ha P. Qu trnh Phostrip tng c ng dng kh rng
ri trc y, nhng hin nay qu trnh ch o (A/O) li c s dng ph bin hn.

CHNG X: NG DNG CNG NGH SINH HC CHO X L CC

LOI NC THI
10.1 BN CHT CA QU TRNH X L
Bn cht ca phng php sinh hc trong x l nc thi l s dng kh nng sng
v hot ng ca vi sinh vt khong ha cc cht bn hu c trong nc thi
thnh cc cht v c cc cht kh n gin v nc. Tt c cc cht hu c c trong
t nhin v nhiu cht hu c tng hp nhn to l ngun dinh dng cho cc vi
sinh vt. Vi sinh vtc th phn hu chng hon ton hoc khng hon ton. Qu
trnh x l sinh hc nc thi nhm kh cc cht bn hu c (BOD hoc COD hoc
TOC), nitrat ho, kh nitrat, kh Phospho v n nh cht thi nh qu trnh chuyn
ho hp cht hu c thnh pha kh v thnh v ca t bo vi sinh vtto ra cc bng
bn cn sinh hc v loi cc bng bn cn sinh hc ny ra khi nc thi.
Cc qu trnh x l nc thi nhn to u xut pht t cc qu trnh xy ra trong t
nhin bao gm 2 kiu sinh trng: Sinh trng l lng ng ngha vi bn hot tnh
iu kin hiu kh (lm thong kh, sc hay thi kh v khuy o) v iu kin k
kh (sc CO2 hoc khuy o hoc cho dng chy ngc). Sinh trng gn kt ng
ngha vi mng sinh hc iu kin hiu kh v iu kin k kh. Nh cc bin
php nhn to hot tnh ca cc vi sinh vtc tng cng v hiu qu lm sch
cht bn khng ngng c tng ln. [8]
10.2 C S LA CHN CNG NGH
Phng php sinh ha thng dng loi cc cht phn tn nh, keo v ha tan
hu c (i khi c v c) khi nc thi. Phng php ny da vo kh nng sng
ca vi sinh vt. Chng s dng cc cht hu c c trong nc thi lm ngun dinh
dng nh carbon, nit, pht pho, kali... Trong qu trnh dinh dng cc vi sinh vt
s nhn cc cht xy dng t bo v sinh nng lng nn sinh khi ca n tng
ln.
Tt c cc phng php x l nc thi c th chia ra lm hai nhm: nhm cc
phng php phc hi v nhm cc phng php phn hy. a s cc phng php

ha l c dng thu hi cc cht qu trong nc thi v thuc nhm cc phng

php phc hi. Cn cc phng php ha hc v sinh hc thuc nhm cc phng
php phn hy. Gi l phn hy v cc cht bn trong nc thi s b phn hy ch
yu theo cc phn ng oxi ha v mt t theo cc phn ng kh. Cc sn phm to
thnh sau khi phn hy s c loi khi nc thi dng kh, cn lng hoc cn li
trong nc nhng khng c.
Nhng phng php phc hi v c phng php ha hc thng ch dng x l
cc loi nc thi m c ring bit, cn i vi cc loi nc long vi s lng
nhiu th dng cc phng php khng thch hp. Nc thi cng nghip sau khi
x l bng phng php sinh ha c th x ra ngun sng h nu bo m c cc
tiu chun v sinh v nui c. Nhiu khi c th dng li c trong cc dy chuyn
sn xut.
Hn hp nc thi sinh hot v sn xut c th x l bng phng php sinh ha
nhng trc phi qua x l s b bng phng php c hc. C th x l s b
chung hoc ring i vi tng loi nc thi . Nht thit phi x l s b ring
bit nu nc thi sn xut cha ch yu l cc cht v c hoc chng phi qua x
l s b bng phng php ha hc. Vic tnh ton cc cng trnh x l c hc ring
bit i vi nc thi sn xut v nc thi sinh hot c thc hin theo cc ch
dn thit k thot nc bn ngoi ca x nghip cng nghip. Trong cn phi xt
n hin tng dao ng lu lng v nng nc thi v phi t cc b iu ha
nu cn thit. Vic x l nc thi sinh hot v sn xut ch c li khi nc thi sn
xut tng t nh nc thi sinh hot cha ch yu l cc cht hu c d b oxy
ha, khng i hi phi x l s b c bit g. i khi phi dng nc thi sinh
hot pha long nc thi sn xut, to iu kin cho qu trnh sinh ha sau
din ra bnh thng.
Trong mi trng hp phi chn phng php x l v s dng nc thi mt cch
hiu qu nht v xy dng v qun l. [14]
iu kin nc thi phi a vo x l sinh hc:

Cc loi nc thi sinh hot, nc thi th, nc thi mt s ngnh cng nghip
(thc phm, thy sn, ch bin nng sn, l m, chn nui, v c th c cng
nghip giy) c cha nhiu cht hu c ha tan gm hidratcacbon, protein v cc
hp cht cha N phn hy t protein, cc dng cht bo, cng mt s cht v c
nh H2S, cc sulfit, amoniac v cc hp cht cha N khc c th a vo x l
theo phng php sinh hc.
Phng php x l sinh hc nc thi da trn c s hot ng ca vi sinh vt
phn hy cc cht hu c nhim bn nc. Do vy, iu kin u tin v v cng
quan trng l nc thi phi l mi trng sng ca qun th vi sinh vt phn hy
cc cht hu c c trong nc thi. Mun m bao iu kin ny, nc thi phi:
Khng c cht c lm cht hoc c ch hon ton h vi sinh vt trong nc thi.
Trong s cc cht c phi ch n hm loi kim loi nng. Theo mc c hi
ca cc kim loi, sp xp chng theo th t:
Sb>Ag>Cu>Hg>Co>Ni>Pb>Cr3+>V> Cd>Zn>Fe
Mui ca cc kim loi ny nh hng nhiu n i sng ca cc vi sinh vt , nu
qu nng cho php, cc vi sinh vt khng th sinh trng c v c th b cht.
nh vy, khng th tin hnh x l sinh hc. nng mui ca chng nh hn gii
hn s b hn ch tc lm sch nc. trong trng hp nc thi cha nhiu hp
cht c th tnh ton da vo cht c mc c nht.
Cht hu c c trong nc thi phi l c cht dinh dng ngun C v nng lng
cho vi sinh vt. cc hp cht hidratcacbon, protein, lipid ha tan thng l c cht
dinh dngc v rt tt cho vi sinh vt.
Nc thi a vo x l sinh hc c 2 thng s c trng l BOD v COD. T s
ca 2 thng s ny phi l: COD/BOD 2 hoc BOD/COD 0,5; mi c th a
vo x l sinh hc (hiu kh). Nu COD ln hn BOD nhiu ln, trong gm c
xenlulozo, hemixenlulozo, protein, tinh bt cha tan th phi qua x l sinh hc k
kh.

Bn cnh cc cht d b phn hy nh hidratcacbon, protein, cn rt nhiu cht ch

b oxy ha mt phn hoc thm ch hu nh hon ton khng b phn hy. cc cht
hu c t nhin c lignin l kh b phn hy, kitin hu nh khng b phn hy, sng
mng, tc, cng vy. cc cht hu c tng hp t hidrocacbon, alcol, andehyt,
c cht b phn hy chm, c cht hu nh khng b phn hy.
10.3 C S THIT K H THNG X L
Ni chung, khi thit k cc h thng x l nc thi cn cn c vo cc yu t c
bn sau:
+ Quy m (cng sut) ca h thng XLNT: thi hn thit k, tiu chun cp nc,
s pht trin ca thnh ph
+ Mc x l nc thi cn thit: c im v kh nng lm sch ngun nc,
iu kin v sinh khi x nc thi ra ngun
+ iu kin t nhin: kh hu, a hnh, a cht cng trnh v a cht thy vn
+ c im kinh t x hi: ngun ti chnh, kh nng cung ng nguyn vt liu
xy dng v vn hnh cn trnh
+ S tham gia ca cng ng: s chp nhn ca cng ng, ng thu nc thi,
gim st hot ng ca d n
Cc thng s cn thit cho thit k trm x l nc thi (u vo): BOD5, COD, SS,
pH, Tng N, tng P.
10.4 YU CU THIT K
10.4.1 Nhng yu cu thit b ca trm x l
Nhng thit b phn phi nc u trong tng cng trnh, c th l nhng ngn,
ging phn phi nc trc cc b lng t mt v cc b Meetan khi cho cn lin
tc vo b; cc b phn phn phi nc trc b Aerotank v b lng t hai.
Nhng thit b ngt khi cn thit khng cho cng trnh lm vic v l do ra cng
trnh, ng ng hoc khi sa cha hoc v l do no khc.
Thit b x nc thi trc v sau cc cng trnh x l c hc khi c s c.

Cc knh, mng mng chnh ca trm x l phi tnh vi lu lng giy ln nht
ca nc thi, c tnh n kh nng m rng cng trnh.
Ngoi cc cng trnh sn xut chnh, ty thuc vo iu kin a phng, trong
phm vi trm x l cn phi c cc cng trnh phc v khc nh: l hi, xng c
kh, trm bin th, nh xe,
Xung quanh trm x l phi c hng ro ngn cch. Bn trong trm trng nhiu cy
xanh, chiu sng tt, ng cp phi v ng qua li gia cc cng trnh y
,[4]
10.4.2 Mt bng tng th v cao trnh ca trm x l
Khi lp mt bng tng th ca trm x l phi xt n kh nng m rng (theo mt
bng, cao trnh v tit din cc knh mng).
Mt bng tng th trm x l, ty thuc vo kch thc thng lp theo t l 1:500
hoc 1:1000. Trn mt bng th hin cc cng trnh chnh v ph x l nc thi,
ng thi c cc ng ng dn nc, in, ng i,
Cao ca tng cng trnh nh hng ln n s trm x l, v n quyt nh
cng tc t. Cc cao trnh c chiu cao ln (b lng ng, b lng hai v, b
Meetan) nn t na chm na ni so vi mt t, gim khi lng cng tc t
v lng t phi chuyn ch i.
t o ln li p cho cc cng trnh cn p v cc cng trnh cch nhit. Nc
thi phi t chy qua cc cng trnh. Thng dng bm bm cn t b lng t
mt v b Meetan, bn hot tnh t b lng t hai v b Aerotank, bn d v b
lng ng t hoc b nn bn trc khi a ln b Metan. nc thi t chy qua
cc cng trnh, mc nc cng trnh u ca trm x l phi cao hn mc nc
cao nht ngun mt gi tr bng tng tn tht p lc qua cc cng trnh v cng
thm p lc d tr 1 1,5m ( nc t chy t ming cng x ra sng).
Trong tnh ton s b, c th chn tn tht p lc qua cng trnh (khng k tn tht
cc b knh mng vo v ra khi cng trnh) nh sau:
B Biophin, ti nc phn lc

H + 150 cm (H chiu cao lp vt liu lc)

B Biophin, vi phun bt ng

H + 250 cm

B Aerotank

25 40 cm

B tip xc

40 60 cm

B trn

10 30 cm

Tng s tn tht p lc trm x l ph thuc cch b tr cc cng trnh tc l

ph thuc khong cch gia chng. i vi trng hp x l bng phng php
sinh hc trn b Aerotank l 4,0m, trn b Biophin l 10m. [4]
10.5 CNG NGH X L S B NC THI SINH HOT (CHO KHU
DN C)
Hin nay, hu ht nc thi sinh hot u c tin hnh x l cc b bng b t
hoi trc khi x thi ra cng chung. S h thng x l nc thi sinh hat bng
b t hoi c trnh by nh sau:

Nc thai
SH vao

Cong chung

Lang

Hnh 10.1 . S o he thong x ly nc thai sinh hoat qua be t hoai

Thuyt minh:
Lng nc thi sinh hot c x l qua b t hoi 3 ngn. Ngn u tin c chc
nng tch cn ra khi nc thi. Nc thi v cn l lng theo dng chy sang ngn
th hai. ngn ny, cn tip tc lng xung y, nc c vi sinh ym kh phn
hy, lm sch cc cht hu c trong nc.
Sau , nc chy sang ngn th ba lng ton b sinh khi cng nh cn l lng
cn li trong nc thi trc khi chy vo h thng thot nc chung.

