Nhan Dang Nguoi Noi

I HC QUC GIA TP.
HCM
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA
KHOA KHOA HC & K THUT MY TNH
BK
TP.HCM
LUN VN TT NGHIP I HC
NGHIN CU S DNG GING NI TRONG

XC THC V M HA D LIU TRN THIT B
DI NG V XY DNG H THNG DEMO TRN
ANDROID
HI NG: H thng thng tin

GVHD: PGS. TS ng Trn Khnh
GVPB: ThS. Trng Qunh Chi
SVTH 1: L Phm Tuyn(50802487)
SVTH 2: Dng T Huy(50800768)
SVTH 3: L Tro Vit Cng(50800240)
TP. H CH MINH, THNG 12 NM 2012
LI CM N
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh-trng
i hc Bch Khoa to iu kin cho chng em thc hin ti lun vn tt
nghip ny.
Chng em xin gi li cm n su sc n Thy ng Trn Khnh rt tn
tnh hng dn chng em trong sut thi gian thc hin ti, thy cung cp
khng t ti liu cng nh cho chng em nhng tng th v v y nhng
ng lc ln lao chng em thc hin lun vn ny.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n n cc thy, c trong nhm nghin cu
DSTAR cho chng em nhng kin ng gp qu bu trong qu trnh thc
hin ti; xin gi li cm n chn thnh n cc Thy v cc C trong Khoa
truyn t cho chng em nhng kin thc b ch, gip chng em c c mt
nn tng l thuyt v nhng k thut cn bn thit yu.
Chng con xin c by t lng bit n su sc i vi ng b, cha m, ngi
lun lun quan tm chm sc, c v mt vt cht ln tinh thn, gip cho chng
con yn tm, tp trung vo cng vic hc tp v nghin cu.
Cui cng, xin c ni li cm n n cc anh ch, bn b gip , khch
l cng nh ph bnh, gp gip chng em hon thnh cng vic mt cch tt
nht.
Tp. H Ch Minh, 12/2012

SVTH
L Phm Tuyn
Dng T Huy
L Tro Vit Cng
ii
LI CAM OAN
Chng ti xin cam oan y l cng trnh nghin cu ca bn thn chng ti,
c xut pht t yu cu ca lun vn cng nh mong mun c nhn. Cc s
liu, t liu, m ngun tham kho c ngun gc r rng tun th ng nguyn tc
v kt qu trnh by trong lun vn thu thp c trong qu trnh nghin cu l
trung thc cha tng c ai cng b trc y.
iii
TM TT
Trong lun vn ny, chng ti trnh by nghin v cu sinh trc hc ging ni
v vic s dng ging ni xc thc v m ho d liu ngi dng.
Mt h thng xc thc in hnh gm hai qu trnh ng k v xc thc. Khi
s dng ging ni lm thng tin xc thc, h thng tri qua cc bc sau y:
Qu trnh ng k
o Thu d liu ging ni.
o Rt trch vector c trng t d liu ging ni.
o S dng mt gii thut sa li to ra thng tin tr gip, thng tin
ny l duy nht i mi c trng.
o To kho t vector c trng s dng cho m ho v gii m d
liu.
Qu trnh xc thc
o Thu d liu ging ni
o Rt trch vector c trng t d liu ging ni.
o Khi phc li vector c trng ban u bng cch s dng cng gii
thut sa li v thng tin tr gip sinh ra qu trnh ng k. Nu
khi phc thnh cng, xc thc thnh cng; ngc li, xc thc tht
bi.
o To kho t vector c trng s dng cho m ho v gii m d
liu.
Chng ti cng trnh by mt h thng ngh, s dng sinh trc hc ging
ni xc thc v m ho d liu trn thit b di ng s dng Android. H
thng c kim tra trn 295 mu ging ni (29 ngi) vi t l vi t l xc
thc thnh cng xp x 85%.
iv
ABSTRACT
In this thesis, we present our research about using voice for authentication and
data encryption/decryption.
A typical authentication system involves two phases: enrollment and
authentication. When using voice as the trait for authentication, the following
steps are done:
Enrollment
o Capture the voice signal
o Extract the feature vector from input signal
o Apply an Error Correction Algorithm on feature vector to generate the
unique helper data.
o Generate key from this feature vector for data encryption/decryption.
Authentication
o Capture the voice signal
o Extract the feature vector from input signal
o Recover the original feature vector by applying the same Error
Correction Algorithm together with the helper data on the feature
vector.
If
the
recover
succeeds,
the
authentication
succeeds;
otherwise fails.
o Generate key from this feature vector for data encryption/decryption.
We also present our proposed system which uses voice for authentication. This
system has been tested using our recorded audio library. The library contains 295
voice samples of 29 people. The correction rate of authentication is about 85%.
MC LC
LI CM N .............................................................................................. ii
LI CAM OAN ......................................................................................... iii
TM TT ................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................. v
MC LC................................................................................................... vi
DANH MC CC T VIT TT ................................................................. ix
DANH MC HNH ....................................................................................... x
DANH MC BNG ....................................................................................xiii
CHNG 1: GII THIU TI ...............................................................1
1.1
Gii thiu .......................................................................................1
1.1.1 nh ngha sinh trc hc ............................................................1

1.1.2 S cn thit ca sinh trc hc ....................................................3
1.2
Mc tiu ti ................................................................................4
1.2.1 Nhim v ...................................................................................4

1.2.2 Nhng vn khng thuc phm vi ti .................................5
1.2.3 Phng php thc hin .............................................................5
1.3
B cc lun vn ..............................................................................6
1.3.1 Chng 1: Gii thiu ti........................................................6

1.3.2 Chng 2: C s l thuyt ........................................................6
1.3.3 Chng 3: Cc nghin cu lin quan.........................................6
1.3.4 Chng 4: Phn tch v thi t k h thng ..................................6
1.3.5 Chng 5: Tng kt nh gi ....................................................6
Chng 2: C S L THUYT ..................................................................7
2.1
Rt trch vector c trng t ging ni ............................................7

vi
2.1.1 Ly mu ging ni .....................................................................7

2.1.2 Tin x l mu ging ni .......................................................... 10
2.1.3 Rt trch vector c trng t mu tn hiu ging ni ................. 13
2.2
K thut sa li ............................................................................ 17
2.2.1 K thut lp (repetition) ............................................................ 17

2.2.2 K thut kim tra chn l.......................................................... 18
2.2.3 M Hamming ........................................................................... 18
2.2.4 M sa li Reed Solomon........................................................ 19
2.3
Tng quan v m ha................................................................... 28
2.3.1 Tng quan ............................................................................... 28

2.3.2 Cc m hnh m ha v gii m ............................................... 32
CHNG 3: CC NGHIN CU LIN QUAN .......................................... 38
3.1
H thng m ha bng cch to kha da trn trng mt ngi .. 38
3.1.1 M hnh h thng ..................................................................... 38

3.1.2 Qu trnh rt trch c trng ..................................................... 39
3.1.3 M ha v gii m ................................................................... 41
3.1.4 Kt qu thc nghim v phn tch ............................................ 42
3.2
Sinh trc hc khun mt v phng php nhn dng Eigenfaces . 43
3.2.1 Gii thiu ................................................................................. 43

3.2.2 Phng php Eigenfaces ........................................................ 44
CHNG 4: PHN TCH V THI T K H THNG ................................ 48
4.1
Phn tch, thit k h thng .......................................................... 48
4.1.1 M t h thng......................................................................... 48
4.2
Cc thnh phn ca h thng ....................................................... 52
4.2.1 Thnh phn thu nhn ging ni ................................................ 52

4.2.2 Thnh phn rt trch c trng sinh trc................................... 53
4.2.3 Thnh phn chun ha ............................................................ 56
vii
4.2.4 Thnh phn sa li .................................................................. 58

4.2.5 Thnh phn to kha ............................................................... 59
4.2.6 Thnh phn m ha v gii m d liu .................................... 59
4.3
Cc qu trnh ca h thng........................................................... 59
4.3.1 Qu trnh ng k (Enrollment) ................................................. 60

4.3.2 Qu trnh xc thc h thng (Authentication) ........................... 60
4.3.3 Qu trnh m ha v gii m .................................................... 61
Chng 5: TNG KT NH GI ......................................................... 62
5.1
Kt qu thc nghim .................................................................... 62
5.1.1 S dng gii thut LPC rt trch vector c trng ................ 62

5.1.2 Rt trch vector c trng bng gii thut FFT ......................... 64
5.1.3 So snh cc kt qu thu c ................................................. 68
Kt qu t c ......................................................................... 70
5.2
5.2.1 u im h thng .................................................................... 70

5.2.2 Nhc im h thng .............................................................. 70
Hng pht trin .......................................................................... 71
5.3
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................. 72

PH LC .................................................................................................. 74
PH LC 1: DEMO CHNG TRNH BIO-CRYPT-ANDROID ................. 74
1.
Yu cu v ci t ........................................................................... 74
2.
Demo cc chc nng ...................................................................... 74

2.1
ng k thng tin....................................................................... 75
2.2
Xc thc ngi dng ................................................................. 77
2.3
M ha v gii m ..................................................................... 78
2.4
Phin bn thu ging ni trc tip ............................................... 78
PH LC 2: PHN CNG CNG VIC .................................................... 80
viii
DANH MC CC T VIT TT
LPC
Linear Predictive Code
FFT
Fast Fourier Transform
DFT
Discrete Fourier Transform
MFCC Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient

PCM
Pulse Code Modulation
DSP
Digital Signal Processing
FRR
False Reject Rate
FAR
False Accept Rate
FMR
False Match Rate
FNMR
False Non-match Rate
ECC
Error Correction Code
PCA
Principle Component Analysis
MARF
Modular Audio Recognition Framework
DES
Data Encryption Standard
AES
Advanced Encryption Standard
RSA
Ron Rivest, AdiSharmir and Leonard Adleman
DSS
Digital Signature Standard
IDEA
International Data Encryption Algorithm

ix
DANH MC HNH
Hnh 2.1-1 Biu din tn hiu ging ni theo thi gian ..........................................9
Hnh 2.1-2 Mu tn hiu ging ni sau khi c chun ha ............................... 10
Hnh 2.1-3 Mu tn hiu ging ni trc v sau khi kh khong lng ................. 11
Hnh 2.1-4 Mu tn hiu ging ni theo min tn s sau khi lc ly tn s thp .. 12
Hnh 2.1-5 M hnh rt trch ra vector c trng ................................................ 13
Hnh 2.1-6 Phn khung ..................................................................................... 14
Hnh 2.1-7 Ca s Hamming............................................................................. 15
Hnh 2.1-8 Ca s Hanning............................................................................... 15
Hnh 2.1-9 Ca s ch nht .............................................................................. 15
Hnh 2.2-1 nh x cc phn t c bn trong trng GF(8)................................ 21
Hnh 2.3-1 M ha v gii m............................................................................ 28
Hnh 2.3-2 M ha ............................................................................................ 29
Hnh 2.3-3 Khng gian kha .............................................................................. 30
Hnh 2.3-4 S m ha kha i xng ........................................................... 32
Hnh 2.3-5 Sc mnh ca cc gii thut kha i xng ..................................... 34
Hnh 2.3-6 M hnh m ha s dng kha bt i xng .................................... 35
Hnh 2.3-7 M hnh gii m s dng kha bt i xng ..................................... 35
Hnh 2.3-8 Cc nh dng thng ip ................................................................ 37
Hnh 3.1-1 M hnh h thng m ha ................................................................ 39
x
Hnh 3.1-2 Tin x l trng mt ......................................................................... 40

Hnh 3.1-3 Hnh nh c lc ........................................................................... 41
Hnh 3.1-4 ng cong FAR v FRR ................................................................ 42
Hnh 3.2-1 Mt s Eigenface ............................................................................. 45
Hnh 4.1-1 M hnh use case ca h thng ....................................................... 48
Hnh 4.2-1 Rt trch vector c trng bng gii thut LPC ................................. 54
Hnh 4.2-2 Rt trch vector c trng bng gii thut FFT ................................. 55
Hnh 4.2-3 Cu trc MARF Framework.............................................................. 56
Hnh 4.2-4 Php bin i vector c trng LPC................................................. 57
Hnh 4.2-5 Php bin i vector c trng FFT ................................................. 57
Hnh 4.2-6 Encode trong R-S ............................................................................ 58
Hnh 4.2-7 Decode trong R-S ............................................................................ 59
Hnh 4.3-1 Qu trnh ng k ............................................................................. 60
Hnh 4.3-2 Qu trnh xc thc h thng............................................................. 61
Hnh 5.1-1 ng cong FAR v FRR ca gii thut LPC .................................. 63
Hnh 5.1-2 S phn b ca cc thnh phn vector vo 5 khong ...................... 64
Hnh 5.1-3 ng cong FAR v FRR ca gii thut FFT-32 .............................. 65
Hnh 5.1-4 S phn b ca cc thnh phn vector vo 20 khong .................... 65
Hnh 5.1-5 ng cong FAR v FRR ca gii thut FFT-64 .............................. 66
Hnh 5.1-7 ng cong FAR v FRR ca gii thut FFT-128 ............................ 68
xi

Hnh 5.1-9 So snh cc gii thut vi nhau ....................................................... 69
Hnh 1-1 Giao din ban u ca chng trnh ................................................... 75
Hnh 1-2 a) Giao din chn s sample. b) Giao din chn file ............................ 76
Hnh 1-3 Giao din confirm ng k li thng tin ................................................ 77
Hnh 1-4 a) Giao din qun l file. b) Option menu ............................................ 78
Hnh 1-5 Mn hnh thu ging ni ....................................................................... 79
xii
DANH MC BNG
Bng 2.2-1 Chui d liu sau khi c thm vo cc bit chn l ....................... 18
Bng 2.2-2 Qu trnh kim tra tnh ng n chui d liu ................................ 19
Bng 2.2-3 Th vic cc php ton cng v nhn trong GF(8)........................... 22
Bng 3.1-1 FAR, FRR v ngng T .................................................................. 43
Bng 4.1-1 M t use case Enroll ................................................................... 49
Bng 4.1-2 M t use case Re-enroll .............................................................. 49
Bng 4.1-3 M t Use-case Login ................................................................... 50
Bng 4.1-4 M t use case Encrypt/Decrypt file .............................................. 51
Bng 5.1-1 FAR v FRR ca gii thut LPC ...................................................... 63
Bng 5.1-2 FAR v FRR ca gii thut FFT vi vector c trng 32 chiu ........ 64
Bng 5.1-3 FAR v FRR ca gii thut FFT vi vector c trng 64 chiu ........ 66
Bng 5.1-4 FAR v FRR ca gii thut FFT vi vector c trng 128 chiu....... 67
xiii
Chng 1: Gii thiu ti
CHNG 1: GII THIU TI

