STRUCTURAL

MODELING
AND
EXPERIMENTAL
TECHNIQUES
SECOND EDITION
Harry G. Harris
. Drexel University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
and

Gajanan M. Sabnis
Howard University
Washington, D.C.

CRC Press
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to Physical Modeling in Structural Engineering

1.1
Introduction
1.2
Structural Models Definitions and Classifications
1.3
A Brief Historical Perspective on Modeling
1.4
Structural Models and Codes of Practice
1.5
Physical Modeling and the New Engineering Curriculum
1.6
Choice of Geometric Scale
1.7
The Modeling Process
1.8
Advantages and Limitations of Model Analysis
1.9
Accuracy of Structural Models
1.10 Model Laboratories
1.11 Modeling Case Studies
1.12 Summary
Problems
References

1
2
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
13
34
36
37

Chapter 2 The Theory of Structural Models

2.1
Introduction
2.2
Dimensions and Dimensional Homogeneity
2.3 Dimensional Analysis
2.4
Structural Models
2.5
Similitude Requirements
2.6
Summary
Problems
References

42
42
45
56
62
76
77
81

Chapter 3 Elastic Models - Materials and Techniques

3.1
Introduction
3.2
Materials for Elastic Models
3.3
Plastics
3.4 Time Effects in Plastics Evaluation and Compensation
3.5 Effects of Loading Rate, Temperature, and the Environment
3.6
Special Problems Related to Plastic Models
3.7
Wood and Paper Products
3.8
Elastic Models Design and Research Applications
3.9
Determination of Influence Lines and Influence Surfaces Using Indirect
Models Miiller-Breslau Principle
3.10 Summary
Problems
References

86
87
88
96
100
103
104
121
121
123
124
127

Chapter 4 Inelastic Models: Materials for Concrete and Concrete

Masonry Structures
4.1
General
4.2
Prototype and Model Concretes
4.3
Engineering Properties of Concrete
4.4
Unconfined Compressive Strength and Stress-Strain Relationship
4.5
Tensile Strength of Concrete
4.6
Flexural Behavior of Prototype and Model Concrete
4.7
Behavior in Indirect Tension and Shear
4.8
Design Mixes for Model Concrete
4.9
Summary of Model Concrete Mixes Used by Various Investigators
4.10 Gypsum Mortars
4.11 Modeling of Concrete Masonry Structures
4.12 Strength of Model Block Masonry Assemblages
4.13 Summary
Problems
References

Chapter 5 Inelastic Models: Structural Steel and Reinforcing Bars

5.1
Introduction
5.2
Steel
5.3
Structural Steel Models
5.4
Reinforcement for Small-Scale Concrete Models
5.5
Model Prestressing Reinforcement and Techniques
5.6
FRP Reinforcement for Concrete Models
5.7
Bond Characteristics of Model Steel
5.8
Bond Similitude
5.9
Cracking Similitude and General Deformation Similitude in Reinforced
Concrete Elements
5.10 Summary
Problems
References

Chapter 6 Model Fabrication Techniques

6.1
Introduction
6.2
Basic Cutting, Shaping, and Machining Operations
6.3
Basic Fastening and Gluing Techniques
6.4
Construction of Structural Steel Models
6.5
Construction of Plastic Models
6.6
Construction of Wood and Paper Models
6.7
Fabrication of Concrete Models
6.8
Fabrication of Concrete Masonry Models
6.9
Summary
Problems
References

130
130
131
133
142
146
148
153
159
165
170
188
202
202
205

210
210
214
230
252
255
259
266
267
272
272
274

280
281
283
287
288
296
299
309
312
312
315

Chapter 7 Instrumentation Principles and Applications

7.1
General
7.2
Quantities to be Measured
7.3
Strain Measurements.:
7.4
Displacement Measurements
7.5
Full-Field Strain Measurements and Crack Detection Methods
7.6
Stress and Force Measurement
7.7
Temperature Measurements
7.8
Creep and Shrinkage Characteristics and Moisture Measurements
7.9
Data Acquisition and Reduction
7.10 Fiber Optics and Smart Structures
7.11 Summary
Problems
References

320
320
322
348
351
353
361
362
364
367
377
377
381

Chapter 8 Loading Systems and Laboratory Techniques

8.1
Introduction
8.2
Types of Loads and Loading Systems
8.3
Discrete vs. Distributed Loads
8.4
Loadings for Shell and Other Models
8.5
Loading Techniques for Buckling Studies and For Structures Subject to Sway
8.6
Miscellaneous Loading Devices
8.7
Summary
Problems
References

383
384
389
390
400
404
407
407
409

Chapter 9 Size Effects, Accuracy, and Reliability in Materials Systems and Models
9.1
General
412
9.2 What Is a Size Effect?
414
9.3 Factors Influencing Size Effects
414
9.4 Theoretical Studies of Size Effects
415
9.5
Size Effects in Plain ConcreteExperimental Work
420
9.6
Size Effects in Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
431
9.7
Size Effects in Metals and Reinforcements
433
9.8
Size Effects in Masonry Mortars
434
9.9
Size Effects and Design Codes
435
9.10 Errors in Structural Model Studies
437
9.11 Types of Errors
439
9.12 Statistics of Measurements
441
9.13 Propagation of Random Errors
444
9.14 Accuracy in (Concrete) Models
450
9.15 Overall Reliability of Model Results
457
9.16 Influence of Cost and Time on Accuracy of Models
458
9.17 Summary
458
Problems
459
References
460

Chapter 10 Model Applications and Case Studies

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Modeling Applications
10.3 Case Studies
10.4 Summary
Problems
References

466
466
529
572
573
579

Chapter 11 Structural Models for Dynamic Loads

11.1 Introduction
11.2 Similitude Requirements
11.3 Materials for Dynamic Models
11.4 Loading Systems for Dynamic Model Testing
11.5 Examples of Dynamic Models
11.6 Case Studies
11.7 Summary
Problems
References

586
587
588
593
604
649
673
673
675

Chapter 12 Educational Models for Civil and Architectural Engineering

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Historical Perspective
12.3 Linearly Elastic Structural Behavior
12.4 Nonlinear and Inelastic Structural Behavior
12.5 Structural Dynamics Concepts
12.6 Experimentation and the New Engineering Curriculum
12.7 Case Studies and Student Projects
12.8 Summary
Problems
References

680
681
681
694
712
725
729
751
752
753

Appendix A Dimensional Dependence and Independence

A.I The Form of Dimensions
A.2 Method I: The Numeric Method
A.3 Method II: The Functional Method
A.4 Illustrative Examples
References

757
759
761
763
766

Appendix B A Note on the Use of SI Units in Structural Engineering

B.I Geometry
B.2 Densities, Gravity Loads, Weights
B.3 Force, Moment, Stress, and Other Stress Resultants
B.4 Miscellaneous (Angles, Temperature, Energy, Power)
B.5 SI System Standard Practice

768
768
768
768
769

Index

771