Hng dn n K thut thi cng B tng ton khi nh nhiu tng/CHNG I.

THIT K CP PHA

Hng dn n K thut thi cng B tng ton

khi nh nhiu tng/CHNG I.THIT K
CP PHA
Cp pha (Khun c b tng) va phi m bo chu lc tt thay cho
kt cu b tng ct thp trong giai on c b tng, va phi m bo
cng to c hnh dng n nh cho kt cu b tng ct thp. Cho
nn khun c phi c thit k ng thi trong c hai trng thi gii
hn v cng ln v bin dng.
Khi tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn I v cng ( bn), th
dng t hp tc dng ca tt c cc ti trng tnh ton thng xuyn v
tm thi nguy him nht c th xy ra. Trong t hp ny, tt c cc ti
trng tm thi u c nhn vi h s t hp 0,9. Hot ti do m v
Cu to cp pha g dm lin sn b tng ct thp
hot ti do khng bao gi tc ng ng thi. Khi tnh ton theo
ton khi.
trng thi gii hn II v vng, khng gy ra vng ch to
ca kt cu b tng ct thp hnh thnh trong giai on thi cng, th ch dng t hp tc dng ca cc ti trng tiu
chun thng xuyn trong giai on thi cng.
Khun c b tng v b tng ct thp phi m bo bin dng nh nhm gim ti thiu bin dng ban u do
ch to ca kt cu b tng, b tng ct thp cho nn khi tnh ton khun c theo iu kin bin dng (trng thi
gii hn II - vng) yu cu kht khe hn so vi tnh ton cho kt cu b tng. vng, di tc ng ca ti
trng, cho php, i vi khun c (cp pha) ca b mt kt cu l ra ngoi [f]= 1/400 nhp ca b phn cp pha ,
i vi cp pha ca b mt kt cu b che khut [f]= 1/250 nhp ca b phn cp pha . vng n hi hoc
ln ca g chng cp pha cho php [f]= 1/1000 nhp t do ca cc kt cu b tng ct thp tng ng. (ph lc A3 TCVN 4453 : 1995). D khc vi nhp ca kt cu b tng ct thp, nhp ca b phn khun c thng cha bit
trc m phi xc nh thng qua tnh ton thit k khun, nhng nhp ca b phn khun c lun nh hn (hay
cng lm l bng) nhp ca kt cu b tng ct thp m khun c nn. Do , bin dng cho php ca khun c
l rt nh so vi bin dng cho php ca kt cu b tng m n c nn.
Khi tnh ton khun c theo trng thi gii hn II iu kin s dng bnh thng v bin dng ca khun c, cn
xt vi cc ti trng tiu chun v ch s dng vt liu lm khun vi iu kin lm vic ton b trong gii hn n
hi ca n (ni lc trong kt cu khun c trong c hai trng thi gii hn I v II, c xc nh qua s n hi,
khng dng s kt cu khp do tnh). V bn cht ca s khp do l qu trnh bin h kt cu siu tnh
(dm nhiu nhp) thnh h tnh nh khi hnh thnh s khp do ti hn (ni lc cui cng sau khi phn phi li, thc
cht l ni lc ca kt cu tnh nh), qua tn dng ti a nng lc ca h kt cu.
Kt cu khun c thng thng u lm vic 03 giai on thi cng ln lt nh sau:
Giai on t khi lp dng khun xong n khi v m xong kt cu b tng. Trong giai on ny kt cu
khun c chu nhiu tc ng ca cc ti trng nht (c di han v ngn hn). Ni lc, chuyn v v bin dng
trong kt cu khun c l ln nht. Nhng kt cu khun c c cu to v thit k, c v cng ln bin
dng, ng thi theo s kt cu n hi, nn ton b vt liu lm khun lm vic trong giai on n hi. Do
vy ton b chuyn v v bin dng trong kt cu khun c l chuyn v v bin dng n hi. Cc bin dng ny
c th rt ln, nhng chng vn l bin dng n hi. Nhng phn bin dng do cc ti trng tm thi, ch tc
dng trong giai on thi cng ny, gy ra s mt i ngay khi ti trng thi tc dng, trc khi b tng bt u
ninh kt, m khng tc ng cht no n vic hnh thnh nh dng kt cu b tng cn c. Cho nn nhng bin
dng do cc ti trng tm thi nh: ti trng do ngi v phng tin gy ra, ti trng b tng, ti trng m
b tng (thi tc dng sau khi , m b tng) khng c tnh ti khi tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn II - v