1.1 Gii thiu
M u, ti s trnh by mt cch khi qut v sinh trc hc. Sinh trc hc
l g, cc phng thc sinh trc, cc yu t chn la phng thc sinh trc.
Tip theo, ti s trnh by ti sao v tm quan trng s dng sinh trc hc
trong cc h thng xc thc v m ha.
1.1.1 nh ngha sinh trc hc
Sinh trc hc (biometrics) l phng php xc thc con ngi da trn cc
c im sinh trc [1]. Cc c im sinh trc ny phi l ring bit v c th
nh gi tnh ton c. Cc c im sinh trc c chia thnh 2 loi: vt l v
hnh vi. Cc sinh trc vt l thng lin quan n khun mt, du vn tay, ging
ni Cc sinh trc hnh vi thng cp n cc hnh vi con ngi: ch k,
dng i Cc phng thc sinh trc:
Khun mt: Nhng hnh nh tnh hoc ng ca khun mt c dng
nhn dng. Nhng cch tip cn ngy nay da trn v tr, hnh dng v
nhng mi quan h gia cc c im trn khun mt nh mt, mi, mi
v cm Tuy nhin, qu trnh nhn dng da trn khun mt cng gp th
thch v khun mt s thay i theo thi gian.
Du vn tay: M hnh ca thung lng v i ni trn b mt u ngn tay,
c s dng trong cc lnh vc php l t hn mt th k. Du vn tay
c hnh thnh trong qu trnh pht trin bo thai, v ngay c nhng cp
sinh i ng nht cng khng c cng du vn tay. H thng nhn dng
c th nhn dng mt du vn tay hoc nhiu du vn tay. Hiu sut h
thng sinh trc s dng du vn tay thng cao v chnh xc.
Bn tay: cp n hnh dng bn tay, kch thc lng bn tay, v chiu
di v chiu rng cc ngn tay. u im ca phng thc ny l tng i
n gin v d s dng. Tuy nhin, v s khc nhau khng r rng hnh
dng bn tay trong phm vi ng dng ln, nn nhng h thng dng
phng thc bn tay thng dng xc minh (verification) hn l nhn
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh
SVTH: L Phm Tuyn Dng T Huy L Tro Vit Cng
Chng 1: Gii thiu ti

dng (identification). Ngoi ra, v thit b ly d liu phi c kch thc ti
thiu l kch thc bn tay, qu ln so vi cc thit b nh laptop.
Ch tay (Palm Print): Ch tay kt hp cc c trng ca du vn tay v bn
tay. Ch tay cha cc vt ln v rnh ging du vn tay nhng ln hn. N
cng nh du vn tay thng c s dng trong cc h thng nhn dng
php l.
Trng mt (Iris): l mng mng c mu hnh trn bao bc con ngi
phc tp c ch trong vic nhn dng. Hiu sut h thng s dng
phng thc ny y trin vng. Tuy nhin, mc d h thng da trn
trng mt rt tt nhng FMR, FNMR li cao. Hn na, trng mt thay i
theo thi gian, nhng s thay i ny cha c nghin cu nhiu.
Ging ni: Ging ni kt hp trc tip cc c tnh sinh trc v hnh vi.
m thanh con ngi ni da trn nhiu yu t vt l ca c th (ming,
mi, mi, thanh qun) v b tc ng bi tui tc, cm xc, ngn ng v
tnh trng sc khe. Cht lng ca thit b ghi m v ting n cng tc
ng n hiu sut.
Ch k: Ch k con ngi thay i theo thi gian. N b tc ng mnh bi
cc yu t bn ngoi bao gm tnh trng sc khe, v cm xc ca ngi
k. Ngoi ra, ch k cng tng i d gi mo. Tuy nhin, ch k c
chp nhn nh mt phng thc nhn dng trong mt thi gian di.
Dng i: Dng i cng l mt phng thc nhn dng. Cc h thng nhn
dng dng i da trn qu trnh x l hnh nh pht hin hnh bng
ngi dng v cc thuc tnh thi gian khng gian lin quan. Dng i b tc
ng bi nhiu yu t, bao gm s la chn giy dp, b mt i, qun o.
Cc h thng nhn dng dng i vn cn ang trong qu trnh pht trin.
H thng sinh trc hc l h thng xc thc ngi dng s dng cc c im
sinh trc. Vic la chn sinh trc hc no nh danh ngi dng ph thuc
vo cc yu t sau y:
Tnh ph thng (Universality): mi ngi dng h thng u phi s hu
c im sinh trc c th.
Tnh duy nht (Uniqueness): cc c im sinh trc phi khc nhau v duy
nht.
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh
Chng 1: Gii thiu ti

Tnh bn vng (Permanence): lin quan n cch thc m mt c im
sinh trc bin i theo thi gin. C th hn, mt c im sinh trc bn
vng tt phi bt bin theo thi gian i vi cc thut ton so snh c th.
S o lng (Measurability): Cc c im sinh trc c th thu c v s
ha bng cch s dng cc thit b thch hp m khng gy bt tin cho
ngi dng.
Hiu sut (Performance): lin quan n s chnh xc, tc v mnh m
ca cng ngh c s dng.
S chp nhn (Acceptability): cp n vic ngi dng c chp nhn
cng ngh ny v sn sng cho c im sinh trc ca h cho h thng.
S gi mo (Circumvention): cc c im sinh trc phi kh c th
gi mo.
Tuy nhin, cc h thng sinh trc khng nht thit phi tng tc vi tt c
mi ngi trong thi gian di, chng ch cn tng tc vi mt nhm ngi nh
trong thi gian ngn. Do c th tm c cc c im sinh trc n nh v
phn bit s dng trong thc t.
1.1.2 S cn thit ca sinh trc hc
Ngy nay, thit b di ng tr thnh vt khng th thiu trong cuc sng
hng ngy ca mi ngi v dn thay th cc thit b truyn thng nh my tnh
c nhn. Theo , thit b di ng s cha ng mt lng ngy cng nhiu d
liu c nhn ca ngi dng. V vy, nhu cu bo mt trn nhng d liu ny tr
nn quan trng.
Nm bt c nhu cu , nhiu phn mm c xy dng trn thit b
di ng m ha d liu ca ngi dng. Phn ln nhng phn mm ny u
s dng cch tip cn truyn thng l s dng mt mt khu kt hp vi cc
phng php m ha m ha d liu. Vi cch tip cn ny, ngi s dng
phi ghi nh mt khu ca mnh trong u hoc ghi vo mt ni no . Nu mt
khu qu di th s kh cho ngi s dng c th nh. Ngc li, nu mt khu
qu ngn th phn mm d b crack. Mc khc, vi cch tip cn s dng mt
khu ny, d liu dng xc thc phi c lu vo mt ch trn thit b v
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh

Chng 1: Gii thiu ti

nu hacker c th ly c d liu ny th vic m ha gii m d liu ngi
dng tr nn d dng.
C hai vn cn phi gii quyt y l lm sao ngi s dng khng
cn phi nh mt khu ca mnh na v d liu xc thc d c b hacker nh
cp cng khng th no s dng c. Vi yu cu , cc h thng sinh trc
hc ra i gii quyt vn trn. truy cp vo h thng, ngi dng
phi dng thng tin sinh trc ca mnh xc thc thay v nhp mt khu. Do ,
ngi dng khng cn phi nh v s ngi khc bit mt khu ca mnh.
Thng tin sinh trc ny khng nhng c dng xc thc m cn m ha d
liu. Ngoi ra, h thng ch lu gi cc thng tin cng khai (public data) c
dng trong qu trnh xc thc ngi dng. Nu hacker c th nh cp c
thit b th cng khng th khai thc c thng tin g t thng tin ny. Do
khng th gii m c nhng thng tin mt c m ha ca ngi dng.
1.2 Mc tiu ti
Trong phn ny ti s nu ra nhim v c bn c th, phm vi ca ti l nhng g phi lm v nhng g khng thuc phm vi ca ti
1.2.1 Nhim v
Lun vn ny trnh by cho ngi c nhng kin thc c bn v chuyn su
v qu trnh xc thc v m ha bng cc thng tin sinh trc, xy dng mt bc
tranh tng qut v h thng c p dng sinh trc hc trn thit b di ng.
Th nht: ti s tp trung xy dng mt h thng xc thc v m ha d
liu tng qut, m t y cc thnh phn ca h thng. ti s dng ging
ni lm phng thc sinh trc xc thc v m ha d liu v hu ht thit b di
ng ngy nay u c thit b thu nhn ging ni. Ngoi ra, dng ging ni thun
tin cho ngi s dng hn cc phng thc sinh trc khc.
Th hai: xy dng h thng trn thit b di ng c h iu hnh Android. V
cc in thoi thng minh (smartphones) s dng h iu hnh Android hin nay
chim t l rt cao. Ngoi ra, h iu hnh Android l h iu hnh m ngun m,
ta c th ci t h thng ln thit b mt cch d dng.
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh
Chng 1: Gii thiu ti

Nhng l thuyt phi tm hiu qua:
Nhng k thut rt trch ra vector c trng
K thut sa li
M ha - m ha i xng, bt i xng, cc gii thut m ha
K thut bm (hash) - dng to kha
H iu hnh android
1.2.2 Nhng vn khng thuc phm vi ti
Hin ti, phm vi nghin cu ca ti phn ln tp trung vo vic xy dng
mt h thng xc thc v m ha d liu v to ra mt ng dng c h thng
sinh trc ny trn thit b di ng. ti s khng qu tp trung vo cc vn
nghip v ca h thng cng nh xy dng mt ng dng tht s hon chnh v
y l qu trnh rt lu di cn nhiu k thut v kinh nghim tt trong vic thit
k v lp trnh di ng.
Hn na, ci m ti mun nhn mnh l vn xc thc v m ha d
liu ch khng phi l vn lm sao c mt ng dng di ng hon chnh v
iu ny nm mt kha cnh khc.
1.2.3 Phng php thc hin
Da vo thng tin t nhng bi bo co nghin cu khoa hc, nhng eBooks,
nhng website ng tin cy, chng ti tm hiu, phn tch v la chn ging ni
lm phng thc sinh trc cho h thng. Tt c nhng thng tin s dng u l
nhng thng tin hp php, c php s dng cho mc ch hc tp v nghin
cu.
Da vo nhng cng ngh c sn nh Java, h iu hnh Android, cc k
thut sa li, cc k thut m ha(i xng, bt i xng) xy dng mt ng
dng xc thc v m ha d liu trn thit b di ng Android.
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh

Chng 1: Gii thiu ti
1.3 B cc lun vn
1.3.1 Chng 1: Gii thiu ti
Gii thiu v ti, tm tt mc tiu, nhim v, phng php thc hin ca
ti. Chng gii thiu mt cch tng qut v sinh trc hc v cc phng thc
sinh trc.
1.3.2 Chng 2: C s l thuyt
Chng ny trnh by c s l thuyt v vn xc thc v m ha d liu
bng ging ni. Cc k thut rt trch thng tin t ging ni, tng quan v m
ha, v cc k thut sa li. Cc l thuyt ny c p dng vo qu trnh hin
thc chng trnh ca ti.
1.3.3 Chng 3: Cc nghin cu lin quan
Vn sinh trc hc c nghin cu t lu. Cc nh khoa hc nghin
cu v ng dng nhiu loi phng thc sinh trc vo cc h thng sinh trc
ny. Chng ny trnh by mt s nghin cu lin quan n vn xc thc v
m ha d liu bng cc c im sinh trc.
1.3.4 Chng 4: Phn tch v thit k h thng
Trnh by c th v vic hin thc chng trnh. Bao gm cc s phn tch
chc nng h thng, cc thnh phn trong chng trnh, gii thch v cch thc
hot ng ca cc thnh phn.
1.3.5 Chng 5: Tng kt nh gi
Trnh by phng php thc nghim v kt qu thc nghim. Mt s nh gi
v kt qu thc nghim. Phn tch u nhc im ca chng trnh. Mt s kt
lun v hng m rng ca ti.
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh

Chng 2: C s l thuyt
Chng 2: C S L THUYT
chng ny, chng ti tp trung vo cc k thut c dng hin thc
ti lun vn - h thng xc thc v m ha d liu trn thit b di ng s
dng ging ni. Ni dung c trch dn v sng lc t cc ti liu [2] [3]
2.1 Rt trch vector c trng t ging ni

