Calculo Capitulo 09

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Sheet number 1 Page number 395
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CHAPTER 9
Mathematical Modeling with Differential

Equations
EXERCISE SET 9.1
1. y = 9x2 ex = 3x2 y and y(0) = 3 by inspection.
3
2. y = x3 2 sin x, y(0) = 3 by inspection.

dy
dy
= c; (1 + x)
= (1 + x)c = y
dx
dx
(b) second order; y = c1 cos t c2 sin t, y + y = c1 sin t c2 cos t + (c1 sin t + c2 cos t) = 0
3. (a) rst order;

c
dy
+ y = 2 ex/2 + 1 + cex/2 + x 3 = x 1
dx
2

t
(b) second order; y = c1 e c2 et , y y = c1 et + c2 et c1 et + c2 et = 0
4. (a) rst order; 2
5.
y3
1 dy
dy dy
dy
= y 2 + 2xy ,
(1 2xy 2 ) = y 3 ,
=
y dx
dx dx
dx
1 2xy 2
6. 2x + y 2 + 2xy
dy
= 0, by inspection.
dx
d 3x
ye
= 0, ye3x = C, y = Ce3x
dx
dy
separation of variables:
= 3dx, ln |y| = 3x + C1 , y = e3x eC1 = Ce3x
y
including C = 0 by inspection
7. (a) IF: = e3
dx
= e3x ,
d
[ye2t ] = 0, ye2t = C, y = Ce2t
dt
dy
= 2dt, ln |y| = 2t + C1 , y = eC1 e2t = Ce2t
y
(b) IF: = e2
8. (a) IF: = e4
dt
= e2t ,
x dx
= e2x ,
2
2
d 2x2
ye
= 0, y = Ce2x
dx
2
2
dy
= 4x dx, ln |y| = 2x2 + C1 , y = eC1 e2x = Ce2x
y
d t
ye = 0, y = Cet
dt
dy
= dt, ln |y| = t + C1 , y = eC1 et = Cet
y

9. = e 4dx = e4x , e4x y = ex dx = ex + C, y = e3x + Ce4x

(b) IF: = e
10. = e2
x dx
dt
= ex ,
= et ,
2
2
2
d x2
1 2
1
ye
= xex , yex = ex + C, y = + Cex
dx
2
2
395
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396
Chapter 9

11. = e
12.
13.
dx
=e ,e y=
ex cos(ex )dx = sin(ex ) + C, y = ex sin(ex ) + Cex

1
dy
+ 2y = , = e 2dx = e2x , e2x y =
dx
2
1 2x
1
1
e dx = e2x + C, y = + Ce2x
2
4
4

2
2
1
x
dy
+ 2
y = 0, = e (x/(x +1))dx = e 2 ln(x +1) = x2 + 1,
dx x + 1

d 2
C
y x + 1 = 0, y x2 + 1 = C, y =
dx
x2 + 1
14.

1
dy
+y =
, = e dx = ex , ex y =
x
dx
1e
15.
y
1
y
1

dy = dx, ln |y| = ln |x| + C1 , ln = C1 , = eC1 = C, y = Cx
y
x
x
x
16.

dy
= 2x dx, tan1 y = x2 + C, y = tan x2 + C
2
1+y
17.

dy
x
2
2
dx, ln |1 + y| = 1 + x2 + C1 , 1 + y = e 1+x eC1 = Ce 1+x ,
=
1+y
1 + x2
1+x2
y = Ce
18. y dy =

19.
20.
23.
24.
1, C = 0

x3 dx y 2
1
,
= ln(1 + x4 ) + C1 , 2y 2 = ln(1 + x4 ) + C, y = [ln(1 + x4 ) + C]/2
1 + x4 2
4
2(1 + y 2 )
y

dy = ex dx, 2 ln |y| + y 2 = ex + C; by inspection, y = 0 is also a solution
2
2
dy
= x dx, ln |y| = x2 /2 + C1 , y = eC1 ex /2 = Cex /2 , including C = 0 by inspection
y
21. ey dy =
22.
ex
dx = ln |1ex |+C, y = ex ln |1ex |+Cex
1 ex
sin x
dx = sec x tan x dx, ey = sec x + C, y = ln(sec x + C)
cos2 x
x2
dy
1
=
(1
+
x)
dx,
tan
y
=
x
+
+ C, y = tan(x + x2 /2 + C)
1 + y2
2

y 1
1
dy
dx
1

+
dy
=
csc
x
dx,
ln
=
,
y = ln | csc x cot x| + C1 ,
y2 y
sin x
y y1
1
y1
= eC1 (csc x cot x) = C(csc x cot x), y =
, C = 0;
y
1 C(csc x cot x)
by inspection, y = 0 is also a solution, as is y = 1.
1
dy = cos x dx, ln |y| = sin x + C, y = C1 esin x
y
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Exercise Set 9.1
25.
397

1
1
dy
d
+ y = 1, = e (1/x)dx = eln x = x,
[xy] = x, xy = x2 + C, y = x/2 + C/x
dx x
dx
2
3
1
+ C, C = , y = x/2 + 3/(2x)
2
2
(a) 2 = y(1) =
(b) 2 = y(1) = 1/2 C, C = 5/2, y = x/2 5/(2x)
26.
2
2
dy
x2
= x dx, ln |y| =
+ C1 , y = eC1 ex /2 = Cex /2
y
2
2
(a) 1 = y(0) = C so C = 1, y = ex
/2
1 2
1
= y(0) = C, so y = ex /2
2
2
(b)
27. = e
x dx
x2
=e
x2
,e
y=
2xex dx = ex + C,
2
y = 1 + Cex , 3 = 1 + C, C = 4, y = 1 + 4ex

28. = e
dt
=e,ey=
2et dt = 2et + C, y = 2 + Cet , 1 = 2 + C, C = 1, y = 2 et
29. (2y + cos y) dy = 3x2 dx, y 2 + sin y = x3 + C, 2 + sin = C, C = 2 ,

y 2 + sin y = x3 + 2
30.
dy
1
= (x + 2)ey , ey dy = (x + 2)dx, ey = x2 + 2x + C, 1 = C,
dx
2

1
1
1 2
2
y
2
y
e = x + 2x 1, e = x 2x + 1, y = ln 1 2x x
2
2
2
31. 2(y 1) dy = (2t + 1) dt, y 2 2y = t2 + t + C, 1 + 2 = C, C = 3, y 2 2y = t2 + t + 3

sinh x
y = cosh x, = e (sinh x/ cosh x)dx = eln cosh x = cosh x,
cosh x
1
1
1
(cosh 2x + 1)dx = sinh 2x + x + C =
(cosh x)y = cosh2 x dx =
2
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
y = sinh x + x sech x + C sech x, = C, y = sinh x + x sech x +
2
2
4
2
2
32. y +
33. (a)
dx
1
dy
=
, ln |y| = ln |x| + C1 ,
y
2x
2
x = 0.5y2
x = 1.5y2
y
2
x = y2
|y| = C|x|1/2 , y 2 = Cx;

by inspection y = 0 is also a solution.
x = 3y2
x = 2y2
y=0
2
1
1
sinh x cosh x + x + C,
2
2
1
sech x
4
x
2
(b) 1 = C(2) , C = 1/4, y = x/4

2
x = 2.5y2
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398
Chapter 9

x2
y2
= + C1 , y = C 2 x2
34. (a) y dy = x dx,
2
2
(b) y = 25 x2
y = 9 x 2
y = 2.25 x 2
y = 0.25 x 2
x
3
y = 1 x 2
y = 4 x 2
35.
dy
x dx
= 2
,
y
x +4
1
ln |y| = ln(x2 + 4) + C1 ,
2
C
y=
x2 + 4
36. y + 2y = 3et , = e2 dt = e2t ,

d 2t
ye = 3e3t , ye2t = e3t + C,
dt
y = et + Ce2t
100
C=2
C=1
C=0
1.5
2
C=2
C=1
C=0
y = 6.25 x 2
2
C = 1
C = 2
2
C = 1
C = 2
100

37. (1 y ) dy = x dx,
2
38.
x3
y3
=
+ C1 , x3 + y 3 3y = C
3
3
1
+y
y
yey
/2

dy = dx, ln |y| +
y2
= x + C1 ,
2
= eC1 ex = Cex including C = 0

y
x
5
x
2

1
1
,
all
pass
through
the
point
0,
and thus never through (0, 0).