10.6 X L NC THI C TNH CHT NGUY HI

10.6.1 X l nc thi dt nhum
Ngnh dt nhum l mt trong nhng ngnh c truyn thng lu i TPHCM. y
l ngnh mang li nhiu li ch kinh t nhng cng gy nhim mi trng nng n
do trong thnh phn nc thi c cha nhiu loi ho cht c hi nh phm nhum,
cht hot ng b mt, cht to mi trng, h, men, cht oxy ho
- Nc thi nhum bao gm cc loi chnh:
- Nc thi phm nhum hot tnh.
- Nc thi phm nhum sunfua.
- Nc thi ty.
Kt qu phn tch kho st mc nhim cc loi nc thi trn c trnh by
trong bng sau.
Bng 10.1 Thnh phn tnh cht nc thi nhum
Ch tiu n v
pH

Kt qu
Nc thi hot tnh

Nc thi sunfua

Nc thi ty

10-11

>11

>12

COD

mg/l

450-1.500

10.000-40.000

9.000-30.000

BOD5

mg/l

200-800

2.000-10.000

4.000-17.000

N tng

mg/l

5-15

100-1.000

200-1.000

P tng

mg/l

0.7-3

7-30

10-30

SS

mg/l

120-1300

Mu

Pt-Co

7.000-50.000

100.000-50.000

500-2.000

FAU

140-1.500

8.000-200.000

1.000-5.000

[Ngun: Khoa Mi trng Trng i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM]

V mi loi nc thi c thnh phn v tnh cht c trng rt khc nhau nn cng
ngh x l tng ng cng khc nhau. Do , cc loi phi tch ring v x l s b
loi tr cc tc nhn c hi i vi vi sinh ri nhp chung x l bng sinh hc.

Nc thi nhum vi c nng cht hu c cao, thnh phn phc tp v cha

nhiu hp cht vng kh phn hy sinh hc, ng thi c cc cht tr trong qu
trnh nhum c kh nng gy c ch vi sinh vt. Hn na, nhit nc thi rt cao,
khng thch hp a trc tip vo h thng x l sinh hc. V vy, ta phi tin hnh
x l ho l trc a vo cc cng trnh sinh hc nhm loi tr cc yu t gy hi
v tng kh nng x l ca vi sinh.

Cng ngh x l :
Nc thi
nhum hot
tnh

Nc thi
nhum Sunfua

Nc thi ty

Bn
khuy
nhanh

Bn
khuy
nhanh

Bn
h
pH

B to
bng

B to
bng

B
lng

B
lng
Bn

Bn

B lc sinh
hc k kh

B
trn

Bn
khuy
nhanh

B
lng

B
lng

Aerotank
Bn

B to bng

B
lng

Ngun
tip nhn

Hnh 10.2 S quy trnh cng ngh tng qut x l nc thi nhum vi

My
p
bn

Thuyt minh cng ngh:

Trong cng ngh ny, nc thi nhum t cc cng on s c thu gom ti cc b
ring. Nc thi hot tnh c tin hnh keo t bng phn st vi pH l 10 - 10,5,
hiu qu kh COD l 60 - 85%. Nc thi sunfua keo t pH khong 6, hiu qu
kh COD l 70%. Ring nc thi ty s c tin hnh trung ho nhm a pH v
6,5. Khi , H2O2 s b phn hy thnh O2 bay ln gy ra bt ng thi h s c
tch ra khi nc. T y, nc ty s c a vo b trn cng vi nc sau lng
ca nc thi hot tnh v nc thi sunfua. B trn va ng vai tr iu ho cht
lng nc thi, va l ni hiu chnh pH cho qu trnh lc sinh hc k kh tip
theo. b lc k kh, mt phn cht hu c b phn hy thnh kh biogas hoc
chuyn ho thnh nhng hp cht d phn hy hn v s c tip tc oxy ho sinh
hc trong b aerotank. Hiu qu kh COD ca qu trnh sinh hc khong 80-90%.
Nc thi sau x l sinh hc vn cha t tiu chun nn phi tin hnh x l bc
cao bng bin php keo t. Phn bn thi ra t cc b lng c a vo my p
bn. Nc tch bn c quay tr li b trn, bn sau p c em i chn lp.
10.6.2 X l nc thi thuc da
Nc thi thuc da cha nhiu ho cht tng hp nh thuc nhum, dung mi hu
c, hm lng TS, mu, cht rn l lng SS, cht hu c cao.
Bng 10.2 c tnh ca nc thi thuc da
Ch tiu

n v

pH

Cng on
Ngm vi

Thuc Crom

Khc

11.7

3.82

7.2

COD

mg/l

3700

2400

3450

BOD5

mg/l

2320

1000

2000

SS

mg/l

3120

2070

3200

TKN

mg/l

760

1257

1060

S2-

mg/l

25

Cr3+

mg/l

5000

[Ngun: Khoa Mi trng Trng i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM]

Nhn chung, nc thi thuc da phc tp do c tnh ca n l tp hp ca nhiu
dng thi c tnh cht khc nhau, c th phn ng vi nhau. Cc dng thi mang tnh
kim l nc thi t cng on hi ti, ngm vi, kh lng. Nc thi ca cng
on lm xp, thuc mang tnh axit. Do , chng ta cn phi phn ring dng thi
trc khi x l chung, c th l tch ring dng ngm vi cha sunfit v dng thi
thuc da cha Crom. Bn cnh , COD ca nc thi kh cao, t l BOD/COD
ln, c th p dng bin php x l sinh hc. Tuy nhin, cn tin hnh x l ho l
(keo t-to bng) nhm loi SS v cc cht c hi trc khi vo cng trnh x l
sinh hc.

Quy trnh cng ngh x l :

Phn
Kh
Nc thi
t cc dng khc

Nc thi
cha Crom

SC
R

SC
R

B
trn

B iu ho

B keo
t v
lng 1

B gom

B lng
kt ta
Cr(OH)3

B
trn

Nuc tch bn

NaOH
FeSO4

Bn kh em

Bn

Sn phi bn

Bn tun hon

Thi b cn
Cr(OH)3

B
aerotank

Kh

B
lng 2

Nc sau x l (loi
C)

Hnh 10.3 S quy trnh cng ngh x l nc thi thuc da

Thuyt minh cng ngh:
Nc thi c phn thnh 2 dng:
- Dng thi cha Crom: theo h thng thot nc ring i qua song chn rc
th loi cn bn, a thng n b tip nhn, trn vi FeSO4 kh Cr6+ thnh
Cr3+ v NaOH tng pH to mi trng kim. T y, nc thi c a vo b
lng nhm loi kt ta Cr(OH)3, phn nc trong c a qua b iu ho tip
tc c x l.

- Dng thi khc: c a qua song chn rc loi b tht m, v c a

trc tip n b iu ha. y, nc thi ngm vi c hm lng sunfit khng cao
nn c th nhp chung vo cc dng thi khc x l.
b iu ho, tin hnh ho trn 2 dng thi v sc kh nhm oxy ho sunfit thnh
sunphat v iu ho cht lng nc thi. Tip theo nc thi c a vo b keo
t to bng vi cht keo t l phn nhm kh SS. Hiu qu ca qu trnh ny l
SS gim trn 90%, COD gim 50-65%. Nc thi t chy sang b aerotank. y,
cc vi sinh hiu kh s phn hy cc cht hu c c trong nc thi. Sau thi gian
lu nc b bn hot tnh, nc thi c a qua b lng 2 tch bn ra khi
nc.
Phn bn t cc b lng t 1, t 2 s c dn ra sn phi bn. Bn sau khi phi
c thi b, phn nc tch bn s quay tr li b iu ho.
10.6.3 X l nc thi ch bin m cao su
Nc thi ch bin cao su c hnh thnh ch yu t cc cng on khuy trn,
lm ng, gia cng c hc v nc ra my mc, bn cha. c tnh nhim ca
nc thi ngnh sn xut m cao su c cho trong bng 10.4.
Bng 10.4 Thnh phn cht nhim trong nc thi ch bin m cao su

STT

Thnh
phn

Cng on
n v

Sn xut m cm
nh ng Cn ct cm

1. pH

Sn xut ly Cng chung

tm

4.70-5.49

5.27-5.59

4.50-4.81

5.90-7.50

2. COD

mg O2/l

4358-13127

1986-5793

3560-28450 3790-13000

3. BOD5

mg O2/l

3859-9780

1529-4880

1890-17500 3200-8960

4. SS

mg/l

360-5700

249-1070

130-1200

286-1260

5. N NH3

mg/l

649-890

152-214

123-158

138-320

[Ngun: Khoa Mi trng Trng i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM]

Nc thi ch bin cao su c pH thp, trong khong 4.2 - 5.2 do vic s dng axit
lm ng t m cao su. Cc ht cao su tn ti trong nc dng huyn ph vi
nng rt cao. Cc ht huyn ph ny l cc ht cao su ng t nhng cha kt
li thnh mng ln, pht sinh trong giai on nh ng v cn crep. Nu lu nc
thi trong mt thi gian di v khng c s xo trn dng th cc huyn ph ny s
t ni ln v kt dnh thnh tng mng ln trn b mt nc. Cc ht cao su tn ti
dng nh tng v keo pht sinh trong qu trnh ra bn cha, ra cc chn ly tm,
nc tch t m ly tm v c trong giai on nh ng. Trong nc thi cn cha
mt lng ln protein ho tan, axit formic (dng trong qu trnh nh ng), v N
NH3 (dng trong qu trnh khng ng). Hm lng COD trong nc thi l kh
cao, c th ln n 15000mg/l. T l BOD/COD ca nc thi l 0.60-0.88 rt thch
hp cho qu trnh x l sinh hc. Da vo thnh phn tnh cht nc thi nu trn,
cng ngh x l nc thi cao su c xut nh sau.
Nc thi u vo
Song chn rc
B gn m

B lc k kh x da

Bn thi

B lc hiu kh x da

H sinh hc

Nc thi u ra

Hnh 10.5 S cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin m cao su

Thuyt minh cng ngh:

Nc thi t cc cng on sn xut c thu gom bi h thng cng chung v a
v h thng x l tp trung. Nc thi c a vo b gn m loi b cc ht
cao su dng huyn ph. Trong b gn m, nc thi i qua vi vn tc rt chm,
hn ch ti a kh nng xo trn v cc ht cao su s t ng ni ln b mt do
chnh lch t trng so vi nc. Theo kt qu nghin cu cho thy, hiu qu kh
COD ca b gn m bng phng php ng t t nhin c th ln n 70% sau
thi gian lu nc l 20 gi, hm lng SS gim hn 90%. T y, nc thi c
a v pH thch hp v dn vo b lc k kh vi lp vt liu m l x da nhm
phn hy cc cht hu c phc tp thnh nhng cht n gin hn v chuyn ho
chng thnh CH4, CO2, H2O, H2S Nc thi sau khi qua b lc k kh x da c
COD dao ng t 500-1200mg/l s t chy qua b lc hiu kh. B lc sinh hc hiu
kh va c nhim v kh tip phn COD cn li, va lm gim mi hi c trong
nc thi. Hiu qu ca qu trnh ny kh cao v kh n nh, t 60-80%. Tuy
nhin, nc thi u ra phi tip tc c x l qua h sinh hc tin hnh kh
phn COD v NH3 cn li trong nc thi m bo tiu chun x thi.
10.6.4 X l nc thi sn xut thuc tr su
Cc ch tiu nhim ca nc thi sn xut thuc tr su c cho trong bng sau.
Bng 10.5 Thnh phn ch tiu nhim trong nc thi sn xut thuc tr su
Thnh phn

STT

n v

Kt qu

1.

pH

6.95

2.

COD

mg O2/l

4860

3.

BOD5

mg O2/l

1375

4.

SS

mg/l

6162

5.

N tng

mg/l

51.41

6.

Ptng

mg/l

1.57

[Ngun: Khoa Mi trng Trng i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM]

Nc thi sn xut thuc tr su c hm lng COD kh cao, t l BOD5/COD

khong 0.3, khng thch hp cho qu trnh x l sinh hc. Cc cht hu c trong
nc thi sn xut thuc tr su hu ht l nhng cht kh phn hy sinh hc v c
i vi vi sinh. Tuy nhin, a s cc thuc tr su s b phn hy trong mi trng
kim. Do , x l loi nc thi ny, phi s dng kt hp cc bin php ho l
v ho hc.

Nc thi v

Kim ho
pH 10

Keo t

Oxy ho

Trung
ho-Lng

Nc sau x l

Bn

My p bn
V bao

Chn lp

Hnh 10.6 S cng ngh x l nc thi sn xut thuc tr su

Thuyt minh cng ngh:
Nc thi sau khi c thu gom bng h thng ng dn c a vo b kim ho,
vi pH > 10 nhm phn hy cc lin kt vi halogen, chuyn ho chng thnh
nhng hp cht t c hn. Tip theo, nc thi c a vo b keo t nhm tch
SS v mt phn cht hu c trong nc thi. Cht keo t v ho cht hiu chnh pH
c khuy trn u trong b keo t nhm to iu kin cho qu trnh to bng din
ra v nng cao hiu qu qu trnh keo t. Sau , nc thi c tip tc oxy ho
bng h cht Fenton... nhm phn hy phn cht hu c cn li trong nc thi.
Trong b oxy ho cng cn m bo iu kin khuy trn u nhm bo m hiu
qu phn ng.