Ging ni t lu l phng tin gip mi ngi c th giao tip, trao i
thng tin vi nhau. kha cnh loi ngi, ging ni c th gip ngi nghe xc
nh chnh xc ngi ang ni l ai, hoc t nht l phn bit ngi l nam
hay n bng cch ghi nhn li nhng c trng ca ging ni kt hp vi kh
nng phn on suy lun. Cn trong h thng my tnh, vic phn bit ngi ny
vi ngi khc bng ging ni ch n gin l thu li tn hiu ging ni sau
bin i n da vo mt trong nhng c trng vn c ca ging ni nh min
tn s, min nng lng, c trng cc h s cepstral tn s Mel (MFCC), c
trng m d on tuyn tnh (LPC)
Tng ng vi mi c trng ca ging ni ta thu c mt vector c
trng. Vector c trng ny gip gim s lng d liu ca ging ni, gip vic
tnh ton trong h thng gim i ng k. Bn cnh , vit rt trch c trng
cn lm r s khc bit ca ting ni ngi ny so vi ngi khc v lm m i
s khc bit ca hai ln ni khc nhau ca cng mt ngi. Trong gii hn ca
lun vn khng i su vo vic phn tch chi tit tng c trng sinh trc ca
ging ni m ch xin a ra cc k thut c bn rt trch ra c cc vector
c trng cng vi nhng k thut tin x l tn hiu ging ni. Nhng k thut
ny s c gii thiu theo trnh t t lc thu mu tn hiu ging ni cho n lc
rt trch c mt vector c trng.
2.1.1 Ly mu ging ni
Mc ch ca bc ny l lm sao chuyn ging ni ca ngi s dng thnh
mt dng thng tin m my tnh c th x l. Cht lng ca ging ni thu li c
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
nh hng rt ln n kt qu phn tch ging ni sau ny. Nhng yu t nh
hng n cht lng ca mu ging ni thu c bao gm:
2.1.1.1 Nhn t bn ngoi
Mi trng xung quanh khu vc thu ging ni c nh hng ln n cht
lng ca tn hiu ging ni. Thng khi ging ni c thu, n ln vo trong
m thanh nn ca nhng vt xung quanh. Vic loi b chng ra khi m thanh
gc s gip cht lng m thanh c tt hn.
Cht lng ca thit b thu nhn m cng l mt yu t gp phn tng cht
lng ca mu tn hiu ging ni. Mt s thit b cao cp cn chc nng gip lc
bt nhng tn hiu c cho l m thanh nn, gy nhiu.
Trng thi, thi hp tc ca ngi ni lc cng nh hng n cht
lng ging ni thu c. Ging ni lc ngi ni trng thi bnh thng vi
trng thi lc khng bnh thng (m, vim hng) s c nhng khc bit nht
nh. Mc khc khi ngi ni vn trong trng thi bnh thng nhng li c tnh
lm cho ging ni gc ca mnh khc i bng cch gi ging th mu tn hiu
ging ni thu c cng b nh hng rt nhiu.
Vic xc nh nhng nhn t bn ngoi gy nh hng gip ta c th a ra
nhng iu kin ban u cho ngi ni, v mi trng v v thit b c th
thu c mu tn hiu tt hn.
2.1.1.2 Nhn t bn trong
Tn hiu ging ni l mt dng ca tn hiu m thanh v khi mun lu vo
thit b lu tr lu tr th cng phi theo mt chun m ha no khi cc
chng trnh c d liu ln c th hiu. Nhng chun m ha ny gi l nh
dng ca m thanh (Audio Format). n gin nht l chun m ha PCM dng
cho WAV file. Trong k thut ny, tn hiu ging ni thu c s c biu din
nh mt chui ca nhng gi tr cng (amplitude). Phm vi ca gi tr bin
ph thuc vo thng s kch thc mu (sample size). Vi kch thc mu l
16-bit, th phm vi ca gi tr cng nm trong khong t 0 216 (65536). Khi
s dng chun m ha PCM-signed th phm vi ny s nm trong khong t -215
(32768) n 215 (32768). Vi kch thc mu ny gi tr cng s c biu
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Chng 2: C s l thuyt
din mt khong rng hn so vi khi chn kch thc mu l 8-bit ( gi tr
cng ch nm trong khong t [-128, 128] ). V vy kch thc mu 16-bit
c chn thu c mu ging ni c cht lng tt hn.
Tn s ly mu (sample rate) ca mt file m thanh ni n s gi tr
cng thu c trong mt n v thi gian (thng l giy). Theo l thuyt
Nyquist, tn s ly mu phi t nht gp hai ln tn s ti a ca tn hiu tun t,
Ngc li, tn hiu tun t s khng to ra c tn hiu s mt cch chnh xc.
Mt v d n gin l nu tn s mu c chn l 8000Hz, th tn s ca tn
hiu tun t ca mi mu b gii hn c 4000Hz. Vi ging ni bnh thng ca
con ngi c tn s t 300 Hz n 3400 Hz th tn s ly mu 8000 Hz c th
chp nhn c.
S knh m thanh (number of channel) cng l mt thnh phn trong vic
thu li mu tn hiu ging ni v khng nh hng n u vo ca tn hiu
ging ni. N ch nh hng n u ra ca tn hiu ging ni. Mt s loi knh
c bn thng gp l mono (tn hiu m thanh nh nhau gia cc ngun pht)
hay stereo (tn hiu m thanh khc nhau gia cc ngun pht). n gin
trong vic x l tn hiu ging ni th knh mono c s dng. Hnh sau m t
biu din ca tn hiu ging ni theo thi gian.
Hnh 2.1-1 Biu din tn hiu ging ni theo thi gian
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Chng 2: C s l thuyt
2.1.2 Tin x l mu ging ni
Cht lng ca tn hiu ging ni thu c c th c ci thin thng qua
cc gii thut tin x l. Mt s k thut l yu cu bt buc trc khi tin hnh
rt trch thng tin sinh trc nh chun ha (normalization), kh nhiu (remove
noise), kh khong lng (remove silence). Cng c nhng k thut ch c p
dng cho tng gii thut rt trch c th ty thuc vo gii thut da trn c
im sinh trc no ca ging ni.
2.1.2.1 Chun ha (Normalization)
Khng phi tt c cc mu ging ni u c thu cng mt trng thi. V
d mt ngi lc ni ln, ni nh, thit b thu m lc t gn lc t xa. iu ny
lm cho cng ging ni thu c c gi tr nm trong mt khong khng
ng nht vi nhau. V vy, vic chun ha d liu cho mu ging ni m
bo rng cc c trng c th so snh c vi nhau l ht sc quan trng. Khi
d liu m thanh c chuyn sang ht cc gi tr du chm ng nm trong
khon t -1 n 1. Vic chun ha c tin hnh bng cch tm cng m
ln nht trong mu tn hiu ging ni ri sau ly t l nhng cng m
khc trong mu tn hiu ging ni vi cng m ny. Vic ny s m bo
rng mi mu tn hiu s tht s bao ph ton b khong t -1 n 1. Hnh sau
m t d liu trc v sau khi chun ha
Hnh 2.1-2 Mu tn hiu ging ni sau khi c chun ha

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Chng 2: C s l thuyt
2.1.2.2 Kh khong lng (Remove silence)
Khong lng l nhng khong trong mu tn hiu ging ni m ngi ni
khng ni g. N khng c ngha trong rt trch vector c trng ging ni, i
khi li km theo nhiu nn vic loi b n khi mu tn hiu ging ni l vic cn
thit. Thng cng ca khong lng ca khong lng rt thp (xp x 0) nn
cch loi b n ra khi mu tn hiu l loi i nhng phn t tn hiu c cng
nh hn mt ngng cng no cho trc (ngng ny xp x 0).
Phn cn li c xem l phn m thanh do ngi ni pht ra v c th a vo
mt s gii thut tin x l khc cho ra kt qu cui cng tt hn.
Hnh 2.1-3 Mu tn hiu ging ni trc v sau khi kh khong lng

2.1.2.3 Kh nhiu (Remove noise)
Ln trong mu tn hiu ging ni cng cha ng cc tn hiu khng mong
mun khc chng hn nh ting ni ca nhng ngi xung quanh, ca xe c
chy ngoi ng. Cc tn hiu ny lm gim ng k cht lng ca tn hiu.
C nhiu phng php loi b nhiu khi mu tn hiu da vo mt s c
trng nht nh. Trong s l k thut s dng mt b lc tn hiu da vo tn
s thp (FFT Low Pass Filter). Cng vic ca b lc ny l bin i mu tn
hiu ging ni t min thi gian sang min tn s ri sau n gin loi b
nhng gi tr tn s ln hn mt ngng no cho trc. Ging ni bnh
thng ca con ngi ch quanh qun quanh khong tn s t 300Hz n
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11
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
3400Hz nn nhng m thanh thu c khong tn s trn 3400 s ch l
nhng tn hiu nhiu thu c cn phi c loi b.
Hnh 2.1-4 Mu tn hiu ging ni theo min tn s sau khi lc ly tn s thp

2.1.2.4 Gii thut d tm im cui (End-point detection)
D tm im cui l mt k thut c gng tm ra chnh xc khi no ngi ta bt
u v kt thc ni. N cn c dng xc nh khi m ngi ta khng tht
s ni g hoc ni nhng iu khng mong i. Khi , d tm im cui gip
gim mt s lng d liu cn phi x l, dn n gim ti vic tnh ton. Tuy
nhin, vic d tm im cui khng d nh ngi ta tng, bi v c s tn ti
ca ting n nn, ting ni nn. Vic xc nh im cui da vo gi tr cng
ca d liu thu c. C bn trng hp c xem l im cui:
im u hoc im cui ca mu tn hiu ging ni.
Nhng im c cng cao hn nhng im cn li xung quanh n (max
local)
Nhng im c cng thp hn nhng im cn li xung quanh n (min
local)
Nhng im c cng bng nhng im xung quanh n.
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12
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
K thut d tm im cui c thc hin sau khi mu tn hiu ging ni
c x l kh nhiu v khong lng. N c p dng cho cc gii thut rt
trch vector c trng da vo min cng ca ging ni.
2.1.3 Rt trch vector c trng t mu tn hiu ging ni
Ging ni vi nhng c trng khc nhau, sau khi thng qua nhng b rt
trch khc nhau s cho ra vector c kch thc v min tr khc nhau. Di y l
hai gii thut rt trch ra vector c trng m nhm tm hiu c cng vi
nhng k thut phi lm trc khi rt trch.
Hnh 2.1-5 M hnh rt trch ra vector c trng
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13
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
2.1.3.1 Phn khung (framing)
Trong nhiu k thut s l tn hiu s (DSP techniques) th vic x l c
thc hin trn mt khong cc gi tr ca mu ging ni hn l cho tng gi tr
ring l. K thut ct mu ging ni thnh nhng mu nh hn c gi l qu
trnh phn khung. iu ny gip gim bt chi ph tnh ton cho chng trnh.
rng ca khung v cch ly khung cng nh hng n nh hng n u ra
ca vector c trng. Hnh di m t cch phn chia cc khung thnh F1, F2,
F3, F4nhng khung ny chng lp ln nhau mt khong bng 1/3 rng ca
khung. iu ny lm cho kt qu php rt trch c trng c tng quan t
khung ny sang khung kia.
Hnh 2.1-6 Phn khung

2.1.3.2 Ca s Hamming
Sau khi phn khung, tng khung gi tr s c em i ly ca s. K thut
ny l mt phng php iu chnh d liu d liu tr nn thch hp hn
nhiu cho x l tn hiu. Vi mt ca s bnh thng, nhng phn t k nhau s
c xu hng thay i t ngt t ni c bin cao n ni c bin thp.
Vic ly ca s nh vy s lm cho d liu ging nh tun hon v khng c s
gin on t ngt. Trong s l tn hiu s, cc ca s thng c biu din
thng qua ca s Hamming tng qut:
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14
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
(
)| |
{
| |
Ty vo cc gi tr khc nhau ca m ta c cc ca s khc nhau. Vi = 1,
ta c ca s ch nht, = 0.5 ta c ca s hanning v vi = 0.54 ta c ca s
hamming v cng l loi ca s c dng nhiu trong s l tn hiu s.
Hnh 2.1-7 Ca s Hamming
Hnh 2.1-8 Ca s Hanning
Hnh 2.1-9 Ca s ch nht

2.1.3.3 Gii thut bin i Fourier nhanh (Fast Fourier Transform FFT)
Ging ni ca con ngi c th c trng bng min tn s. Tuy nhin, mu
tn hiu ging ni thu c li c c trng theo min thi gian. Do nu
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Chng 2: C s l thuyt
mun rt trch c vector c trng theo min tn s cn phi c mt phng
php chuyn mu tn hiu ging ni t min thi gian sang min tn s, v
php bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) lm c iu . DFT l php bin i
thun nghch t min thi gian sang min tn s v ngc li. Cng thc:
Php bin i thun:
, k =0, 1, 2, , N -1.
, n =0, 1, 2, , N -1.
Php bin i nghch:
Nu bin i ny nu c tnh ton theo nh ngha th i hi O(N2) php

tnh. T phng php bn i Fourier nhanh (FFT) c s dng tnh
ton DFT cho ra cng kt qu nhng ch mt O(NlogN) php tnh.
K thut bin i ny cng phn chia mu d liu ging ni thnh cc khung
ri sau p dng ca s hamming. Tng ng vi mi ca s ta thu c c
trng min tn s ca n. Nu kt hp tt c window ca ging ni bng cch
ly trung bnh gia chng, ta c th ly c c trng tn s trung bnh cho
mu t ngi ni
2.1.3.4 Gii thut m d on tuyn tnh LPC (Linear Predictive Code)
y l mt trong cc phng php phn tch tn hiu ting ni mnh nht v
c s dng ph bin. im quan trng ca phng php ny nm kh nng
c th cung cp cc c lng chnh xc ca cc tham s tn hiu ging ni v
kh nng thc hin tnh ton tng i nhanh. tng c bn ca phng
php LPC l ti thi im n, mu ting ni S(n) c th c xp x bi mt t
hp tuyn tnh ca p mu trc . Cng thc:
Vi
l gi tr d bo ca S(n). Gi s ak l hng s
trn khung d liu c xem xt. Tp cc h s ak s l c trng ca tn hiu

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Chng 2: C s l thuyt
ting ni. tm c tp cc h s ny ngi ta dng phng php phn tch
t tng quan (autocorrelation) nh sau:
Mi khung sau khi ly ca s s c a qua bc phn tch t tng
quan v cho ra (p + 1) h s t tng quan. Cng thc:
Trong gi tr t tng quan cao nht, p, c gi l cp ca phn

tch LPC. Thng thng, ta s dng cc gi tr p trong khong t 8 n
16.
Chuyn mi khung gm (p + 1) h s t tng quan thnh p h s LPC
bng thut ton Levinson Durbin. Lc ny, ta c th dng cc h s LPC
lm vector c trng cho tng khung.
2.2 K thut sa li
Trong qu trnh truyn d liu qua cc knh giao tip, cc tn hiu nhiu s
lm d liu c truyn b h hoc b mt i. Trong c hai trng hp, ta cn
phi x l phc hi d liu tr v trng thi ng ban u. T cc phng
php sa li ra i.
2.2.1 K thut lp (repetition)
y l phng php n gin nht. Vi mi bit ta lp n ln v sau quyt
nh gi tr bit ng da trn s ng. V d, vi n = 3 d liu l 101 s c
truyn i l 111000111. phng php ny c hiu qu, d liu phi c lp
t nht 3 ln.
Nu s li <
trong mi nhm th d liu s c gii m chnh xc. S lng
lp cho mi bit tng bao nhiu th xc sut khng gii c gim by nhiu.
Nhng k thut ny li lm tng lng d liu cn truyn i.
y l phng php n gin ca k thut sa li. N ch lm vic hiu qu
khi khng c s gii hn bng thng v quan trng l d liu c th khi phc
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Chng 2: C s l thuyt
c. Nu ngi dng cn m ha d liu bo mt, vic bit thng tin c
lp li lm cho vic b kha d dng hn.
2.2.2 K thut kim tra chn l
Mt k thut khc l bit kim tra chn l. Bit kim tra chn l xc nh mt tp
bit l chn hay l. Thng thng, bit chn l s lm s lng bit 1 l chn. V d,
nu tao truyn chui 001, ta s ni vo cui chui bit kim tra chn l sao cho s
bit 1 l chn, do chui bit mi s l 0011.
V vy khi c 1 bit b sai, ta s bit c chui b thay i. Tuy nhin, k
thut ny khng xc nh c bit no b sai. Hoc nu c 2 bit b sai, k thut
ny khng th xc nh c d liu ny l ng hay sai. Do , vi 1 bit kim
tra chn l khng th kim tra tha ng s chnh xc ca d liu v khng th
sa cha d liu c. V vy, nhng phng php phc tp hn vi nhiu bit
chn l ra i khc phc nhc im ny.
2.2.3 M Hamming
Nm 1950, R.W.Hamming to ra m Hamming v nhng ci tin ca m
Hamming vn c s dng cho n ngy nay. M Hamming truyn m bit thng
tin cng vi k bit chn l. Chng c kh nng sa c 1 bit li bt k. Cc bit
chn l c xp vo cc v tr 1,2,,2k-1 v kim tra cc bit m v tr ca chng
dng nh phn c gi tr 1 ti v tr ki - 1. V d, bit chn l v tr K3= 4 s kim
tra cc bit c v tr l 100, 101, 110, 111, 1100, 1101, = 4,5,6,7,12,13,
Gi s rng chui d liu l 100110.Ta s thm vo chui cc bit chn l ti
cc v tr nh sau k1k21k3001k410.
Bng 2.2-1 Chui d liu sau khi c thm vo cc bit chn l
Th t bit
V tr bit chn l v bit d liu
K1 K2 1
K1
K2
K3
7 8
K3 0
1 K4 1
1
0
1
1
1
0
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10
0
1
0
18
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
K4
Chui m ha
1 0
Vy chui bit c truyn i l 1011001010. Gi s chui b sai v tr

