daviT SavianiZe,

rusudan kaSia

terminebi: tomi, Temi, eTnonimi, Temonimi da

e.w. qarTizaciis sakiTxi
Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi eTnolingvistur terminTa (tomi,
eTnikuri erTeuli, eTnikur-teritoriuli Tu tomobrivi jgufi, eTnikuri jgufi,
subeTnosi, eTnikuri erToba, ena, eTnonimi...) araswor gamoyenebasa da amis gamo
sinamdvilis araadekvaturad warmoCenas ramdenime naSromi mieZRvna; mag., iTqva, rom
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis aRsaniSnavad gaumarTlebelia termin tomis Tu eTnosis
gamoyeneba1. miuxedavad amisa, qarTulenovan Tu ucxour samecniero literaturaSi
sxvadasxva kuTxis qarTvelTa aRsaniSnavad dResac gamoiyeneba terminebi "tomi",
"eTnosi", rac safuZvels iZleva, sxvadasxva kuTxis qarTvelebi sxvadasxva eTnosebad
gamocxaddnen.
qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi termini tomi ori ZiriTadi semantikiT
dasturdeba: 1. pirvelyofili Temuri wyobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli eTnikuri erTobis
da sazogadoebrivi organizaciis forma, romelic aerTianebs saerTo teritoriis da
kulturis mqone monaTesave gvarebs; 2. modgma-STamomavloba; xalxi (qegl, 1986).
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom sulxan-saba orbeliani toms ganmartavs rogorc
istoriul kategorias: "rameTu odes iTqvas naTesavi, romlisa naTesavisaganaca
vityviT _ israelisa; Semdgom vityviT: romlisa tomisagan? _ vityviT rubenis
tomisagan, gina levisa, gina sxvaTa. rameTu erTi naTesavi ganiyofebis tom-tomad,
xolo tomi ganiyofebis saxl-saxlad da saxli ganiyofebis kac-kacad" (sulxan-saba
orbeliani, 1993).
ramdenadac tomi mocemul geografiul arealSi mcxovrebi pirvelyofili
koleqtivis saxelia (r. TofCiSvili, 2005, gv. 51-52) da, rogorc wesi, sparsuli
warmomavlobis es termini gamoiyeneba ukulturo eTnosis aRsaniSnavad, absoluturad
Seusabamoa Tanamedrove qarTul eTnografiul sinamdvilesTan. rogorc prof. r.
TofCiSvili wers, Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi qarTuli eTnikuri erToba ukve
Camoyalibebuli Cans, Sesabamisad, qarTvelebs tomobriobis safexuri didi xania
ganvlili aqvT. swored saukunovanma teritoriul-enobriv-kulturulma erTobam -
erTianma eTnikurma TviTSegnebam ganapiroba, rom megreli, leCxumeli, svani, raWveli,
xevsuri, kaxeli... erT eTnoss qmnian. Sesabamisad, vfiqrobT: sworia mosazreba, rom
qarTveli eTnosis danayofebs - istoriul-eTnografiuli jgufebs (guruli, megreli,
svani, kaxeli, aWareli, mesxi...) Temi ewodos, xolo Temis sakuTar saxels - Temonimi
(msjelobisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 39; v. maRraZe, 2006, gv. 20-36, 124-139).
Sdr., Cveni azriT, Tanamedrove sinamdvilisTvis araadekvaturia aseve, terminebi:
satomo saxeli, erovnul-tomobrivi saxeli2.
qarTul sinamdvileSi saintereso istoria aqvs termin Tems:
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis mcxovrebTa aRsaniSnavad Temi pirvelad
gamoiyena ivane javaxiSvilma. Tems iyenebdnen n. berZeniSvili da m. wereTeli. Temi
aris qveynis erTi nawili (sulxan-saba orbeliani, 1991). Temi (Temisa) _ mxare,
kuTxe, gaerTianebuli geografiul-eTnikuri niSnis mixedviT. erTad mcxovrebi
mosaxleoba, _ sofeli; sazogadoeba (qegl, 1986).
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom samecniero litaraturaSi tomisa da Temis aRreva zogjer
safuZvelia qarTvelTa nawilis araqarTvelebad gamocxadebisa.