Hng dn n K thut thi cng B tng ton khi nh nhiu tng/CHNG I. THIT K CP PHA
bin dng.
Giai on v m xong, va b tng trong khun bt u ninh kt n khi b tng ng rn. Cc bin dng cn
li, do cc ti trng thng xuyn (nh tng trng lng kt cu b tng, trng lng bn thn h khun c) v
tm thi cn li (nh p lc va b tng lng, trng lng lp ph bo dng b tng v v.) trong giai on
thi cng ny nh hng quyt nh n vic nh hnh nn hnh dng kt cu b tng. Nn cn phi kim tra bin
dng tng do cc ti trong tc ng trong giai on thi cng ny gy ra trong khun c, theo trng thi gii hn
II - iu kin lm vic bnh thng ca khun c v bin dng.
Giai on pht trin thm cng b tng sau ng rn cho n khi b tng t cng tho d khun c.
Khun c ht vai tr nh dng kt cu b tng, nhng n vn chu lc thay cho kt cu b tng khi b tng cha
lm vic c. Trong giai on thi cng ny cc ti trng tm thi (p lc va b tng lngvv.) tip tc ht
tc dng ln khun c. Ni lc v bin dng ca khun c gim, nu s kt cu khng thay i, nn iu
kin cng v bin dng kim tra trong cc giai on thi cng trc vn c m bo. Ch khi thay i s
kt cu ca khun c, do tho d mt phn khun khng chu lc trc khun c chu lc, th mi phi
kim tra phn vn khun chu lc cn li, vi s kt cu mi ca khun, ch yu theo iu kin cng
(Trng thi gii hn I).
Nh vy: trng thi gii hn I - v cng , ch yu c kim tra giai on thi cng u, v m b tng, vi
tt c cc ti trng tc dng ln khun c. Trng thi gii hn II - v bin dng, c kim tra giai on thi cng
th hai, ninh kt v ng rn, vi mi ti trng tc dng ln khun trong giai on thi cng ny. Nu tho d cp pha
khng chu lc trc, th kim tra li iu kin cng i vi cp pha chu lc cn li theo s lm vic mi ca
n, trong giai on thi cng cui - b tng pht trin cng .
Tiu chun Vit Nam, quy nh trng thi gii hn I-v cng c tnh ton vi t hp tt c cc ti trng
thng xuyn v tm thi tc dng trong giai on thi cng b tng (tc l giai on b tng ti), cn trng thi gii
hn II-v bin dng c tnh ton vi t hp tt c cc ti trng tc dng trong giai on b tng ninh kt v ng
rn, l giai on vt liu b tng phi c nm n nh trong khun v phi c khng ch bin dng ti mc ti
a.
Th
t

Cc loi kt cu cp pha (khun c)

