Chng 2:

NIT PHOT PHO

Nit

Bai 1:

I-CU TO PHN T
Nhm VA c cu hnh electron ngoi cng l : ns 2np3 .
Nn va th hin c tnh o xh v tnh kh.
- Cu hnh electron ca N 2 : 1s22s22p3
- CTCT :
NN
CTPT : N2
S OXH ca N 2 : -3, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5
II-TNH CHT VT L
- L cht kh khng mu , khng mi , khng v, hi nh hn khng kh ( d = 28/29) , ha lng -196oC.
- Nit t tan trong nc , ho lng v ho rn nhit rt thp .Khng duy tr s chy v s h hp (khng c).
III-TNH CHT HO HC
1-Tnh oxi ho : Phn t nit c lin kt ba rt bn, nn nit kh tr v mt ha hc nhit th ng.
a) Tc dng vi hidr :
nhit cao , p sut cao v c xc tc .Nit phn ng vi hidr to amoniac . y l phn ng thun nghch v
to nhit :
to,p,xt

N2 + 3H2
2NH3 H = -92KJ
b)Tc dng vi kim loi
- nhit thng nit ch tc dng vi liti to liti nitrua :
- nhit cao , nit tc dng vi nhiu kim loi :

6Li + N 20 2Li3N3

3Mg + N 2 Mg3N2

(magie nitrua)

Cc nitrua d b thy phn to NH 3

Nit th hin tnh oxi ho khi tc dng vi nguyn t c m in nh hn .

2-Tnh kh:
- nhit cao ( 30000C) Nit phn ng vi oxi to nit monoxit
+2

N2 + O2 2NO ( khng mu )
- iu kin thng , nit monoxit tc dng vi oxi khng kh to nit dioxit mu nu
+2

+4

2NO + O2 2NO2

Nit th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi nguyn t c m in ln hn.

- Cc oxit khc ca nit :N 2O , N2O3, N2O5 khng iu ch c trc tip t ni v oxi
IV- IU CH :
a) Trong cng nghip: Nit c sn xut bng cch chng ct phn on khng kh lng
b) Trong phng th
to nghim : Nhit phn mui nitrit
NH4NO2
N2 t+o 2H2O
NH4Cl + NaNO2
N2 + NaCl +2H2O
to (500oC)

NH4NO3
2NH3 + 2CuO
2NH3
+3/2 O2

to
to

N2 + 2H2O
2Cu + N2 + 3H2O
N2 + 3H2O

Bai 2:

Amoniac va muoi amoni

A. AMONIAC : Trong phn t NH3 , N lin kt vi ba nguyn t hidro bng ba lin kt cng ha tr c cc. NH 3
c cu to hnh chp vi nguyn t Nit nh. Nit cn mt cp electron ha tr l nguyn nhn tnh bazo ca NH 3.
I. Tnh chat vat l:

L cht kh khng mu, c mi kha i xc, nh hn khng kh.

Tan rt nhiu trong nc ( 1 lt nc ha tan c 800 lt kh NH 3)

Amoniac ha tan vo nc thu c dung dch amoniac.

II. Tnh chat hoa hoc:
1- Tnh baz yeu:

a) Tac dung vi nc: NH3 + H2O

NH4+ + OH
Thanh phan dung dch amoniac gom: NH3, NH4+, OH-.
=> dung dch NH3 la mot dung dch baz yeu.
b) Tac dung vi dung dch muo(Muoi cua nhng kim loai co hidroxxit khong tan): ket tua hiroxit cua cac
kim loai o.
AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl ; Al3+ + 3NH3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+
Nhng hidroxit va oxit co kha nang tao phc amin th tan trong dung dch NH 3 ( nh Cu(OH)2, Zn(OH)2, Ag2O,
AgCl...)
Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [ Cu( NH3)4 ](OH)2 (xanh tham)
Ag2O + 2 NH3 + 2H2O 2 [Ag(NH3)2 ]OH
AgCl + 2 NH3 [Ag(NH3)2 ]Cl
c) Tac dung vi axit: muoi amoni:
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl (amoni clorua)
2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 ( amoni sunfat)
2. Tnh kh:
a.

to

Tac dung vi oxi: 4NH3 + 3O2 2N2 + 6H2O

Nu c Pt l xc tc , ta thu c kh NO
xt, to

4NH3 + 5O2 4 NO + 6H2O

b. Tac dung vi clo: 2NH3 + 3Cl2 N2 + 6HCl
NH3 kt hp ngay vi HCl va sinh ra to khi trng NH4Cl
c. Tc dng vi CuO:
to