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis mkvidrTa sxvadasxva xalxad gamocxadebas didi
xnis istoria aqvs. cnobilia, rom mefis ruseTi calke "narodnostebad"
mizanmimarTulad acxadebda: samurzayanoelebs, megrelebs, gurulebs, svanebs, kaxelebs
da saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis mkvidrebs.
 mocemuli eTnosis calkeuli Temebis damoukidebel xalxebad/eTnosebad
gamocxadeba zogjer eTnosis daSlis safuZvelic SeiZleba gaxdes. miT umetes Tu
aqeTken ubiZgebs saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi arsebuli saxelmZRvaneloebi.
Sdr.: zogi Tvlis, rom guruls, megrels, aWarels... gaorebuli TviTSegneba
aqvT. mag.,
1991 wels gamoqveynebul "eTnografiis" saxelmZRvaneloSi qarTuli eTnosis
SigniT mimdinare eTnogenetikur procesebsa da formirebis Taviseburebebze saubrisas
aRniSnulia: "... eTnografiuli jgufis qveS igulisxmeba eTnosis garkveuli nawili,
romelic gamoirCeva salaparako enis, kulturisa da yofis lokaluri specifikiT,
zogjer gaaCnia TviTsaxeli da rogorRac gaorebuli TviTSegneba... eTnosis
struqturaSi eTnografiuli jgufebis genezisisa da formirebis Taviseburebebs
SeiZleba Tvali gavadevnoT qarTul eTnografiul sinamdvileSic. qarTveli xalxis
eTnogenezisi mravalsaukunovani ZiriTadad genetikurad monaTesave tomTa
konsolidaciis Sedegia. jer kidev pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis rRvevisa da
samxedro demokratiis ayvavebis periodSi dawyebuli es procesebi XI-XII ss.
qarTuli feodaluri erovnebis CamoyalibebiT dasrulda. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sesul
qarTvelTa mravali eTnografiuli jgufi (qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, xevsurebi, imerlebi,
gurulebi, ingiloebi, megrelebi, raWvelebi da sxv.) Zveli tomobrivi danawevrebis
reliqtis saxiTaa Semonaxuli..." (eTnografia, 1991, gv. 9).
Sdr.: a. Sadoxinisa da T. gruSevickaias eTnologiis saxelmZRvaneloSi
warmodgenili ""narodnostis" Sesaxeb msjeloba: "Âîçíèêíîâåíèå íàðîäíîñòè áûëî âûçâàíî
óñèëåíèåì ðîëè òàêèõ ôàêòîðîâ, êàê åäèíñòâî òåðèòîðèè, îáùíîñò ÿçûêà, òðàäèöèé, îáû÷àåâ…Â
çàðóáåæíîé ýòíîëîãèè ïîíÿòèÿ "íàðîäíîñòü" íå ñóùåñòâóåò Â íàøåé ñòðàíå îíî øèðîêî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ñ
ñåðåäèíû 1920-õ ãã. äëÿ îáîçíî÷åíèÿ ýòíîñîâ íàõîäÿùèõñÿ íà óðîâíå ðàçâèòèÿ ìåæäó ïëåìåíàìè è
íàöèÿìè. Ê íàðîäíîñòÿì îáû÷íî îòíîñèëè ýòíîñû ÷èñëåííîñòüþ äî 100 òûñ. ÷åëîâåê, íå èìåâøèõ
ãîñóäàðñòâåííîñòè â ôîðìå ñîþçíûõ èëè àâòîíîìíûõ ðåñïóáëèê.  ïîñëåäíèå ãîäû òåðìèíîì "íàðîäíîñòü" ÷àùå
âñåãî îáîçíà÷àþòñÿ ýòíè÷åñêèå ìåíüøèíñòâà" (À. Ï. Ñàäîõèí, Ò. Ã. Ãðóøåâèöêàÿ, 2003, gv. 160-161).