2x2 C
C
A solution of the initial value problem with y(0) = 0 is (by inspection) y = 0. The methods of
Example 4 fail because the integrals there become divergent when the point x = 0 is included in
the integral.
39. Of the solutions y =
1
1
40. If y0 = 0 then, proceeding as before, we get C = 2x2 , C = 2x20 , and
y
y0
1
y=
, which is dened for all x provided 2x2 is never equal to 2x20 1/y0 ; this
2
2x 2x20 + 1/y0
last condition will be satised if and only if 2x20 1/y0 < 0, or 0 < 2x20 y0 < 1. If y0 = 0 then y = 0
is, by inspection, also a solution for all real x.
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Exercise Set 9.1
399
41.
dy
x2
= xey , ey dy = x dx, ey =
+ C, x = 2 when y = 0 so 1 = 2 + C, C = 1, ey = x2 /2 1
dx
2
42.
dy
3x2
=
, 2y dy = 3x2 dx, y 2 = x3 + C, 1 = 1 + C, C = 0,
dx
2y
y 2 = x3 , y = x3/2 passes through (1, 1).
1.6
0
43.
dy
= rate in rate out, where y is the amount of salt at time t,
dt
y
dy
1
dy
1
= (4)(2)
(2) = 8 y, so
+ y = 8 and y(0) = 25.
dt
50
25
dt
25

= e (1/25)dt = et/25 , et/25 y = 8et/25 dt = 200et/25 + C,
y = 200 + Cet/25 , 25 = 200 + C, C = 175,
(a) y = 200 175et/25 oz
44.
(b) when t = 25, y = 200 175e1 136 oz
y
1
dy
1
dy
= (5)(20)
(20) = 100 y, so
+ y = 100 and y(0) = 0.
dt
200
10
dt
10
1
= e 10 dt = et/10 , et/10 y = 100et/10 dt = 1000et/10 + C,
y = 1000 + Cet/10 , 0 = 1000 + C, C = 1000;
(a)
y = 1000 1000et/10 lb
(b)
when t = 30, y = 1000 1000e3 950 lb
45. The volume V of the (polluted) water is V (t) = 500 + (20 10)t = 500 + 10t;
if y(t) is the number of pounds of particulate matter in the water,
dt
y
1
dy
1
dy
= 0 10 =
y,
+
y = 0; = e 50+t = 50 + t;
then y(0) = 50, and
dt
V
50 + t
dt
50 + t
d
[(50 + t)y] = 0, (50 + t)y = C, 2500 = 50y(0) = C, y(t) = 2500/(50 + t).
dt
The tank reaches the point of overowing when V = 500 + 10t = 1000, t = 50 min, so
y = 2500/(50 + 50) = 25 lb.
46. The volume of the lake (in gallons) is V = 264r2 h = 264(15)2 3 = 178,200 gals. Let y(t) denote
y
dy
y
= 0 103
the number of pounds of mercury salts at time t, then
=
lb/h and
V
178.2
dt
dt
t
dy
=
, ln y =
+ C1 , y = Cet/(178.2) , and
y0 = 105 V = 1.782 lb;
y
178.2
178.2
C = y(0) = y0 105 V = 1.782, y = 1.782et/(178.2) lb of mercury salts.
t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
y(t) 5.588 5.578 5.568 5.558 5.549 5.539 5.529 5.519 5.509 5.499 5.489 5.480
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400
Chapter 9

c
dv
d ct/m
gm ct/m
+ v = g, = e(c/m) dt = ect/m ,
ve
e
= gect/m , vect/m =
+ C,
dt
m
dt
c

gm
gm
gm
gm ct/m
gm
+Cect/m , but v0 = v(0) =
+C, C = v0 +
,v =
+ v0 +
e
v=
c
c
c
c
c
mg
(b) Replace
with v and ct/m with gt/v in (23).
c
v
(c) From Part (b), s(t) = C v t (v0 + v ) egt/v ;
g

v
v
v
s0 = s(0) = C (v0 +v ) , C = s0 +(v0 +v ) , s(t) = s0 v t+ (v0 +v ) 1 egt/v
g
g
g
47. (a)
48. Given m = 240, g = 32, v = mg/c: with a closed parachute v = 120 so c = 64, and with an open
parachute v = 24, c = 320.
(a) Let t denote time elapsed in seconds after the moment of the drop. From Exercise 47(b),
while the parachute is closed

v(t) = egt/v (v0 + v ) v = e32t/120 (0 + 120) 120 = 120 e4t/15 1 and thus
20/3

v(25) = 120 e
1 119.85, so the parachutist is falling at a speed of 119.85 ft/s

120
when the parachute opens. From Exercise 47(c), s(t) = s0 120t +
120 1 e4t/15 ,
32

s(25) = 10000 120 25 + 450 1 e20/3 7449.43 ft.
(b) If t denotes time elapsed after the parachute opens, then, by Exercise 47(c),

24
(119.85 + 24) 1 e32t/24 = 0, with the solution (Newtons
s(t) = 7449.43 24t +
32
Method) t = 307.4 s, so the sky diver is in the air for about 25 + 307.4 = 332.4 s.
49.

R
V (t)
d
V (t) Rt/L
dI
+ I=
, = e(R/L) dt = eRt/L , (eRt/L I) =
e
,
dt
L
L
dt
L
t
1 t
1
IeRt/L = I(0) +
V (u)eRu/L du, I(t) = I(0)eRt/L + eRt/L
V (u)eRu/L du.
L 0
L
0
t
t

1
20e2u du = 2e2t e2u = 2 1 e2t A.
(a) I(t) = e2t
5
0
0
(b)
lim I(t) = 2 A
t+
50. From Exercise 49 and Endpaper Table #42,

t
t
e2u
1
3e2u sin u du = 15e2t + e2t
I(t) = 15e2t + e2t
(2 sin u cos u)
3
5
0
0
1
1
= 15e2t + (2 sin t cos t) + e2t .
5
5
51. (a)
ck
dv
=
g, v = c ln(m0 kt) gt + C; v = 0 when t = 0 so 0 = c ln m0 + C,
dt
m0 kt
m0
C = c ln m0 , v = c ln m0 c ln(m0 kt) gt = c ln
gt.
m0 kt
(b) m0 kt = 0.2m0 when t = 100 so

m0
9.8(100) = 2500 ln 5 980 3044 m/s.
v = 2500 ln
0.2m0
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Exercise Set 9.1
401
dv dx
dv
dv
dv
dv
=
=
v so m
= mv .
dt
dx dt
dx
dt
dx
mv
m
(b)
dv = dx,
ln(kv 2 + mg) = x + C; v = v0 when x = 0 so
kv 2 + mg
2k
52. (a) By the chain rule,
C=
m
m
m
m kv02 + mg
ln(kv02 + mg),
ln(kv 2 + mg) = x +
ln(kv02 + mg), x =
ln
.
2k
2k
2k
2k kv 2 + mg
(c) x = xmax when v = 0 so

xmax =
m kv02 + mg
3.56 103
(7.3 106 )(988)2 + (3.56 103 )(9.8)
ln
=
ln
1298 m
mg
2(7.3 106 )
(3.56 103 )(9.8)
2k
dh
53. (a) A(h) = (1)2 = ,

= 0.025 h, dh = 0.025dt, 2 h = 0.025t + C; h = 4 when
dt
h
0.025
t = 0, so 4 = C, 2 h = 0.025t + 4, h = 2
t, h (2 0.003979 t)2 .
2
(b) h = 0 when t 2/0.003979 502.6 s 8.4 min.

54. (a) A(h) = 6 2 4 (h 2)2 = 12 4h h2 ,

dh
= 0.025 h, 12 4 h dh = 0.025dt,
12 4h h2
dt
3/2
8(4 h)
= 0.025t + C; h = 4 when t = 0 so C = 0,
(4 h)
3/2
= (0.025/8)t, 4 h = (0.025/8)
2/3 2/3
24 (h 2)2
h2
2
h
h 4 0.021375t2/3 ft
8
(b) h = 0 when t =
(4 0)3/2 = 2560 s 42.7 min
0.025
55.
1
1
1
1
dv
1
1
= v 2 , 2 dv = dt, = t + C; v = 128 when t = 0 so
= C,
dt
32
v
32
v
32
128
1
1
1
128
dx
dx
128
= t
,v =
cm/s. But v =
so
=
, x = 32 ln(4t + 1) + C1 ;
v
32
128
4t + 1
dt
dt
4t + 1
x = 0 when t = 0 so C1 = 0, x = 32 ln(4t + 1) cm.
56.
1
dv
= 0.02 v, dv = 0.02dt, 2 v = 0.02t + C; v = 9 when t = 0 so 6 = C,
dt
v
dx
dx
2 v = 0.02t + 6, v = (3 0.01t)2 cm/s. But v =
so
= (3 0.01t)2 ,
dt
dt
100
100
x=
(3 0.01t)3 + C1 ; x = 0 when t = 0 so C1 = 900, x = 900
(3 0.01t)3 cm.
3
3
57. Dierentiate to get
2
dy
= sin x + ex , y(0) = 1.
dx
1
dP
[H(x) + C] where = eP (x) ,
= p(x),
dx
constant. Then
dy

1
+ p(x)y = H (x) 2 [H(x) + C] + p(x)y = q
dx
58. (a) Let y =
d
H(x) = q, and C is an arbitrary
dx
p
[H(x) + C] + p(x)y = q
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402
Chapter 9
1
[H(x)+C] is a solution
of the initial value problem with y(x0 ) = y0 . This shows that the initial value problem has
a solution.
(b) Given the initial value problem, let C = (x0 )y0 H(x0 ). Then y =
To show uniqueness, suppose u(x) also satises (5) together with u(x0 ) = y0 . Following the
1
arguments in the text we arrive at u(x) = [H(x) + C] for some constant C. The initial
condition requires C = (x0 )y0 H(x0 ), and thus u(x) is identical with y(x).
59. Suppose that H(y) = G(x) + C. Then
dH dy
dH
dG
= G (x). But
= h(y) and
= g(x), hence
dy dx
dy
dx
y(x) is a solution of (10).