Nc thi sau qu trnh oxy ho c trung ho a pH v trung tnh v kt ta

st d. Bn t b keo t v b lng cha nhiu cht hu c c hi c a vo
my p bn nhm kh mt phn nc, gim khi tch bn v a i chn lp hoc
x l trit bng cch t.
10.6.5 X l nc thi ch bin ht iu
Nc thi sn xut ch yu ngm m ht iu, lng nc ny mt phn thm
vo trong v ht iu, cc ti lng nhim cc ch tiu nh COD, BOD, SS khng
cao, ring ch tiu Phenol cao nn trc thi vo h thng x l chung s c x
l bng than hot tnh, sau c thi vo b iu ha cng vi nc thi sinh
hot x l sinh hc. Lng nc thi 78m3 + 20m3 = 98m3/ngy.
Thng s u vo sau khi nhp chung cc dng thi:
o Q

= 98m3/ngy.

o pH

= 5.94.

o COD = 639 mg/l.

o BOD = 278 mg/l.
o TSS

= 218 mg/l.

Thng s c bn u ra t TCVN 5945 1995 ct B nh sau:

o pH

= 5.5 - 9

o COD = 100 mg/l

o BOD5 = 50 mg/l.
o TSS

= 100 mg/l.

o Du m ng vt = 10 mg/l.
o Phenol = 0,05 mg/l.

Nc thi ngm
ht iu

Nc thi
sinh hot

Song chn rc

Than hot tnh

B iu ho

B lng 1

B Aerotank

B lng 2

B lc ct

B kh trng

Thi ra cng
Hnh 10.7 S quy trnh cng ngh h thng x l nc thi

Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh:

Nc thi ngm ht iu c a qua song chn rc, ti y c b tr li chn rc
tch cc rc th trnh lm tc nghn bm, ng ng v nh hng n cc qu
trnh x l pha sau.
Sau nc thi c a b lc than hot tnh loi b mt phn Phenol v c
cho vo b iu ha, ng thi nc thi sinh hot t b t hoi cng a vo b
iu ha.
B iu ha iu tit lu lng, nhm to s n nh v theo lm tng hiu qu
x l ca b sinh hc. B iu ha c kt hp sc kh nhm b sung s b lng
xy ha tan, trnh s ln men ym kh gy mi hi thi.
T b iu ho, nc thi c a sang b lng 1 loi b mt phn bn v cn
l lng trc khi a vo b sinh hc hiu kh sc kh. Khng kh c cp vo
bng my thi kh v h thng a phn phi kh b tr y b. Ti y, cc chng
vi sinh vt h hp hiu kh s dng cc cht hu c v v c c kh nng phn hy
sinh hc tng hp sinh khi. Hm lng cc cht nhim trong nc gim mnh
do vic hnh thnh t bo vi sinh v cc cht v c khng c hi. Qu trnh oxy ha
cho php gim hm lng N, P trong nc thi rt tt, do vy nc thi khi thi ra
ngun tip nhn s khng gy nhim th cp hay gy hin tng ph dng.
Sau khi oxy ha ti b sinh hc hiu kh, nng cc cht gim n gii hn cho
php, hn hp bn hot tnh v nc c tch khi nhau ti b lng 2. Bn hot
tnh c kh nng lng rt tt m khng cn s dng cc tc nhn tr lng hoc i
hi ch thy ng kht khe do c cc nha bo c kh nng lin kt bn cn thnh
cc ht keo c kch thc v trng lng ti u cho qu trnh lng.
Phn nc trong sau b lng th cp cho qua b lc ct loi b mt phn cn l
lng v cho vo b kh trng tip xc vi Chlorine, nhm loi b cc chng vi sinh
gy dch bnh lm nhim vi sinh cho ngun tip nhn. Nc thi sau khi x l t
cp B theo TCVN 5945:1995 s thi vo h thng cng thot nc th.

Phn bn lng thu c sau qu trnh lng th cp phn ln c tun han tr li

b sc kh nhm duy tr mt vi sinh trong b sinh hc. Phn bn d c x l
bng cch hp ng vi n v thu gom cht thi nguy hi rt bn y 2 ln/nm.
10.7 CNG NGH X L NC THI KHU CNG NGHIP
Mt s m hnh cng ngh x l nc thi ti cc KCN, c bit l mt s khu
cng nghip ln khu vc min ng Nam b c cc c im :
+ a s cc quy trnh s dng bin php x l nhiu cp, cp u tin thng l
qu trnh x l ho l (keo t, to bng), hoc qu trnh x l sinh hc k kh; cp
cui cng l x l sinh hc hiu kh bn hot tnh lm thong ko di (mng oxy
ha) hoc s dng bin php x l hiu kh bn hot tnh lm vic theo m (h
thng b SBR, h thng Unitank) c kt hp lc nc thi u ra hoc s dng h
sinh hc n nh.
+ Khi kt hp h thng x l ha l v h thng x l sinh hc x l nc
thi khu cng nghip s trnh c nhng s c khi vn hnh nh cht bn, x l
khng t hiu qu v h thng x l ha l s loi b cc cht c hi, nht l kim
loi nng, m bo iu kin lm vic an ton cho x l sinh hc, hoc x l ni
tip vi h thng sinh hc trong trng hp nc thi u ra ca h thng sinh hc
khng t tiu chun. Cn h thng sinh hc k tip x l ha l gip gim chi ph
x l v h thng ha l khng cn phi x l t n tiu chun thi, tiu tn
ha cht.
+ Qu trnh x l nhiu cp thng c p dng cho cc KCN c thnh phn
nc thi tng i phc tp, c s dao ng v tnh cht nc thi, nc thi c
cc thnh phn c hi, kh x l trit bng qu trnh sinh hc bn hot tnh hoc
c nh hng tiu cc ti hiu qu x l ca qu trnh ny.
10.7.1 Khu cng nghip Bin Ha 2
Tnh cht dng thi ny tng i n gin, thnh phn ch yu ca nc thi trong
khu cng nghip bao gm cc cht v c t cc nh my sn xut thp, giy dp,
bn mch in t v cc cht hu c t cc nh my sn xut hp, thc

phm Nng nc thi ti a thi vo trm x l tp trung c cho trong bng

sau.
Bng 10.6 Thnh phn, ch tiu nhim ca nc thi khi thi vo trm x l tp
trung ca KCN Bin Ha 2
STT

Thng s

Nhit

pH

n v
o

Gi tr ti a

45

5-9

BOD5 (20oC)

mg/l

500

COD

mg/l

800

Cht rn l lng-SS

mg/l

300

Asenic (As)

mg/l

0,05

Cadmium (Cd)

mg/l

0,01

Ch (Pb)

mg/l

0,1

Clo d

mg/l

10

Chromium (VI) (Cr VI )

mg/l

0,05

11

Chromium (III ) (Cr III )

mg/l

0,2

12

Du m khong

mg/l

13

Du ng thc vt

mg/l

15

14

ng (Cu)

mg/l

0,2

15

Km (Zn)

mg/l

16

Manganese (Mn)

mg/l

0,2

17

Nickel (Ni)

mg/l

0,2

18

Phospho hu c

mg/l

0,2

19

Phospho tng s

mg/l

20

St (Fe)

mg/l

21

Tetracloetylen

mg/l

0,02

22

Thic (Sn)

mg/l

0,2

23

Thy ngn (Hg)

mg/l

0,005

24

Tng Nit

mg/l

30

25

Tricloetylen

mg/l

0,05

26

Amonia (NH3)

mg/l

20

27

Fluoride (F)

mg/l

28

Sulfide

mg/l

0,2

29

Cianid (CN-)

mg/l

0,05

30

Tng hot phng x

Ba/l

0,1

31

Tng hot phng x

Ba/l

32

Coliform

MPN/100 ml

5000

Cng ngh x l :
Nc thi
Song chn rc
B thu gom

Bioscan

Thit b lc rc tinh
Tn hiu iu khin

My thi kh

B iu ha 1
B trn

Ha ch

B iu ha 2
Cha t

My thi kh

B lng 1

UNITANK 3 NGN
H gom kim tra
t

H sinh hc

Cha t
t

Ngun tip nhn

B nn bn
My ly tm bn
Bn kh em chn

Hnh 10.8 S cng ngh x l nc thi KCN Bin Ha 2

Polyme

Thuyt minh cng ngh:

Nc thi t h thng mng dn c tp trung vo h gom nc thi sau khi qua
song chn rc th. Nc khi vo n h gom c loi b phn ln rc c ng
knh tng i ln, nhng trong nc thi vn cn cc cht ni ch yu l du m t
khu ra my mc nh xng ca cc nh my. Lng cht ni ny s c tch ly
li cho n khi to thnh lp vng ni tng i dy v c cng nhn vt th
cng ra khi b, a vo h gom du m. Cng trnh x l tip theo c th l h
thng sinh hc Unitank hoc h thng x l ha l hoc kt hp c hai h thng nu
cn thit.
Ngay ti h gom nc thi s t mt u kim tra ca my Bioscan Biomaster
kim tra c tnh ca nc. Nc thi c nng c tnh vt mc cho php hoc
pH khng t s c a vo b bo ng. B bo ng c chc nng nh l
mt b trung gian cha nc thi trc khi c nh lng cho vo b keo t to
bng.
Nc t b bo ng c a qua b ng t, y nc thi c ho trn ha
cht keo t to bng v iu chnh pH thch hp; tin hnh khuy trn nhm phn b
u lng ha cht va c thm vo tng hiu qu x l ca b lng pha sau.
Nc t b keo t to bng c a vo b lng, ti y nc s c lng tnh v
cc cht bn c tch dn qua h gom bn v mng thu cht ni. Phn cht ni thu
t b lng s theo ng dn t ng chy vo bn thu gom cht thi rn. Lng bn
thu c t b ny s c x bng p lc thu tnh sang b nn bn. Nc thi sau
khi c x l ho l s quay tr li b iu ha v c lu gi ti y trc khi
cho vo b chnh UNITANK.
Trong trng hp h thng t ng kim tra cho thy nc thi khng c cha c
t nh hng n x l sinh hc th nc thi s c bm trc tip t b gom vo
b iu ha v t c dn vo b sinh hc.
Nc t b iu ha c bm vo b sinh hc vi lu lng c nh. Ch hot
ng ca 3 b sinh hc hot ng theo theo mt chu k gm 21 pha: 20 pha u va

lm chc nng lng bn v sc kh, pha th 21 c gi l pha ra. Nc trong

c tch ra t b B05 qua cc mng trn rng ca theo ng dn ra h gom nc
thi sau x l. Bn d t b sinh hc v bn keo t c dn v b nn bn, sau
cho qua my ly tm lm kh bn v c vn chuyn i chn lp.
H thng c nhiu u im nh: qu trnh x l n gin v n nh, khng cn b
lng I v II, khng cn h thng tun hon bn; gim din tch t xy dng v chi
ph u t, qu trnh x l t b nh hng bi ti lng nhim u vo.
Nc thi u ra trc khi x ra ngun tip nhn c cho qua h hon thin.
Nhn xt:
Cng ngh kt hp x l ha l v sinh hc, ph hp vi tnh cht nc thi vo,
yu cu mc x l v iu kin mt bng. H thng hin i, c t ng ha
bng PLC. Tuy nhin, my li tm bn tn nhiu nng lng.
10.7.2 Khu cng nghip Vit Nam - Singapore
Nh my x l nc thi khu cng nghip Vit Nam Singapore c thit k vi
cng sut 6000 m3/ngy.

Cng ngh x l:
Nc thi

Song chn rc

B thu gom

Thit b lc rc tinh

My thi kh

B iu ha

Thp lc sinh hc

B cha trung gian

My thi kh

B Aerotank

Tun hon bn

B lng 2

B nn bn

Ngun tip nhn

My p bn

Bn kh em chn

Hnh 10.9 S cng ngh x l nc thi KCN Vit Nam - Singapore

Polymer

Thuyt minh cng ngh:

Nc thi t cc nh my trong khu cng nghip c thu gom v b thu nc thi
sau khi qua song chn rc nhm tch b rc th, c kch thc ln. Nc thi t b
gom c bm ln sng rc nh dng trng quay, sau a vo b phn phi.
Nc thi t b phn phi c a vo b iu ha nhm iu ha v nng v
lu lng trc khi qua cc cng trnh x l sinh hc tip theo.
T b iu ha, nc thi c dn qua b cha v t y c bm ln thp lc
sinh hc. Thp lc sinh hc s dng vt liu m l nhng tm plastic xp song song
lm gi th cho vi sinh vt dnh bm pht trin. Thp lc sinh hc ng vai tr x l
sinh hc bc 1 do vi sinh vt dng dnh bm tn ti ng thi cc chng hiu kh,
ty nghi v c k kh, c kh nng x l n nh, chu c s thay i v ti lng
nhim u vo.
Nc thi sau khi qua thp lc sinh hc c nng BOD5 khong 120 mg/l c
a vo b hon lu. Mt phn nh nc thi c tun hon tr li b bm lc sinh
hc nhm duy tr nng vi sinh vt trong thp lc sinh hc. T b hon lu nc
thi c bm vo b Aerotank (x l sinh hc bc 2) x l tip tc. Nc thi
sau khi qua aerotank c a vo b lng 2. Nc thi ra khi b lng c thi ra
ngoi theo h thng cng chung.
Bn hot tnh lng b lng 2 mt phn c tun hon tr v b aerotank nhm
m bo nng bn hot tnh trong b aerotank, cn li c a vo b nn bn.
Bn sau khi c x l ti b nn bn c p kh bng my p bn v c a i
chn lp.
Nhn xt:
Nh my x l nc thi khu cng nghip Vit Nam Singapore p dng cng ngh
sinh hc kt hp gia lc sinh hc (x l bc 1) v bn hot tnh (x l bc 2). Vi
khun trong mng vi sinh bm dnh hot ng hiu qu cao hn vi khun trong mi
trng th tch. Cng ngh x l kt hp thp lc sinh hc x l bc 1 v aerotank
x l bc 2 c u im: hiu qu x l cao (loi b 96% BOD) v n nh do lc

sinh hc c tnh m, c kh nng chu thay i v ti trng nhim v c kh nng

x l cht hu c kh phn hy sinh hc. u im ny thch hp x l nc thi
tp trung ca khu cng nghip.
Tuy nhin, thp sinh hc c th sinh ra mi do qu trnh ym kh.
10.7.3 Khu ch xut Linh Trung 1
Nc thi t cc nh my trong khu ch xut Linh Trung 1 c a vo h thng
x l tp trung sau khi c x l s b theo cc ch tiu sau.
Bng 10.7 Ch tiu nhim quy nh ca KCX Linh Trung 1
STT