T hp ti trng tc dng ln cp pha

Tnh ton kh nng chu lc

Tnh ton bin dng

Vn khun v gio chng ca sn v mi vm

Gttbtng + Gttctthp + Gttcppha + Pttngi,ph.tin +

Pttm, + Gttbodng

Gtcbtng + Gtcctthp + Gtccppha

+ Gtcbodng

Vn khun y v gio chng y ca dm v

vm

Gttbtng + Gttctthp + Gttcppha + Pttm,

Gtcbtng + Gtcctthp + Gtccppha

Cp pha thnh ng ca dm v vm

Pttplcbtng + Pttm,

Ptcplcbtng

Cp pha ca ct c cnh nh ca tit din <300 mm, v

Cp pha tng dy <100 mm

Pttplcbtng + Pttm,

Ptcplcbtng

Cp pha ca ct c cnh nh ca tit din >300 mm, v

Cp pha tng dy >100 mm

Pttplcbtng + Pttm,

Ptcplcbtng

Cp pha thnh ng ca cc khi b tng ln

Pttplcbtng + Pttm,

Ptcplcbtng

(Theo tiu chun, ng hin hnh vi TCVN 4453:1995, l tiu chun QPTL-D6:1978, ca ngnh cng trnh thy)
Gtcbtng, Gttbtng l Tnh ti trng lng ca va b tng khi cn lng (tiu chun, tnh ton), (kt cu b tng
khi rn, thng gim trng lng so vi khi lng, nn tng qut ly trng lng khi lng tnh). Khi lng
th tch ca hn hp b tng nng (trn vi si hoc dm thuc cc loi nham thch cng) mi v c m
cht, b =2500 kG/m.
Gtcctthp, Gttctthp l Tnh ti trng lng ca ct thp trong kt cu b tng (tiu chun, tnh ton). Ti trng
ny c tnh da vo trng lng ring ca ct thp ct = 7850 kG/m, vo hm lng ct thp trung bnh trong

Hng dn n K thut thi cng B tng ton khi nh nhiu tng/CHNG I. THIT K CP PHA
tng kt cu b tng ct thp, hm lng ny c xc nh c th theo bn thit k kt cu b tng ct thp.
Trng hp khng c khi lng c th th c th ly gi tr ti trng ny bng 100 kG/m b tng ct thp.
Gtccppha, Gttcppha l Tnh ti trng lng bn thn khun c b tng (tiu chun, tnh ton). Ti trng ny c
tnh da vo trng lng th tch ca vt liu lm cp pha, vo khi lng bn thn ca tng kt cu khun c,
c xc nh dn dn trong khi cu to v thit k khun c.
Gtcbodng, Gttbodng l Hot ti trng lng lp ph b mt bo dng kt cu b tng (tiu chun, tnh ton).
Ti trng ny ph thuc vo bin php dng h b tng, trng lng thc t quy ra phn b u ca vt liu ph
dng h. Trong kt cu nh ni chung ti trng ny nh, thng c b qua khng xt n.
Pttplcbtng, Ptcplcbtng l Hot ti p lc y ngang ca va b tng khi hn hp va cn lng. Ti trng ny
ch tc dng ln cc kt cu khun c dng thnh ng, theo phng vung gc vi b mt vn khun, di
dng phn b lng tr hnh thang hay tam gic (dc theo chiu ngang b mt vn khun thnh th ng tr, cn
dc chiu ng vn khun thnh th gi tr gim dn theo cao). Theo tiu chun Vit Nam 4453:1995, p lc
ngang tiu chun ca va b tng ti, l mt hm s thc nghim c tra theo bng A.1 sau:
Phng php m b tng

Cng thc tnh ton p lc ngang ti a.

(kG/m)

Gii hn s dng cng thc

m ri

Ptcplcbtng = bH

HR

m ri

Ptcplcbtng = b(0,27V + 0,78)k1k2

V 0,5 khi H 4

m ngoi

Ptcplcbtng = bH

V 4,5 khi H 2R1

m ngoi

Ptcplcbtng = b(0,27V + 0,78)k1k2

V 4,5 khi H 2m

Ptcngi,ph.tin, Pttngi,ph.tin l Hot ti ng do ngi v phng tin thi cng (cng c) gy ra. Ti trng ny,
khi tnh cp pha sn, coi l phn b u vi gi tr tiu chun l Ptcngi,ph.tin = 250 kG/m
Ptcm, , Pttm, l Hot ti ng pht sinh khi b tng vo khun (Ptcm, , Pttm, ) hoc chn ng
ca m b tng (Ptcm, , Pttm, ) gy ra. Hai ti trng v m b tng khng bao gi tc ng ng thi
cng lc, khi m th ngng b tng vo khun v ngc li. Tng kt cu khun khc nhau, xem xt trong hai
loi ti trng ny, loi ti trng gy nguy him hn cho kt cu khun , dng n tnh ton thit k khun
c. Cc ti trng ny, coi l phn b u theo phng vung gc vi b mt vn khun, c gi tr tiu chun
c ly nh sau: p lc m Ptcm, = 200 kG/m, p lc Ptcm, (ph thuc vo bin php v phng
tin vn chuyn va b tng) ly theo bng sau:
Bin php b tng

Hot ti tiu chun do b tng tc dng vo cp pha

(kG/m)

b tng th cng

200

bng my v ng vi voi hoc trc tip bng ng ng t my bm b

tng

400

trc tip t cc thng c dung tch: < 0,2 m

200

trc tip t cc thng c dung tch: 0,2 m - 0,8 m

400

trc tip t cc thng c dung tch: > 0,8 m (thng l 1,0 m)