60. (a) y = x and y = x are both solutions of the given initial value problem.
(b)
y dy = x dx, y 2 = x2 + C; but y(0) = 0, so C = 0. Thus y 2 = x2 , which is
impossible.
EXERCISE SET 9.2

1. y 1 = xy/4
2 x +2
2 y +2
2.
4
3
y
2
1
x
x
2
3.
y
2
y(0) = 2
y(0) = 1
x
5
1
4.
y(0) = 1

dy
+ y = 1, = e dx = ex ,
dx
d
[yex ] = ex ,
dx
yex = ex + C, y = 1 + Cex
(a) 1 = 1 + C, C = 2, y = 1 2ex
(b) 1 = 1 + C, C = 0, y = 1
(c) 2 = 1 + C, C = 1, y = 1 + ex
5.
10
y(1) = 1
y(1) = 0
x
-2
y(0) = 1
10
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Exercise Set 9.2
6.
403

dy
d 2x
2y = x, = e2 dx = e2x ,
ye
= xe2x ,
dx
dx
1
1
ye2x = (2x + 1)e2x + C, y = (2x + 1) + Ce2x
4
4
(a) 1 = 3/4 + Ce2 , C = 1/(4e2 ), y =

(b) 1 = 1/4 + C, C = 5/4, y =
1
1
(2x + 1) + e2x2
4
4
5
1
(2x + 1) e2x
4
4
(c) 0 = 1/4 + Ce2 , C = e2 /4, y =
1
1
(2x + 1) + e2x+2
4
4

7.
lim y = 1
8.
x+
lim y =
x+
if y0 1/4
if y0 < 1/4
9. (a) IV, since the slope is positive for x > 0 and negative for x < 0.
(b) VI, since the slope is positive for y > 0 and negative for y < 0.
(c) V, since the slope is always positive.
(d) II, since the slope changes sign when crossing the lines y = 1.
(e) I, since the slope can be positive or negative in each quadrant but is not periodic.
(f )
III, since the slope is periodic in both x and y.
11. (a) y0 = 1,
yn+1 = yn + (xn + yn )(0.2) = (xn + 6yn )/5
n
xn
yn
d x
ye
= xex ,
dx
yex = (x + 1)ex + C, 1 = 1 + C,
C = 2, y = (x + 1) + 2ex
(b) y y = x, = ex ,
0
0
1
xn
y(xn)
abs. error
perc. error
1
0.2
1.20
0
1
0
0
0.4
1.48
0.6
1.86
0.8
2.35
1.0
2.98
0.2
1.24
0.04
0.4
1.58
0.10
0.6
2.04
0.19
0.8
2.65
0.30
1.0
3.44
0.46
11
13
(c)
3
x
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
12. h = 0.1, yn+1 = (xn + 11yn )/10

n
xn
yn
0
0
1.00
1
0.1
1.10
0.2
1.22
0.3
1.36
0.4
1.53
0.5
1.72
0.6
1.94
0.7
2.20
0.8
2.49
9
0.9
10
1.0
2.82
3.19
In Exercise 11, y(1) 2.98; in Exercise 12, y(1) 3.19; the true solution is y(1) 3.44; so the
absolute errors are approximately 0.46 and 0.25 respectively.
January 27, 2005 11:46
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404
Chapter 9
1/3
13. y0 = 1, yn+1 = yn + 12 yn
n
xn
yn
0
0
1
1
0.5
1.50
2
1
2.11
3
1.5
2.84
4
2
5
2.5
4.64
3.68
6
3
5.72
7
3.5
6.91
8
4
8.23
x
1
1.5
14. y0 = 1, yn+1 = yn + (xn yn2 )/4

n
xn
yn
0
0
1
1
0.25
0.75
2
0.50
0.67
3
0.75
0.68
4
1.00
0.75
5
1.25
0.86
6
1.50
0.99
7
1.75
1.12
8
2
2.00
1.24
1.5
1
0.5
x
0.5
15. y0 = 1, yn+1 = yn +
n
tn
yn
0
0
1
1
0.5
1.27
2
1
1.42
1
cos yn
2
3
1.5
1.49
4
2
1.53
t
3
16. y0 = 0, yn+1 = yn + eyn /10

n
tn
yn
0
0
0
1
0.1
0.10
10
0.2
0.19
0.3
0.27
0.4
0.35
0.5
0.42
0.6
0.49
0.7
0.55
0.8
0.60
0.9
0.66
1.0
0.71
y
1
t
1
17. h = 1/5, y0 = 1, yn+1 = yn +

n
tn
yn
0
0
1
1
0.2
1
2
0.4
1.12
1
sin(n/5)
5
0.6
1.31
0.8
1.50
1.0
1.62
January 27, 2005 11:46
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Exercise Set 9.2
18. (a) By inspection,
405
2
dy
= ex and y(0) = 0.
dx
(b) yn+1 = yn + exn /20 = yn + e(n/20) /20 and y20 = 0.7625. From a CAS, y(1) = 0.7468.
2
19. (b) y dy = x dx, y 2 /2 = x2 /2 + C1 , x2 + y 2 = C; if y(0) = 1 then C = 1 so y(1/2) =
3/2.
20. (a) y0 = 1, yn+1 = yn + ( yn /2)x
x = 0.2 : yn+1 = yn + yn /10; y5 1.5489
x = 0.1 : yn+1 = yn + yn /20; y10 1.5556
x = 0.05 : yn+1 = yn + yn /40; y20 1.5590

(c)
dy
1
= dx, 2 y = x/2 + C, 2 = C,
y
2
y = x/4 + 1, y = (x/4 + 1)2 ,

y(1) = 25/16 = 1.5625
21. (a) The slope eld does not vary with t, hence along a given parallel line all values are equal
since they only depend on the height y.
(b) As in part (a), the slope eld does not vary with t; it is independent of t.
d
1 dy
d
dy
(c) From G(y) x = C we obtain
(G(y) x) =
1=
C = 0, i.e.
= f (y).
dx
f (y) dx
dx
dx
dy
22. (a) Separate variables: = dx, 2 y = x + C, y = (x/2 + C1 )2 is a parabola that opens up,
y
and is therefore concave up.
(b) A curve is concave up if its derivative is increasing, and y = y is increasing.

dy
y 3 2xy
dy
dy
2xy x2
= 0,
= 2
.
dx
dx
dx
x 3xy 2
(b) If y(x) is an integral curve of the slope eld in part (a), then
d
{x[y(x)]3 x2 y(x)} = [y(x)]3 + 3xy(x)2 y (x) 2xy(x) x2 y (x) = 0, so the integral curve
dx
must be of the form x[y(x)]3 x2 y(x) = C.
23. (a) By implicit dierentiation, y 3 + 3xy 2
(c) x[y(x)]3 x2 y(x) = 2

24. (a) By implicit dierentiation, ey + xey
dy
dy
+ ex
+ yex = 0,
dx
dx
dy
ey + yex
= y
dx
xe + ex
(b) If y(x) is an integral curve of the slope eld in part (a), then
d
{xey(x) + y(x)ex } = ey(x) + xy (x)ey(x) + y (x)ex + y(x)ex = 0 from part (a). Thus
dx
xey(x) + y(x)ex = C.
(c) Any integral curve y(x) of the slope eld above satises xey(x) + y(x)ex = C; if it passes
through (1, 1) then e + e = C, so xey(x) + y(x)ex = 2e denes the curve implicitly.
25. Eulers Method is repeated application of local linear approximation, each step dependent on the
previous step.
26. (a) For any n, yn is the value of the discrete approximation at the right endpoint, that, is an
approximation of y(1). By increasing the number of subdivisions of the interval [0, 1] one
might expect more accuracy, and hence in the limit y(1).
January 27, 2005 11:46
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406
Chapter 9
1
n+1
(b) For a xed value of n we have, for k = 1, 2, . . . , n, yk = yk1 + yk1 =
yk1 In particn
n
2
n
n

n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
yn1 =
yn2 = . . . =
y0 =
. Consequently,
ular yn =
n
n
n
n

n

n+1
lim yn = lim
= e, which is the (correct) value y = ex
.
n+
n+
n
x=1
EXERCISE SET 9.3