Thng s

n v
0

Gi tr gii hn
Dng vo

Dng ra

45

40

56

69

t0

pH

BOD (200)

mg/l

130

20

COD

mg/l

250

50

SS

mg/l

170

50

Asen

mg/l

0.05

0.05

Cadmium

mg/l

0.01

0.01

Ch

mg/l

0.1

0.1

Clorine d

mg/l

10

Chlomium (VI)

mg/l

0.05

0.05

11

Chlomium (III)

mg/l

0.2

0.2

12

M v du

mg/l

13

Du m ng thc vt

mg/l

30

14

Copper

mg/l

0.2

0.2

15

Zn

mg/l

16

Mg

mg/l

0.2

0.2

17

Ni

mg/l

0.2

0.2

18

P hu c

mg/l

0.2

0.2

19

P tng

mg/l

20

St

mg/l

21

Tetra chloethylene

mg/l

0.02

0.02

22

Thit

mg/l

0.2

0.2

23

Hg

mg/l

0.005

0.005

24

N tng

mg/l

30

30

25

Trichlorethylene

mg/l

0.05

0.05

26

Ammonia

mg/l

0.1

0.1

27

Flororide

mg/l

28

Phenol

mg/l

0.001

0.001

29

Sulfide

mg/l

0.2

0.2

30

Cyanide

mg/l

0.05

0.05

31

Coliform

mg/l

10000

5000

32

Hot tnh

mg/l

0.1

0.1

33

Hot tnh

mg/l

Cng ngh x l :
Nc thi

Song chn rc

B thu gom

Thit b lc rc tinh

My thi kh

B iu ha

My thi kh

B SBR

B nn bn

B lc tinh

My p bn

B kh trng

Bn kh em chn

Polymer

B lc than HT

Ngun tip nhn

Hnh 10.10 S cng ngh x l nc thi KCX Linh Trung 1
Thuyt minh cng ngh:
Nc thi ca cc nh my trong khu ch xut Linh Trung c a v h thu gom,
ti y n s c bm qua song chn rc vo b iu ho. B iu ho c nhim v
n nh lu lng v nng nc thi, to nn ch lm vic n nh cho cc

cng trnh x l pha sau, trnh hin tng qu ti. B iu ho c lp t h

thng sc kh khuy trn v gim mt phn BOD.
Nc sau khi trung ha c bm lun phin vo b SBR. B SBR l khu quan
trng nht ca nh my, c iu chnh t ng bng chng trnh trong t PLC.
Quy trnh x l ca b SBR (Sequency Batch Reactor) gm 5 giai on:
Giai on 1: Bm nc vo b
Giai on 2: Khuy trn
Giai on 3: Sc kh
Giai on 4: Lng
Giai on 5: X nc
Sau khi x l sinh hc, nc thi c a vo b cha v bm ln hai b lc tinh.
Ti y phn ln cc tp cht l lng, keo v vi khun b loi. Trn b mt lc c
thanh gt, trnh trng hp tc nghn trn cc thnh l rng. Bn cn t b lc
tinh c a tr li b iu ho. Nc thi sau khi x l c a qua b tip xc
kh trng bng clorine v c a ra ngoi theo h thng cng rnh ca khu ch
xut.
m ca bn d t b SBR c m cao t 98% 99.5%. Do bn cn c
nn li b nn bn trng lc gim m xung cn khong 95 96%. Nc
tch bn c a ngc tr li b iu ho.
My lm kh cn bng lc p bng ti c s dng nhm a m ca bn v
15-25%. Sau khi c p, bn kh c xe ch bn a i thi b. Nu nc thi
u ra cha t yu cu th c a tr li x l qua b than hot tnh. B lc than
hot tnh c phm vi hp ph rt mnh, phn ln cc hp cht hu c ho tan c
gi li trn b mt, cc phn t phn cc nh thng l cc cht to ra mi, v ca
nc v cc phn t c trng lng tng i ln c gi li trn b mt lp than
hot tnh.
Nhn xt:
Cng ngh ph hp vi c im nc thi l c th x l bng vi sinh.

Nhng u im chnh ca cng ngh x l ny l: Cng ngh SBR kt hp b sc

kh v b lng trong cng mt b, khng cn han lu bn, qu trnh x l n gin,
khng cn b lng I v II, khng cn h thng tun hon bn, vn hnh t ng,
gim din tch t xy dng v chi ph u t, qu trnh x l n nh: khi sinh khi
thch nghi vi mt khong rng nng cht nn v DO th qu trnh x l khng
b nh hng bi ti lng BOD, c kh nng x l t tiu chun cao, mt b SBR
x l nc thi th in hnh c th x l vi u ra nh sau: BOD 15mg/l,
TSS 20mg/l, NH3-N 2mg/l, Nit tng 10mg/l. Khi vn hnh ng cc qui trnh
hiu kh, thiu kh v ym kh th h thng SBR c kh nng kh c cc hp cht
cha Nit, Pht pho. Bn lc tinh v than hot tnh cho php loi b gn ht COD
v SS cn li sau qu trnh bn hot tnh.
Tuy nhin, SBR hot ng tng m nn i hi b iu ha ln v chi ph vn hnh
cho bn than hot tnh kh ln.
10.7.4 Khu ch xut Tn Thun
Trm x l nc thi khu ch xut Tn Thun c thit k lin hp gm c 2 h
thng x l l h thng x l sinh hc v h thng x l ha hc. Hai h thng x l
ny c th vn hnh kt hp hay tch ra vn hnh ring bit. Cng sut thit k ca
ca nh my l 10.000 m3/ngy.

Cng ngh x l:
Nc thi
Song chn rc
B thu gom
Thit b lc rc tinh
B lng ct
My thi kh

B iu ha

Ha cht

B trn
B lng 1
Tun hon bn

My thi kh

Mng oxy ha
B lng 2

B nn bn

B kh trng

My p bn

Ngun tip nhn

Bn kh em chn

Hnh 10.11 S cng ngh x l nc thi KCX Tn Thun

Polymer

Thuyt minh cng ngh:

Nc thi t cc nh my c thu gom v b tip nhn v c bm ln mng
dn c t song chn rc th (10mm) v song chn rc tinh (0,5mm). Sau nc
thi i vo b lng ct thi kh nhm loi ct ra khi nc thi. T y, nc thi
c a vo b iu ha nhm iu ha lu lng v nng cht nhim bng
bin php sc kh.
Nc thi sau khi qua giai on x l c hc c a tip qua h thng x l ha
l, hoc x l sinh hc, hoc x l kt hp ha l sinh hc hoc sinh hc ha l
ty thuc v lu lng v tnh cht nc thi trong qu trnh vn hnh.
H thng x l ha l bao gm cc cng trnh n v: b khuy trn, b phn ng v
b lng ha l. Nc thi t b lng ct c a vo b khuy trn. Ti y nc
thi c b sung cht keo t PAC v c iu chnh pH thch hp cho qu trnh
keo t xy ra v c khuy trn mnh nhm trn u nc thi v ha cht. Sau
, nc thi c dn qua b phn ng vch ngn v c b sung polymer nhm
tng cng kh nng hnh thnh cc bng cn kt ta v tng kh nng keo t. Nc
thi sau khi i qua b phn ng c a vo b lng nhm tch bng cn ra khi
nc thi. Nc sau lng c a vo b thu nc trc khi c a vo b kh
trng v thi ra ngun tip nhn. Bn c a vo h thng x l bn.
H thng x l sinh hc bao gm cc cng trnh n v l mng oxy ha v b lng
2. Nc thi t b iu ha c dn vo mng oxy ha s dng bn hot tnh
hiu kh x l cht nhim hu c lm sch nc thi. Trong mng oxy ha
c lp t my sc kh kiu phun (jet ejector) nhm tng cng s ha trn gia
nc thi v bn hot tnh, ng thi nh hng dng chy theo mng dn. Nc
thi sau khi qua mng oxy ha c a vo 2 b lng 2 lm vic song song. Nc
thi ra khi b lng c a vo b gom trc khi qua b tip xc kh trng v ra
ngun tip nhn. Bn hot tnh lng b lng 2 mt phn c tun hon tr li
mng oxy ha, cn li c a v h thng x l bn.

H thng x l bn bao gm cc cng trnh n v: b nn bn v my p bn. Bn

lng t b lng ha l v b lng 2 c a vo b nn bn. Ti y bn c c
c v c a ln my p bn ng bnh v vn chuyn i chn lp. Phn nc
tch bn c a tr li b iu ha.
Hai h thng x l ha l v x l sinh hc c th lm vic ring bit hay kt hp
lm vic ni tip. Trong trng hp nc thi c hm lng c t kim loi nng
cao x l ha l c dng trc loi b kim loi nng trc khi cho qua x l
sinh hc x l cht hu c trong nc thi. Trong trng hp nc thi u ra
ca x l sinh hc khng t yu cu th x l ha l c s dng ni tip nhm x
l t tiu chun thi yu cu.
Nhn xt:
Cng ngh x l kt hp gia x l ha l v x l sinh hc thch hp cho vic x l
nc thi tp trung ca khu cng nghip hay khu ch xut v nc thi tp trung c
tnh cht v thnh phn phc tp. Khi kt hp gia x l ha l v x l sinh hc s
m bo hiu qu x l.
10.7.5 Khu cng nghip Tn To
Nc thi t cc nh my trong khu cng nghip Tn To trc khi a vo h
thng x l tp trung c cc ch tiu sau.
Bng 10.8 Thng s mu u vo KCN Tn To
ST

Thng s

T
1

Nhit

pH

BOD5 200C

n v

Mu phn

TCVN 5945 -1995

tch

loi C
45

8.35

5 -9

mg/l

92

100

COD

mg/l

141

400

Cht l lng

mg/l

175

200

As

mg/l

0.01

0.5

ST

Thng s

n v

Mu phn

TCVN 5945 -1995

tch

loi C

Cd

mg/l

0.5

Pb

mg/l

0.01

Cl d

mg/l

10

Cr6+

mg/l

0.42

0.5

11

Cr3+

mg/l

12

Du m khng

mg/l

0.5

13

Du ng thc vt

mg/l

0.2

30

14

Cu

mg/l

0.12

15

Zn

mg/l

0.01

16

Mn

mg/l

17

Ni

mg/l

18

P hu c

mg/l

0.17

19

P tng

mg/l

0.74

20

Fe

mg/l

0.15

10

21

Tetracloetylen

mg/l

0.04

0.1

22

Sn

mg/l

0.05

23

Hg

mg/l

0.1

24

N tng

mg/l

18.92

60

25

Tricloetylen

mg/l

0.12

0.3

26

NH3 (tnh theo N)

mg/l

1.25

10

27

F-

mg/l

0.26

28

Phenol

mg/l

0.68

29

Sunfua

mg/l

0.87

30

CN-

mg/l

0.02

0.1

31

Tng hot ng phng

mg/l

ST

Mu phn

TCVN 5945 -1995

tch

loi C

mg/l

MPN/100ml

11000

Thng s

n v

x
32

Tng hot ng phng

x

33

Coliform

(Ngun: bo co HTMT KCN Tn To, 2003)

Nc sau x l s c thi trc tip ra rch Nc Ln vi tiu chun tip nhn ca
ngun loi B theo TCVN 5945-1995.
Cng ngh x l:
AS5