2NH3

+ 2CuO

2Cu + N2 + 3H2O

III. ieu che:

1. Trong phong th nghiem: Bang cach un nong muoi amoni vi Ca(OH)2
to

2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O

2. Trong cong nghiep:Tong hp t nit va hiro:
N2(k) + 3H2(k)
2NH3(k)
H < O
0
o
Nhiet o: 450 500 C
o
Ap suat cao t 200 300 atm
o
Chat xuc tac: sat kim loai c tron them Al2O3, K2O,...
Lm lnh hn hp kh bay ra, NH 3 ha lng c tch ring.
B. MUOI AMONI: La tinh the ion gom cation NH4+ va anion goc axit.
I. Tnh chat vat l: Tan nhieu trong nc, ien li hoan toan thanh cac ion, ion NH4+ khong mau.
II. Tnh chat hoa hoc:
1- Tac dung vi dung dch kiem: (e nhan biet ion amoni, ieu che amoniac trong phong th nghiem)
to

(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH 2NH3 + 2H2O + Na2SO4 ;

NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O (Qu m ha xanh)
2 Phan ng nhiet phan:
- Muoi amoni cha goc cua axit khong co tnh oxi hoa khi un nong b phan huy thanh NH3
Th d:

to

NH4Cl(r) NH3(k) + HCl(k)

to

(NH4)2CO3(r)

NH3(k) + NH4HCO3(r)

to

NH4HCO3 NH3 + CO2 + H2O ;

NH4HCO3 (bt n) c dng lm xp bnh.
- Muoi amoni cha goc cua axit co tnh oxi hoa nh axit nitr, axit nitric khi b nhiet pha n cho ra N2, N2O ( init
oxit)
to

Th du:
NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O
Nhit ln ti 500 oC , ta c phn ng:

to

NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O

2NH 4NO3 2 N2 + O2 + 4H2O

Bai 3:

Axit Nitric va muoi Nitrat

A. AXIT NITRIC
I. Cau tao phan t :
-

CTPT: HNO3

O
CTCT:

H-ON
O

Nit co so oxi hoa cao nht la +5

II. Tnh chat vat ly

- La chat long khong mau, boc khoi manh trong khong kh am ; D = 1.53g/cm 3
- Axit nitric khong ben, khi co anh sang , phan huy 1 phan:

4HNO3 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O

Do o axit HNO3 cat gi lau ngay co mau vang do NO2 phan huy tan vao axit.
Can cat gi trong bnh sam mau, boc bang giay en
- Axit nitric tan vo han trong nc (HNO3 ac co nong o 68%, D = 1,40 g/cm3 ).
III. Tnh chat hoa hoc
1. Tnh axit: L mt trong s cc axit mnh nht, trong dung dch: HNO 3
H + + NO3
- Dung dch axit HNO 3 c y tnh cht ca mt dung dch axit : lm qu tm , tc dng vi oxit baz, baz,
mui ca axit yu hn.
CuO + 2HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + H2O ; Ba(OH)2 + 2HNO3

Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O

CaCO3 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O

2. Tnh oxi hoa:
Kim loi hay phi kim khi gp axit HNO3 u b oxi ha v trng thi oxi ha cao nht.
Tuy vao nong o cua axit va ban chat cua chat kh ma HNO3 co the b kh en: N2, N2O, NO, NO2, NH4NO3.
a) Vi kim loai: HNO3 oxi hoa hau het cac kim loai ( tr vang(Au) va platin(Pt) ) khong giai phong kh H2, do
ion NO3- co kha nang oxi hoa manh hn H+.Khi kim loi b oxi ha n mc oxi ho cao nht .
- Vi nhng kim loai co tnh kh yeu nh : Cu, Agth HNO3 ac b kh en NO2 ; HNO3 loang b kh en NO.
Vd:

Cu + 4HNO3()
3Cu + 8HNO3(l)

Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H 2O.

3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H 2O.

