Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Obesity and Risk Factor
Obesity and Risk Factor
Obesity
An Overview
2009
CDC
Energy Imbalance
What is it?
Weight Gain
Calories Consumed > Calories Used
Weight Loss
Calories Consumed < Calories Used
No Weight Change
Calories Consumed = Calories Used
2009
CDC
Energy Imbalance
Effects in the Body
Fat cells
2009
2009
Weight Classifications
A Review
You can find tables on the web that have done the math and metric conversions for you.
http://www.pbrc.edu/Division_of_Education/Tools/BMI_Calculator.asp
or
http://www.nhlbisupport.com/bmi
2009
CDC
The effects of excess weight on mortality and morbidity have been recognized
for more than 2,000 years. It was Hippocrates who recognized that sudden
death is more common in those who are naturally fat than in the lean.
Today, obesity is increasing rapidly. Research shows that many factors related
to obesity influence mortality and morbidity.
2009
Mortality
Weight, Fat Distribution, and Activity
2009
Mortality
Excess Body Weight
2009
Mortality
Regional Fat Distribution
Android
Gynoid
2009
Mortality
Weight Gain
2009
Mortality
Sedentary Lifestyle
2009
Morbidity
Associated with Obesity
2009
Morbidity
Associated with Obesity
Individuals who are obese are at a greater risk of developing:
Endometrial, prostate
and breast
cancers
Complications of pregnancy
Menstrual irregularities
Psychological disorders
CDC
2009
Cardiovascular Disorders
Associated with Obesity
Obese individuals are at a greater risk of developing these cardiovascular disorders:
Hypertension
Stroke
Coronary Artery Disease
2009
Hypertension
2009
NHLBI
Hypertension
The Dangers
Failure to find and treat HTN is serious, as untreated HTN can cause:
2009
NHLBI
Hypertension
2009
Hypertension
Prevalence in the Overweight
32.7
Prevalence of HTN
27.0
Age-adjusted prevalence
of hypertension in
overweight U.S. adults
27.7
22.1
14.9
15.2
2009
Adapted from:
http://www.obesityinamerica.org/trends.html
Stroke
2009
NINDS
Stroke
The symptoms of a stroke include:
2009
NINDS
Stroke
2009
NINDS
J La State Med Soc .2005; 156 (1): S42-49.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a type of atherosclerosis that occurs when the arteries
supplying blood to the heart muscle (coronary arteries) become hardened and narrowed.
This hardening and narrowing is caused by plaque buildup.
As the plaque increases in size, the insides of the coronary arteries get narrower, and
eventually, blood flow to the heart muscle is reduced.
This is critical because blood carries much-needed oxygen to the heart.
2009
NHLBI
Coronary Arteries
Blood Flow
Angina
Heart Attack
Angina
This is the chest pain or discomfort that occurs
when the heart is not getting enough blood.
Heart attack
This is what happens when a blood clot develops
at the site of the plaque in a coronary artery.
The result is a sudden blockage, which may
block all or most of the blood supply to the heart
muscle. Because cells in the heart muscle begin to
die when they are not receiving adequate amount
of oxygen, permanent damage to the heart muscle
can occur if blood flow is not quickly restored.
2009
NHLBI
Heart Failure
In this condition, the heart cant pump blood
effectively to the rest of the body. Heart
failure does not mean that the heart has
stopped nor does it mean that it is about to.
It means that the heart is failing to pump
blood the way that it should.
Heart Failure
Arrhythmias
Arrhythmias
Arrhytmias are changes in the normal
beating rhythm of the heart. They can be
either faster or slower than normal.
Some arrhythmias can be quite
serious.
2009
NHLBI
2009
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Associated with Obesity
Obese individuals are at greater risk of developing these gastrointestinal disorders:
Colon Cancer
Gall stones
2009
Colon Cancer
The colon (a.k.a. the large intestine) is about 5 feet long and its
role in the digestive system is to continue to absorb water and
mineral nutrients from food. Once this process of absorption is
complete, waste matter (feces) remains.
2009
Colon Cancer
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S.
It is estimated to cause about 55,170 deaths during 2006.
2009
Colon Cancer
Findings Relating to Obesity
NCI
Gallbladder Disease
NIH
2009
Gallstones
Findings Related to Obesity
2009
Gallstones
Findings Related to Obesity
In the Nurses Health Study, when compared to those having a BMI of 24 or less,
Women with a BMI > 30 kg/m2 had a 2-fold increased risk for symptomatic gallstones.