Tanamedrove sazRvargareTul sainformacio qselSi xSiria svan-megrelebisa da
lazebis araadekvaturi terminebiT - eTnikuri jgufi, eTnikuri umciresoba
moixsenieba. qarTveluri Temebis subeTnosad saxeldebis gamo qarTvelur
eTnokulturul samyaros arasworad axasiaTebs bevri cnobili ucxoeli mkvlevaric.
mag., s. aruTinovi wers:
"Ïî÷òè âñå ýòíîôîðìû ãðóçèíñêîãî ýòíèêîñà, ò.å. ëèöà, îñîçíàþùèå ñåáÿ ãðóçèíàìè, êàê â Ãðóçèè,
òàê è çà åå ïðåäåëàìè ãîâîðÿò íà ðàçëè÷íûõ äèàëåêòàõ è ãîâîðàõ ãðóçèíñêîãî (êàðòóëüñêîãî) ÿçûêà.
Êðîìå òîãî, öåëûé ðÿä ñóáýòíè÷åñêèõ ãðóïï, òàêèõ, êàê ìåãðåëû, ñâàíû, â áûòó ïîëüçóþòñÿ ÿçûêàìè,
áîëåå èëè ìåíåå îòäàëåíî ðîäñòâåííûìè ãðóçèíñêîìó. Ñ ëèíãâèñòè÷åñêîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ áåññïîðíî, ÷òî ýòî
îñîáûå ÿçûêè, èìåþùèå äàæå ñîáñòâåííîå âíóòðåííåå äèàëåêòíîå ÷ëåíèå. Íî èõ íîñèòåëè îñîçíàþò ñåáÿ
ãðóçèíàìè è îñîáûõ ÝÑÎ ýòè ÿçûêè íå îáñëóæèâàþò, òàê ÷òî ñ ôóíêöèîíàëüíîé, ýòíîñîöèàëüíîé òî÷êè
çðåíèÿ èõ ðîëü ðàâíà ðîëè ãëàâíûõ äèàëåêòîâ ãðóçèíñêîãî ÿçûêà, òåì áîëåå ÷òî ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå â
ïðåäåëàõ Ãðóçèè ïî÷òè âñå èõ íîñèòåëè âëàäåþò è ëèòåðàòóðíûì íîðìàòèâíûì ãðóçèíñêèì ÿçûêîì”3.
rogorc vxedavT, eTnosis/subeTnosisa da enis sakiTxi erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli.
am mxriv sainteresoa n. berZeniSvilis msjelobac:
"ragind axlos ar idgnen urTierTTan monaTesave tomTa enebi, Tundac isini
sruliad identurebi iyvnen, mainc sxvadasxva tomis enebia, romelTac aucileblad
dasCemdebaT Tavisebureba, sxveburoba, urTierTisagan dacileba da bolos sxvadasxva
enad qceva (Tu moaswres); saerTo mwerloba, saerTo politikuri da kulturuli
cxovreba zRudavs dialeqtebis Tavisufal ganviTarebas da qmnis pirobebs saerTo
enis ganviTarebisaTvis... es saerTo ena aRaraa tomis ena, is ama Tu im tomis enis
safuZvelze SemuSavebuli, Sesaferisad garTulebuli, gamdidrebuli da axali
urTierTobebisaTvis Seguebuli enaa xalxis" (n. berZeniSvili, 1990, gv. 361-362);
qarTvelTa enobrivi samyaros Sedgenilobis Sesaxeb specialur literaturaSi
arsebuli mosazrebebi or ZiriTad jgufad SeiZleba davyoT:
 a) erTi ena, aTeulobiT dialeqti: qarTuli (qarTveluri) enobrivi
samyaro, iseve rogorc qarTveli eri, erTiania; qarTvelTa erovnuli ena - qarTuli
ena warmoadgens erTian sistemas, romelic qvesistemebis saxiT moicavs qarTul
saliteraturo enasa da calkeul kuTxeTa metyvelebebs/dialeqtebs, maT Soris
megrul-lazur da svanur kiloebs. qarTvelTa erTi enis Teoria safuZvels iRebs
saistorio qarTuli mwerlobidan ("qarTlis cxovreba"); qarTvelTa erTi enas
asaxeleben Zveli Tu axali Taobis mkvlevrebi: i. giuldenStedti, fr. alteri, m.
brose, r. erkerti... p. Waraia, s. xundaZe... t. futkaraZe, T. gvancelaZe, m. tabiZe, r.