1. (a)
dy
= ky 2 , y(0) = y0 , k > 0
dt
(b)
dy
= ky 2 , y(0) = y0 , k > 0
dt
3. (a)
1
ds
= s
dt
2
(b)
d2 s
ds
=2
dt2
dt
4. (a)
dv
= 2v 2
dt
(b)
d2 s
= 2
dt2
dy
= 0.02y, y0 = 10,000
dt
1
(c) T =
ln 2 34.657 h
0.02
5. (a)
1
1
ln 2 =
ln 2
T
20
dy
(a)
= ((ln 2)/20)y, y(0) = 1
dt
ds
dt
2
(b) y = 10,000e2t/100
(d) 45,000 = 10,000e2t/100 ,
45,000
75.20 h
t = 50 ln
10,000
6. k =
(c) y(120) = 26 = 64
(b) y(t) = et(ln 2)/20 = 2t/20

(d) 1,000,000 = 2t/20 ,
t = 20
7. (a)
ln 106
398.63 min
ln 2
dy
ln 2
1
= ky, y(0) = 5.0 107 ; 3.83 = T = ln 2, so k =
0.1810
dt
k
3.83
(b) y = 5.0 107 e0.181t

(c) y(30) = 5.0 107 e0.1810(30) 219,000
(d) y(t) = (0.1)y0 = y0 ekt , kt = ln 0.1, t =
8. (a) k =
ln 0.1
= 12.72 days
0.1810
1
dy
1
ln 2 =
ln 2 0.0050, so
= 0.0050y, y0 = 10.
T
140
dt
(b) y = 10e0.0050t
(c) 10 weeks = 70 days so y = 10e0.35 7 mg.
(d) 0.3y0 = y0 ekt , t =
ln 0.3
240.8 days
0.0050
January 27, 2005 11:46
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Exercise Set 9.3
407
9. 100e0.02t = 10,000, e0.02t = 100, t =
1
ln 100 230 days
0.02
1
10. y = 10,000ekt , but y = 12,000 when t = 5 so 10,000e5k = 12,000, k = ln 1.2. y = 20,000 when
5
ln 2
ln 2
2 = ekt , t =
=5
19, in the year 2017.
k
ln 1.2
3.5
1
1
11. y(t) = y0 ekt = 10.0ekt , 3.5 = 10.0ek(5) , k = ln
0.2100, T = ln 2 3.30 days
5 10.0
k
1
12. y = y0 ekt , 0.7y0 = y0 e5k , k = ln 0.7 0.07
5
ln 2
(a) T =
9.90 yr
k
y
e0.07t , so e0.07t 100 percent will remain.
(b) y(t) y0 e0.07t ,
y0
ln 2
0.1155; y 3e0.1155t
6
13. (a) k =
(b) y(t) = 4e0.02t

1
ln 200 0.5887,
9
0.5550, y 0.5550e0.5887t .
(c) y = y0 ekt , 1 = y0 ek , 200 = y0 e10k . Divide: 200 = e9k , k =

y y0 e0.5887t ; also y(1) = 1, so y0 = e0.5887
ln 2
0.1155, 2 = y(1) y0 e0.1155 , y0 2e0.1155 1.7818, y 1.7818e0.1155t
T
(d) k =
ln 2
0.1386, y 10e0.1386t
T
14. (a) k =
(b) y = 10e0.015t
(c) 100 = y0 ek , 1 = y0 e10k . Divide: e9k = 100, k =

y0 = e10k e5.117 166.83, y = 166.83e0.5117t .
1
ln 100 0.5117;
9
ln 2
0.1386, 10 = y(1) y0 e0.1386 , y0 10e0.1386 11.4866, y 11.4866e0.1386t
T
(d) k =
16. (a) None; the half-life is independent of the initial amount.

(b) kT = ln 2, so T is inversely proportional to k.
ln 2
; and ln 2 0.6931. If k is measured in percent, k = 100k,
k
69.31
ln 2
70
then T =
.

k
k
k
17. (a) T =
(b) 70 yr
(c) 20 yr
(d) 7%
18. Let y = y0 ekt with y = y1 when t = t1 and y = 3y1 when t = t1 + T ; then y0 ekt1 = y1 (i) and
1
y0 ek(t1 +T ) = 3y1 (ii). Divide (ii) by (i) to get ekT = 3, T = ln 3.
k
19. From (11), y(t) = y0 e0.000121t . If 0.27 =
if 0.30 =
y(t)
ln 0.27
= e0.000121t then t =
10,820 yr, and
y0
0.000121
ln 0.30
y(t)
then t =
9950, or roughly between 9000 B.C. and 8000 B.C.
y0
0.000121
January 27, 2005 11:46
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408
Chapter 9
20. (a)
(b) t = 1988 yields
y/y0 = e0.000121(1988) 79%.
50000
0
ln 2
0.00012182; T2 = 5730 + 40 = 5770, k2 0.00012013.
T1
1
y
1
= 684.5, 595.7; t2 = ln(y/y0 ) = 694.1, 604.1; in
With y/y0 = 0.92, 0.93, t1 = ln
k1 y0
k2
1988 the shroud was at most 695 years old, which places its creation in or after the year 1293.
21. (a) Let T1 = 5730 40 = 5690, k1 =
(b) Suppose T is the true half-life of carbon-14 and T1 = T (1 + r/100) is the false half-life. Then
ln 2
ln 2
we have the formulae y(t) = y0 ekt , y1 (t) = y0 ek1 t . At a certain
with k =
, k1 =
T
T1
point in time a reading of the carbon-14 is taken resulting in a certain value y, which in the
case of the true formula is given by y = y(t) for some t, and in the case of the false formula
is given by y = y1 (t1 ) for some t1 .
1
y
If the true formula is used then the time t since the beginning is given by t = ln . If
k y0
1
y
the false formula is used we get a false value t1 = ln ; note that in both cases the
k1 y0
value y/y0 is the same. Thus t1 /t = k/k1 = T1 /T = 1 + r/100, so the percentage error in
the time to be measured is the same as the percentage error in the half-life.
22. (a)
dp
= kp, p(0) = p0
dh
(b) p0 = 1, so p = ekh , but p = 0.83 when h = 5000 thus e5000k = 0.83,

ln 0.83
0.0000373, p e0.0000373h atm.
k=
5000
23. (a) y = y0 bt = y0 et ln b = y0 ekt with k = ln b > 0 since b > 1.
(b) y = y0 bt = y0 et ln b = y0 ekt with k = ln b > 0 since 0 < b < 1.
(c) y = 4(2t ) = 4et ln 2
(d) y = 4(0.5t ) = 4et ln 0.5 = 4et ln 2
24. If y = y0 ekt and y = y1 = y0 ekt1 then y1 /y0 = ekt1 , k =

y = y1 = y0 ekt1 then y1 /y0 = ekt1 , k =
ln(y1 /y0 )
; if y = y0 ekt and
t1
ln(y1 /y0 )
.
t1
25. (a) If y = y0 ekt , then y1 = y0 ekt1 , y2 = y0 ekt2 , divide: y2 /y1 = ek(t2 t1 ) , k =

(t2 t1 ) ln 2
ln 2
=
. If y = y0 ekt , then y1 = y0 ekt1 , y2 = y0 ekt2 ,
k
ln(y2 /y1 )
(t2 t1 ) ln 2
1
ln 2
=
ln(y2 /y1 ), T =
y2 /y1 = ek(t2 t1 ) , k =
.
t2 t1
k
ln(y2 /y1 )

(t2 t1 ) ln 2
.
In either case, T is positive, so T =
ln(y2 /y1 )
1
ln(y2 /y1 ),
t2 t1
T =
(b) In Part (a) assume t2 = t1 + 1 and y2 = 1.25y1 . Then T =
ln 2
3.1 h.
ln 1.25
January 27, 2005 11:46
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Exercise Set 9.3
409
26. (a) In t years the interest will be compounded nt times at an interest rate of r/n each time. The
value at the end of 1 interval is P + (r/n)P = P (1 + r/n), at the end of 2 intervals it is
P (1 + r/n) + (r/n)P (1 + r/n) = P (1 + r/n)2 , and continuing in this fashion the value at the
end of nt intervals is P (1 + r/n)nt .
(b) Let x = r/n, then n = r/x and
lim P (1 + r/n)nt = lim P (1 + x)rt/x = lim P [(1 + x)1/x ]rt = P ert .
+
+
n+
x0
x0
rt
(c) The rate of increase is dA/dt = rP e
= rA.
27. (a) A = 1000e(0.08)(5) = 1000e0.4 $1, 491.82