5.Vy chui khi l 1011101010.Qu trnh gii m nh sau
Bng 2.2-2 Qu trnh kim tra tnh ng n chui d liu
Th t bit
3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 Kim tra
V tr bit kim tra v K1 K2 1 K3 0 0 1 K4 1 0
Bit chn
chn l
Sai
ng
Sai
ng
bit d liu
D liu nhn c
K1
K2
0
0
K3
1 1
1 0 1 0
1 0
1
0 1
K4
1 0 1
1
1 0
Gi tr s nguyn cc bit chn l l 0101 = 5. Vy bit sai v tr 5. K thut ny

hiu qu hn hn k thut lp. Ta ch cn thm vo logn bit thay v xn, nhng n
ch c th sa c 1 li. Nu 2 li xy ra, m Hamming s sa ra mt chui sai.
2.2.4 M sa li Reed Solomon
Nm 1960, Irving Reed v Gus Solomon to ra mt loi m sa li - m Reed
Solomon. [4]
2.2.4.1 Trng hu hn
Khi nim
hiu c nguyn l m ha v gii m cc m khng nh phn, nh m
Reed-Solomon (R-S), ta cn phi tm hiu khi nim trng hu hn - Galois
Field (GF). Cho mt s nguyn t p, s tn ti mt trng hu hn, k hiu l
GF(p) c p phn t. Ta c th m rng GF (p) thnh pm phn t, c gi l
trng m rng ca GF(p), k hiu l GF(pm) vi m l s nguyn dng. Ch
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Chng 2: C s l thuyt
rng GF(pm) cha tp con ca GF(p). Cc k hiu (symbol) trong trng GF(2m)
c s dng trong vic xy dng m Reed-Solomon (R-S).
Trng nh phn GF(2) l tp con ca trng m rng GF(2m). Ngoi cc s 0
v 1, cn c cc phn t duy nht trong trng m rng GF(2m) c biu din
bng k hiu . Mi phn t khc 0 trong GF(2m) c biu din bng ly tha
ca . Mt tp F v hn c cu thnh bng vic bt u vi cc phn t {0, 1,
}, cc phn t tip theo c to ra bng cch nhn phn t cui vi . Kt
qu l:
F = {0, 1, 1 , 2, , j , }
(2.1)
thu c tp hu hn cc phn t ca GF(2m) t F, mt iu kin c

t ra n ch c 2m phn t l:
+ 1 = 0 hoc tng ng
= 1 = 0
(2.2)
Vi iu kin ny, cc phn t c ly tha ln hn hoc bng 2m-1 c th

c rt gn vi ly tha nh hn 2m-1, nh sau:
=
n+1
n+1
(2.3)
T (2.2), ta c th biu din 1 tp hu hn F* t tp v hn F nh sau:

F* = { 0, 1,
= { 0,
(2.4)
T (2.4), ta c th thy c cc phn t hu hn ca trng hu hn

GF(2m):
GF(2m) = { 0,
(2.5)
Cc php ton trong trng hu hn
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Chng 2: C s l thuyt
Mi phn t trong trng hu hn GF(2m) c th c biu din bng mt a
thc ring bit c bc m -1 hoc nh hn. Ta k hiu phn t khc 0 trong
GF(2m) l mt a thc ai (X), trong c ti thiu mt h s m khc 0. Vi i = 0,
1, 2, ,2m - 2
i = ai (X) = ai,0 + ai,1X + ai,2X2 + + ai,m-1Xm-1
(2.6)
Trng hp m = 3, trng hu hn s l GF(23). Hnh 2.2-1 th hin vic nh

x 7 phn t { i } v phn t 0 theo cc phn t c s {X0, X1, X2} nh phng
trnh (2.6). Phng trnh (2.2) cho bit 7= 0, do c 7 phn t khc 0 hoc c
tt c 8 phn t trong trng ny. Hnh 2.2-1, mt chui gi tr nh phn biu din
cc h s ai,0, ai,1, ai,2 trong phng trnh (2.6). Mt trong nhng li ch ca vic
s dng cc phn t trng m rng l vic thay th cc phn t nh phn thnh
cc k hiu nh gn to iu kin cho cc biu din ton hc ca qu trnh m
ha v gii m. Vic cng hai phn t trong trng hu hn c nh ngha l
tng modul-2 ca mi h s a thc.
i +j = (ai,0 + aj,0) + (ai,1+ aj,1) X + (ai,2 + aj,2) X2 + + (ai,m-1+ aj,m-1) Xm-1
Hnh 2.2-1 nh x cc phn t c bn trong trng GF(8)
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh

21
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
Bng 2.2-3 Th vic cc php ton cng v nhn trong GF(8)
Php cng hai phn t bt k trong trng hu hn bng cch cng cc h s

tng ng trong a thc ca chng. Php nhn ca hai phn t bng cch cng
s m ca chng modul-(2m -1), trong trng hp ny l modul-7.
2.2.4.2 M Reed-Solomon
Khi nim: M Reed-Solomon l m vng khng nh phn vi mt chui
cc symbol m bit, trong m l mt s nguyn dng ln hn 2. M R-S(n,
k) vi cc symbol m bit vi
n = 2m - 1, k = 2m -1 - 2t
Trong k l s symbol d liu hay s lng thng tin c m ha, n l tng
s symbol gm symbol d liu v symbol kim tra, t l kh nng sa li ca m,
v n - k = 2t l s lng symbol kim tra.
D liu c truyn i l lng thng tin c m ha. B m ho ly k
symbol d liu, mi symbol m bit, ri thm vo (n-k) symbol kim tra to thnh
mt t m n symbol. Sau khi nhn c, b m ha s gii m t m n symbol
ny phc hi li thng tin ban u.
Mt m R-S(n, k) c kh nng sa li ti a
li. Ngoi sa li, m R-S
cn c kh nng sa sai cc erasure (hin tng mt symbol). Cc th tc m

ho v gii m R-S(n,k) c th m bo sa c ti a (n-k) erasure. Mt cch
tng qut, mt m RS(n,k) c kh nng sa c e li v r erasure vi iu kin:
2e+r< (n k).
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh
22
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
Qu trnh m ha
a thc sinh ca m R-S(n, k) c dng nh sau:
g(X) = g0+ g1X+ g2X2 + + g2t-1X2t-1 + X2t
Bc ca a thc sinh bng vi s lng symbol kim tra trong m R-S. V a
thc sinh c bc 2t, do s c 2t ly tha ca - nghim ca a thc. Ta k
hiu nghim ca g(X) l , 2, 3, , 2t. V d, a thc ca m R-S(7, 3) sinh c
2t = n - k = 4 nghim, c biu din nh sau:
g(X) = (X = ( X2 - ( +
= (X2 -
) (X2 - (
) ( X2 -
= X4 - (
)X3 + (
0 2
X +
X -
)X+
X+
3 3
) (X -
)X+
X+
) (X -
= X4 -
) (X -
X+
10
) X2 - (
)X+
Theo th t t thp ln cao v thay du "-" thnh du "+", v trong trng nh

phn +1 = -1, g(X) c biu din li nh sau:
g(X) =
0 2
X+
X +
3 3
X + X4
Vi d liu ban u m(X), ta m ha d liu bng cch nhn m(X) vi g(X)

to ra 1 t m (code word) U(X): U(X) = m(X) g(X)
V d: chui d liu 3-symbol, mi symbol c 3-bit
010 110 111
Ta c a thc m(X) =
5 2
X+
Ta c t m:
U(X) a= m(X) g(X)
=(
X+
5 2
X)(
(2.7)
3
X+
0 2
X+
3 3
X + X4)
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh

23
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
=
X+
4 2
6 3
X +
1 4
X +
3 5
X +
X +
5 6
= (100) + (001) X + (011) X2 + (101)X3 + (010)X4 + (110)X5 + (111)X6

Vi mt t m bt k, nghim ca a thc sinh chnh l nghim ca t m.
U( ) = U(
) = U(
) = U(
)=0
Tht vy:
U( ) =
=0
U(
U(
U(
)=
=0
)=
=0
)=
=0
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh

24
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
Qu trnh gii m
Mt thng ip c m ha bng cch s dng m R-S (7, 3) to ra t
m c biu din bi (2.7). Gi s trong qu trnh truyn d liu, t m b lm
h sao cho 2 symbol nhn c b li ( y l s li tng ng kh nng sa li
ti a ca m). Vi t m 7-symbol, mt a thc li c biu din nh sau:
V d, a thc li b 2 li trong qu trnh truyn d liu, 1 symbol kim tra v

mt symbol d liu
e(X) = 0 + 0X + 0X2 +
X3 +
5 4
X + 0X5 + 0X6
= (000) + (000)X + (000)X2 + (001)X3 + (111)X4 + (000)X5 + (000)X6

a thc t b li nhn c r(X) c biu din bng tng ca a thc t
c truyn i v a thc li nh sau:
r(X) = U(X) + e(X)
= (100) + (001) X + (011) X2 + (100)X3 + (101)X4 + (110)X5 + (111)X6
=
X+
4 2
X +
0 3
X +
6 4
X +
3 5
X +
5 6
(2.9)
Trong v d trn, c 4 n s cn tm: 2 gi tr li v 2 v tr li. C s khc bit

quan trng gia gii m nh phn v khng nh phn. Trong gii m nh phn, b
gii m ch cn tm v tr li v gi tr li s b thay i t 1 thnh 0 v ngc li.
Nhng y, cc symbol khng nh phn i hi khng nhng tm thy v tr li
m cn phi xc nh cc gi tr ng ti nhng v tr . V c 4 n s trong v d
ny, do cn 4 phng trnh tm ra 4 n s ny.
Tnh Syndrome
Syndrome S l kt qu ca vic kim tra r(X) xc nh r(X) c phi l t m
hp l hay khng. Nu ng, syndrome phi bng 0. Nu tn ti mt gi tr ca S
khc 0, chng t c li xut hin. Syndrome S c n - k symbol, {Si } (i = 1, ,n k). Nh ta ni trong qu trnh m ha
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh
25
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
U(X) = m(X) g(X)
Ta thy mi t m hp l U(X) chia ht cho a thc sinh g(X). Cho nn,
nghim ca g(X) cng l nghim ca U(X).V r(X) = U(X) + e(X), nu cc nghim
ca g(X) c th vo r(X) ch cho ra kt qu bng 0 th r(X) l t m hp l.
Nu c li s cho ra mt hoc nhiu kt qu khc 0.Vic tnh ton mt symbol
syndrome c biu din nh sau:
|
V d, r(X) cha 2 symbol li nh phng trnh (2.9). Nu r(X) l t m hp l,
mi symbol Si u bng 0. V d:
S1 = r( ) =
=
+
+
+
+
=
S2 = r(
=
)=
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
=
S3 = r(
=
)=
+
+
+
+
+
=
S4 = r(
=
)=
+
+
+
+
+
=
Kt qu cho thy t m nhn c cha li v S0.
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh

26
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
Ta c:
|
[
Si = r(
]|
) = U(
) + e(
) = 0 + e(
(2.10)
T (2.10) ta thy gi tr syndrome bng vi gi tr ca a thc li khi th cc

nghim ca g(X). Gi s c v li trong t m ti cc v tr
, ,
. Khi
a thc li e(X) trong phng trnh (2.8) c vit li nh sau:

e(X) =
++
sa t m b li, mi gi tr li
v v tr li ca n
phi c xc nh,
trong l = 1, 2, , v. Tip theo, ta tnh n - k = 2t symbol syndrome bng cch

thay th i vo a thc nhn vi i = 1, 2, , 2t:
S1 = r( ) =
S2 = r(
++
)=
++
S2t = r(
)=
++
Ta c 2t n s ( t gi tr li v t v tr li tng ng), v 2t phng trnh. Do

ta c th tm ra nghim ca phng trnh. Bi bo co ny khng i su chi tit
qu trnh gii phng trnh.
T cc nghim tm c ta xc nh c a thc li e(X). T tnh c t
m hp l. Phng trnh (2.9)
r(X) = U(X) + e(X)
=>
U(X) = r(X) - e(X)
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh

27
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
V trong trng hu hn php "-" l php cng "+", nn ta c
U(X) = r(X) + e(X)
Vi t m hp l ny, ta c th khi phc li d liu ban u bng phng
trnh
U(X) = r(X) g(X)
2.3 Tng quan v m ha

M ha v gii m l mt phn trong h thng ang hng n. Mt s gii
thut m ha, gii m cng nh l u nhc im ca chng s c chng ti
gii thiu tip sau y. Ni dung c trch lc t mt ti liu [5] v [6]
2.3.1 Tng quan
M ha (encryption) l phng php bin i d liu ban u (plaintext) thnh
dng d liu khng th c c (ciphertext). D liu ban u l d liu c th
c hiu bi con ngi hoc l cc dng d liu m my tnh c th hiu v thc
thi (executable code). Khi d liu c m ha, c ngi v my u khng hiu
c cho n khi n c gii m. Vic m ha nhng d liu nhy cm khi lu
tr chng trn my tnh l vic lm cn thit trnh nhng truy cp ca k xu.
c bit, m ha rt cn thit khi truyn ti d liu qua mng nht l qua cc
knh truyn khng an ton.
Hnh 2.3-1 M ha v gii m