Serozia, m. naWyebia, e. dadiani...).
b) ramdenime ena, aTeulobiT dialeqti: qarTveluri enobrivi samyaro
Sedgeba sami/oTxi enisgan: qarTuli, megruli/lazuri, svanuri. TiToeuli maTgani
warmoadgens calke enobriv sistemas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Sedgeba
qvesistemebisagan/dialeqtebisagan. maTgan damwerloba sakuTriv "qarTuls" aqvs,
megrul-lazur-svanuri ki "umwerlobo qarTveluri enebia". es mosazreba saTaves
iRebs XIX saukunis meore naxevridan, gabatonebuli mosazreba iyo sabWoTa periodSi
da dRes mas iziarebs enaTmecnierTa arcTu mcire nawili.
Cveni azriT, gasaziarebelia pirveli Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac,
qarTvelTa istoriuli samwignobro ena _ sasuliero mwerlobis ena (e.w. Zveli
qarTuli ena) Seqnilia Zveli welTaRricxvis dasasruls da efuZneba Zv. w. II-I
aTsawleulebSi arsebul saerToqarTvelur enas" (t. futkaraZe, 2008, gv. 65).
megruli da svanuri ar aris eTnosebis/subeTnosebis enebi, miT umetes, saqarTvelos
eTnikur umciresobaTa enebi; megruli, svanuri, lazuri, sxva qarTul saSinao
metyvelebebis msgavsad, aris qarTvelTa erovnuli enis saxesxvaobebi - dialeqtebi.
warmodgenili Tvalsazrisi istoriuli qarTuli xedvis gagrZelebas
warmoadgens. Sdr., vaxuSti bagrationi:
"pirveli, ukeTu hkiTxo visme qarTlsa, anu imersa (didi istorikosi "imerSi"
gulisxmobda svan-megrelsac!) mesxsa da her-kaxsa, ra rjuli xar, wams mogigeben:
"qarTveli". meored ars amaT yovelTa wigni da ena erTi-igive farnaoz pirvelisa
mefisagan qmnuli. da hkiTxo ro winaTqmulTa maT kacTa: "ra ena da wigni uwyi,
mogigebs myis: "qarTuli". rameTu ara ityvis, arca rjulsa, enasa da wignsa imerTasa,
anu mesxTa da her-kaxTasa, aramed qarTulsa".
samwuxarod, bolo or saukuneSi ruseTis imperiis mesveurTa (ianovskebis,
aSordiebis...) mcdelobiT "zemoTgan STagonebiT" moxda eTnosisa da Temis Tu enisa
da kilos mimarTebis sakiTxis politizeba.
niko mari 1914 wlamde wova-TuSurs, megrul-Wanurs da svanurs dialeqtebad
Tvlida (m. miqaZe, d. SavianiZe, 2007, gv. 14-18). 1915 wels niko marma megrul-svanurTan
mimarTebiT azri Seicvala. igi qarTulis _ "kavkasiis sazogadoebriobis enis" Sesaxeb
werda: "qarTuli SemkreblobiTi erTeuli arsebiTad Sesdgeba xalxebis sami iseTi
jgufisagan, romelnic sams sxvadasxva, magram monaTesave enas laparakoben, saxeldobr,
qarTvelebisa, iberTa (anu megrelebisa da lazebisao) da svanebisagan. am sam xalxs
erTi-erTmaneTisagan Soris tomobrivadac da enis mxrivac daaxloebiT imgvarive
damokidebuleba aqvT, rogorc rusebs, polonelebsa da Cexebs. mxolod erTi
erovnuli kulturiT arian SekavSirebulni (Êàâêàçñêèé êóëüòóðíûé ìèð è Àðìåíèÿ, 195á, gv.
22-23);
ivane javaxiSvili svanursa da megruls 1920 wlamde kilo-kavs, Stos uwodebda
da danarCeni qarTveli tomebis sasaubrosTan erTad maTac miiCnevda qarTvelTa
saerTo enis da mwerlobis enis Semqmnelad. revoluciamde ivane javaxiSvili iyenebda
ena-kiloebs. man mxolod 1932 wels gamoiyena svanurTan mimarTebiT ena, Tumca 1933
wlidan mas isev kilo-kavis saxeliT moixseniebda (m. miqaZe, d. SavianiZe, 2007, iqve).
eTnologiur mecnierebaSi aRniSnulia, rom SeiZleba ramdenime eri
laparakobdes erT enaze, magram miekuTvnebodnen sxvadasxva eTnoss. rusul samecniero
literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebiT, eris SigniT SeiZleba arsebobdes sxvadasxva
ena da es ar iyos am enaTa matarebel eTnosTa TviTidentifikaciis mizezi. Tumca
erTi qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxis mkvidrebs eTnoss arqmeven: "Òàê íåìöû è áîëøèíñòâî
øâåèöàðåâ (65%) àâñòðèèöû è ëþêñåìáóðæöû ãîâîðÿò íà íåìåöêîì ÿçûêå íî ïðèíàäëåæàò ê ðàçíèì ýòíîñàì.
Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, âíóòðè îäíîãî ýòíîñà ìîãóò ôóíêöèîíèðîâàò íåñêîëüêî ÿçûêîâ: ó ìîðäâû _ ìîêøà è åðçèÿ, ó
ãðóçèí _ ìèíãðåëüñêèé è ñâàíñêèé. Íàëè÷èå ðàçëè÷íûõ ÿçûêîâ íå ïðåïÿòñòâóåò ñàìîèäåíòèôèêàöèé ýòèõ
ýòíîñîâ..." (À. Ï. Ñàäîõèí, Ò. Ã. Ãðóøåâèöêàÿ, 2003, gv. 83).
bunebrivia, ufro warmatebuli iyos mcdeloba, aseTi "umwerlobo enebis"
"umciresobaTa enebad", am enaTa mflobelebis - "eTnikur umciresobebad
gamocxadebisa". 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dros ruseTis mxridan
iyo mcdeloba samegrelos, da ara mxolod samegrelos, buferul zonad
gamocxadebisa. telekompania "imedis" 19 noembris sainformacio gamoSvebaSi gaJRerda,
rom ruseTis Tavdacvis ministrma TurqeTSi vizitis dros aRniSna saqarTvelosTvis
uaresad saqmis garTulebaze natosTan aliansis SemTxvevaSi. rusi politikosi
Jirinovski acxadebs, rom iwyeba saqarTvelos daSla, rom damoukideblobas moiTxoven
megrelebi, aWarlebi, javaxeTis somxebi; rom mesxeTs moindomeben Turqebi.
qarTveli eris dasaSlelad Seqmnili amgvari dausabuTebeli Teoriebi ukve
farTodaa gavrcelebuli xalxSi; mag., 2008 wels studenti zugdididan gvimtkicebda,
rom is aris kolxi da ara qarTveli; is ambobda, rom mSobliur dedaenad
qarTvelebma iZulebiT aRiarebines qarTuli da amitom aris dRes misTvis
saxelmwifo-saeklesio-samwignobro ena qarTuli, rom maTi (megrelebis _ xazi
Cvenia!) dRevandeli sacxovrisis simcire aris "aqtiuri qarTizaciis" Sedegi...
sabWoTa istoriografia ufro Sors wavida: saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxebis
mcxovrebni erTi qarTuli tomisgan asimilirebulad gamoacxada:
"...arc lazTa hegemonobis xanaSi dasrulebula tomTa Serwymis procesi
(lazikis wyobileba: mefe moxeleebi, taZreulebi, erisTav-satrap-skeptuxebi,
xeldebulni _ qveSevrdomni mefe, mTavrebi) da lazika erT xalxad ver gadaiqca. aq
mouswro iberizaciam. iberiam am mxriT gauswro kolxeTs da mis memkvidre lazikas.
iber-qarTebis Serwyma, kaxis da heris gaiberqarTeba adre dasrulda (mxolod mTaRa
iyo eTnikuri Setevis obieqti); aseve dasrulda, rogorc Cans, mesxebisa da javaxebis
Serwyma qarTTan da am axalgazrda xalxma eqspansia wamoiwyo kolxur-lazur
samyaroSi: Seutia svanias (zemo raWa), skvimnias (qvemo raWa-leCxumi), dimna-vanis
qveyanas, aWaras"; "kolxeTi rom saxelmwifo yofiliyo, ise, rogorc egrisi iyo gvian,
is arc agre advilad gaqreboda da tomebi, romelnic ase TavSemonaxuli aRmoCnda
kolxeTis daSlis Semdeg, gaiTqvifebodnen kolxTa saxelmwifoSi. es ukve xalxi iyo,
sadac egrebi pirvelobdnen da mezobel tomebis asimilacias awarmoebdnen, iqmneboda
megruli xalxi, romelsac axsovda kolxeTis morWmuloba, politikuri Zliereba da
Tavi mis memkvidred mohqonda. magram amave dros mimdinareobda meore procesi:
qarTis tomis gaZlierebis, misi xalxad qcevis viTarebaSi qarTi win miiwevda
aRmosavleTiT, dasavleTiT da iqauri tomebis qarTizacias axerxebda. argveTi da
raWa, samoqalaqo da vake, guria da aWara Tu megrelebi ar iyvnen, zanebi mainc iyvnen,
e.i. dasavlur qarTveluri tomebi, romlebic gaiTqvifa da SeierTa qarTis tomma.