(b) P e(0.08)(10) = 10, 000, P e0.8 = 10, 000, P = 10, 000e0.8 $4, 493.29
(c) From (11), with k = r = 0.08, T = (ln 2)/0.08 8.7 years.
28. Let r be the annual interest rate when compounded continuously and r1 the eective annual
interest rate. Then an amount P invested at the beginning of the year is worth P er = P (1 + r1 )
at the end of the year, and r1 = er 1.
29. (a)
dT
dT
= k(T 21), T (0) = 95,
= k dt, ln(T 21) = kt + C1 ,
dt
T 21
T = 21 + eC1 ekt = 21 + Cekt , 95 = T (0) = 21 + C, C = 74, T = 21 + 74ekt
64
32
(b) 85 = T (1) = 21 + 74ek , k = ln
= ln , T = 21 + 74et ln(32/37) = 21 + 74
74
37
t
32
ln(30/74)
30
=
6.22 min
, t=
T = 51 when
74
37
ln(32/37)
30.
32
37
t
,
dT
= k(70 T ), T (0) = 40; ln(70 T ) = kt + C, 70 T = ekt eC , T = 40 when t = 0, so
dt
5
70 52
= ln 0.5,
30 = eC , T = 70 30ekt ; 52 = T (1) = 70 30ek , k = ln
30
3
T 70 30e0.5t
31. Let T denote the body temperature of McHams body at time t, the number of hours elapsed after
dT
dT
= k(T 72),
10:06 P.M.; then
= kdt, ln(T 72) = kt + C, T = 72 + eC ekt ,
T 72
dt
3.6
0.4940,
77.9 = 72 + eC , eC = 5.9, T = 72 + 5.9ekt , 75.6 = 72 + 5.9ek , k = ln
5.9
ln(26.6/5.9)
T = 72+5.9e0.4940t . McHams body temperature was last 98.6 when t =
3.05,
0.4940
so around 3 hours and 3 minutes before 10:06; the death took place at approximately 7:03 P.M.,
while Moore was on stage.
dT
dT
= k(Ta T ) where k > 0. If T0 > Ta then
= k(T Ta ) where k > 0;
dt
dt
both cases yield T (t) = Ta + (T0 Ta )ekt with k > 0.
32. If T0 < Ta then

dy
y
y as both
33. (a) Both y(t) = 0 and y(t) = L are solutions of the logistic equation
= k 1
dt
L
sides of the equation are then zero.
dy
(b) If y is very small relative to L then y/L 0, and the logistic equation becomes
ky,
dt
which is a form of the equation for exponential growth.
January 27, 2005 11:46
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410
Chapter 9
(c) All the terms on the right-hand-side of the logistic equation are positive, except perhaps
y
1 , which is positive if y < L and negative if y > L.
L
(d) The rate of change of y is a function of only one variable, y itself. The right-hand-side of the
dierential equation is a quadratic equation in y, which can be thought of as a parabola in
y which opens down and crosses the y-axis at y = 0 and y = L. The parabola thus takes its
maximum midway between the two y-intercepts, namely at y = L/2.

dy
y
1 1
1
k
34. (a) Given
= k 1
y, separation of variables yields
+
dy = dt so that
dt
L
L y Ly
L
ln y ln(L y) = kt + C. The initial condition yields
y0
y
y0
ln y0 ln(L y0 ) = C, C = ln
and thus ln
,
= kt + ln
L y0
Ly
L y0
y
y0
y0 L
= ekt +
, with solution y(t) =
.
Ly
L y0
y0 + (L y0 )ekt
(b) From part (a), lim y(t) =
t+
y0 L
=L
y0 + (L y0 ) lim ekt
t+
35. (a) k = L = 1, y0 = 2
(b) k = L = y0 = 1
2
2
0
(c) k = y0 = 1, L = 2
(d) k = y0 = 1, L = 4
4
12
0
36. y0 = 400, L 1000, and y(300) 700; solve to obtain k 0.042

37. y0 2, L 8; since the curve y =
6e2k = 2, k =
1
ln 3 0.5493.
2
28
16
passes through the point (2, 4), 4 =
,
kt
2 + 6e
2 + 6e2k
January 27, 2005 11:46
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Exercise Set 9.4
411
400,000
passes through the point (200, 600),
400 + 600ekt
800
1
=
, k=
ln 2.25 0.00405.
3
200
38. y0 400, L 1000; since the curve y =

600 =
400,000
, 600e200k
400 + 600e200k
39. (a) y0 = 5
(b) L = 12
(d) L/2 = 6 =
(e)
60
, 5 + 7et = 10, t = ln(5/7) 0.3365
5 + 7et
1
dy
=
y(12 y), y(0) = 5
dt
12
40. (a) y0 = 1
(d) 750 =
(e)
(c) k = 1
(b) L = 1000
(c) k = 0.9
1
1000
ln(3 999) 8.8949
, 3(1 + 999e0.9t ) = 4, t =
0.9t
0.9
1 + 999e
dy
0.9
=
y(1000 y), y(0) = 1
dt
1000
41. Assume y(t) students have had the u t days after semester break. Then y(0) = 20, y(5) = 35.
dy
= ky(L y) = ky(1000 y), y0 = 20
dt
20000
1000
(b) Part (a) has solution y =
=
;
kt
20 + 980e
1 + 49ekt
1000
1000
35 =
, k = 0.115, y
.
5k
1 + 49e
1 + 49e0.115t
(a)
(c)
t 0 1 2 3
y(t) 20 22 25 28
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
31 35 39 44 49 54 61 67 75 83 93
(d)
100
75
50
25
t
3
12
EXERCISE SET 9.4

1. (a) y = e2x , y = 2e2x , y = 4e2x ; y + y 2y = 0
y = ex , y = ex , y = ex ; y + y 2y = 0.
(b) y = c1 e2x + c2 ex , y = 2c1 e2x + c2 ex , y = 4c1 e2x + c2 ex ; y + y 2y = 0
2. (a) y = e2x , y = 2e2x , y = 4e2x ; y + 4y + 4y = 0
y = xe2x , y = (1 2x)e2x , y = (4x 4)e2x ; y + 4y + 4y = 0.
(b) y = c1 e2x + c2 xe2x , y = 2c1 e2x + c2 (1 2x)e2x ,
y = 4c1 e2x + c2 (4x 4)e2x ; y + 4y + 4y = 0.
January 27, 2005 11:46
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412
Chapter 9
3. m2 + 3m 4 = 0, (m 1)(m + 4) = 0; m = 1, 4 so y = c1 ex + c2 e4x .
4. m2 + 5m + 6 = 0, (m + 2)(m + 3) = 0; m = 2, 3 so y = c1 e2x + c2 e3x .
5. m2 2m + 1 = 0, (m 1)2 = 0; m = 1, so y = c1 ex + c2 xex .
6. m2 6m + 9 = 0, (m 3)2 = 0; m = 3 so y = c1 e3x + c2 xe3x .
7. m2 + 1 = 0, m = i so y = c1 cos x + c2 sin x.
8. m2 + 5 = 0, m = 5 i so y = c1 cos 5 x + c2 sin 5 x.
9. m2 m = 0, m(m 1) = 0; m = 0, 1 so y = c1 + c2 ex .
10. m2 + 3m = 0, m(m + 3) = 0; m = 0, 3 so y = c1 + c2 e3x .
11. m2 4m + 4 = 0, (m 2)2 = 0; m = 2 so y = c1 e2t + c2 te2t .
12. m2 10m + 25 = 0, (m 5)2 = 0; m = 5 so y = c1 e5t + c2 te5t .
13. m2 + 4m + 13 = 0, m = 2 3i so y = e2x (c1 cos 3x + c2 sin 3x).
14. m2 6m + 25 = 0, m = 3 4i so y = e3x (c1 cos 4x + c2 sin 4x).
15. 8m2 2m 1 = 0, (4m + 1)(2m 1) = 0; m = 1/4, 1/2 so y = c1 ex/4 + c2 ex/2 .
16. 9m2 6m + 1 = 0, (3m 1)2 = 0; m = 1/3 so y = c1 ex/3 + c2 xex/3 .
17. m2 + 2m 3 = 0, (m + 3)(m 1) = 0; m = 3, 1 so y = c1 e3x + c2 ex and y = 3c1 e3x + c2 ex .
Solve the system c1 + c2 = 1, 3c1 + c2 = 9 to get c1 = 2, c2 = 3 so y = 2e3x + 3ex .
18. m2 6m 7 = 0, (m + 1)(m 7) = 0; m = 1, 7 so y = c1 ex + c2 e7x , y = c1 ex + 7c2 e7x .
Solve the system c1 + c2 = 5, c1 + 7c2 = 3 to get c1 = 4, c2 = 1 so y = 4ex + e7x .
19. m2 + 6m + 9 = 0, (m + 3)2 = 0; m = 3 so y = (c1 + c2 x)e3x and y = (3c1 + c2 3c2 x)e3x .
Solve the system c1 = 2, 3c1 + c2 = 5 to get c1 = 2, c2 = 1 so y = (2 + x)e3x .
20. m2 + 4m + 1 = 0, m = 2 3 so y = c1 e(2+ 3)x + c2 e(2 3)x ,
y = (2 + 3)c1 e(2+ 3)x + (2 3)c2 e(2 3)x . Solve the system c1 + c2 = 5,
(2 + 3)c1 + (2 3)c2 = 4 to get c1 = 52 + 73 3, c2 = 52 73 3 so

