1

Dr' ceciliq M' Mendiola/Prof,uo'

sn"'!J"m:;

to be
(expressed in a sentence) that is.assumed
proposition
a
to
refers
12. Presupposition
11'31i6''i"efens:to'the'truth
true,in,ordu, to iols'i"i;; tilih;;i;'fitv:ui'"not'31g1tenee"another'if $le'fal$ity:'of'the
,retation, n*lr**riffi-#*tg1"eg; 9*e'#nt*oo,prygt1rn"t"*
f*rrg of rmlard is
: seiohd, reneers'the firstwitnout a,,tr&;;;il*j+is'tfhb'"JJ;tence'iffie
;:Xtg'of' 1"efa'?4r The first" sentence
dead-, pr*uuppuuil"fr';i'th;*
first
u*irl-*ul-ii,oi-'*- o sentence is'false, then thq

presupps.** *ruult;,4;;=nid*
ientence has no truth value:

,ffiri-ffi

Pragmatics

{.

:ln.speech act thedry *uu[,

,,{promisipg,

,apotogiziru,

,,*t*in*
. r+lAr*r6ra

I':;

'

of
s
some'''sort
GngiFI:Il
l-t l lJLllljfg9
cqnstittltes
of speech

?tf

*rreatHnffii'-,6;'.;:-ilif

'separate-acts: ,

'

act
three
*terv, gpeee3deOnsists'eif

of what a speaker
u"* of saying samething; it is a description
farceJn
Locutlonary
-^--l^J*.t"
;;lpromise
today.'" :
ta pay you
e,g'
'

Says,

.
.

'

'/

i':

-.

'$loc4ltianary ar;tlfaree is the'act sf floi'ng so

hins;'it,is,what,the,'spFakelinlen$-f1
;t'promise b pay you fgday"' the

il;";*"t*tr;'
.dCI.:by.,ri.tterihg a 3antenc3,'r,- il-l;
j[oquiionaryfcrce is

Pnomt:st4g"

'

i's

the effect on

'cited
.{:"'-'titi:t'e131;':'it
.iu.looutl onaryacf is an ac!o{ affectigloTyf*
exarnpre may make the
tire
in
irr"
i-vr.'
up*gnJ,
u
wfrat
of
hearer
the
""t
:tiea;iiiitener haPPY cr relieved
'i
!- :' l'
refer to utslttrrrtirrl{r' c's\ "'!r!' - ,ll:Lro,,.,",u,,
lmpticatures rerer'f{J:
,nf,'rh6i;,rrnerance. FOf
For
3: lmpliCatufe$
lgn*e ,Of:"1hg;,UttgfAneg.
t:Tffi:.,:
tollgyi;.,
nqt"
,raria
;iiE#A
.,ooec "dtat*ents.'thai-inqY.:;
L{T::?Y,'
,rs rir,
vta'',.and Nira
fi il;id;ip$;b.i=3gig.i:':;,:9"#3{#?,Lg:3
'

'qf
"nd
:ffi lii$'f.;lil*"ff
tset ;Yi;*:K:r';;H#;i*'&_,itqtg*j-Ia's'y1terynce'ia"rsestheimnlicature
*1""THIft
l9oPvr

ilT'ffi

ina[tUnG'Eriie must be a fast, reckless'driver''

;;nJ"o;n*r

mu*i*s are rutes that are "?::ry-*19?::::*,Y1,'3':"'l#-n:9ff:

''"'ryif;::T;#H;#ft1il;i;i;q,"lq':lr::fl
:^:".T$'fl gLff
l;:uuo**
cooPerate
they themserves,wish,
;;G,l[i-*i*a
fi$..:;lxfrffi ;:ffffiiif.
I

n the,f Cooperative

Maxim of guantf{y

,i

or ruleic,govgm'oral
.;;^i^t.i,r,g"ra.:fnllnu
P ri ncibb;",the:{ollowing maxirns'

intgraciions:

possible-should be as informative as
less 'rlor fflore
'tigni,"t;i;t:'uiintomution' 'neither

ntribution
- a particip3nts.
ry1
,the

.lcive

than what is,rer.guird' :i

j?fiit
)eltrl'tl,'arlt itrvurv r.
rcontribiution;strdh,that
partiojip"mitactqs svidenP-jY.*9- Y:Yl,-^ ;., riir. *rh,inh vou do
kdw is.tase or ror which vou

Maxima,rql^tarir-"..J:fllilffiii#ird;:-l*'nn*,*:ln:i:ffi"13:ffi"*
*tiffl|$1ffi'Lt'ifui'ou
not. have,adequate

evidellce'"

,subject of the

to the
on-," pffi icip;iU;;Xly,g:::urdi be retated
rglevant'"
convirsatlon
- "Sg
'n,rrYv!'q{'vrr
=-',Hnutl"n
not' oloscure'
'be: 'direct,
q;hii.lriifv:
.^ ,rrio'shou}d
on.r
fitaxim'of manner -' a' participanls co1':n""
brier
be briel
-L-^,i;r",
titv,iano amoisu itv ; tre
ooi*
;
#fr,[llf",ii,

Maxi m

s*

retaw

;iifr

and:orderly."