SA1

AS4
pH

BM NH LN G 120L/H

BON NaOH 10 M

BM NH LNG 120L/H

BON AXT 05 M

BM NH LN G 60L/H

BON DINH DN G 02 M

pH1

AS2

MF1

AS3

pH/ORP2

DO

THIET B TAC H RAC

MAY SUC KH
AS1

NC THAI T
KHU CON G NGHIEP
BM NC THAI CHM 250 M/H

BE PHAN N G

MAY THO I KH 10 M/PH

M-05 A
BM NC THAI CHM - 130 M/H
BM-01 A/B/C/D

MAY THOI KH 10 M/PH

MNG O LU LN G

BE GOM B-01
MK-04

BM N C THAI CHM 125 M/H

BE SUC KH

BE IEU HOA

THAI RA RAC H

AS6

KH1
BM NH LN G 120L/H

SA3

BE TAC H BUN
BON POLYMER 02 M

BM CAO AP 30 M/H

M-05 A

n g ong dan nc

SA2

n g ong dan bun

BAN H BUN

MAY EP BUN 10 M/H

n g ong hoa chat

BE TAC H BUN

BM BUN 10 M/H

BM BUN 10 M/H BM BUN TUAN HOAN 60 M/H

BE NC THAI MAY EP BUN

BE THU BUN

BE CHA NC RA MAY EP BUN

Hnh 10.12 S cng ngh x l nc thi KCN Tn To

n g on g dan kh

Thuyt minh cng ngh:

Nc thi t cc nh my trong khu cng nghip qua x l s b t ch tiu
thng s thit k theo h thng ng dn vo trm tng p. Sau c bm vo b
gom v i qua song chn rc loi b rc c kch thc ln. Ti y c lp t 4
bm chm, hot ng theo ch t ng ty vo lng nc thi vo b theo
nhng thi im khc nhau bm nc vo b iu ho.
Nc thi trc khi c bm vo b iu ho c i qua trng quay loi b
nhng vt c kch thc nh. Khi lu lng nc t b gom vo trng quay kh ln
th mt phn s c tho trc tip vo b iu ho.
Nc t trng quay c a n ngn th nht ca b iu ho. Ti y c lp t
mt my khuy, h thng trch ha cht ( H2SO4 v NaOH), dinh dng to iu
kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin. H thng bm trch ho cht v dinh dng cng
cnh khuy s hot ng ng thi theo bm nc thi t ti b gom, ring bm
ho cht cn c iu khin bi h pH controller c ci t theo ch t
ng.
Nc sau khi khuy trn c chuyn sang ngn th hai theo nguyn tc bnh thng
nhau. Ngn ny c lp t hai my sc kh b mt v hai bm chm hot ng lun
phin, t ng theo mc nc ti b. My sc kh b mt c tc dng khuy trn,
cung cp oxy v ngn cn qu trnh lng.
Nc thi t b iu ho c bm vo b aerotank. Khng kh c cp vo b
thng qua my thi kh hot ng lun phin v c phn phi u trong b nh h
thng phn phi kh dng xng c t ti y b. Trong qu trnh hot ng ca b,
nc thi lun c gim st v khng ch cc thng s nh lu lng, pH, DO,
MLVSS t ng. Sau thi gian lu nc thch hp, nc thi s c bm sang
b tch bn nh bn bm chm hot ng lun phin. C hai b tch bn tuyn ni
kh ha tan, mi b c lp t hai bm cao p hot ng lun phin. Nc t b sc
kh c bm qua mi b nh hai bm chm hot ng lun phin.

Hn hp nc kh bn chy ngc ln pha trn ng thi tch pha, bn ni trn

mt nc s c thu gom vo 4 mng gom bn nh h thng cnh gt bn. Bn s
c gom ra ngoi theo ng ng vo b gom bn.
Phn nc trong sau khi x l t loi B theo TCVN 5945-1995 c dn qua mng
o lu lng v thi ra ngun tip nhn.
Bn tch ra ti b tch bn c thu gom vo b thu bn. Ti y, mt phn bn
c dn hi lu v b aerotank v b iu ho, phn bn d cn li c x l
bng my p bng ti. Bnh bn sau khi p s c n v c chc nng thu gom v
x l.
Nhn xt:
Do lng nc thi u vo khng t cng sut thit k ca trm x l (400
m3/ngy m so vi 6.000 m3/ngy m) nn nc thi s c thi gian lu nc ti
cc cng trnh n v rt ln. iu ny s dn n cc hin tng sau:
Nc thi c x l phn ln ti b iu ha (do c sc kh b mt chc nng
tng t nh Aerotank).
Nc thi t b iu ha sang Aerotank c nng nhim (thc n cho vi sinh
vt) thp, thi gian lu nc lu nn vi sinh vts cnh tranh thc n dn n sinh
khi pht trin t, bn hot tnh hnh thnh khng nhiu. V th, aerotank ch x l
c mt phn rt nh cht nhim trong nc thi.
Hiu qu x l tng cng trnh n v ti trm x l nh sau: B iu ha 50 55%,
Aerotank 10 15%, B tch bn 5 10%.
10.7.6 Khu cng nghip Long Thnh (ng Nai)
Nc thi u vo gm nc thi sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip ca cc nh
my trong KCN, qua x l s b trc khi a vo nh my x l tp trung.
Tnh cht v nng mt s ch tiu chnh trong nc thi u vo v yu cu cht
lng nc thi sau x l (u ra) ca NMXLNT quy nh ti bng sau:

Bng 10.9 Thng s thit k x l nc thi KCN Long Thnh

STT

Cc ch tiu

n v tnh

u vo

u ra

Pt-Co

50

5 - 10

6 - 8.5

Mu

pH

BOD5(20oC)

mg/L

300

20

COD

mg/L

500

50

Cht rn l lng

mg/L

300

80

Du m khong

mg/L

20

Du m ng thc vt

mg/L

30

10

Phospho tng s, tnh theo P

mg/L

20

Tng Nit

mg/L

80

60

10

Nit N-NH3

mg/L

20

11

Sunfua (S)

mg/L

0.5

12

Coliform

MPN/100mL

20.000

5.000

Cng ngh x l:
Song chn rc
th

B gom nc
thi

My tch rc
tinh

Ho cht

B iu ha

B phn ng
ha l

B lng s b

Bn em i
chn lp

My p bn

B c c
bn sinh
hc, ha l
Dinh dng

Ho cht

H hon thin

B kh trng

B phn
hy bn
sinh hc

B lc than hot
tnh

B Aeroten

B lng th
cp

B lc ct

ng nc
Ngun tip
nhn

ng bn
ng ha cht

Hnh 10.13 S cng ngh x l nc thi KCN Long Thnh

Thuyt minh s cng ngh:

Nc thi khu cng nghip c thu gom t h thng thu gom nc thi v b gom
nc thi ca nh my. Trc khi vo b gom, nc thi c tch rc s b bi
song chn rc th (tch cc loi rc th nh:gi, g c kch thc >10 mm ra
khi nc thi ).
Nc thi t b gom c bm vo b iu ha. Trc khi vo b iu ha, nc
thi c dn qua my tch rc t ng ( tch cc loi rc c kch thc >2.5mm).
B iu ha c tc dng iu ha lu lng cng nh nng cht nhim trong
dng thi trc khi vo x l.
Nc thi t b iu ha c bm vo cc b khuy trn ho cht. Ti y, nc
thi c ha trn vi cc cht keo t (phn FeCl2, Al2(SO4)3), cht tr keo t
(polymer), ha cht iu chnh pH (H2SO4, NaOH). Loi phn s dng c th
thay i ty thuc vo tnh cht nc thi.
Nc thi sau khi c trn ha cht keo t s chy t do vo b lng s b. B lng
s b c thit k vi h thng tm nghing trong ngn lng v y b c dc
cao, gip bn trt v y b v c bm v b lm c bn ho l theo nh k
bng bm bn. Nc thi sau giai on x l ha l c kh phn ln mu, cn
l lng v COD.
Nc thi t b lng s b chy vo b Aeroten v c b sung dinh dng v ha
cht iu chnh pH (7-8) ngay trn ng ng nhm to iu kin pht trin ti u
cho vi sinh vt. B Aeraten c cp xy bng h thng cp kh chm. Vi sinh
vttrong b s tiu th phn cht hu c cn li trong nc thi. Sau , hn hp
nc thi bn s chy vo b lng th cp. B lng th cp c tc dng to mi
trng tnh cho bng bn sinh hc lng xung vi y b. B cng c thit k c
dc cao gip bn trt v y b v c bm v b Aeroten hoc v b phn
hu bn sinh hc theo nh k bng bm Airlift (dng kh t my thi kh bm
thay v s dng bm bn). c im ca thit k ny l khng cn dng thit b co

bn v khng dng my bm bn s gim chi ph u t ban u v gim chi ph

bo tr thit b dn n chi ph vn hnh thp.
Sau b lng th cp nc thi c dn vo b lc ct nhm loi b cn l lng c
trong nc. Sau nc thi c bm vo b lc than hot tnh kh mu v
chy vo b kh trng loi b vi sinh vtgy hi v kh mt phn mu cn li.
B kh trng c thit k vi dng chy hnh zic zac nhm to iu kin ha trn
thy lc gia nc v cht kh trng. Cht kh trng c s dng l NaOCl.
Nc sau khi kh trng s chy vo h hon thin. Thng qua kh nng t lm sch
t nhin, nc sau x l s gim lng cn l lng, hm lng cht hu c, mu
cng nh n nh cht lng nc.
Rc th tch ra t song chn rc ti b gom v t my tch rc tai b iu ho c
gom vo xe cha rc v a i thi b.
Bn t b lng s b v mt phn bn b lng th cp c c bm v b cha
bn sinh hc v ha l lm c bn trc khi em i p.
Bn sau khi lm c c bm vo my p bn nh bm bn trc vt. Bn sau khi
c tch nc c cha vo xe cha bn v a i thi b (chn lp theo ng
quy nh ca cng ty mi trng sinh hot). Nc t my p bn v b lm c bn
c a tr li cng thu nc thi v tr v b gom.
Kh t h thng my thi kh c cung cp cho cc h thng phn phi kh, bm
airlift nh h thng ng ng dn kh v cc van iu khin cp kh cho hot
ng ca tng thit b.
Ton b h thng x l c th vn hnh hon ton t ng v c th iu chnh
thng qua h thng iu khin in t nh vo cc van iu khin, cc thit b in
t lp km vi cc my mc, thit b.
Nhn xt:
u im: Nc thi trc khi x l c loi b hu ht cc loi cn rn ln
nh song chn rc th v my tch rc nn hn ch c hin tng tc nghn
trong cc thit b v ng ng cng nh lm gim lng bn sinh ra.

B lng s b v b lng th cp c thit k vi y c dc ln, gip bn lng

trt v y d dng, tng bn lng c nn cht hn, gip cho vic ht bn lng
hiu qu hn. Mt khc, thit k ny khng cn dng thit b co bn nn gim bt
chi ph u t v vn hnh.B lng s b cn c cc tm nha t nghing, to
dc cc ht bn nh lng chm trt dn v pha y b.
Vic la chn bm Airlift cng gip tit gim chi ph u t cho cc my bm bn,
chi ph vn hnh v bo tr cho cc thit b ny. l do ch cn vn hnh cc my
thi kh cp kh cho cc cng trnh (b Aerotank, b iu ha, b phn hy v c c
bn), v tn dng lng kh tha cho cc bm Airlift ht bn. Di y l m t
s lc h thng cp kh:

2 b Aeroten
(cung cp oxy
cho vi sinh
vt)

B phn hy bn
sinh hc
(cp kh cho qu
trnh phn hy
bn v bm
Airlift ht bn v
thu nc trong)

My thi
kh
B iu ha
(sc kh xo
trn)

B lng th cp
(cp kh cho bm
Airlift ht bn
lng v ht vng ni)

B lm c bn
(cp kh qu
trnh xo trn
nh v cho bm
Airlift thu
nc trong)

Vic s dng kt hp cm hng mc b phn hy bn sinh hc + b lm c bn +

my p bn lm gim lng bn thi b cng nh gim lng nc trong bn thi.
H thng c th vn hnh hon ton t ng gip cho vic iu khin, iu chnh
cc thit b chnh xc hn, gim bt p lc cho nhn vin vn hnh.