y = 52 + 73 3 e(2+ 3)x + 52 73 3 e(2 3)x .
21. m2 + 4m + 5 = 0, m = 2 i so y = e2x (c1 cos x + c2 sin x),

y = e2x [(c2 2c1 ) cos x (c1 + 2c2 ) sin x]. Solve the system c1 = 3, c2 2c1 = 0
to get c1 = 3, c2 = 6 so y = e2x (3 cos x + 6 sin x).
22. m2 6m + 13 = 0, m = 3 2i so y = e3x (c1 cos 2x + c2 sin 2x),
y = e3x [(3c1 + 2c2 ) cos 2x + (2c1 + 3c2 ) sin 2x]. Solve the system c1 = 2, 3c1 + 2c2 = 0
to get c1 = 2, c2 = 3 so y = e3x (2 cos 2x + 3 sin 2x).
23. (a) m = 5, 2 so (m 5)(m + 2) = 0, m2 3m 10 = 0; y 3y 10y = 0.
(b) m = 4, 4 so (m 4)2 = 0, m2 8m + 16 = 0; y 8y + 16y = 0.
(c) m = 1 4i so (m + 1 4i)(m + 1 + 4i) = 0, m2 + 2m + 17 = 0; y + 2y + 17y = 0.
January 27, 2005 11:46
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Exercise Set 9.4
413
24. c1 ex + c2 ex is the general solution, but cosh x = 12 ex + 12 ex and sinh x = 12 ex 12 ex

so cosh x and sinh x are also solutions.

25. m2 + km + k = 0, m = k k 2 4k /2
(a) k 2 4k > 0, k(k 4) > 0; k < 0 or k > 4
(b) k 2 4k = 0; k = 0, 4
(c) k 2 4k < 0, k(k 4) < 0; 0 < k < 4
dy dz
1 dy
dy
=
=
and
dx
dz dx
x dz

d 1 dy
1 d2 y dz
1 dy
1 d2 y
d2 y
d dy
1 dy
=
=
2
= 2
,
=
2
2
2
2
dx
dx dx
dx x dz
x dz dx x dz
x dz
x dz
26. z = ln x;
substitute into the original equation to get
d2 y
dy
+ (p 1)
+ qy = 0.
2
dz
dz
dy
d2 y
+ 2y = 0, m2 + 2m + 2 = 0; m = 1 i so
+2
dz 2
dz
1
y = ez (c1 cos z + c2 sin z) = [c1 cos(ln x) + c2 sin(ln x)].
x
dy
d2 y
2
(b)
2y = 0, m2 2m 2 = 0; m = 1 3 so
2
dz
dz
27. (a)
y = c1 e(1+
3)z
3)z
+ c2 e(1
= c1 x1+
+ c2 x1

28. m2 + pm + q = 0, m = 12 (p p2 4q ). If 0 < q < p2 /4 then y = c1 em1 x + c2 em2 x where
px/2
m1 < 0 and m2 < 0, if q = p2 /4 then y = c1 e
+ c2 xepx/2 , if q > p2 /4 then
y = epx/2 (c1 cos kx + c2 sin kx) where k = 12 4q p2 . In all cases lim y(x) = 0.
x+
29. (a) Neither is a constant multiple of the other, since, e.g. if y1 = ky2 then em1 x = kem2 x ,
e(m1 m2 )x = k. But the right hand side is constant, and the left hand side is constant only
if m1 = m2 , which is false.
(b) If y1 = ky2 then emx = kxemx , kx = 1 which is impossible. If y2 = y1 then xemx = kemx ,
x = k which is impossible.
30. y1 = eax cos bx, y1 = eax (a cos bx b sin bx), y1 = eax [(a2 b2 ) cos bx 2ab sin bx] so

y1 + py1 + qy1 = eax [(a2 b2 + ap + q) cos bx (2ab + bp) sin bx]. But a = 12 p and b = 12 4q p2
so a2 b2 + ap + q = 0 and 2ab + bp = 0 thus y1 + py1 + qy1 = 0. Similarly, y2 = eax sin bx is also
a solution.
Since y1 /y2 = cot bx and y2 /y1 = tan bx it is clear that the two solutions are linearly independent.
31. (a) The general solution is c1 ex + c2 emx ; let c1 = 1/( m), c2 = 1/( m).
(b)
ex emx
= lim xex = xemx .
m
m
m
lim
32. (a) If = 0, then y = 0, y = c1 + c2 x. Use y(0) = 0 and y() = 0 to get c1 = c2 = 0. If

< 0, then let = a2 where a > 0 so y a2 y = 0, y = c1 eax + c2 eax . Use y(0) = 0 and
y() = 0 to get c1 = c2 = 0.
(b) If > 0, then m2 + = 0, m2 = = i2 , m= i, y

= c1 cos x + c2sin x. If
y(0) =
0 and y() = 0, then c1 = 0 and c1 cos
+ c2 sin
= 0 so c2 sin = 0. But
c2 sin = 0 for arbitrary values of c2 if sin = 0, = n, = n2 for n = 1, 2, 3, . . .,
otherwise c2 = 0.
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414
Chapter 9
33. k/M = 0.5/2 = 0.25

(b) T = 2 2 = 4 s, f = 1/T = 1/(4) Hz
(d) y = 0 at the equilibrium position,
so t/2 = /2, t = s.
(e) t/2 = 2 at the maximum position below
the equlibrium position, so t = 4 s.
(a) From (20), y = 0.4 cos(t/2)

y
(c)
0.3
x
o
4c
0.3
34. 64 = w = M g, M = 2, k/M = 0.25/2 = 1/8,
(a) From (20), y = cos(t/(2 2))

M
(b) T = 2
= 2(2 2) = 4 2 s,
k
f = 1/T = 1/(4 2) Hz
y
(c)
k/M = 1/(2 2)
t
2p
6p
10p
(d) y = 0 at the equilibrium position, so t/(2 2) = /2, t = 2 s
(e) t/(2 2) = , t = 2 2 s
35. l = 0.05, k/M = g/l = 9.8/0.05 = 196 s2
(a) From (20), y = 0.12 cos 14t.
y
(c)

(b) T = 2 M/k = 2/14 = /7 s,
f = 7/ Hz
(d) 14t = /2, t = /28 s
0.15
(e)
14t = , t = /14 s
2
7
0.15
36. l = 2, k/M = g/l = 32/2 = 16,

(a) From (20), y = 2 cos 4t.

k/M = 4

(b) T = 2 M/k = 2/4 = /2 s;
f = 1/T = 2/ Hz
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Exercise Set 9.4
(c)
415
(d) 4t = /2, t = /8 s
(e)
4t = , t = /4 s
t
3
37. (a) From the graph it appears that the maximum velocity occurs at the equilibrium position,
t = /8.
dy
dv
dv
= 0. But v =
= 8 sin 4t,
=
To show this mathematically, vmax occurs when
dt
dt
dt
dv
32 cos 4t,
= 0 when 4t = /2, t = /8.
dt
(b) From the graph it appears that the minimum velocity occurs at the equilibrium position as the
dv
= 32 cos 4t = 0 when 4t = /2, 3/2, . . ..
block is falling, i.e. t = 3/8. Mathematically,
dt
When 4t = 3/2 the block is falling, so t = 3/8.

38. (a) T = 2
4 2
4 2 w
4 2 w + 4
M
4 2 w
, k = 2 M = 2 , so k =
=
, 25w = 9(w + 4),
k
T
T g
g 9
g
25
25w = 9w + 36, w =
(b) From Part (a), w =
9
4 2 w
4 2 1
2
,k =
=
=
4
g 9
32 4
32
9
4
39. By Hookes Law, F (t) = kx(t), since the only force is the restoring force of the spring. Newtons
Second Law gives F (t) = M x (t), so M x (t) + kx(t) = 0, x(0) = x0 , x (0) = 0.