uZvelesi droidan vidre Cveni w.aR. VII-VIII saukuneebamde (da Semdegac)
mimdinareobda es procesi". "feodalizmamdeli qarTlis eTnikuri ganviTareba imaSi
gamoixata, rom qveyana qarTli gafarTovda, mezobeli qarTveluri Tu
araqarTveluri modgmis tomebi daimorCila" (n. berZeniSvili, 1990, gv. 539, 365).
"...marTalia, Sorapani qarTuli erovnuli tradiciis mixedviT, romelic,
arsebiTad, swori unda iyos, qarTlis pirveli mefis farnavazis mier iqna agebuli,
magram kolxeTis da Semdeg ki egrisis da qarTlis samefos politikuri
urTierTobebis ganviTarebis kvalad xelidan xelSi gadadioda. VI s-Si, vidre
bizantia-irans Soris omi daiwyeboda egrisis dauflebisaTvis, es cixesimagreebi
egrisis samefos forpostebi iyo. eWvi ar aris, aseve unda yofiliyo IV s-is meore
da V s-is pirvel naxevarSi. aqve unda gasuliyo eTikuri sazRvaric aRmosavlel da
dasavlel qarTvelebs Soris, ramdenadac am droisaTvis margvelebi, faqtobrivad,
didi xnis iberizebulni unda yofiliyvnen..." (d. musxeliSvili, 2004, gv. 107-108).
swored msgavsi debulebebis gasaneitraleblad werda m. gegeSiZe:
"ufro swori iqneba vifiqroT, rom monaTesave da aramonaTesave tomebis
danawevrebisa Tu gaerTianebis procesSi adreve daiwyo Camoyalibeba ufro msxvilma
tomobrivma jgufebma, romlebic momijnave teritoriaze cxovrobdnen, laparakobdnen
erTi enis dialeqtebze da hqondaT mravali saerTo Tavisebureba kulturisa";
"adamianTa gansazRvruli jgufebis cxovrebis gansazRvruli wesic da kulturis
specifikuri mTlianobac erTi enis safuZvelze aRmocendeba. kulturis specifikuri
mTlianoba, gamoxatuli mocemuli xalxis fsiqikuri wyobis erTobaSi, iqmneba da
Semdgom realizacias axdens erTi enis saSualebiT" (m. gegeSiZe, 1978, gv. 26, 46).
samwuxarod, saerTaSoriso eqspertTa daskvnebic ki ruseTis imperiis
politizebul "samecniero debulebs" da Tanamedrove qarTul saistorio
mecnierebaSi miRebul daskvnebs eyrdnoba. mag., evrokavSiris mier Seqmnili
saerTaSoriso sagamoZiebo komisiis daskvnis mixedviT: "istoriulad qarTuli
erovnuli identoba Tavis warmoSobas me-4 saukuneSi qarTuli avtokefaluri
eklesiis Camoyalibebas da me-5 saukuneSi qarTuli enis gamoCenas da anbanis Seqmnas
ukavSirebs. Tumca saqarTvelo saukuneebis manZilze sxvadasxva adgilobriv
subeTnikur erTeulebad iyo dayofili, romelTagan TiToeuls hqonda Tavis
sakuTari tradiciebi, zne-Cveulebebi, dialeqtebi da megrel-lazebis da svanebis
SemTxvevaSi ki sxva enebi, romlebic hgavs qarTuls. eTnikuri konsolidaciis da erad
Camoyalibebis procesi ar iqna dasrulebuli. saqarTvelos adreulma istoriam
kulminacias XI-XIII saukuneebSi miaRwia, roca Camoyalibda gaerTianebuli qarTuli
samefo, romelic gaxda erT-erTi wamyvani saxelmwifo kavkasiis regionSi..."