Cc my bm trong cng mt b thng cho hot ng lun phin trnh h hng

t xut cng nh d bo tr v gim chi ph vn hnh. Cc my bm ny c cng
sut nh hn cng sut cn thit nn phi dng vi s lng nhiu hn. Khi chi
ph u t s cao hn so vi my bm ng cng sut nhng gim chi ph cho my
bm d phng. Mt khc, cc my bm gia cc b kh tng ng nn c th thay
th cho nhau khi khn cp.
Nhc im: Song chn rc th ch tch c cc ht rn ln, khng tch ht cc
si cng nh cc ht nh nn thng gy ngt bm b gom, lm gim hiu sut
bm v tn chi ph no vt, sa cha.
Vic vn hnh bm Airlift c tc ng n hiu sut cp kh cho cc cng trnh khc
nn i hi phi tnh ton v vn hnh hp l (mc m van, thi gian m van),
nht l phi m bo lng kh cp cho b Aeroten.
B lc than hot tnh c thit k vi lp than c nh v c hon nguyn bng
nc trong b cha nc ra lc nn khng m bo hiu sut hon nguyn.
Nhn vin vn hnh phi c tp hun k lng v cch thc vn hnh cng nh
gii quyt s c v phi lun theo di h thng.
10.7.7 Khu cng nghip M Phc (Bnh Dng)
Tnh cht v nng mt s ch tiu chnh trong nc thi u vo v yu cu cht
lng nc thi sau x l (u ra) ca NMXLNT quy nh ti bng sau:
Bng 10.10 Thng s thit k x l nc thi KCN M Phc
STT

Cc ch tiu

n v tnh

u vo

u ra

m3/ngy m

4.000

4.000

Pt-Co

20

69

6-9

Lu lng

Mu

pH

BOD5(20oC)

mg/L

100

20

COD

mg/L

400

40

SS

mg/L

200

50

Phospho tng s, tnh theo P

mg/L

60

30

Tng Nit

mg/L

Cng ngh x l nc thi cho KCN M Phc c la chn l phng php phn
hy sinh hc k kh v hiu kh.
S cng ngh :
Nc thi t KCN

Bn
Nc thi
Nc thi t bn

Song chn rc

B gom

B lc k kh (AF)

B trung gian

Khng t

N/P

B hiu kh (FBR)
Kt hp ngn lng
Keo t

B lng

Ha cht keo t

B nn bn

t
Kh trng

Thi ra sng Th Tnh

My p bn

Bi chn lp

Hnh 10.14 S cng ngh h thng x l nc thi KCN M Phc

Thuyt minh cng ngh :

Nc thi t ng cng chung (t tiu chun thi loi C TCVN 5945 : 1995)
trc tin c loi rc bng song chn rc v thit b lc rc tinh ri chuyn ti b
gom. T b gom, nc thi s c bm qua b lc k kh (dng AF), trc khi qua
b lc k kh c b sung cht dinh dng N, P. B lc k kh c chc nng phn
hy cc cht hu c c hi, kh phn hy, c bit l cc cht mu c trong nc
thi t nh my dt nhum. Trong b c lp t nhiu loi vt liu m lm gi
th cho nhiu loi sinh vt khc nhau. Cc vt liu m trn ngoi tnh nng lm gi
th cho vi sinh vtcn c tnh nng hp ph cc cht nhim, c bit l cc cht
mu ri t t gii phng ra cho vi sinh vtbm bn ngoi phn hy tip.
Nc thi sau khi qua lc k kh (AF) c bm qua b sinh hc hiu kh (dng
FBR). Ti y cc vi sinh vthiu kh bm trn lp vt liu s c tip tc phn
hy cc cht hu c cn li c trogn nc thi. oxy c cung cp bi my thi kh
thng qua h thng phn phi kh dng mng, h thng ny s cho php to ra cc
kh c kch thc nh, t lm tng h s khuch tn oxy vo trong nc. H
thng ny s cho php gim nng lng tiu th t 2 3 ln so vi h thng phn
phi kh thng thng.
Nc sau b hiu kh s chy qua ngn lng tch bn. Bn t ngn lng mt phn
s c hi lu, phn d s c bm v b nn bn. Nc thi sau khi tch bn
sinh hc s c chuyn qua cng on x l ha l nhm loi b phn cht
nhim khng th phn hy sinh hc c trong nc thi.
Nc thi sau khi qua b lng ly tm s c chy qua b kh trng. Nc thi sau
khi kh trng s t tiu chun TCVN 6980 2001 v TCVN 5945 1995 v c
thi ra sng Th Tnh.
10.7.8 Khu ch xut v cng nghip Linh Trung III
Yu cu mc x l :
+ Nc ma v nc thi quy c sch c thu gom ring v thi trc tip ra
ngun tip nhn.

+ Nc thi t cc nh my sau khi qua x l t tiu chun thi theo quy

nh ca khu ch xut v cng nghip LinhTrung III s c x vo h thng
cng chung.
+ Trm x l nc thi tp trung s tip tc x l nc thi t tiu chun
TCVN 6980 2001 (ct Q > 200 m3/s v F3) v TCVN 5945 1995 ct A
trc khi thi ra sng Vm C ng.
Bng 10.11 Tnh cht nc thi vo ngun x l v yu cu ca ngun tip nhn
Nc
STT

Thong so

n v

thi u
vo

TCVN 6980 2001

(ct Q > 200 m3/s v
F3) v TCVN 5945
1995 - A

t0

pH

Mu

Mi

BOD5(200)

mg/l

400

35

COD

mg/l

600

60

SS

mg/l

400

45

P tong

mg/l

10

10

N tong

mg/l

60

30

11

As

mg/l

0,08

0,2

12

Cd

mg/l

0,01

0,01

13

Pb

mg/l

0,5

0,1

14

Fe

mg/l

15

CN-

mg/l

0,05

0,05

16

Cr(VI)

mg/l

0,1

0,05

17

Cr(III)

mg/l

0,2

40

40

6-9

69

Co-Pt

20

Khng kh chu

18

Cu

mg/l

0,4

19

Du m khong

mg/l

mg/l

10

20

20

Du m ng thc
vt

21

Sulfure

mg/l

0,5

0,2

22

Clo d

mg/l

23

Phenol

mg/l

0,05

0,001

24

Coliform

MNP/100ml

10.000

3.000

Phn tch la chn cng ngh :

Nc thi c t s BOD5/COD = 0,67, thch hp x l bng sinh hc. Bn cnh
cn c nhu cu kh N nn cng trnh sinh hc phi c chc nng kh N. Nng
cht nhim hu c khng qu cao, ph hp x l bng phng php vi sinh
hiu kh. Nhng do mt bng hn ch nn khng ph hp x l bng phng
php vi sinh trong iu kin t nhin.
Nc thi vo c nng l lng kh cao, cn phi hp cc bin php c hc
loi b SS. Nhng khi nng cht l lng qu cao, gy tr ngi cho x l bng
phng php sinh hc th cn phi c x l bng phng php keo t.
V c s tham gia ca cc ngnh cng nghip in, in t, thit b thng tin ; c kh
v ch to my ; cng nghip sn xut m phm, hng liu nn kh nng nc thi
vo c cha hm lng ln kim loi nng l cao. Cn phi c h thng x l bng
phng php ha l loi b chng trong trng hp cn thit nhm bo v cng
trnh sinh hc pha sau v t tiu chun u ra.

S quy trnh cng ngh :

My thi kh

Nc thi

Kh trng

Thi

My p bn

Song chn
rc th

H thu

B phn hy bn
hiu kh

Bn thi

Unitank

Song chn
rc tinh

B iu ha

B keo t, to
bng, lng

B iu
chnh pH

Phn, Polime

H2SO4,
NaOH

Hnh 10.15 S x l nc thi KCX v CN Linh Trung III

Thuyt minh cng ngh :
Nc thi t cc nh my gom v h tp trung, qua song chn rc loi b rc c
kch thc ln. Sau , nc thi c bm qua song chn rc tinh loi b vt
rn c kch thc nh hn. Nc sau khi qua song chn s chy qua b iu ha. Ti
y nc s c iu ha v lu lng v cht lng. Sau , nc thi c bm
qua b trn I, b trn II, b to bng v lng. Nu BIO SCAN pht hin nc thi
khng c c tnh cho x l bng sinh hc th h thng chm ha cht khng hot
ng. Lc ny, b lng ng vai tr ca b lng I loi b SS. Nu tn hiu cho
thy ch c pH khng ph hp cho x l sinh hc th ch c cht iu chnh pH
(H2SO4/NaOH) c chm vo; ng thi cnh khuy b trn II hot ng. Nu
tn hiu cho thy nc thi c hi, khng ph hp x l vi sinh th cc ha cht :

phn FeCl3, polyme tr keo t, cht iu chnh pH s c chm vo. Cnh khuy
c 2 b trn cng hot ng.
Nc t b lng c bm qua Unitank. Ti y, vi sinh vtc cung cp oxy s s
dng cht hu c cho qu trnh tng trng. ng thi, N cng c loi b nh
thi gian lu nc ko di. Unitank l b kt hp gia b sc kh v b lng nn
khng cn hon lu bn. Nc t b Unitank c kh trng b tip xc kh
trng bng NaOCl ri sau thi ra ngun tip nhn l sng Vm C ng. Bn t
Unitank c a vo b phn hy bn hiu kh phn hy cc cht hu c cn
li ri qua thit b lc p bng ti loi b loi nc v thi b. Nc t b
phn hy bn v my p bn tr li b iu ha ti x l.
10.8 X L NC THI CC NGNH CNG NGHIP C TRNG
10.8.1 X l nc thi chn nui heo
Nc thi pht sinh t tri chn nui heo ch yu l t khu v sinh heo v chung
tri cha phn, nc tiu, thc n tha c trng ca nc thi chn nui heo l
nhim hu c, N, P cao v cha nhiu vi sinh gy bnh. Thnh phn v tnh cht
nc thi chn nui heo c cho trong bng sau:
Bng 10.12 Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi chn nui heo
Ch tiu

n v

pH

Kt qu
7.23 - 8.07

COD

mg/l

2561 - 5028

BOD5

mg/l

1664 - 3268

SS

mg/l

1700 - 3218

N-NH3

mg/l

304 471

N tng

mg/l

512 594

P tng

mg/l

13.8 - 62

[Ngun: Khoa Mi trng Trng i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM]

Trong nc thi, cc hp cht hu c chim 70-80% gm protit, axit amin, cht bo,
hydrat cacbon... d phn hy sinh hc v c hm lng dinh dng cao do x l

bng phng php sinh hc l ph hp nht. Tuy nhin, nu p dng cc phng

php sinh hc nhn to th chi ph u t v vn hnh cao nn s lm tng gi thnh
heo, nh hng n hiu qu kinh t ca nui heo, v vy, cn chn gii php c chi
ph thp. Quy trnh ngh nh sau:
Nc thi

B biogas

Ao lc sinh hc
k kh
gi th x da

Ao ty
nghi

Ao lc sinh
hc bc 2

Ao lc sinh
hc bc 1

Nc thi vo ngun
hoc tn dng cho
nng nghip

Hnh 10.16 S cng ngh x l nc thi chn nui heo

Thuyt minh cng ngh :
Nc thi trc tin c thu gom v b biogas. V a phn cc hp cht hu c
trong nc thi l d phn hy nn khi qua b biogas, khong 50 - 60% COD v 70 80% cn l lng b loi b. T b biogas, nc thi c dn vo ao lc sinh hc k
kh c gi th x da lm lp m sinh hc. Trong qu trnh mng, vi sinh vt c
nh dnh bm v pht trin trn b mt vt liu m rn v to thnh cc lp mng
sinh hc. y, xy ra qu trnh phn hy cht hu c ca vi sinh k kh, chuyn
ho nhng hp cht hu c phc tp thnh nhng cht n gin, d phn hy hn,
hoc to thnh cc sn phm cui cng nh CO2, CH4, H2S, NH3... X da ngoi u
im c kh nng cha nhiu vi sinh trong mt n v th tch cn ng vai tr gi
cn v vy cho php tng hiu qu x l BOD v COD.
Sau khi ra khi ao lc sinh hc k kh, nc thi c a vo ao ty nghi vi thi
gian lu khong 10 ngy. Qu trnh kh cht nhim trong h c tin hnh bi

hot ng ca vi sinh hiu kh, k kh v tu nghi. S phn b qun th cc vi sinh

ny din ra theo chiu su ca h.
T ao tu nghi, nc thi chy thy tnh vo ao lc sinh hc bc 1 v bc 2. Nhn
chung, pH sau qu trnh ny thng t gi tr trung tnh (pH = 7). Ti ao lc sinh
hc bc 1, hiu qu kh COD t 50 - 68%. Ao lc sinh hc bc 2 cho hiu qu kh
COD t 15 - 50%. Nh vy, p dng ao sinh hc hiu kh (bc 1 v bc 2) cho php
kh 80 - 90% COD, 50 - 78% COD, 80 - 86% Nit.
Nc sau x l nn s dng cho mc ch ti tiu (hn ch x thi) v cc tri chn
nui thng c b tr cnh cc cnh ng nng nghip hoc dng ti cy.
10.8.2 X l nc thi tinh bt m
Nc thi tinh bt m gm 2 loi chnh:
- Nc ra c: L nc thi t cng on ra, loi b phn r, lp v g v
t ct bm trc khi a vo nghin. Theo c tnh, lng nc thi ra c chim
n 42% tng lng nc thi ca nh my. Nc ny ch nhim bi ct t tch
ra t c, t nhim cc cht hu c ha tan, do , nn tch ring nhm gim lng
nc thi v sau khi x l n gin c th tn dng cho khu ra c.
- Nc thi ch bin: Cha hm lng cn l lng v cht hu c rt cao
thi t cng on nghin, tch b v lc tinh. Thnh phn nc thi ch bin gm:
tinh bt, ng, protein, cellulose, cc khong cht v c t CN-.
Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc thi tinh bt m ti nhiu c s khc nhau c
trnh by trong bng 10.8.
Bng 10.13 Thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi tinh bt m
Ch tiu

n v

pH

Kt qu
4,2 - 5,1

COD

mg/l

2.500 17.000

BOD5

mg/l

2.120 14.750

SS

mg/l

120 - 3.000

N-NH3

mg/l

136 300

N-NO2

mg/l

0 0,2

N NO3

mg/l

0,5 0,8

N tng

mg/l

250 450

P tng

mg/l

4 70

CN-

mg/l

2 75

SO42-

mg/l

52-65

[Ngun: Khoa Mi trng Trng i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM]