40. 0 = v(0) = y (0) = c2

41. y = y0 cos
k
, so c2 = 0; y0 = y(0) = c1 , so y = y0 cos
M
k
t, T = 2
M
k
t.
M
M
2t
, y = y0 cos
k
T
2
2t
y0 sin
has maximum magnitude 2|y0 |/T and occurs when
T
T
2t/T = n + /2, y = y0 cos(n + /2) = 0.
(a) v = y (t) =
4 2
2t
y0 cos
has maximum magnitude 4 2 |y0 |/T 2 and occurs when
T2
T
2t/T = j, y = y0 cos j = y0 .
(b) a = y (t) =
42.

d 1
1
k
2

2
k[y(t)] + M (y (t)) = ky(t)y (t)+M y (t)y (t) = M y (t)[ y(t)+y (t)] = 0, as required.
dt 2
2
M
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416
Chapter 9
43. (a) m2 + 2.4m + 1.44 = 0, (m + 1.2)2 = 0, m = 1.2, y = C1 e6t/5 + C2 te6t/5 ,

6
16
16
C1 = 1, 2 = y (0) = C1 + C2 , C2 =
, y = e6t/5 + te6t/5
5
5
5
y
2
1
x
1
(b) y (t) = 0 when t = t1 = 25/48 0.520833, y(t1 ) = 1.427364 cm

16 6t/5
(t + 5/16) = 0 only if t = 5/16, so y = 0 for t 0.
e
5
44. (a) m2 + 5m + 2 = (m + 5/2)2 17/4 = 0, m = 5/2 17/2,

(c) y =
y = C1 e(5+
17)t/2
17)t/2
+ C2 e(5
5 + 17
5 17
C1 +
C2
C1 + C2 = 1/2, 4 = y (0) =
2
2
17 11 17
17 + 11 17
, C2 =
C1 =
68
68
17 11 17 (5+ 17)t/2 17 + 11 17 (5+17)t/2

e
e
y=
+
68
68
y
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
x
1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
(b) y (t) = 0 when t = t1 = 0.759194, y(t1 ) = 0.270183 cm so the maximum distance below the
equilibrium position is 0.270183 cm.
(c) y(t) = 0 when t = t2 = 0.191132, y (t2 ) = 1.581022 cm/sec so the speed is
|y (t2 )| = 1.581022 cm/s.
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Exercise Set 9.4
417

45. (a) m2 + m + 5 = 0, m = 1/2 ( 19/2)i, y = et/2 C1 cos( 19t/2) + C2 sin( 19t/2) ,
1 = y(0) = C1 , 3.5 = y (0) = (1/2)C1 + ( 19/2)C2 , C2 = 6/ 19,
y = et/2 cos( 19 t/2) (6/ 19 )et/2 sin( 19 t/2)

y
1
x
1
(b) y (t) = 0 for the rst time when t = t1 = 0.905533, y(t1 ) = 1.054466 cm so the maximum
distance below the equilibrium position is 1.054466 cm.
(c) y(t) = 0 for the rst time when t = t2 = 0.288274, y (t2 ) = 3.210357 cm/s.
(d) The acceleration is y (t) so from the dierential equation y = y 5y. But y = 0 when
the object passes through the equilibrium position, thus y = y = 3.210357 cm/s2 .
11
1
46. (a) m2 + m + 3 = 0, m =
i,
2
2
y = et/2 (c1 cos( 11t/2) + c2 sin( 11t/2))
Solve c1 = 2, (c1 /2) + c2 11/2 = v0 to obtain c1 = 2, c2 = 2(v0 1)/ 11 and
y = et/2 (2 cos(3 11t/2) + [(2v0 1)/ 11] sin(3 11t/2))

(b) v0 2.436
(c)
2
1
x
2
1
2
47. (a) m2 + 3.5m + 3 = (m + 1.5)(m + 2), y = C1 e3t/2 + C2 e2t ,

1 = y(0) = C1 + C2 , v0 = y (0) = (3/2)C1 2C2 , C1 = 4 + 2v0 , C2 = 3 2v0 ,
y(t) = (4 + 2v0 )e3t/2 (3 + 2v0 )e2t
(b) v0 = 2, y(t) = 8e3t/2 7e2t , v0 = 1, y(t) = 2e3t/2 e2t ,
v0 = 4, y(t) = 4e3t/2 + 5e2t
y
2
1
v0 = 2
v0 = 1
1
2
v0 = 4
x
4
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418
Chapter 9

48. (a) y0 = y(0) = c1 , v0 = y (0) = c2
k
, c2 =
M
M
v0 , y = y0 cos
k
(b) l = 0.5, k/M = g/l = 9.8/0.5 = 19.6,
1
sin( 19.6 t)
y = cos( 19.6 t) + 0.25
19.6
k
t + v0
M
M
sin
k
k
t
M
1.1
3.1
1.1
sin( 19.6 t), so
1
(c) y = cos( 19.6 t) + 0.25
19.6

2
0.25
1.10016 m is the maximum displacement.
|ymax | = (1)2 +
19.6
49.

dy1
dy
dy1
+ p(x)y = c
+ p(x)(cy1 ) = c
+ p(x)y1 = c 0 = 0
dt
dt
dt
50. The case p(x) = 0 has solutions y = C1 y1 + C2 y2 = C1 x + C2 . So assume now that p(x) = 0.
dy
d2 y
dy
= 0. Let Y =
The dierential equation becomes
+ p(x)
so that the equation becomes
dx
dx2
dx
dY
+ p(x)Y = 0, which is a rst order separable equation in the unknown Y . We get
dx

dY
= p(x) dx, ln |Y | = p(x) dx, Y = e p(x)dx .
Y
Let P (x) be a specic antiderivative of p(x); then any solution Y is given by Y = eP (x)+C1
for some C1 . Thus all solutions are given by Y (t) = C2 eP (x) including C2 = 0. Consequently
dy
P (x)
P (x)
= C2 e
, y = C2 e
dx + C3 . If we let y1 (x) =
eP (x) dx and y2 (x) = 1 then
dx
y1 and y2 are both solutions, and they are linearly independent (recall P (x) = 0) and hence
y(x) = c1 y1 (x) + c2 y2 (x).
REVIEW EXERCISES, CHAPTER 9

3. (a) linear
(b) both
(c) separable
(d) neither
4. (a) yes
(b) yes
(c) no
(d) yes
5.
dy
4xy = x
dx

(a) IF: e
(4x)dx
= e2x ,
2
2
2
d
2
[ye2x ] = xe2x , ye2x =
dx
2
2
1
xe2x dx = e2x + C,
4
2
1
y = + Ce2x
4
dy
dy
1
1
(b)
= 4xy + x,
= x dx, ln(4y + 1) = x2 + C, ln(4y + 1) = 2x2 + C1 ,
dx
4y + 1
4
2
2
4y + 1 = C2 e2x , y = 14 (C2 e2x 1) = C3 e2x 14 , same as in part (a)
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Review Exercises, Chapter 9

6. = e
419
3dx
3x
ex dx = ex + C, y = e2x + Ce3x
3x
=e ,e y=
7.
dy
1
= x2 dx, tan1 y = x3 + C, y = tan
2
1+y
3
8.

dy
1
, = e dx = ex , ex y =
+y =
x
dx
1+e

9.
10.
1
+y
y
1 3
x +C
3
ex
dx = ln(1 + ex ) + C, y = ex ln(1 + ex ) + Cex
1 + ex

dy = ex dx, ln |y| + y 2 /2 = ex + C; by inspection, y = 0 is also a solution
1
3
cos y
dy =
dx,
dy = 3 cos x dx, ln | sin y| = 3 sin x + C1 ,
tan y
sec x
sin y
sin y = e3 sin x+C1 = eC1 e3 sin x = Ce3 sin x , C = 0,

y = sin1 Ce3 sin x , as is y = 0 by inspection
11. = e
x dx
= ex
y = 1 + Cex
12.
/2
/2
, ex
/2
y=
xex
/2
dx = ex
, 3 = 1 + C, C = 4, y = 1 + 4ex
/2
+ C,
/2
dy
= dx, tan1 y = x + C, /4 = C; y = tan(x + /4)
y2 + 1
d
1
1
1
(y cosh x) = cosh2 x = (1 + cosh 2x), y cosh x = x + sinh 2x + C. When x = 0, y = 2 so
dx
2
2
4
1
1
2 = C, and y = x sechx + sinh 2x sechx + 2 sechx.
2
4
13. IF:
14.

2
d 2
dy
+ y = 4x, = e (2/x)dx = x2 ,
yx = 4x3 , yx2 = x4 + C, y = x2 + Cx2 ,
dx x
dx
2 = y(1) = 1 + C, C = 1, y = x2 + 1/x2

15.
16.
1
1
+
y5
y

dy =
dx
1
1
, y 4 + ln |y| = ln |x| + C; = C, y 4 + 4 ln(x/y) = 1
x
4
4

1
dy
2
+ C = 2 tan + C = 2 + C, C = 3,
=
4
sec
2x
dx,
=
2
tan
2x
+
C,
1
=
2
tan
2
2
y
y
8
4
1
y=
3 2 tan 2x
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420
Chapter 9
d x
ye
= xex sin 3x,
dx