Mt h thng h tr m ha v gii m d liu c gi l mt cryptosystem.
H thng ny c xy dng da trn phn cng hoc h tr thng qua code
trong ng dng. Cryptosystem s dng cc gii thut m ha, cc gii thut ny
cho bit mc phc tp ca h thng. Hu ht cc gii thut u l nhng hm
ton hc phc tp c p dng trn plaintext. Cc gii thut m ha s dng
mt gi tr gi l kha (key), thng l mt chui bit, m ha v gii m (Hnh
2.3-2).
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh
28
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
Hnh 2.3-2 M ha
Gii thut m ha l tp hp cc lut ton hc phc tp m ha v gii m
d liu. Hin nay, c ch m nhiu gii thut lm vic khng cn c gi b mt
na. Phn b mt ca mt qu trnh m ha d liu chnh l kha. Kha l mt
gi tr bt k c to nn t mt chui ln cc bit ngu nhin. Tuy nhin khng
phi bt k gi tr no cng c th l kha. Mi gii thut s c mt min gi tr
nht nh (gi l khng gian kha - keyspace), trong mi gi tr c th lm
kha cho gii thut . Keyspace cng ln ng ngha vi vic tm ra kha chnh
xc m gii thut s dng cng kh khn hn (hay ni cch khc l an ton
hn).
2.3.1.1 Substitution Cipher - Transposition Cipher
chuyn mt plaintext thnh mt ciphertext, c hai k thut c bn l
thay th (substitution cipher) v hon v (transposition cipher hay permutation
cipher).
Phng php thay th s thay cc bit, k t hoc mt nhm k t bi cc bit,
k t hoc nhm k t khc. Phng php hon v khng thay th cc gi tr hin
ti bi cc gi tr khc m n dch chuyn (hon v) cc bit hay cc k t vi nhau
nhm to thnh mt d liu mi.
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh

29
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
Hnh 2.3-3 Khng gian kha

Substitution Cipher
K thut ny s dng kha dn hng cho qu trnh thay th. Trng hp
n gin nht l gii thut Caesar Cipher pht minh bi Julius Caesar, mi k t
c thay th bi mt k t khc nm v tr th 3 ngay sau n trong k t trong
bng ch ci alphabet. V d,
plain:
meet
me
after
the
toga
party
cipher:
PHHW
PH
DIWHU
WKH
WRJD
SDUWB
Ta c th thy rng, Caesar Cipher rt yu v keyspace ca Caesar Cipher ch

gm 25 gi tr. Tt nhin, y ch l v d n gin cho phng php thay th.
Thc t phng php ny c s dng trong cc gii thut nhng vi s phc
tp gp nhiu ln, hn na chng thng s dng nhiu hn mt bng ch ci.
Transposition Cipher
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh

30
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
Nh ni, phng php ny s hon chuyn v tr cc k t trong mu ban
u. Kha s c s dng ch ra v tr m cc k t c di chuyn ti.
V d, ta c th sp xp cc k t ca plaintext thnh mt mng nhiu dng,
sau hon v cc ct v ghi li theo th t ct ta c ciphertext:
Key:
4 3 1 2 5 67
Plaintext:
a t t a c k p
o s t p o n e
d u n t i l t
wo a mx y z
Ciphertext:
TTNAAPTMTSUOAODWCOIXKNLYPETZ
Trn thc t, vic cc hon chuyn v tr ny c xc nh bi nhng hm

ton hc phc tp hn rt nhiu.
Hu ht cc gii thut hin nay s dng mt chui cc thao tc thay th v
hon v phc tp chuyn plaintext thnh ciphertext. Chui thao tc ny c
mt gii thut to ra nh vo mt gi tr kha c th.
2.3.1.2 Block Cipher - Stream Cipher
Block cipher m ha plaintext theo tng khi (block). Thng th mi khi c
kch thc khong 64 bit hoc 128 bit. Cc khi ny c m ha mt cch
ring bit khng ph thuc ln nhau cng nh trng thi hin ti ca qu trnh m
ha. Do , n cn c gi l stateless cipher.
Stream cipher cng c th xem l mt block cipher vi kch thc khi tng
i nh (thng l 1 bit). Vic m ha bit hin ti ph thuc vo trng thi ca
qu trnh m ha (cc bit c m ha trc ). Do , n cn c gi l
state cipher.
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh

31
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
2.3.2 Cc m hnh m ha v gii m
Hin nay, cc m hnh m ha c th chia lm loi c bn sau: m ha kha
i xng (symmetric key cryptography), m ha kha bt i xng (asymmetric
key cryptography).
2.3.2.1 M ha kha i xng
M ha kha i xng l k thut m ha m trong qu trnh m ha v gii
m cng s dng chung mt kha (shared key). M hnh ny gm 5 thnh phn
sau y:
Plaintext: D liu ban u, l u vo ca gii thut m ha.
Encryption algorithm: Gii thut m ha thc thi cc tc v thay th v
hon v trn plaintext.
Hnh 2.3-4 S m ha kha i xng
Secret key: Kha cng l mt u vo ca gii thut m ha. Kha l gi

tr c lp vi plaintext cng nh gii thut m ha. Gii thut s to ra
output khc nhau ty vo gi tr kha c s dng ti mi thi im. Cc
thao tc thay th v hon v m gii thut thc hin trn plaintext c quy
nh bi kha.
Ciphertext: Output ca gii thut, thng ip dng khng hiu c. N
ph thuc vo gi tr ca plaintext v kha s dng. i vi mt thng ip
cho trc, hai kha khc nhau s dng cho cng gii thut s to ra 2
ciphertext khc nhau.
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh
32
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
Decryption algorithm: Gii thut m ha c thc thi theo chiu ngc
li. u vo ca n l ciphertext v kha v to ra plaintext.
V m hnh kha i xng s dng chung kha cho c m ha v gii m nn
h thng s dng kha i xng c th m bo tnh ring t (confidentiality)
nhng khng m bo tnh xc thc (authentication) v tnh chng thoi thc
(non-repudiation) v khng c cch no xc nh ai l ngi to ra thng ip khi
m c hai cng s hu kha.
M hnh ny c mt s u im v khuyt im sau y:
u im:
-
Nhanh hn rt nhiu ln so vi m hnh kha bt i xng.
An ton nu s dng kha c kch thc ln.
Khuyt im:
-
Phn phi kha (key distribution): cn c c ch an ton lm vic

ny.
Tnh m rng (scalability): mi cp ngi dng cn c mt kha ring,
do , s lng kha s rt ln khi cn trao i vi nhiu ngi.

Tnh bo mt (security): khng m bo tnh xc thc (authentication)
v tnh chng thoi thc (non-repudiation).
Vi li ch v tc thc thi nhanh, m hnh kha i xng c s dng kh

rng ri trong thc t. C nhiu gii thut lm vic theo m hnh ny. in hnh
nht l cc gii thut sau y:
Data Encryption Standard (DES)
Triple DES (3DES)
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Blowfish
IDEA
RC4, RC5 v RC6
an ton ca cc gii thut (kha c kch thc khc nhau) i vi phng
php tn cng brute-force c cho hnh sau:
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh

33
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
Hnh 2.3-5 Sc mnh ca cc gii thut kha i xng

2.3.2.2 M ha kha bt i xng
Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi ta mong mun s dng cc kha khc nhau
cho qu trnh m ha v gii m. Khi , m hnh kha bt i xng s c s
dng. M hnh ny c 6 thnh phn sau y:
Plaintext: D liu ban u, l u vo ca gii thut m ha.
Encryption algorithm: Gii thut m ha thc thi cc tc v thay th v
hon v trn plaintext.
Public and private keys: Cp kha c s dng cho m ha v gii m.
Cc thao tc thay th v hon v to ra bi gii thut m s ph thuc vo
vic s dng private key hay public key lm u vo cho gii thut.
Ciphertext: Output ca gii thut, thng ip dng khng hiu c. N
ph thuc vo gi tr ca plaintext v kha s dng. i vi mt thng ip
cho trc, hai kha khc nhau s dng cho cng gii thut s to ra 2
ciphertext khc nhau.
Decryption algorithm: gii thut nhn vo ciphertext v private key tng
ng v to ra plaintext.
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh

34
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
Hnh 2.3-6 M hnh m ha s dng kha bt i xng
Hnh 2.3-7 M hnh gii m s dng kha bt i xng

Trong m hnh ny, mt thng ip khi c m ha bng public key th ch c
th c gii m bi private key tng ng v ngc li. Public key l kha
c cng khai cho tt c mi ngi, private key l kha m ch ch nhn ca n
c bit. Public key v private key c lin quan n nhau v mt ton hc
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh
35
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
nhng c mt c im quan trng l khng th xc nh c private key
(public key) nu ch bit c gii thut m ha v public key (private key).
M hnh ny c th m bo c tnh ring t (confidentiality), tnh xc thc
(authentication) v tnh chng thoi thc (non-repudiation).
Nu ngi gi mun m bo tnh ring t (confidentiality) ca thng ip, h
s s dng public key ca ngi nhn m ha thng ip (secure message
format), khi thng ip ch c th c gii m bi ngi nhn.
Nu ngi gi mun m bo tnh xc thc (authentication), h s s dng
private key ca mnh m ha thng ip (open message format), khi ngi
nhn s s dng public key ca ngi gi gii m. Nu gii m c ngi
nhn s bit chc rng thng ip c gi i t chnh ngi s hu private
key.
Trong trng hp mun m bo c tnh ring t v tnh xc thc, ngi gi
s m ha thng ip bng public key ca ngi nhn, sau , m ha tip bi
private key ca mnh (secure and signed format). Khi ngi nhn nhn c
thng ip, h s xc thc bng cch gii m thng ip vi public key ca
ngi gi, sau gii m vi private key ca mnh.
Tm li, m hnh ny c nhng u im v khuyt im sau y:
u im:
-
Vic phn phi kha n gin hn nhiu so vi m hnh kha i xng.

C tnh m rng cao.
m bo tnh ring t, tnh xc thc v tnh chng thoi thc.
Khuyt im:
-
im yu ln nht ca m hnh ny l lm vic chm hn rt nhiu ln

do phc tp tnh ton cao.
Cc gii thut sau y l mt s v d cho m hnh ny:

RSA
Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem (ECC)
Diffie-Hellman
El Gamal
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh
36
Chng 2: C s l thuyt
Digital Signature Standard (DSS)
Hnh 2.3-8 Cc nh dng thng ip
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh

37
Chng 3: Cc nghin cu lin quan
CHNG 3: CC NGHIN CU LIN QUAN

c nhiu h thng c a ra [7] [8] [9] s dng ging ni lm c
trng sinh trc to xc thc, to kha m ha. Chng ny trnh by cc
nghin cu v vn xc thc v m ha d liu bng cc phng thc sinh
trc khc nh trng mt, khun mt.
3.1 H thng m ha bng cch to kha da trn trng mt

ngi
H thng m ha bng cch to kha da trn trng mt ngi c a ra
trong ti liu [10] l mt m hnh c s dng mt s k thut dng trong h thng
ang xy dng nh m sa li Reed-Solomon v mt s gii thut m ha (DES
AES)
3.1.1 M hnh h thng
Vi h thng m ha i xng truyn thng, kha gii m phi ging chnh xc
vi kha m ha. Tuy nhin, nhng c trng ny c trch xut t cng mt
trng mt qua nhiu ln khc nhau lun lun khc nhau do nhng nguyn nhn
nh: nhiu im nh, s bp mo trng mt, s che khut ca mi mt, m
mt Do , nhng c trng ca trng mt khng c s dng mt cch trc
tip lm kha. gii quyt vn ny, bi nghin cu ny s dng gii
thut sa li loi tr s khc nhau.
Trong qu trnh m ha, vector c trng c rt trch t trng mt. Ti thi
im , m sa li (Error Correction Code) c to ra bi gii thut ReedSolomon. Sau vector c trng ny c bin i thnh kha mt m bng
cch s dng hm bm (hash). Mt vi gii thut m ha tng qut s dng
kha ny m ha d liu nh: DES, AES
Trong qu trnh gii m, vector c trng c rt trch t trng mt ca ngi
dng v c sa li bi m sa li. Sau , s dng cng hm bm trong qu
trnh m ha bin i vector c trng thnh kha mt m. Cui cng, gii
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh
38

thut m ha tng ng s dng kha mt m ny khi phc d liu c
m ha.
Hnh 3.1-1 M hnh h thng m ha

3.1.2 Qu trnh rt trch c trng
Cc phng php tin x l c s dng nh v v chun ha trng mt.
M mt trn, m mt di v lng mi thng bao ph trng mt, ta xc nh vng
quan tm (region of interesting- ROI) l 3/4 vng bn trong ca na di trng
mt, n cha thng tin phn bit cc trng mt khc. Ta chun ha ROI l
mt khi hnh ch nht 256 x 64 im nh
GVHD: ng Trn Khnh

39
Hnh 3.1-2 Tin x l trng mt
B lc Gabor (Gabor filter) 2-D c xc nh nh sau:
[ ][
][ ]
Trong , f l tn s ca bc sng phng hnh sin,
gian ca hnh bao Gaussian dc theo trng x' v y' tng ng,
l hng s khng
biu th s nh
hng ca Gabor filter.