(kritikuli msjelobisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, e. dadiani, l. xaWapuriZe, 2009, gv. 7-
8).
Sdr.: "saqarTvelos politikuri garTianebis process Tan erTvoda saqarTvelos
feodalur-kulturuli gaerTianebis procesi da erTiani qarTveli xalxis saboloo
formireba (narkvevebi, 1973, gv. 511).
qarTvelTa lingvokulturuli da eTnikuri istoriis kuTxiT, CvenTvis
misaRebia mosazreba, rom "saerToqarveluri ena arsebobda II-I aTaswleulebSi;
farnavazisa da qujis dros saerToqarTveluri enis bazaze iqmneba qarTveluri
mwignobroba (t. futkaraZe, 2008, gv. 93; r. TofCiSvili, 2008, gv. 46). qarTuli ena
sruliad qarTvelTa mier Seqmnili, kiloebiT gamdidrebuli qarTveli eTnosis
erovnuli enaa; qarTvelTa saxelmwifo-saeklesio-samwignobro ena qarTvelTa
erovnuli kulturaa da qarTuli eTnosis fsiqikis ganmsazRvrelia. samegrelosa da
svaneTSi saojaxo-sametyvelod gamoyenebuli megruli da svanuri saerToqarTuli
saliteraturo enis iseTive masazrdoebelia wyaroa, rogorc sxva qarTveluri
kiloebi.
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva TemTa kuTxuri sametyvelo-sasaubro kiloebis enebad
gamocxadeba pirdapir kavSirSia qarTizaciis antiqarTul TeoriasTan (romelic
pirvelad gaakritika mitropolitma anania jafariZem). ramdenime qarTveluri enis
Teoria da e.w. qarTizaciis Teoria erT dros aris Seqmnili - ruseTis okupaciis
periodSi. isini erTmaneTisganac gamomdinareobs. vfiqrobT, terminebi: qarTveluri
enebi da qarTizacia, rogorc imperiis mier Seqmnili politizebuli terminebi,
mxolod uaryofiT konteqstSi unda iqnas gamoyenebuli.
damatebiT aRvniSnavT:
saistorio wyaroTa monacemebiT, eTnikuri erToba "qarTveli" imTaviTve
aerTianebda megrel-Wanebs (lazebs), svanebs, herebs, kaxelebs, mesxebs, sxva qarTul
Temebs. erTmaneTis sacxovrisi yvela maTganis samSoblo iyo. "erTobil saqarTvelos"
imTaviTve saerTo hqonda sarwmunoeba, saxelmwifo-saeklesio-samwignobro ena da
mSobliuri eniT Seqmnili qarTuli TviTSegneba. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva Temis mkvidr
qarTvelTa bunebrivi da arcTu iSviaTad gare faqtorebis gamo gamowveuli
iZulebiTi Sereva ar iyo Sepirobebuli im saWiroebiT, rasac daerqva qarTis
tomisagan "saqarTvelos mTianeTis, hereTis, dasavleT da samxreT saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis gaqarTveleba" (n. mari).
2006 wels svaneTSi dialeqtologiur-eTnografiul praqtikaze yofnis dros
akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebTan erTad daveswariT
"kvirikobis" dResaswauls. locvis dros da Semdgom sadRegrZeloSic pirvelad
sakuTar samSobloSi qarTvelTa erToba dailoca; uSgulSi CaJaSis Temis mkvidrma
daviT RvaClianma svaneTis mkvidrTa cxovrebis wesis amsaxveli saintereso
eTnografiuli masalis mowodebis Semdeg sufrasTan migviwvia. vidre dagvsxamda,
Tavadac fexze mdgomma ufals saqarTvelos erTianobis, qarTvelTa mTlianobis da
Tavisi dedaenis _ qarTulis mfarveloba sTxova. msgavsi vedreba uflisadmi
mogvismenia xevsureTSi "aTingenobis" dResaswaulze xucesisagan aRvlenil locvaSi.
agreTve mesxeTSi, samegreloSi, aWarasa da mTel danarCen saqarTveloSi.