600

Nh vy, khi thit k khun c b tng, phi chn trc s b thit b b tng (thng ), sao cho khun
c thit k ra phi chu c hot ti b tng vo khun. Hay c ngha l, sc trc ca cng trnh yu cu i
vi cn trc l tng trng lng mt m b tng phi m bo trong tm kh nng chu lc ca h khun c
thit k trc.
Q Hot ti p lc y ngang do gi gy ra

Hng dn n K thut thi cng B tng ton khi nh nhiu tng/CHNG I. THIT K CP PHA
Tuy nhin, trong tiu chun M, cch tnh ton theo trng thi gii hn II-v bin dng th li vn c tnh ton vi
t hp tt c cc ti trng thng xuyn v tm thi (mi ti trng di hn v ngn hn) tc dng trong giai on thi
cng b tng (tc l giai on b tng ti), nh trng thi gii hn I-v cng . Cch ny n gin hn, gi tr
bin dng cc tr fmax s ln hn so vi tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN), nhng bin dng cho php li c ly ln
hn Tiu chun Vit Nam. y, tiu chun M, bin dng cho php ca b phn khun c, trong mi trng
hp, lun c ly l: [f] = 1/250 nhp ca b phn cp pha ( tiu chun Vit Nam thng l [f] = 1/400
nhp ca b phn cp pha). Do , cc cch tnh trng thi gii hn v bin dng ca c Tiu chun Vit Nam ln
Tiu chun M l gn nh ging nhau, TCVN cht ch hn, cn Tiu chun M li n gin hn. Khun c b
tng va phi m bo iu kin cng , va phi m bo iu kin bin dng, nn phi khng ch vt liu lm
kt cu khun c ch lm vic hon ton trong gii hn n hi.

Cc cng ngh thi cng

Theo sch Hi p thit k v thi cng kt cu nh cao tng, tp II ca tc gi ngi Trung Quc, Triu Ty An,
trang 42-55, th c cc cng ngh thi cng b tng ton khi nh nhiu tng v cao tng sau:
Cng ngh thi cng lp t khun c (cp pha) ct, vch, dm v v sn cng lc v b tng ton b cng
mt ln (cng ngh c b tng kt cu mt ln hay cng ngh thi cng b tng ton khi mt t). Trnh t thi
cng gm: Lp buc ct thp ct, vch cng --> t cc ng ng chn sn trong ct v vch cng --> dng
khun c ct, vch cng, dm, sn --> b tng ct, vch, dm v sn --> bo dng b tng --> sau khi
cng t yu cu, tho d khun c ct, vch, dm, sn.
Cng ngh thi cng tch ri ct v vch vi dm v sn (cng ngh c b tng kt cu hai ln hay cng ngh thi
cng b tng ton khi hai t). Trnh t thi cng gm: Lp buc ct thp ct, vch --> dng khun c ct,
vch --> b tng ct v vch n di y dm 3-5 cm --> tho d khun c vch, ct ( li vn khun u
ct pha trn y dm) --> dng ngang, gio chng vn khun dm --> lp dng vn khun y dm -->
lp dng vn khun thnh dm --> lp dng cp pha (khun c) sn --> lp t ct thp dm --> lp t ct
thp sn, chn sn cc ng ng k thut chm trong sn --> b tng dm sn --> bo dng b tng -->
sau khi b tng t cng c th tho d vn khun, th tho cp pha (khun c) dm v sn (c th tho
cp pha thnh dm trc khi tho cp pha y dm v cp pha sn, hay cng c th tho d chng ng thi
vi nhau).
Cng ngh thi cng ln lt ct v vch, tip theo n dm, cui cng l sn, ring r nhau. Trnh t thi cng
gm:
Cng ngh thi cng cp pha bay (thi cng c b tng ct, vch, dm trc (c th bng cp pha trt), thi cng
b tng sn sau trn h cp pha bay tm ln). Trnh t thi cng gm:
V vy, cn phi c cu to cp pha ph hp vi tng loi cng ngh thi cng khc nhau nh trn.

Ngun, giy php, v ngi ng gp vo bi

Ngun, giy php, v ngi ng gp vo bi

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Ngun, giy php, v ngi ng gp vo hnh

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