nh trng mt c chun ha c lc bi Gabor filter vi
. Hnh 3.1-3 cho v d v hnh nh c lc. Sau , cc nh
ny c chia thnh cc khi 16x4.Ta tnh trung bnh (mean) cho mi khi. Ta
nhn c 16x4x4 = 256 gi tr t mt nh trng mt to nn mt vector 256
chiu. V nhng yu t khng r rng nh nhiu, s bp mo trng mt, s che
khut mi mt, m mt nhng nh khc nhau ca cng 1 trng mt s khng
ging nhau chnh xc. Do , cc vector ca nhng nh ny s hi khc. Ta
chun ha mi thnh phn ca vector thnh mt s nguyn trong min [0, 15]
loi b hu ht s khc nhau. Vector c chun ha ny c gi l vector c
trng trng mt, c trnh by nh sau:
V = (M1, M2,,M256)
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Tuy nhin, s chun ha khng loi b c tt c s khc nhau gia cc
vector c trng c to nn t nhiu nh ca cng mt trng mt v vn cn
vi thnh phn ca vector c trng l khc nhau. Nu s lng cc thnh phn
khc nhau ca 2 vector c trng nh hn 1 ngng T no , chng s c
xem l nhng nh ca cng 1 trng mt. Ngc li, chng c xem l nhng
nh ca cc trng mt khc.
Hnh 3.1-3 Hnh nh c lc
3.1.3 M ha v gii m
Nhng vector c trng ny c dng to ra kha mt m cho qu trnh
m ha v gii m.
Trong qu trnh m ha, nhng vector c trng ny c dng m ha d
liu. Gi s rng chiu di ca vector trng mt l N v ngng khc nhau l T,
qu trnh m ha d liu s nh sau:
1. Tnh m Reed-Solomon (N+2T, N, T) ca vector c trng. M ReedSolomon cha 2 phn: d liu vector v m sa li. Ta ch gi li m
sa li.
2. Bin i vector c trng thnh kha c chiu di c nh bng cch
dng hm bm (v d. MD5).
3. Ta s dng kha mt m v mt vi gii thut m ha i xng (v d.
AES) m ha d liu.
Trong qu trnh gii m, vector c trng c dng gii m d liu. Qu
trnh gii m c thc hin nh sau:
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1. S dng gii thut gii m Reed-Solomon sa vector c trng vi
m sa li (ECC) thu c trong qu trnh m ha.
2. Bin i vector c sa li thnh kha bng cch dng cng hm
bm ging qu trnh m ha.
3. S dng kha ny v gii thut gii m tng ng (v d. AES) gii
m d liu.
Nu vector gii m c s sai khc nh hn T vi vector m ha, 2 vector ny
s c xem l c trch xut t cng 1 trng mt, gii thut gii m ReedSolomon c th bin i vector gii m thnh vector m ha. Ngc li, vic gii
m tht bi.
3.1.4 Kt qu thc nghim v phn tch
Hnh 3.1-4 th hin kt qu ca thc nghim
Hnh 3.1-4 ng cong FAR v FRR

ngn nhng k mo danh gii m d liu thnh cng, FAR phi bng
0.Theo Hnh 3.1-4 v Bng 3.1-1, s li c chn l 107 v FAR, FRR tng
ng l 0%, 5.5556%. Theo l thuyt m Reed-Solomon, m RS(570, 256, 107)
c chn sa li.
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Bng 3.1-1 FAR, FRR v ngng T
3.2 Sinh trc hc khun mt v phng php nhn dng

Eigenfaces
Sinh trc hc khun mt v phng php nhn dng Eigenfaces c
nghin cu v pht trin t rt lu. Di y l mt s nghin cu v n c
rt trch t mt s ti liu ti [11] [12] [13] [14].
3.2.1 Gii thiu
Khi gp mt ngi no , khun mt c l l im gy ch u tin i vi
chng ta. Kh nng ghi nh v nhn dng khun mt ca con ngi rt c bit.
Ngi ta c th ghi nh v nhn ra khun mt ca hng trm, thm ch hng
ngn ngi m h tng bit, d sau mt khong thi gian rt lu khng gp; hay
d h c thay i kiu tc, hay gi i Rt nhiu nghin cu lin quan n vic
nhn dng khun mt c thc hin cho n nay.
Hin nay, c hai cch tip cn c bn nhn dng khun mt.
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Phng php da trn c trng (feature-based): tp trung vo vic
phn tch v trch xut cc c trng ring bit nh mt, mi, ming v b
cc khun mt t nh ngha mt m hnh khun mt da trn v tr,
kch thc v quan h ca chng. Phng php ny i hi cc tnh ton
v m hnh ha rt phc tp, bn cnh , vic nhn dng t nhiu gc
nhn khc nhau cng c chng minh l rt kh kh thi cng nh n rt
nhy cm vi cc thay i trn gng mt. Tuy nhin, cch tip cn ny
vn ph bin nht trong lnh vc th gic my tnh hin nay.
Phng php da trn nh (image-based): da trn cc khi nim ca
l thuyt thng tin v phng php phn tch thnh phn chnh (Principle
Component Analysis PCA). Trong phng php ny, thng tin trn ton
b nh khun mt u cn thit (khng phi ch vi c trng ring bit).
Cc nh khun mt s c thu gim chiu bng cch chiu vo khng
gian cc khun mt (eigenfaces) c trch xut t mt tp hun luyn
(training set) v sau c phn loi bng cch so snh v tr ca n vi
v tr ca cc c nhn bit.
3.2.2 Phng php Eigenfaces
i vi cc nh khun mt, d c khc nhau nh th no i na th chng vn
c chung cc mu (pattern) thng tin nht nh, gi l cc eigenfaces. Cc mu
thng tin ny c ng gp vo cc khun mt khc nhau vi t l khc nhau, mi
khun mt c th xp x thnh mt t hp tuyn tnh cc eigenfaces v vector
cc h s l c trng cho khun mt trong tp hp cc khun mt hin ti.
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Hnh 3.2-1 Mt s Eigenface

Vic tnh ton eigenfaces c thc hin s dng mt cng c ton hc l
Principal Component Analysis - PCA. PCA mt phng php thng k c trnh
by chi tit [11]. Phng php ny thng c dng thu gim s chiu
ca mt i tng d liu no nhm gim phc tp tnh ton. Trong mt
tp d liu nhiu chiu phn b hn n, PCA c gng tm ra cc vector c bn
(eigenvector), mi eigenvector s tng ng vi mt eigenvalue (eigenvalue
cng ln th s ng gp ca eigenvector vo s phn b d liu cng ln), sau
chn ra cc eigenvector c eigenvalue ln nht. Cc eigenvector ny s to
ra mt khng gian con (sub space) c s chiu nh hn nhiu v d liu ban u
s c chiu ln v tnh ton trn sub space ny.
Mattew Turk v Alex Pentland thuc hc vin Massachusetts (M) s dng
phng php ny trong mt nghin cu nhn dng khun mt v c trnh by
[12]. Theo bi bo ny, vic nhn dng khun mt i qua cc bc sau:
Chun b mt tp cc nh hun luyn (training set),
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Tnh ton cc eigenfaces t tp hun luyn v gi li M eigenfaces c
eigenvalue ln nht, M eigenfaces ny nh ngha face space cho vic
nhn dng,
Chiu cc nh khun mt bng vo trong face space ta c cc vector
c trng cho mi khun mt l cc vector ca cc h s.
Chiu khun mt cn c nhn dng vo face space v xc nh xem n
ph hp nht vi khun mt bit no bng cch so snh vector h s ca n
vi cc vector trong tp hun luyn.
3.2.2.1 Tnh ton eigenfaces
Cc eigenfaces l tp cc eigenvector ca ma trn hip phng sai xy dng
t tp nh hun luyn.
Gi s ta c tp hun luyn gm M nh c kch thc h x w = N pixel. Mi nh
i trong tp ny c th c biu din thnh mt vector N chiu.
Vic tnh ton eigenfaces tri qua cc bc sau y:
Tnh vector khun mt trung bnh (mean image):
1
i
M
i=1
(3.1)
Tnh vector sai s cho mi vector khun mt
= i
(3.2)
Cc vector sai s ny c sp xp to thnh mt ma trn d liu kch

thc N x M
A=[
M]
(3.3)
To ma trn hip phng sai (covariance matrix) bng cch nhn ma trn
(1.4) vi ma trn chuyn v ca n (transpose matrix)
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C =AAT
(3.4)
Tnh ton cc eigenvector v eigenvalue

Mt vector u c gi l eigenvector ca ma trn hip phng sai C khi:
Cu= u
Trong ,
c gi l eigenvalue tng ng vi u.
Ma trn C c kch thc N2 x N2 s c N2 eigenvectors, mi eigenvector tng

ng vi mt eigenvalue. Tuy nhin, khi M <<N2 th ch c khong M-1
eigenvector c ngha. Chng ta s chn ra M eigenvector theo th t
eigenvalue gim dn. M eigenvectors (hay eigenfaces)
ny to thnh khng
gian khun mt (face space) phc v cho vic nhn dng

U = [ u1u2 uM]
3.2.2.2 Php chiu eigenfaces (eigenface projection)
Sau khi tm c cc eigenfaces, cc khun mt c biu din theo cc
eigenfaces ny (chiu ln face space) bng cch tnh tch v hng ca cc
vector sai s
i vi cc eigenface:
wi =
iui
Nh vy, trong khng gian eigenfaces ny mi khun mt c c trng bi

mt vector w = [ w1w2 wM ].
3.2.2.3 Nhn dng khun mt mi
Vic nhn dng mt khun mt Y c thc hin bng cch chiu nh khun
mt vo khng gian eigenfaces ca tp hun luyn c vector c trng w.
w s c so snh vi cc vector c trng ca tp hun luyn, vic so snh
ny da trn khong cch Euclidean. Nu khong cch ca w vi w ca khun
mt X no l nh nht v tha mn mt ngng do ngi dng nh ngha
th kt lun Y vi X l ca cng mt ngi, ngc li nu khong cch ny ln
hn th vic nhn dng khun mt tht bi.
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Chng 4: Phn tch v thit k h thng
CHNG 4: PHN TCH V THIT K H THNG

Chng ny trnh by v vic phn tch v thit k h thng, cc thnh phn
ca h thng, cc qu trnh s dng ca h thng v cc cng ngh c s
dng.
4.1 Phn tch, thit k h thng

4.1.1 M t h thng
Cng ging nh a s cc h thng xc thc v m ha khc, h thng chng
ti ang xy dng v mt nghip v khng qu phc tp. M hnh sau th hin
cc use case ca h thng:
Hnh 4.1-1 M hnh use case ca h thng
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4.1.1.1 Actor
H thng c 1 actor: User
nh ngha: l ngi trc tip tng tc vi h thng.
Chc nng:
-
ng k c trng sinh trc vi h thng

ng k li c trng sinh trc sau khi ng k
Xc thc vo ng nhp vo h thng
Duyt h thng file
M ha v gii m file
4.1.1.2 Cc use case

1. Enroll
Bng 4.1-1 M t use case Enroll
Tn Use-case
Enroll
Actor
User
Ngi dng ng k thng tin ging ni vi h
Khung cnh
thng
Ln u s dng h thng ngi dng phi ng
M t
k thng tin ging ni ca mnh
iu kin ban u
Khng
Thng tin cn thit xc thc ngi dng c
iu kin lc sau
lu trong h thng. H thng s chuyn n mn

hnh duyt file
Actor
H thng
Tnh ton thng tin tr
Duyt chn file ging gip cn thit cho qu

Dng s kin
ni thu sn, c th trnh xc thc sau ny

chn nhiu file tng v lu xung file. To
chnh xc
kha t thng tin sinh

ging ni thu c
2. Re-enroll
Bng 4.1-2 M t use case Re-enroll
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Tn Use-case
Re-enroll
Actor
User
Ngi dng mun ng k li thng tin ging ni
Khung cnh
vi h thng
Ngi dng chn chc nng Enroll, sau xc
thc vi h thng; sau ng k li thng tin
M t
ging ni.
iu kin ban u
Ngi dng ng k ging ni vi h thng v

xc thc thnh cng
Thng tin cn thit xc thc ngi dng c
iu kin lc sau
lu trong h thng. H thng s chuyn n mn

hnh duyt file
Actor
H thng
Tnh ton thng tin tr
Duyt chn file ging gip cn thit cho qu

ni thu sn, c th trnh xc thc sau ny
Dng s kin
chn nhiu file tng v lu xung file. To

chnh xc
kha t thng tin sinh

ging ni thu c
3. Login
Bng 4.1-3 M t Use-case Login
Tn Use-case
Login
Actor
User
Khung cnh
M t
Ngi dng ng nhp vo h thng

Ngi dng chn chc nng Authentication, sau
duyt chn file ging ni xc thc vi h
thng
iu kin ban u
Ngi dng ng k ging ni vi h thng
iu kin lc sau
H thng s chuyn n mn hnh duyt file
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Actor
H thng
Duyt chn file ging

ni thu sn, c th
Dng s kin
chn nhiu file tng

chnh xc bng cch
ch
nh
Number
of
samples
Rt
trch
trng
ging ni v tnh ton

xem thng tin ny c
khp vi thng tin ng
k hay khng nh vo
thng tin tr gip lu
trong h thng.
4. Encrypt/Decrypt file
Bng 4.1-4 M t use case Encrypt/Decrypt file
Tn Use-case
Encrypt/Decrypt file
Actor
User
Khung cnh
M t
Ngi dng mun m ha file d liu

Sau khi ng k ging ni hoc xc thc thnh
cng, ngi dng c quyn thao tc trn h thng
file v m ha/gii m file d liu
iu kin ban u
iu kin lc sau
Ngi dng phi xc thc thnh cng vi h

thng
D liu c m ha/gii m v lu vo file
Actor
H thng
Ngi dng long-touch

vo file d liu mong
Dng s kin
mun,
sau
Encrypt
Decrypt
chn
hoc
trn
option
H thng s dng kha

m ha hoc gii m
file d liu.
menu.
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4.2 Cc thnh phn ca h thng