Women with a BMI > 45 kg/m2 had a 7-fold increased risk for symptomatic gallstones.
The relative increased risk of symptomatic gallstone development with increasing BMI
appears to be less for men than for women.
2009
Gallstones
Findings Related to Obesity
Ironically, weight loss leads to an increased risk of gallstones-because of the increased flux of cholesterol through the biliary
system.
2009
Metabolic Disorders
Associated with Obesity
Obese individuals are at greater risk of developing these metabolic disorders:
Diabetes Mellitus
Dyslipidemia
Liver Disease
2009
Diabetes Mellitus
The risk for Type 2 DM increases with the degree and duration
of overweight in individuals.
2009
15%
55%
30%
2009
Adapted from:
http://www.obesityinamerica.org/trends.html
Diabetes Mellitus
Findings Related to Obesity
2009
Diabetes Mellitus
Findings Relating to Weightloss
2009
Dyslipidemia
2009
Dyslipidemia is defined as
abnormal concentration of
lipids or lipoproteins in the
blood.
Dyslipidemia
Findings Related to Obesity
An inverse relationship between HDL cholesterol and BMI has been noted.
This relationship may be more important than the relationship between
BMI & TG levels.
Low level of HDL carries more relative risk for developing heart disease
than do elevated triglyceride levels.
Central fat distribution also plays an important role in lipid abnormalities.
Excessive body fat in the abdominal region leads to increased circulating
triglyceride levels.
2009
HDL
Liver Disease
2009
Liver Disease
Fatty Liver
Diabetes
Certain drugs
Intestinal bypass operations
Starvation
Protein malnutrition
Alcoholism
2009
Liver Disease
Fatty Liver
2009
The 300 billion cells of the liver control a process known as metabolism. During
metabolism, the liver breaks down nutrients into usable products. These products
are then delivered to the rest of the body through the bloodstream.
The liver also metabolizes toxins into byproducts that can be safely eliminated.
The liver also produces many important substances, such as: albumin, bile,
cholesterol, clotting factors, globin, and immune factors.
2009
Mayo Clinic
Other Disorders
Associated with Obesity
Obese individuals are at greater risk of developing these metabolic disorders:
Obstructive sleep apnea is caused by repetitive upper airway obstruction during sleep
as a result of narrowing of the respiratory passages.
Patients having the disorder are most often overweight with associated peripharyngeal
infiltration of fat and/or increased size of the soft palate and tongue.
2009
2009
2009
Osteoarthritis
2009
NSLS
Osteoarthritis
Findings Relating to Obesity
2009
NSLS
Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2003; 32: 761-786.
Cancer
Findings Relating to Obesity
2009
Endocrine Changes
2009
Endocrine Changes
Associated with Obesity
Common hormonal abnormalities associated with obesity
2009
Psychological Disorders
Associations with Obesity
Psychological Disorders
Weight Loss
In Conclusion
The following conditions have been found to be associated with obesity:
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Gallbladder Disease
Liver Disease
Cancer
Coronary Artery Disease
Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
Endocrine Changes
Psychosocial Function
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Osteoarthritis
Pennington Biomedical
Research Center
Division of Education
Phillip Brantley, PhD, Director
Pennington Biomedical Research
Center
Claude Bouchard, PhD, Executive
Director
Phillip Brantley, PhD, Director
Heli J Roy, PhD, RD, Associate Professor
Shanna Lundy, BS
Beth Kalicki
2009
Mission:
To promote healthier lives through research and education in nutrition and preventive medicine.
The research fostered in these areas can have a profound impact on healthy living and on the prevention of common chronic diseases, such as heart
disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and osteoporosis.
The Division of Education provides education and information to the scientific community and the public about research findings, training programs
and research areas, and coordinates educational events for the public on various health issues.
We invite people of all ages and backgrounds to participate in the exciting research studies being conducted at the Pennington Center in Baton Rouge,
Louisiana. If you would like to take part, visit the clinical trials web page at www.pbrc.edu or call (225) 763-3000.
2009
References
2009
References
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. NINDS Stroke Information Page.
Available at: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/stroke/stroke.htm
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). What is Coronary Artery Disease?
Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Cad/CAD_WhatIs.html
American Cancer Society (ACS). What is Colorectal Cancer? Available at:
http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1x_What_Is_Colon_and_Rect
um_Cancer.asp?rnav=cri
National Cancer Institute (NCI). Obesity and Cancer. Available at:
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/obesity
2009
References
2009