saistorio tradiciiT, farnavazi saqarTvelos sxva politikuri nawilis mkvidr
eTnikur qarTvelebs daukavSirda. erTiani qarTuli eTnosis SemadgenlobaSi svanebTan
erTad imTaviTve iyvnen megrelebic. ase rom, dRevandeli leCxumisa da samegrelo-
svaneTis Temis mkvidrebi qarTvelebi iyvnen da aranairi gaqarTveleba maT ar
sWirdebodaT. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva Temis mkvidrTa migraciebi marTla arsebobda,
magram es gamowveuli iyo mtris SemoseviT, socialur, bunebriv-geografiul da sxva
mizezTa gamo iZulebiTi gadaadgilebebiT.
Cveni azriT, qarTveli eris enobriv-eTnikuri daSla Tavidan rom aviciloT,
sxva garemoebebTan erTad, aucilebelia:
a) saistorio wyaroTa monacemebis erTmaneTTan Sejereba, gaanalizeba, sworad
miwodeba farTo mkiTxvelisTvis;
b) eTnolingvisturi terminologiis sworad gageba, saWiroebisamebr gamoyeneba
(mag., gaumarTlebelia, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis mosaxleobis aRsaniSnavad
eTnikuri jgufis, subeTnosis, tomis... gamoyeneba; umjobelia gamoviyenoT Temi);
g) oficialur saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv dokumentebSi ar unda davuSvaT
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva Temis mkvidrTa eTnikur umciresobebad, xolo maTi saojaxo-
salaparako kiloebis umciresobis enebad kvalificireba.

damowmebuli literatura

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n. berZeniSvili.., 1958 - n. berZeniSvili, v. dondua, m. dumbaZe, g. meliqiSvili,
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m. gegeSiZe, 1978 - m. gegeSiZe, eTnikuri kultura da tradiciebi, Tb., 1978.
georgika, 1936 - georgika (bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb),
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georgika, 1952 - georgika (bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb),
Tb., 1952.
georgika, 1961 - georgika (bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb),
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n. doborjginiZe, 2007 - n. doborjginiZe, religiuri istoriografiis uZvelesi
wyaroebi samwerlobo da arasamwerlobo qarTveluri enebis Sesaxeb, "qarTuli
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eTnografia, 1991 - eTnografia, Tb., 1991.
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saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebi, Tb., 2002.
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aRmosavleTi uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb., 1965.
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DAVID SHAVIANIDZE, RUSUDAN KASHIA

TERMS: TRIBE, COMMUNITY, ETHNONYM, THEMONYM AND

THE QUESTION OF THE SO-CALLED KARTIZATION

The improper use of ethno-linguistic terms (tribe, ethnic unit, ethnic-territorial groups, ethnic
group, sub-ethnos, language, ethno-nym,..) presents the reality inadequately. The use of tribe instead
of community and vice-versa in the specialists’ literature sometimes serves a reason to declare a part
of Georgians as non-Georgians.
The question of ethnos/sub-ethnos and a language are intertwined. The acceptable theory
according to which the historic written language of Georgians was created by the end of the old era is
based on the common Georgian language of B.C. II-I. During the reign of kings Farnavaz and Kuji on
the basis of the common Georgian language the literacy (T.Putkaradze, R. Topchishvili) was created.
The Georgian language is created by all Georgians, that is, it si formed in participation of all Georgian
dialects as a language of one ethnos. Since then it has only been state-religious-literacy (fiction and
non-fiction) language that determined the Georgian national culture and identity. Megrelian, and Svan
dialects nourished the literary Georgian as any other Georgian dialects. Correspondingly, Megrelian
and Svan dialects are not the languages of separate ethnos’, the more-so they cannot be regarded as
ethnic minorities as Megrelian and Svan are the variants, the dialects of the literary Georgian
language.
The declaration of different Georgian community dialects as different languages is directly
related to the ant-Georgian theory of Kartization, (the theory first being criticized by Metropolitan
Anania Japaridze). The theory of more than one Georgian language and the theory of Kartization were
created simultaneously – in the period of the Russian occupation. They imply one another and
originate from the same source. We think that the terms: “Kartvelian languages” and “Kartization “
are politicized terms created for Russian Empire purposes that can now be only referred in the
negative context.