Da vo nhng hiu bit t c v rt trch thng tin sinh trc, m sa
li, v m ha/gii m, chng ti xy dng h thng xc thc v m ha d
liu trn android. C hai h thng c xy dng song song vi nhau. Mt h
thng s dng file ging ni v mt h thng thu ging ni trc tip. im khc
bit ln nht ca hai h thng ny l cch nhn mu tn hiu ging ni. i vi
h thng s dng file ging ni, mu tn hiu ging ni c ly t file audio, cn
h thng cn li, ging ni c thu nhn trc tip t micro ca thit b. H thng
c phn thnh nhng thnh phn chnh sau y.
4.2.1 Thnh phn thu nhn ging ni
Thnh phn thu nhn ging ni trn hai h thng khc nhau c s khc nhau.
i vi h thng s dng file ging ni thu sn, mu tn hin ging ni s c
ly gin tip thng qua file audio c record trc . Vi h thng cn li
th ging ni s c thu trc tip t micro v chuyn thnh mng tn hiu ging
ni. Th vin Android [15] h tr hai cch ly ging ni thng qua hai lp
MediaRecorder v AudioRecorder. MediaRecorder l mt lp trong Android h
tr thu nhn audio, video t cc cm bin ca thit b. Nhng nh dng audio
m n c th h tr bao gm MP3, FLAC, AAC, MIDI v cha h tr nh dng
PCM/WAVE (Android di 4.1). Vic khng h tr nh dng PCM/WAVE cho
android di 4.1 gy tr ngi cho vic hin thc h thng v mu tn hiu m
thanh c thu nhn di dng PCM/WAVE m vic chuyn tn hiu t nhng
nh dng khc v PCM/WAVE cng phc tp. khc phc vn ny, lp
AudioRecorder c chn v s dng v u th h tr nh dng PCM/WAVE
ca n cng nh l kh nng c x l vi mu tn hiu ging ni ngay trong lc
thu nhn.
c hai h thng, ging ni c thu vi tn s ly mu l 8000 Hz nn theo
l thuyt Nyquist th tn s ti a ca tn hiu ging ni c th thu gi c l
4000 Hz. Nhng nhiu cng qu vi ging ni ca mt ngi bnh thng
c tn s t 300 Hz n 3400 Hz. Kch thc mu c chn l 16-bit v nh
dng ca m thanh l PCM-signed nn cng ca tn hiu ging ni c th
biu din trong khong t -215 (-32768) n 215 (32768). Loi knh c chn
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cho mu tn hiu l mono gim s phc tp trong qu trnh thu nhn tn hiu
v n khng nh hng trong vic nhn dng ging ni.
4.2.2 Thnh phn rt trch c trng sinh trc
Vic rt trch ra vector c trng i theo mt ng ng (pipeline) t khu x
l mu tn hiu ging ni ra tn hiu s n vic p dng cc gii thut rt trch
to ra vector c trng cho ging ni. C nhiu k thut v gii thut rt trch
c p dng, di y l hai gii thut c chng ti p dng ly vector
c trng.
4.2.2.1 Rt trch c trng bng gii thut LPC
Rt trch vector c trng bng phng php LPC i qua cc bc:
i mu tn hiu ging ni t dng byte sang dng s: Mu tn hiu ging
ni d c c t file hay thu trc tip u di dng mt chui byte. Vic
cn lm l i chui byte ny sang dng s. Cch lm y l i 2 byte
(16-bit) ra gi tr nguyn ca n sau ly t l cho 32768 (216 gi tr). Ty
vo h thng lu gi tr di dng big-endian hay little-endian m th t
c 2 byte c hon i cho nhau. Gi tr ca mu tn hiu sau khi i
s nm trong min tr t -1 n 1.
p dng k thut chun ha mu tn hiu ging ni nh trnh by trong
phn 2.1.2.1 cho ra nhng mu tn hiu c th so snh c vi nhau.
Kh khong lng bng cch loi b nhng phn t tn hiu c ln nh
hn ngng 0.002 (di 0.002 c xem l khong lng).
p dng gii thut d tm im cui nh trnh by trong phn 2.1.2.4
S dng gii thut rt trch LPC vi u ra l mng vector c trng 16
chiu. rng ca khung c chn l 128 v cc khung chng ln nhau
mt khong bng mt na rng ca khung.
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Hnh 4.2-1 Rt trch vector c trng bng gii thut LPC

4.2.2.2 Rt trch c trng bng gii thut FFT
Rt trch vector c trng bng phng php FFT i qua cc bc:
Cc bc i tn hiu ging ni sang tn hiu s sau chun ha n l
nhng bc bt buc phi lm trc khi rt trch vector c trng. Hin
thc ca n tng t nh hin thc ca gii thut LPC
Kh khong lng bng cch loi b nhng phn t tn hiu c ln nh
hn ngng 0.002 (di 0.002 c xem l khong lng)
Kh nhiu bng cch lc b nhng phn t tn hiu ging ni c tn s cao
hn ngng 2853 Hz.
S dng gii thut rt trch FFT vi u ra l mng vector c trng ln
lt 32, 64, 128 chiu. rng ca khung c chn l 128 v cc khung
chng ln nhau mt khong bng mt na rng ca khung.
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Hnh 4.2-2 Rt trch vector c trng bng gii thut FFT

4.2.2.3 Cng ngh c s dng
Modular Audio Recognition Framework (MARF) [16] l mt th vin m ngun
m tp hp cc gii thut x l ngn ng t nhin, ging ni, m thanh c
vit bng ngn ng Java v c thit k thnh nhng module. Mi module
tng ng vi mt qu trnh trong tin trnh rt trch ra vector c trng. Vi cu
trc module, ta c th m rng th vin bng cch thm mi nhng gii thut
mi module mt cch d dng. Th vin ny c dng ch yu hc tp v
nghin cu. Hin ti, bn release cui cng ca n l vo nm 2007 v mt s
gii thut trong vn cha c hin thc. Kt qu tt nht ca th vin thu
nhn c l 82.76%. H thng ang xy dng da mt phn vo th vin
MARF v c mt cht ci tin thu c tn hiu ging ni c cht lng tt
hn. Nhng thnh phn s dng li l Loader (WAV), Preprocessing (Low-Pass,
Endpoint), Feature Extraction (FFT, LPC).
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Hnh 4.2-3 Cu trc MARF Framework

4.2.3 Thnh phn chun ha
Trc khi i qua thnh phn sa li (Reed-Solomon), vector c trng phi i
qua mt bc bin i (transform) cho ra mt vector m cc gi tr ch l
nhng gi tr nguyn dng (khc vi vector ban u l nhng gi tr thc).
Bc ny c thc hin bi thnh phn chun ha vector. Vic chun ha
vector c trng gip cho min gi tr ca cc phn t ca vector thch hp hn
cho qu trnh sa li. Hin ti, gii thut sa li ch p dng cho vector m nhng
gi tr ca n l s nguyn dng v vn cha c cch bin i no ti u. Ty
vo mi phng php rt trch vector c trng khc nhau (cho ra vector c
trng vi min tr khc nhau) m phng php bin i khc nhau.
Vi phng php rt trch vector c trng LPC, min gi tr ca cc phn t
vector chy t -1 n 1. Cch bin i c p dng l chia khong gi tr t -1
n 1 ca vector c trng sang min s nguyn t 1 n 5 sao cho cc gi tr
phn b vo nm khong ng u nhau.
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Hnh 4.2-4 Php bin i vector c trng LPC

Vi phng php rt trch vector c trng FFT, th min gi tr ca vector c
trng c sinh ra rng hn t 0 n v cng. Phng php bin i c p
dng l chia khong gi tr t 0 n v cng ca vector c trng sang min s
nguyn t 1 n 20 bng cch bin i phn nguyn sau khi lm trn. Thc t
gi tr sau khi bin i ch n 13 l ti a.
Hnh 4.2-5 Php bin i vector c trng FFT

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4.2.4 Thnh phn sa li
Mc ch ca thnh phn ny l t vector c trng c th sinh ra cc thng
s sa li. Nh vo cc thng s ny, ta khng cn phi lu tr kha trong my.
lm c vic ny, thnh phn to kha s dng gii thut Reed-Solomon
[17]. C th chia thnh phn to kha ra lm hai nhim v chnh da vo gii
thut ca Reed-Solomon:
Encode: c thc hin trong qu trnh ng k (enrollment). Vector c
trng sau khi c chun ha, thng qua gii thut Reed-Solomon s to
ra m sa li. H thng s lu tr m sa li ny trong my s dng
trong qu trnh xc thc.
Hnh 4.2-6 Encode trong R-S

Decode: c s dng trong cc ln s dng h thng tip theo (qu trnh
xc thc). H thng s s dng m sa li sinh trc kt hp vi
vector c trng ( qua chun ha) a vo gii thut gii m ca
Reed-Solomon. Gii thut ny s phc hi li vector c trng chnh xc
ban u.
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Hnh 4.2-7 Decode trong R-S

4.2.5 Thnh phn to kha
T vector c trng sau khi c chun ha (trong qu trnh ng k - Hnh
4.3-1) hoc vector c trng sau khi c sa li bi gii thut Reed-Solomon
(trong qu trnh xc thc - Hnh 4.3-2), ta dng hm bm (Hash MD5) to ra
kha c chiu di c nh.
4.2.6 Thnh phn m ha v gii m d liu
Do hn ch v ti nguyn nn vic la chn gii thut m ha cng c cn
nhc rt k lng. Gii thut m ha c s dng l Advanced Encryption
Standard AES. AES l mt gii thut m ha i xng vi u im l tc
kh nhanh v s dng t ti nguyn. AES h tr kha vi kch thc 128 bit, 192
bit v 256 bit, trong chng trnh ny, kha c s dng l 128 bit.
Sau khi qua bc bin i, vector c trng c s dng lm thng tin u
vo cho gii thut to kha. to kha 128 bit, gii thut Hash MD5 c s
dng. Phn hin thc ca module s dng cng ngh Cryptophy API ca Java.
4.3 Cc qu trnh ca h thng

H thng xc thc v m ha d liu trn Android l s tng hp ca cc
thnh phn c k n trn. H thng ny gm ba qu trnh l qu trnh ng
k mu ging ni, qu trnh xc thc vo h thng v qu trnh m ha v gii m
d liu
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4.3.1 Qu trnh ng k (Enrollment)
Qu trnh ng k c thc hin lc ngi dng chy chng trnh ln u
tin hoc khi ngi dng mun ng k li mt mu ging ni khc. H thng s
yu cu ngi dng a ra ging ni, sau s dng ging ni sinh ra
vector c trng (x). T vector c trng thng qua thnh phn sa li Reed
Solomon sinh ra m sa li (S) lu vo h thng. ng thi, t vector c
trng ta dng hm bm (Hash MD5) to ra kha (K). Kha ny c dng
m ha/gii m d liu. Ta m ha kha ny bng chnh vector c trng sau khi
c chun ha (x) to ra V v c lu vo h thng dng cho qu
trnh xc thc. Sau qu trnh ng k, h thng s lu li vector c trng
c m ha v m sa li.
Hnh 4.3-1 Qu trnh ng k

4.3.2 Qu trnh xc thc h thng (Authentication)
s dng h thng, ngi s dng phi a ra ging ni ca mnh. Cng
thng qua cc bc nh qu trnh ng k, h thng sinh ra c mt vector c
trng khc. n lc ny, b to kha s dng vector c trng ny kt hp vi
m sa li c lu li lc ng k ti to li vector c trng (x*). T
sinh ra kha (K*). Sau ta m ha kha ny bng chnh vector c trng mi
c sa li (x*) to ra V*. Ti y, h thng s so snh vector c trng
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c m ha ny (V*) vi V (c lu li trong qu trnh ng k ). Nu khc
nhau, h thng s tr v xc thc khng thnh cng. Ngc li, xc thc l
thnh cng v ngi s dng c truy cp vo h thng.
Hnh 4.3-2 Qu trnh xc thc h thng
4.3.3 Qu trnh m ha v gii m

Sau khi ng k thng tin hoc xc thc thnh cng, h thng to c
kha v gi kha cho n khi chng trnh kt thc. Kha ny c dng cho
vic m ha v gii m d liu.
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Ti liu tham kho
Chng 5: TNG KT NH GI
5.1 Kt qu thc nghim
H thng c tnh ton v o c da trn vic thay i cc gii thut rt
trch khc nhau cng nh l thay i cc thng s ca gii thut rt trch nh
di ca ca s, ngng loi b khong lng, s thnh phn ca mng ReedSolomon ti a sa li. Kt qu thu c s c em so snh vi nhau
chn ra gii thut cho kt qu tt nht. Vic o c c tin hnh trn cc mu
audio ging ni c di t 7 n 15 giy v c tp hp t 29 ngi khc
nhau (10 mu/ngi).
Vic o c da vo hai loi t l li trong cc h thng nhn dng l t l
chp nhn sai (False Acceptance Rate FAR) v t l t chi sai (False
Rejection Rate FRR). FAR l loi li m cho php mt ngi khng c quyn
c th i vo h thng. o s liu ny, ta s so snh mi sample ca mt
ngi vi tt c nhng sample cn li ca nhng ngi khc. Trong khi FRR
l loi li m mt ngi khng th i vo h thng ngay c khi ngi c
quyn. tnh ton t l ny, ta s so snh ln lt tng mu ca ngi vi
nhau.
Bn cch vic o c cn thng k s phn b ca cc gi tr ca vector
c trng vo cc khong ca min nh x nh gi k thut chun ha
vector c trng c tt hay khng (phn b u uniform).
5.1.1 S dng gii thut LPC rt trch vector c trng
S chiu ca vector c trng do LPC sinh ra c ch nh l 64. Gii thut
LPC kt hp vi mt s k thut tin x l nh chun ha mu tn hiu ging ni,
k thut d tm im cui, k thut kh khong lng nh trnh by ti phn
4.2.2.1 s cho ra kt qu cui cng tt hn. Vi s li ti a m gii thut ReedSolomon c th sa t 28 n 33 th t l li ca h thng c thng k Bng
5.1-1.
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Ti liu tham kho

Bng 5.1-1 FAR v FRR ca gii thut LPC
Threshold FAR (%) FRR (%)
28
16. 7
48
29
23
39.2
30
30.8
30.2
31
38.1
24
32
46.5
18.2
33
52.9
13.8
Hnh 5.1-1 ng cong FAR v FRR ca gii thut LPC

Phng php chun ha vector c trng sau khi rt trch nh trnh by
phn 4.2.3 cho ra kt qu nh biu Hnh 5.1-2
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Ti liu tham kho
Hnh 5.1-2 S phn b ca cc thnh phn vector vo 5 khong

5.1.2 Rt trch vector c trng bng gii thut FFT
Kt qu thu c t vic rt trch vector c trng bng gii thut FFT ph
thuc vo s li ti a m gii thut Reed-Solomon c th sa c v s chiu
ca vector c trng. Bn cnh gii thut rt trch chnh l FFT th mt s k
thut tin x l khc cng c p dng vo l kh nhiu bng cch lc tn
hiu c tn s thp, kh khong lng, chun ha mu tn hiu ging ni (
c trnh by phn 4.2.2.2).
5.1.2.1 Vector c trng c 32 chiu
Vi vector c trng FFT c 32 chiu, s li ti a m gii thut ReedSolomon c th sa t 3 n 8 th t l li ca h thng c thng k Bng
5.1-2.
Bng 5.1-2 FAR v FRR ca gii thut FFT vi vector c trng 32 chiu
3
6.9
42.1
12.2
29.3
21. 3
21
32. 7
14. 56
44. 22
10. 84
54
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Ti liu tham kho
Hnh 5.1-3 ng cong FAR v FRR ca gii thut FFT-32

Phng php chun ha vector c trng sau khi rt trch nh trnh by
phn 4.2.3 cho ra kt qu nh biu Hnh 5.1-4
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Ti liu tham kho

5.1-3.
10
5.8
32.5
11
9.1
26.35
12
13.6
21.5
13
18.6
17.1
14
23.9
13.3
15
29.3
11.2

S phn b cc gi tr vector c trng vo 20 gi tr ca min nh x nh
Hnh 5.1-6
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Ti liu tham kho