3
2
3
1
x
x
x
e cos 3x + x +
ex sin 3x + C;
ye = xe sin 3x dx = x
10
50
10
25

53
3
3
1
2
53
3
, y = x
cos 3x + x +
sin 3x + ex
1 = y(0) = + C, C =
50
50
10
50
10
25
50
17. (a) = e
dx
= ex ,
(c)
4
x
10
2
2
18. (a) 2ydy = dx, y 2 = x + C; if y(0) = 1 then C = 1, y 2 = x + 1, y =
C = 1, y 2 = x + 1, y = x + 1.
y
1
x
1
(b)
x + 1; if y(0) = 1 then
x
1
1
y
dy
1
= 2x dx, = x2 + C, 1 = C, y = 1/(x2 + 1)
2
y
y
x
1
19. Assume the tank contains y(t) oz of salt at time t. Then y0 = 0 and for 0 < t < 15,
dy
y
= 5 10
10 = (50 y/100) oz/min, with solution y = 5000 + Cet/100 . But y(0) = 0 so
dt
1000
C = 5000, y = 5000(1 et/100 ) for 0 t 15, and y(15) = 5000(1 e0.15 ). For 15 < t < 30,
dy
y
= 0
5, y = C1 et/200 , C1 e0.075 = y(15) = 5000(1e0.15 ), C1 = 5000(e0.075 e0.075 ),
dt
1000
y = 5000(e0.075 e0.075 )et/100 , y(30) = 5000(e0.075 e0.075 )e0.3 556.13 oz.
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421
20. (a) Assume the air contains y(t) ft3 of carbon monoxide at time t. Then y0 = 0 and for
y
d t/12000
1 t/12000
dy
= 0.04(0.1)
(0.1) = 1/250 y/12000,
ye
e
=
,
t > 0,
dt
1200
dt
250
yet/12000 = 48et/12000 + C, y(0) = 0, C = 48; y = 48(1 et/12000 ). Thus the percentage
y
of carbon monoxide is P =
100 = 4(1 et/12000 ) percent.
1200
(b) 0.012 = 4(1 et/12000 ), t = 36.05 min
y
21.
4
3
2
1
x
1
22.
2
dy
1
1 2
= x dx, ln |y| =
x + C, y = C1 ex /16
y
8
16
23. y0 = 1, yn+1 = yn +
n
xn
yn
0
0
1
1
0.5
1.50
2
1
2.11
yn /2
3
1.5
2.84
4
2
3.68
5
2.5
4.64
6
3
5.72
7
3.5
6.91
8
4
y
9
8.23
x
1
24. y0 = 1, yn+1 = yn +
n
tn
yn
0
0
1
1
0.5
1.42
2
1
1.92
1
sin yn
2
3
1.5
2.39
y
3
4
2
2.73
t
3
25. h = 1/5, y0 = 1, yn+1 = yn +

n
tn
yn
0
0
1.00
1
0.2
1.06
2
0.4
0.90
1
cos(2n/5)
5
0.6
0.74
0.8
0.80
1.0
1.00
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422
Chapter 9
26. (a) yn+1 = yn + 0.1(1 + 5tn yn ), y0 = 5

n
tn
yn
0
1
5.00
1
1.1
5.10
1.2
5.24
1.3
5.42
1.4
5.62
1.5
5.86
1.6
6.13
1.7
6.41
1.8
6.72
1.9
7.05
10
2
7.39
(b) The true solution is y(t) = 5t 4 + 4e1t , so the percentage errors are given by
tn
yn
y(tn)
abs. error
rel. error (%)
27. (a) k =
1
5.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
1.1
5.10
5.12
0.02
0.38
1.2
5.24
5.27
0.03
0.66
1.3
5.42
5.46
0.05
0.87
1.4
5.62
5.68
0.06
1.00
1.5
5.86
5.93
0.06
1.08
1.6
6.13
6.20
0.07
1.12
ln 2
0.1386; y 2e0.1386t
5
1.7
6.41
6.49
0.07
1.13
1.8
6.72
6.80
0.08
1.11
1.9
7.05
7.13
0.08
1.07
2
7.39
7.47
0.08
1.03
(b) y(t) = 5e0.015t

1
ln 100 0.5117,
9
0.5995, y 0.5995e0.5117t .
(c) y = y0 ekt , 1 = y0 ek , 100 = y0 e10k . Divide: 100 = e9k , k =

y y0 e0.5117t ; also y(1) = 1, so y0 = e0.5117
(d) k =
28. (a)
ln 2
0.1386, 1 = y(1) y0 e0.1386 , y0 e0.1386 0.8706, y 0.8706e0.1386t
T
d
y(t) = 0.01y, y(0) = 5000
dt
(b) y(t) = 5000e0.01t

(c) 2 = e0.01t , t = 100 ln 2 69.31 h
(d) 30,000 = 5000e0.01t , t = 100 ln 6 179.18 h
29. From section 9.3 formula (11), y(t) = y0 e0.000121t , so 0.785y0 = y0 e0.000121t , t = ln 0.785/0.000121
2000.6 yr
30. A = /w,
d/
dw
dw
dA
= w+/
=
(w + /) =
dt
dt
dt
dt
31. (a) y = C1 ex + C2 e2x

(c)
y = ex/2 C1 cos
7
7
x + C2 sin
x
2
2
1 dw
2 dt

perimeter, since
dw
d/
= .
dt
dt
(b) y = C1 ex/2 + C2 xex/2
32. (a) (m + 3)(m 1), m = 1, 3, y = c1 et + c2 e3t ; 1 = c1 + c2 , 5 = c1 3c2 , c1 = 2, c2 = 1,

y = 2et e3t
(b) (m 3)2 = 0, m = 3, 3, y = (c1 + c2 t)e3t , 2 = c1 , 1 = 3c1 + c2 , c1 = 2, c2 = 5, y = (2 5t)et
(c) (m 2)2 + 9 = 0, m = 2 3i, y = e2t (c1 cos 3t + c2 sin 3t), 1 = c1 , 5 = 2c1 + 3c2 , c1 = 1, c2 = 2,
y = e2t (cos 3t + 2 sin 3t)
January 27, 2005 11:46
L24-ch09
black
423
33. k/M = 0.25/1 = 0.25

(a) From (20) in Section 9.4, y = 0.3 cos(t/2)
(c)
(b) T = 2 2 = 4 s, f = 1/T = 1/(4) Hz

(d) y = 0 at the equilibrium position,
so t/2 = /2, t = s.
0.3
(e)
x
o
4c
t/2 = at the maximum position below

the equlibrium position, so t = 2 s.
0.3
34. l = 0.5, k/M = g/l = 32/0.5 = 64,
k/M = 8
(a) From (20) in Section 9.4, y = 1.5 cos 8t.

y
(c)
(d) 8t = /2, t = /16 s
(e)
t
2p

(b) T = 2 M/k = 2/8 = /4 s;
f = 1/T = 4/ Hz
6p
10p
8t = , t = /8 s

Calculo Capitulo 09

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January 27, 2005 11:46

Sheet number 1 Page number 395

Mathematical Modeling with Differential

2. y = x3 2 sin x, y(0) = 3 by inspection.

3. (a) rst order;

4. (a) rst order; 2

January 27, 2005 11:46

Sheet number 2 Page number 396

ex cos(ex )dx = sin(ex ) + C, y = ex sin(ex ) + Cex

January 27, 2005 11:46

Sheet number 3 Page number 397

Exercise Set 9.1

(b) 2 = y(1) = 1/2 C, C = 5/2, y = x/2 5/(2x)

2et dt = 2et + C, y = 2 + Cet , 1 = 2 + C, C = 1, y = 2 et

29. (2y + cos y) dy = 3x2 dx, y 2 + sin y = x3 + C, 2 + sin = C, C = 2 ,

31. 2(y 1) dy = (2t + 1) dt, y 2 2y = t2 + t + C, 1 + 2 = C, C = 3, y 2 2y = t2 + t + 3

|y| = C|x|1/2 , y 2 = Cx;

(b) 1 = C(2) , C = 1/4, y = x/4

January 27, 2005 11:46

Sheet number 4 Page number 398

36. y + 2y = 3et , = e2 dt = e2t ,

= eC1 ex = Cex including C = 0

and thus never through (0, 0).

39. Of the solutions y =

January 27, 2005 11:46

Sheet number 5 Page number 399

Exercise Set 9.1

y 2 = x3 , y = x3/2 passes through (1, 1).

(b) when t = 25, y = 200 175e1 136 oz

when t = 30, y = 1000 1000e3 950 lb

January 27, 2005 11:46

Sheet number 6 Page number 400

50. From Exercise 49 and Endpaper Table #42,

(b) m0 kt = 0.2m0 when t = 100 so

January 27, 2005 11:46

Sheet number 7 Page number 401

Exercise Set 9.1

52. (a) By the chain rule,

(c) x = xmax when v = 0 so

53. (a) A(h) = (1)2 = ,

57. Dierentiate to get

58. (a) Let y =

January 27, 2005 11:46

Sheet number 8 Page number 402

y(x) is a solution of (10).

EXERCISE SET 9.2

January 27, 2005 11:46

Sheet number 9 Page number 403

Exercise Set 9.2

(a) 1 = 3/4 + Ce2 , C = 1/(4e2 ), y =

(c) 0 = 1/4 + Ce2 , C = e2 /4, y =

III, since the slope is periodic in both x and y.

12. h = 0.1, yn+1 = (xn + 11yn )/10

January 27, 2005 11:46

Sheet number 10 Page number 404

14. y0 = 1, yn+1 = yn + (xn yn2 )/4

16. y0 = 0, yn+1 = yn + eyn /10