Nc thi sn xut tinh bt m c hm lng cht hu c rt cao, COD dao ng t
2.500 - 17.000 mg/l, N tng trong khong 250 - 450 mg/l, P tng 4 - 70 mg/l. V
mt cm quan, nc thi c mu trng ng, c, bc mi chua nng. Hm lng cn
l lng cng kh cao, SS c th ln n vi ngn mg/l (ph thuc vo cng ngh sn
xut) do xc m mn, kh lng b cun theo khi x nc thi t b ngm. Hm lng
CN- trong nc thi khoai m dao ng khong 5 75 mg/l, y l yu t cn tr
hot ng ca vi sinh trong cc cng trnh x l sinh hc.
Do nc thi c cc thnh phn nu trn nn cng ngh x l phi m bo kh
c CN- v cht hu c.
- Kh CN-: CN- l nguyn nhn chnh gy c ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt
cc cng trnh sinh hc, do vy cn thit phi kh CN-. Theo kt qu thc nghim,
CN- c x l hiu qu bng phng php ln men acid di tc dng ca vi sinh
vt trong bn t hoi.
- Kh COD: nc thi tinh bt c hm lng COD cao, t l BOD5/COD ln
n trn 70%, nn vic nh hng x l bng phng php sinh hc l thch hp.
nc ta c mt s cng ngh x l nc thi tinh bt m theo phng php
sinh hc k kh UASB, keo t kt hp bn hot tnh hoc x l bng h thng cc h
sinh hc k kh kt hp hiu kh. Tuy nhin, cho n nay vn cha c cng trnh no
thnh cng, nguyn nhn chnh c th l do cha quan tm n vic kh CN-. Ngoi

ra, cng ngh x l cn yu cu chi ph u t v vn hnh thp nht do hiu qu

kinh t ca loi hnh sn xut ny khng cao.
Phng n 1:
Nc thi
vo

H ty
nghi

H hiu
kh 1

B lc sinh hc
k kh

Song
chn rc

B trung
ho

B lng

B acid ho

Nc sau
x l

H hiu
kh 2
Sn phi
bn

Hnh 10.17 S cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin tinh bt m (phng n 1)

Thuyt minh cng ngh:
Cng ngh ny dnh cho nc thi ch bin, nc thi sinh hot, nc thi v sinh
my mc thit b. Qui trnh nh sau:
Trc tin nc thi c dn h n nh, sau khi qua song chn rc loi b tp
cht c th gy tc nghn h thng x l. Ti h n nh, nc thi c a vo b
lng, lng cn tinh bt mn s c thu hi lm thc n gia sc. Nc thi sau lng
c bm n b acid ho vi thi gian lu nc 2 ngy vi mc ch chnh l kh
CN- v chuyn ho cc cht kh phn hy thnh cc hp cht n gin d x l sinh
hc. Vi sinh vt hot ng ti b acid ho c b sung t bn t hoi v phn b ti
(trong phn b ti, vi khun acid ha chim u th). K tip, nc thi t chy vo
b trung ho (lu nc 10 gi), vt liu trung ho l vi. Nc thi sau trung ho
c pH vo khong 6-6,5 thun li cho qu trnh x l sinh hc tip theo. T y, nc

thi t chy n b lc sinh hc k kh vi thi gian lu nc 2 ngy. Vt liu lc l s

da dng si ti, c din tch tip xc b mt ln, to iu kin thun li cho vi sinh k
kh bm dnh, pht trin tt. Mm vi sinh vt a vo ban u vn l bn t hoi.
Cui cng nc thi c x l qua h thng h sinh hc nhm kh trit cht hu
c v c bit l kh nit. H thng h sinh hc bao gm h ty nghi (lu nc 20
ngy), h hiu kh 1 (lu nc 10 ngy) v h hiu kh 2 (lu nc 5 ngy). Bn sau
lng v bn sinh ra t qu trnh lc k kh c x nh k vo b phi bn v tn
dng lm phn bn. Phng n ny c u im chi ph u t v vn hnh thp, n
gin nhng cn din tch t rng. Phng n ny c p dng thnh cng vi
quy m nh 12-20m3/ngy ti lng ngh tinh bt m Hoi Ho.
Phng n 2:
Nc thi
vo

B bn
hot tnh

B k kh
UASB

Song
chn rc

B
gom

B trung
ho

thu

B lng

Bn

B axit ho

Bn tun
hon

B lng

Nc sau
x l

H hiu
kh
B nn
bn

Hnh 10.18 S cng ngh x l nc thi sn xut tinh bt m (phng n 2)

Thuyt minh cng ngh:
Nhm gim din tch t cho cng trnh x l v tha mn yu cu x l cao hn c
th p dng phng n 2: UASB kt hp bn hot tnh hiu kh. Tng t phng

n 1, nc thi ch bin, nc thi sinh hot, nc thi v sinh c tp trung v h

thu qua song chn rc v bm n b iu ha/lng cn. B axit c thi gian lu
nc 2 ngy, lm nhim v chuyn ho cc hp cht phc tp kh phn hy thnh
axit v cc hp cht hu c n gin. Sau giai on axit ho, nc thi c pH thp
nn c trung ho bng vi b trung ho (lu nc 1,0 gi), nng pH ln 6,57,5.
Nc sau trung ho c bm vo b UASB. Ti y, vi thi gian lu nc 1
ngy, vi sinh k kh s phn hy cc cht hu c, chuyn ha thnh CH4, CO2, H2S.
Hiu qu kh COD ca b UASB l 60-95%. Sau , nc thi c x l tip bng
qu trnh bn hat tnh v a qua b lng 2. Mt phn bn c tun hon v
aerotank, phn d c a qua b nn bn x l.
Nc sau lng tip tc c x l bng h sinh hc hiu kh (lu nc 10 ngy).
Sau khi qua h sinh hc, nc thi t tiu chun x thi, c th c tn dng cho
ti tiu nng nghip. Bn t b lng s b, b k kh UASB v b lng 2 c bm
vo b nn bn sau a ra sn phi bn.
Phng n ny yu cu chi ph u t, vn hnh cao v cn b vn hnh c chuyn
mn cao, v vy, t khi c p dng.
10.8.3 X l nc r rc
Nc rc mi
Nc rc mi c hnh thnh t cc bi chn lp mi hot ng, c thnh phn
in hnh c trnh by trong bng 10.14.

Bng 10.14 Thnh phn nc rc in hnh

Bi mi
Thnh phn

Nhu cu oxy ha sinh ha (BOD5), mg/l

Tng cacbon hu c (TOC), mg/l
Nhu cu oxy ha ha hc (COD), mg/l
Tng cht rn l lng (TSS), mg/l
Nit hu c, mg/l
Amoniac, mg/l
Nitrat, mg/l
Tng Photpho, mg/l
Othophotpho, mg/l
kim, mg CaCO3/l
pH
Canxi, mg/l
Clorua, mg/l
Tng lng st, mg/l
Sulfat, mg/l

Bi lu nm
(Trn 10 nm)

Khong
gi tr

Trung
bnh

2000 20 000
1500 20 000
3000 60 000
200 2000
10 800
10 800
5 40
5 100
4 80
1000 10.000
4,5 7,5
50 1500
200 3000
50 1200
50 1000

10.000
6000
18 000
500
200
200
25
30
20
3000
6
250
500
60
300

100 200
80 160
100 500
100 400
80 120
20 40
5 10
5 10
48
200 1000
6,6 7,5
50 200
100 400
20 200
20 50

[Ngun: Intergrated Solid Waste Management ]

Thnh phn nc rc cha hm lng cht hu c cao, COD dao ng t 2.000 n
20.000mg/l , tng Nit dao ng khong 200-2.000mg/l, trong Amoniac rt cao (
trung bnh 200 mg/l) . Ngoi ra, nc rc cn cha nhiu cht ha tan, kim loi nng
nh Ca2+ (2000-2500mg/l), Zn2+ (0.84mg/l), Ni2+ (0.5mg/l), Cr3+ (0.12mg/l), Cu2+
(0.46 mg/l), Pb2+ (<0.13 mg/l), Hg2+ (0.09 mg/l) v mt s cht hu c c hi (
thuc bo v thc vt, PCBs,).
Thc t kim tra cc ch tiu nhim ca nc thi bi chn lp G Ct trnh by
trong bng 10.15.
Bng 10.15 Thnh phn nc rc G Ct
STT
1.

Ch tiu
pH

n v

Gi tr
4.8-6.2

2.

kim

mg/l

1200-4500

3.

TOC

mg/l

18700-31900

4.

COD

mg/l

39614-59750

5.

BOD

mg/l

30000-48000

6.

VFA

mg/l

21878-25182

- Axit Axetic

mg/l

2569-5995

- Axit Propionic

mg/l

1309-2663

- Axit butyric

mg/l

4122-4842

- Axit Valeric

mg/l

1789-2838

7.

TSS

mg/l

1760-4311

8.

VSS

mg/l

1120-3190

9.

N tng

mg/l

336-2500

10.

N NH3

mg/l

297-2350

11.

N NO3-

mg/l

5-8.5

12.

P tng

mg/l

55.8-89.6

13.

cng

mg/l

5833-9667

14.

Ca2+

mg/l

1670-2739

15.

Mg2+

mg/l

404-678

16.

Cl-

mg/l

4100-4890

17.

SO42-

mg/l

1590-2340

18.

Fe

mg/l

204-208

[Ngun: Khoa Mi trng Trng i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM &H Vn Lang]

Kt qu trn cho thy t l BOD/COD cao, do c th p dng bin php sinh hc
x l. Hm lng BOD cao thch hp cho vic s dng kt hp k kh v hiu
kh nhm loi b phn ln cht hu c d phn hy sinh hc. Tuy nhin, trong nc
thi c cha lng Canxi kh ln, to ta, gy nh hng bn sinh hc, nn trc
tin phi kh Canxi. Sau x l sinh hc, hu ht cc tiu chun u t, tr COD do

nc rc cha cc cht kh phn hy sinh hc nh humic, humat V vy, phi p

dng cc bin php oxy ho bc cao nhm x l t tiu chun. Theo kt qu nghin
cu, qui trnh cng ngh xut nh sau:
H2O2 + Mn2+ , Fe2+

Thit b thi kh

Nc r r t
h thu gom
Keo t
kh cn
& canxi

UASB

Bn hot
tnh

Lng 2

Oxi ha

Bn

Bn tun
hon

Ti cy
vnh ai
bi rc
(ma kh)

Bn

Bn d

SCR

H sinh
hc

Bi rc

B nn bn

B cha bn

Hnh 10.19 S h thng x l nc r rc bi chn lp mi

Thuyt minh cng ngh:
Nc rc sau khi c thu gom bng h thng ng dn, tp trung vo h thu gom,
qua song chn rc loi b cn, tp cht c th gy tc nghn h thng x l.
Nc rc mi c nng hu c cao nn thng c lu trong h cha vi thi
gian di ( khong vi chc ngy) cc cht hu c t phn hy hoc c sc kh
tng tc phn hy v ng thi hn ch mi hi. Tip theo, nc thi c
a vo b keo t to bng nhm loi b Canxi v SS. Sau khi kh Canxi v cn,
nc thi c a qua b UASB tip tc phn hy cc cht hu c v chuyn
ho cc cht kh phn hy, phc tp thnh nhng cht n gin d phn hy hn.
Hiu qu kh COD trong UASB i vi nc rc kh cao, c th ln n 95%
(thng thng > 90%, ti trng 20kgCOD/(m3.ngy)). Sau UASB, nc thi chy
qua h thng bn hot tnh tip tc phn hy cc cht hu c cn li nh vi sinh

hiu kh. Hiu qu kh COD ca b bn hot tnh khong 70% (ti trng 0,6
kgCOD/(m3, ngy)). Tuy nhin, mc du h thng sinh hc hot ng rt hiu qu
(BOD sau x l cn li rt thp < 10 mg/l) nhng COD cn n 400 1000 mg/l
(trung bnh 600 mg/l) v l cc cht khng phn hy sinh hc. Chnh v vy, nc
thi phi c x l tip tc bng phng php oxy ho vi phn ng Fenton
(H2O2, xc tc l st v mangan). Nc sau b bn hot tnh c acid ha n pH
= 3,5, b sung xc tc v oxi gi. Phn ng xy ra mnh lit trong khong 1 gi. Sau
, nc thi c trung ha n pH trung tnh, kt ta phn st d. Nc sau x l
t tiu chun loi B mt mi, mt mu, trong sut, sau tip tc x l trong h
sinh hc t t tiu chun loi A. Bn t cc b oxy ho, UASB, lng 2 c tp
trung v b cha bn, nn v c chn lp ngay trn bi rc.
Nc rc c
Nc r r ti bi chn lp lu nm a phn cha cc hp cht hu c phc tp v
kh phn hy sinh hc. ng lu l hm lng N cao, trong 90% tn ti di
dng NH3, khi thi ra mi trng s gy c cho thy sinh v hin tng ph dng
ho. Thnh phn v tnh cht nc rc ca bi chn lp ng Thnh c cho trong
bng 10.16.
Bng 10.16 Thnh phn v tnh cht nc rc bi chn lp
STT