5.1-4.
28
9.7
24.1
29
11.8
21.6
30
14
19.3
31
16.4
16.7
32
19.1
16.8
33
21.9
13.9
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Ti liu tham kho

S phn b cc gi tr vector c trng vo 20 gi tr ca min nh x nh
Hnh 5.1-8

5.1.3 So snh cc kt qu thu c
Vi nhng kt qu t vic o th gii thut rt trch vector c trng bng
phng php FFT kt hp b lc tn hiu tn s thp s cho kt qu tt nht.
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Ti liu tham kho

Vic tng chiu di ca vector c trng cng gip gim t l li ca chng trnh
xung. Vi gii thut FFT nhng khi s chiu ca vector c trng c tng t
32 ln 64, 128 th t l li (FAR - FRR) trong trng hp tt nht cng gim t
(21.3%-21% vi vector 32 chiu xung cn 18.7%-17.1% vi vector 64 chiu v
16.4%-16.7% vi vector 128 chiu.
Hnh 5.1-9 So snh cc gii thut vi nhau

V phng din chun ha vector c trng sang min s nguyn thun
tin cho gii thut sa li th vn cha cch ti u c p dng cho tt c cc
gii thut rt trch. Ty vo mi phng php rt trch vector c trng khc
nhau (cho ra vector c trng vi min tr khc nhau) m phng php bin i
cng khc nhau.
Vi phng php rt trch LPC th cch mapping s cho ra vic cc thnh
phn ca vector c phn b u trn 5 phn ca min nh x. Tuy nhin, kt
qu thu c cui cng vn thp khi t l li nhn c vn l trn 30%.
Vi phng php rt trch FFT, php bin i c s phn b khng ng u
ln 20 khong. Phn ln gi tr tp trung vo khong u tin sau gim dn
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Ti liu tham kho

cc khong tip theo. Khi tng chiu di ca vector c trng th s phn b c
xu hng u hn.
5.2 Kt qu t c
Xy dng c mt h thng c y cc tnh nng c bn ca mt h
thng xc thc v m ha d liu bao gm ng k c trng ging ni ngi
dng, xc thc ngi dng c truy cp vo h thng s dng chnh c
trng ging ni ca ngi , cho php m ha, gii m d liu vi kha c
sinh ra t c trng ging ni v hin thc h thng ny trn thit b di ng c
h iu hnh Android.
Tm hiu v p dng nhiu k thut rt trch ging ni, k thut sa li, s
dng hm bm v cc gii thut m ha trong lc hin thc.
5.2.1 u im h thng
H thng s dng phng php xc thc v m ha s dng chnh ging ni
ca con ngi. Ging ni ca con ngi c dng lm kha m ha v gii
m d liu. H thng khng lu tr li kha nn gii quyt c vn bo mt
d liu ca ngi dng khi thit b mt. ng thi ngi dng khng cn phi
nh v lo s mt mt khu nh vi h thng bo mt truyn thng (dng mt
khu).
H thng c t l li (FAR FRR) thp (16.4% - 16.7%). Trong qu trnh xc
thc, m ha v gii m d liu, chng trnh chy tng i nhanh.
5.2.2 Nhc im h thng
Tuy nhin vi t l li hin ti, h thng cha th c p dng vo thc t
(cn t l li thp hn na). Mt s nguyn nhn c a ra l:
Gii thut rt trch thng tin ph thuc nhiu vo MARF framework ( chnh
xc cao nht ca MARF trong nhn dng c ghi nhn l 82.76 %) vi ch
hai phng php rt trch vector c trng c em ra thc nghim l
LPC v FFT.
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Ti liu tham kho

Cha tm ra c phng php chun ha vector sau khi rt trch mt
cch ti u.
Qua thc nghim c th thy nu s dng phng php rt trch FFT vi s
chiu ca vector c trng tng dn th t l li cng gim dn. Tuy nhin do
gii hn ca m sa li ca hin thc hin ti nn ch c th chn c
vector c trng cao nht l 128 nhiu
5.3 Hng pht trin

Vi nhng kt qu t c cng vi nhng hiu bit c bn v k thut
rt trch c trng sinh trc, trong tng lai c th kho st v p dng thm
nhiu gii thut rt trch khc ngoi FFT v LPC nh MFCC, Ceptral, mng
neuron nhn to cho vector c trng rt trch c c cht lng tt hn.
Tm hiu v p dng cc phng php chun ha cho ra vector phn b
u hn trn min nh x nhng vn m bo chnh xc cao cho h thng.
Hin ti vn cha c gii php ti u cho vn ny.
Tm cch m rng kh nng sa li ca m Reed-Solomon hin ti hoc p
dng k thut sa li khc tt hn. Hin ti, hin thc ca m sa li ReedSolomon ch c th sa c ti a 64 li nu chiu di vector c chn l
128.
Vic p dng m hnh xc thc m ha nh trn cn a ra nhng vn cn
phi gii quyt nh bo v d liu cng khai (public data) do h thng sinh ra
khi b chnh sa, phng php bin vector c trng thnh kha m ha
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Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]
National Research Council,
Biometric
Recognition Challenges and
Opportunities, Joseph N. Pato and Lynette I. Millett, Ed, 2010.

[2]
The
MARF
Recognition
Research
Framework
and
Development
v.0.3.0.5
Group,
"Modular
(0.3.0-devel-20060226)
Audio
and
its
Applications," 2006.
[3]
Phm Vn S, L Xun Thnh, Bi ging X l ting ni, 2010.
[4]
Bernard Sklar, Reed-Solomon Codes, 2002.
[5]
W.
Stallings,
Cryptography
and Network Security Principles and
Practices, Prentice Hall, 2005.

[6]
Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh, HBK Tp.HCM. B mn H thng

v Mng, Slides Cryptography and Network Security.
[7]
M. Reiter, Q. Li and S. Wetzel F. Monrose, Cryptographic key

generation from voice, IEEE Symposium Privacy and Security, 202-213,
, 2001.
[8]
P. Wang, K. Wang, Y. Xu X. Wu, Biometric Cryptographic Key

Generation Based on City Block Distance., 2009.
[9]
W. Zhang and T. Chen Y. Chang, "Biometrics-based cryptographic key

generation," vol. 2203-2206, 2004.
[10] Ning Qi, Kuanquan Wang, David Zhang Xiangqian Wu, A Novel
Cryptosystem based on Iris Key Generation, 2008.
[11] I. T. Jolliffe, Principal Component Analysis, Second Edition, 1986.
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Ti liu tham kho

[12] Alex Pentland Mattew Turk, Eigenfaces for Recognition, 1991.
[13] Nikunj
Jain,
Mr.
Manish Kumar
and Himanshu Agrawal Mayank
Agarwal, Face Recognition Using Eigen Faces and Artificial Neural

Network, International Journal of Computer Theory and Engineering,
Vol. 2, No. 4, August, 2010, 1793-8201.
[14] Ilker Atalay, Face Recognition Using Eigen Faces, Istanbul Technical
University, 1996.
[15] Android Framework. [Online]. http://developer.android.com/index.html
[16] Modular Audio Recognition Framework. [Online].
http://marf.sourceforge.net/
[17] Reed-Solomon code implement. [Online].
http://sourceforge.jp/projects/qrcode/releases/
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Ph lc 1: Demo chng trnh Bio-Crypt-Android
PH LC
PH LC 1: DEMO CHNG TRNH BIO-CRYPTANDROID
BIO-CRYPT-ANDROID l ng dng c vit cho h iu hnh Android
demo cho phng php xc thc bng ging ni trnh by trn.
1. Yu cu v ci t
chy c, chng trnh khng c yu cu c bit no. Tuy nhin,
chng trnh s chy tt trn h thng ngh sau y:
H iu hnh: Android 2.3 tr ln.
CPU: 500MHz tr ln.
Chng trnh c ng gi thnh tp tin thc thi bio-crypt-android.apk, vic
ci t ng dng kh n gin:
Cu hnh Android cho php ci t Unknown Sources
T Android 3.0 tr v trc: Settings Applications Chn Unknown
sources.
Sau Android 3.0: Settings (System settings) Security Chn Unknown
sources phn Phone Administration.
Sau chp file bio-crypt-android.apk vo thit b v ci t.
2. Demo cc chc nng

Chng trnh ny s dng d liu ging ni c thu thp trc lm thng
tin ng k v xc thc. Hin ti chng trnh hin thc c cc chc nng c
bn, bao gm ng k thng tin ngi dng (ging ni), xc thc ngi dng,
m ha v gii m file d liu.
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2.1 ng k thng tin

Hnh 1-1 l giao din khi chy ca chng trnh. Ngi dng c th la chn
hoc ng k thng tin hoc xc thc vo h thng.
Hnh 1-1 Giao din ban u ca chng trnh

Hin ti, chng trnh s dng cc file ging ni thu sn. tng chnh
xc, ta c th s dng nhiu file ging ni trong lc ng k hoc xc thc. Trnh
t vic ng k thng tin nh sau:
1. Chn s lng file ging ni mong mun cho qu trnh ng k (Choose
number of samples).
2. Ln lt chn cc file ging ni. Cc file ging ni ny phi nh dng
.wav.
3. Sau khi chn cc file ging ni, chng trnh tnh ton, rt trch thng tin
cn thit lu tr vo h thng.
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4. Sau khi tnh ton xong, giao din qun l file xut hin, ngi dng c th
thao tc m ha v gii m file d liu.
a)
b)
Hnh 1-2 a) Giao din chn s sample. b) Giao din chn file
Chng trnh h tr vic ng k li thng tin ngi dng. Trnh t ng k li
thng tin tng t nh vic ng k mi, tuy nhin, trc ngi dng phi
xc thc thnh cng thng tin c.
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Hnh 1-3 Giao din confirm ng k li thng tin
2.2 Xc thc ngi dng

Sau khi ng k thng tin thnh cng, nhng ln chy sau, ngi dng phi
xc thc mi vo c h thng. Trnh t vic xc thc nh sau:
1. Chn s lng file ging ni mong mun cho qu trnh xc thc (Choose
number of samples).
2. Ln lt chn cc file ging ni. Cc file ging ni ny phi nh dng
.wav.
3. Sau khi chn cc file ging ni, chng trnh tnh ton, rt trch thng tin
v kim tra xem ging ni mi c phi l c trng ng k trc hay
khng.
4. Nu thnh thng, giao din qun l file xut hin, ngi dng c th thao
tc m ha v gii m file d liu; ngc li, chng trnh s tr li giao
din Hnh 1-1.
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a)
b)
Hnh 1-4 a) Giao din qun l file. b) Option menu
2.3 M ha v gii m
Sau khi vo c h thng, ngi dng c th m ha hoc gii m d liu
mong mun. Thao tc m ha v gii m kh n gin, long-touch trn file d
liu, option menu hin ra (Hnh 1-4b), ta c th chn Encrypt hoc Decrypt file.
2.4 Phin bn thu ging ni trc tip

BIO-CRYPT-ANDROID cn c mt phin bn s dng ging ni c thu trc
tip t microphone ca di ng. Trong qu trnh ng k v xc thc, ngi dng
s c 10 giy ni v chng trnh s thu li ging ni v tnh ton trn d
liu ny.
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Hnh 1-5 Mn hnh thu ging ni
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Ph lc 2: Phn cng cng vic
PH LC 2: PHN CNG CNG VIC

L Phm Tuyn
Dng T Huy
L Tro Vit Cng
+ Nghin cu v p dng cc gii thut rt trch vector

c trng t ging ni.
+ Tin hnh o c ly kt qu thc nghim nhng gii
thut rt trch.
+ Hin thc ng dng trn Android
+ Tm hiu cc nghin cu lin quan n trng mt
+ Tm hiu mt s k thut sa li
+ Tm hiu nhn din khun mt s dng k thut
eigenfaces
+ Tm hiu v hin thc thnh phn m ha v gii m.
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I HC QUC GIA TP.

NGHIN CU S DNG GING NI TRONG

HI NG: H thng thng tin

TP. H CH MINH, THNG 12 NM 2012

Tp. H Ch Minh, 12/2012

Gii thiu .......................................................................................1

1.1.1 nh ngha sinh trc hc ............................................................1

1.2.1 Nhim v ...................................................................................4

1.3.1 Chng 1: Gii thiu ti........................................................6

Rt trch vector c trng t ging ni ............................................7

2.1.1 Ly mu ging ni .....................................................................7

2.2.1 K thut lp (repetition) ............................................................ 17

Tng quan v m ha................................................................... 28

2.3.1 Tng quan ............................................................................... 28

H thng m ha bng cch to kha da trn trng mt ngi .. 38

3.1.1 M hnh h thng ..................................................................... 38

Sinh trc hc khun mt v phng php nhn dng Eigenfaces . 43

3.2.1 Gii thiu ................................................................................. 43

Phn tch, thit k h thng .......................................................... 48

Cc thnh phn ca h thng ....................................................... 52

4.2.1 Thnh phn thu nhn ging ni ................................................ 52

4.2.4 Thnh phn sa li .................................................................. 58

4.3.1 Qu trnh ng k (Enrollment) ................................................. 60

Kt qu thc nghim .................................................................... 62

5.1.1 S dng gii thut LPC rt trch vector c trng ................ 62

5.2.1 u im h thng .................................................................... 70

TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................. 72

Demo cc chc nng ...................................................................... 74

Xc thc ngi dng ................................................................. 77

Phin bn thu ging ni trc tip ............................................... 78

PH LC 2: PHN CNG CNG VIC .................................................... 80

Linear Predictive Code

Fast Fourier Transform

Discrete Fourier Transform

MFCC Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficient

Pulse Code Modulation

Digital Signal Processing

False Reject Rate

False Accept Rate

False Match Rate

False Non-match Rate

Error Correction Code

Principle Component Analysis

Modular Audio Recognition Framework

Data Encryption Standard

Advanced Encryption Standard

Ron Rivest, AdiSharmir and Leonard Adleman

Digital Signature Standard

International Data Encryption Algorithm

Hnh 3.1-2 Tin x l trng mt ......................................................................... 40

Hnh 5.1-8 S phn b ca cc thnh phn vector vo 20 khong .................... 68

Chng 1: Gii thiu ti

CHNG 1: GII THIU TI

Chng 1: Gii thiu ti

Chng 1: Gii thiu ti

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Chng 1: Gii thiu ti

Chng 1: Gii thiu ti

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Chng 1: Gii thiu ti

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2.1 Rt trch vector c trng t ging ni

Hnh 2.1-1 Biu din tn hiu ging ni theo thi gian