Chapter 4.

2
The Wrapping
Function

2
1

0
1
2

0
1
2

0
2

 Each real number corresponds

to a length of an arc whose initial

point is 1,0 .Such arcs are said

to be in standard position.

0
2

In counterclockwise direction,
the arc is positive.
In clockwise direction, the arc
is negative.

A relation from the set of all

real numbers or arc lengths

0
2

to the set of all points on the

unit circle is formed.
Is therelation formedafunction?

Wrapping Function
The wrapping function P is a function from
the set of real numbers to the set of all points
on the unit circle with center at the origin
such that
P t x,y

where x,y is the terminal point of the arc

with length t and whose initial point is 1,0 .

Wrapping Function

The real number t is the length of

an arc of a unit circle with center
at (0, 0) whose initial point is at (1,
0) and (x, y) is its terminal point
and |x| 1 and |y| 1.

 x,y
t

P t x,y

Example 4.2.1
Evaluate the following.

1. P 0,1
2
2. P 2 1,0

3. P 0 1,0

4. P 1,0

3
2


5. P 0,1
2
6. P 1,0

Special Arc Lengths

2 2
3
P
,

4
2 2

2 2

P
,

4
2 2

2
5

2 2
5
P
,

4
2
2

4
3

4
2 2
7
P
,

4
2 2

Special Arc Lengths

1 3
2
P
,

3
2 2

1 3

P ,

3
2 2

4
1 3
4
P
,

3
2
2

1 3
5
P

3
2 2

Special Arc Lengths

2
5

2
7

11
4

5
3

Special Arc Lengths

3 1
5
P
,

6
2 2

3 1

P
,

6
2 2

7
3 1
7
P
,

6
2 2

11

6
3 1
11
P
,

6
2 2

Special Arc Lengths

2 2

P
,

2
2
4

1 3

P ,

2
2
3

3 1

P
,

2
2
6

2 3 5
3 4 6

3 4 6

4 5 7
3 4 6

5 7 11
3 4 6

Challenge!
Evaluate the following.
2 2
5
1. P
,

2
2
4

3 1
11
2. P
,

2
2
6

1 3

3. P

2
2
3

2 2
3
4. P
,

2
2
4

5.
6.
7.
8.

2 1 3
P
,

3
2
2

3 1
11
P
,

6
2
2

1 3
P ,
3 2 2
1
7 3
P
,

2 2
6

Coterminal Arcs

Two arcs with the same terminal points

are called coterminal arcs.

7
9
,
, and
are coterminal arcs.
4 4
4

Coterminal Arcs

Coterminal arcs have equal wrapping

function values.

Example 4.2.2
Evaluate the following.
1. P 3 P 1,0
2. P 6 P 0 1,0

1 3
7

3. P
P ,
3
3 2 2

2 2
101
5
4. P
,

2
2
4

3 1
23
11
5. P
,
P

6
2
2
6