Thnh phn

n v

1 pH
2 kim

Nc rc ng Thnh
7.8 8.4

mg CaCO3/l

2.000 8.000

3 COD

mg O2/l

1.080 4.000

4 BOD

mg O2/l

384 1.100

5 TSS

mg/l

125 640

6 N tng

mg/l

450 1.450

7 N-NH3

mg/l

400 1.360

8 N-NO 3

mg/l

1-3,2

9 Ptng

mg/l

10 31

10 Ca2+

mg/l

980 2000

11 Cl-

mg/l

4.200 4.500

12 SO 24

mg/l

1.100 2.640

13 Fetng

mg/l

160 300

MPN/100ml

5.10 40.10

14 Coliform

[Ngun: Khoa Mi trng Trng i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM]

Kt qu nghin cu cho thy nc rc c cha lng vi sinh vt rt ln, c th p
dng phng php sinh hc x l mt phn cht hu c v ch yu l Nit trong
iu kin hiu kh. Phng php sc kh c nghin cu v p dng vo giai
on u ca qu trnh x l nhm kh phn no cc tp cht hu c ho tan c th
phn hy sinh hc. Kt qu l COD gim 20 25%, N tng gim t 400 - 700 mg/l
cn 60 - 90 mg/l, pH tng t 8,0 ln 9,9 vi iu kin duy tr DO trong khong 5 - 6
mg/l, thi gian sc kh t 4 - 9 ngy (tu thuc vo hm lng cht hu c v Nit
tng trong thnh phn nc thi). Tuy nhin, kt qu kho st cht lng nc rc
ca bi rc ng Thnh cng cho thy rng t l BOD/COD rt thp (0,15 0,25)
th hin kh nng phn hy sinh hc km, km theo cng kh cao gy kh khn
cho qu trnh x l sinh hc. Do , vic p dng cc bin php ho l v ho hc
trong qu trnh x l tip theo l iu cn thit. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy hiu
qu x l COD bng cht oxy ho mnh l kh cao trong mt thi gian tng i
ngn. Tuy nhin, nu ch p dng phng php oxy ho th nc sau x l cng
khng t yu cu v chi ph ho cht cng rt cao. Chnh v vy, trc khi p dng
bin php oxy ho, nc thi cn c x l bng cc bin php s b nh sc kh
v keo t. Mt s nghin cu c thc hin v kt qu l hiu qu kh COD 60
- 75% khi keo t bng phn bn, v phn ng oxy ho vi tc cht H2O2, xc tc
FeSO4 cho php gim COD n tiu chun loi B. Liu lng H2O2 l 2 - 3 l/m3,
FeSO4 3 - 5 kg/m3.

Quy trnh cng ngh h thng x l nc rc c nh sau:

Thit b
thi kh

Nc rc ti
cc h thu

Chn lp ti
bi rc

Thit b
x l bn

SCR

B keo
t

B oxi
ho

Bn thi

B kh nit
(sc kh hay
nitrat ha,
denitrat
ha)

Bn thi

B iu
ha

Thit b trn
ha cht

FeSO4.7H2O
H2O2
MnSO4

Thi
ra
ngun

Hnh 10.20 S cng ngh h thng x l nc r rc c

Thuyt minh cng ngh:
Nc rc c gom t cc h thu, sau khi qua song chn rc loi tp cht c th
nh hng n cc cng trnh x l tip theo, i vo b iu ho nhm iu ho lu
lng v cht lng nc. T b iu ho, nc thi c a vo b sc kh nhm
gim lng COD d phn hy, nhng ch yu l kh nit. Sau , nc thi a
qua b keo t v tin hnh keo t vi tc cht l phn bn pH 5 v hm lng phn
l 2000 - 2500mg/l. Tip theo, COD trong nc thi s b oxy ho bng H2O2 vi
xc tc l mangan v st (II) . Liu lng H2O2 v FeSO4 tng ng l 2 3 l/m3 v
3 - 5 kg/m3. Nc sau x l c th t tiu chun loi B. Bn t b keo t v b oxy
ho s c thu gom, x l, chn lp ngay ti bi rc.
10.8.4 X l nc thi sn xut DOP
DOP (Dioctyl-phthalate) l sn phm to thnh t phn ng este ho gia PA
(Phthalic Anhydride) v 2-EH (2-Ethyl Hexanol), l cht ho do c s dng
nhiu trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc. Nc thi t ngnh cng nghip sn xut

DOP cha mt hm lng ln DOP, ngoi ra cn c TPT, 2-EH v MOP. Nc thi

ny c COD cao v hm lng du ln.
Bng 10.17 Cc thng s nhim trong nc thi ca nh my sn xut DOP
ST

Ch tiu

n v

Gi tr

T
1.

pH

2.5-2.7

2.

COD

mg/l

2900-3000

3.

BOD

mg/l

700

4.

Nhit

45-48

[Ngun: Khoa Mi trng Trng i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM]

Do trong nc thi cha nhiu du m v COD cao nn qu trnh x l cn kt hp
cc phng php sinh hc, ho hc v ho l. Quy trnh cng ngh x l xut:

Nc thi

Tch du

Khng kh hoc Oxy

Oxy ha

NaOH, N, P
Lc sinh hc k kh

Khng kh hoc Oxy

Phn

Lc sinh hc hiu kh

ng t
Bn thi

Clorine

Kh trng

X thi
Hnh 10.21 S cng ngh h thng x l nc thi sn xut DOP
Thuyt minh cng ngh:
Nc thi sau khi tch du s c sc kh (dng kh nn hoc oxy c sn t trm
sn xut Nit ca nh my) nhm oxy ha v li cun mt phn cht hu c ha tan
trong nc thi, gim hm lng du trc khi a vo x l sinh hc.

Nc thi c trung ha bng NaOH n pH 7-7,5, b sung dinh dng v bm

vo b lc sinh hc k kh vi lp gi th c nh bng vt liu nha biolite hoc x
da. Thi gian lu nc trong b lc k kh khong 24 gi. Nc thi u ra b lc
sinh hc k kh s t chy vo b lc sinh hc hiu kh (gi th c nh bng vt liu
nha biolite hoc x da), thi gian lu nc 6-12 gi. C th dng kh oxy thay
cho kh nn tng hiu qu x l do tn dng oxy thi ra t trm sn xut kh nit
ca nh my. Nc thi u ra b lc sinh hc hiu kh s chy vo b ng t, lng
cn v c kh trng trc khi x thi.
10.8.5 X l nc thi lng ngh sn xut bn
Nng cc cht nhim c trong nc thi t qu trnh sn xut ca lng ngh sn
xut bn c trnh by trong bng 10.15 , cho thy nng cht hu c dao ng
trong khong 1700-2000 mg/l.
Bng 10.18 Cc thng s nng cht nhim nc thi lng ngh sn xut bn
STT Thnh phn

n v

1. pH

Kt qu
5.5-6.5

2. COD

mg O2/l

1700-2000

3. BOD5

mg O2/l

1000-1200

4. SS

mg/l

120-450

5. N tng

mg/l

25-45

6. Ptng

mg/l

10-12

7. Coliform

MPN/100ml

4*106

[Ngun: Khoa Mi trng Trng i hc Bch Khoa TPHCM]

Phn tch nc thi tng hp cho thy t l BOD5/COD bng 0.6, nn cng ngh x
l c la chn l cng ngh sinh hc. Do hm lng BOD5 cao nn cn kt hp
x l sinh hc k kh v hiu kh. Trong cc cng trnh x l k kh, cng trnh p
dng thch hp nht l b biogas ci tin, gm 2 ngn: mt ngn lng v mt ngn
cha vt liu lc, chnh cc vt liu m to iu kin tip xc tt gia cc cht

nhim v vi sinh vt. i vi qu trnh x l hiu kh, cng trnh lc sinh hc hiu
kh vi vt liu m c nh c u im d vn hnh, khng gy mi hi thch hp
vi dng thi c lu lng nh v gin on.
Quy trnh cng ngh:
Nc thi

Song chn rc

Nap ay

B biogas
ci tin

Kh sinh hoc

B lc sinh
hc hiu
kh

Mi trng

Nap ay

Nc thai

Nc ra

Khong kh
1. Ngan lang 1
2. Ngan loc sinh hoc k kh
3. Be loc sinh hoc hieu kh
4. Ngan lang 2

Hnh 10.22 S cng ngh x l nc thi lng ngh sn xut bn

Thuyt minh cng ngh:
Nc thi u tin c chy qua song chn rc, rc c kch thc ln c gi li
nh COD gim ti 15%. Tip theo, nc thi chy vo b biogas i qua ngn
lng vi thi gian lu l 6 gi, khong 90% cn c gi li, cn ny s c ht
ln theo chu k 3 thng 1 ln. Sau , nc chy sang ngn x l lc sinh hc k
kh, v c phn phi u trn din tch y. Nc thi i qua lp vt liu lc, cht
hu c phn hy v Nit chuyn ho thnh NH4+. y, s gim c 60% ti
lng hu c vi tng thi gian lu trong b biogas l 73 gi. Kh thu t b biogas

c s dng lm cht t phc v cho chn nui v sinh hot ca gia nh hoc
pht tn ra mi trng qua ng thi cao. Nc thi sau b biogas ci tin c dn
sang b lc sinh hc hiu kh. B lc sinh hc hiu kh cha cc vt lu tip xc lm
gi th cho vi sinh vt bm dnh. Vt liu tip xc l cc ng nha c dng rnh
xon. Qun th sinh vt bm trn gi th c th bao gm vi khun hiu kh, vi khun
hiu kh tu tin, nm, to, ng vt nguyn sinh. Hiu qu x l COD trong b ny
t 88% vi thi gian lu nc khong 15 gi. Nc sau x l t tiu chun TCVN
5945 1995 loi B.
10.8.6 X l nc thi sn xut bia nh my bia Vit Nam
Nc thi ca nh my c thnh phn, tnh cht v nhit khng n nh, pht sinh
t nhiu ngun khc nhau nh: nc lm lnh, nc ngng t, nc v sinh cc
thit b ln men, thng nu, b cha, ng ng, sn nh, nc thi t hm ln
men, nc ra chai
Nc thi nhn chung c gi tr COD vo khong 1500mg/l, t s BOD5/COD cao,
hm lng dinh dng nh N v P di do, thch hp cho qu trnh x l sinh hc.

ieu chnh pH

Nc vao
2

7
1. BE BM

7. BONCHA TAP CHAT

Ong dan nc thai

2. LI VA TRONGLOC

8. BE LUBUN

ng ong dan bun

3. BE CANBANG

9. BE NENBUN

Ong dan nc tach bun

4. BE PHAN NGMETHANE 10. SANPHI BUN

5. BE HIEU KH
6. BE LANG

11. HO GOMNCD

Nc ra

Bun hoan lu

6
Nc chay tran

Bun d

Ong dan kh nen

May bm
May thoi kh

11

Nc tach bun

10

Hnh 10.23 S cng ngh x l nc thi sn xut bia nh my bia Vit Nam

Thuyt minh cng ngh:

Nc thi t cc cng on sn xut v v sinh thit b c tp trung vo b bm,
sau khi qua song chn rc th nhm loi b nhng tp cht c kch thc ln nh
bao ni lng, ng ht T y, nc thi c bm ln b cn bng. Trc khi vo
b cn bng, nc thi c a qua li v trng lc, ng vai tr l thit b lc
tinh, loi b phn rc mn. Sau khi qua h thng lc rc tinh, nc thi i vo b cn
bng. B cn bng va c vai tr iu ho lu lng v nng cc cht nhim, v
vy b ny c trang b hai my thi kh b mt, hot ng lun phin. T b cn
bng, nc thi c bm vo b UASB. y din ra qu trnh chuyn ho cc
hp cht c kh nng phn hy sinh hc vi s tham gia ca cc vi khun ln men
k kh. Sn phm hnh thnh bao gm mt s hp cht d phn hy sinh hc, CH4,
CO2, H2S, NH3. Lng kh sinh ra t b phn ng metan c t b qua u t t
ng. Vi thi gian lu nc 6-8 gi, hiu sut ca b ny ln n 90%. Nc sau
x l k kh c chy vo b bn hot tnh hiu kh. Vi thi gian lu 6 gi, hiu
qu x l rt cao. Nc sau x l hiu kh c a qua b lng nhm tch bn hot
tnh . Phn nc trong c thi vo ngun tip nhn vi COD < 50mg/l. Phn bn
lng c tun hon tr li b hiu kh nhm cn bng lng vi sinh trong b. Phn
bn d t b UASB v b lng c a vo sn phi bn. Bn sau khi phi c
m thp c s dng lm phn bn. Phn nc tch bn c a tr li b hiu
kh tip tc c x l.