- Khi tac dung vi nhng kim loai co tnh kh manh hn nh : Mg, Zn, Al.
+ HNO3 ac b kh en NO2 ;
+ HNO3 loang c th b kh n N2O , N2 hoc NH4NO3.
+ Fe, Al, Cr b thu ong hoa trong dung dch HNO3 ac nguoi.
b) Vi phi kim: Khi un nong HNO3 ac co the tac dung c ch yu vi C, P, S(tr N2 v halogen)
V du:

S + 6HNO3() H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O

C + HNO3() CO2 + NO2 + H2O
3P + 5HNO3(l) + 2H2O 3H3PO4 + 5NO
2-

Thay thoat kh mau nau co NO2 . khi nho dung dich BaCl2 thay co ket tua mau trang co ion SO4 .
c) Vi hp chat:
- H2S, Hl, SO2, FeO, mui st (II) c th tc dng vi HNO 3 nguyn t b oxi ho trong hp cht chuyn ln mc

oxi ho cao hn. V d nh :

3FeO + 10HNO3(d) 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O
3H2S + 2HNO3(d) 3S + 2NO + 4H2O
- Nhiu hp cht hu c nh giy, vi, du thng bc chy khi tip xc vi HNO3 c.

V. ieu che
3

1-Trong phong th nghie0m:

t
NaNO3 r + H2SO4
HNO3 + NaHSO4
in phn cc mui nitrat ca kim loi ng sau H + ca nc ( sau Al)
p
M(NO3)x +x/2 H2O
M + x/4 O2 + xHNO3
2- Trong cong nghiep: - c san xuat t amoniac: NH3 NO NO2 HNO3
- t0 = 850-900oC, xt : Pt :

4NH3 +5O2 4NO +6H2O ; H = 907kJ

- Oxi hoa NO thanh NO2 :

2NO + O2 2NO2

- Chuyen hoa NO2 thanh HNO3: 4NO2 +2H2O +O2 4HNO3 .

TQ:
4NH3 +8 O2 4HNO3 + 4 H2O
Dung dch HNO3 thu c co nong o 60 62%. Chng cat vi H2SO4 am ac thu c dung dch HNO3 96
98% .
B. MUOI NITRAT

1. Tnh chat vat ly: De tan trong nc , la chat ien li manh trong dung dch, chung phan li hoan toan thanh
cac ion
V du:

Ca(NO3)2 Ca2+ + 2NO3-

- Ion NO3- khong co mu, mau cua mot so muoi nitrat la do mau cua cation kim loai. Mot so muoi nitrat de b
chay ra nh NaNO3, NH4NO3.

2.. Tnh chat hoa hoc:

Cc mui nitrat ca kim loi kin v kim th c mi trng trung tnh, mui ca kim lo i khc c mi
trng axit(PH<7)
1: Nhit phn mui Nitrat
Cac muoi nitrat de b phan huy khi un nong
a) Muoi nitrat cua cac kim loai hoat ong (trc Mg):
0

Nitrat t Nitrit + O2

vd:

2KNO3

0
t
2KNO2 + O2

b) Muoi nitrat cua cac kim loai t Mg Cu:

0
Nitrat t Oxit kim loi + NO2 + O2

t0

vd: 2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2

c) Muoi cua nhng kim loai kem hoat ong ( sau Cu ) :

0

Nitrat t kim loi + NO 2 + O2

t0

vd: 2AgNO3 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2

2: Ion NO3- trong H+(axit)

NO3- + 4H+ + 3e NO + 2H2O
V d: 3Cu + 2NO3- + 8H+ 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
3Fe2+ + NO3- + 4H+ 3Fe3+ + NO + 2H2O
3: Ion NO3- trong OH-(kim) : OXH c cc Kim loi lng tnh:
8Al + 3NO3- + 5OH- + 2H2O 8AlO2- + 3NH3
4. Nhn bit ion nitrat (NO3)
Trong mi trng axit , ion NO3 th hin tinh oxi ha ging nh HNO3. Do thuc th dng nhn bit ion

NO3 l hn hp vn ng v dung dch H 2SO4 long, un nng.

Hin tng : dung dch c mu xanh, kh khng mu ha nu trong khng kh.
3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3 3Cu2+ + 2 NO + 4H2O
(dd mu xanh)
2NO + O2 ( khng kh) 2NO2 ( mu nu )

Photpho Axit photphoric Muoi photphat

Bai 4:

A. PHT PHO:
1/ Tnh cht ha hc :
Do lin kt trong phn t photpho km bn hn phn t nit nn iu kin thng photpho hot ng ho
hc mnh hn nit.
a) Tnh oxi ho: Photpho ch th hin r rt tnh oxi ho khi tc dng vi mt s kim loi hot ng, to ra
photphua kim loi.
0

Vd: 2 P + 3Ca t Ca
3 P2
o

canxi photphua

Zn + P Zn3P2 (Thuc dit chut)

Cc photphu d b thy phn to Photphin(PH 3) rt c
b) Tnh kh:
Photpho th hin tnh kh khi tc dng vi cc phi kim hot ng nh oxi, halozen, lu hunh cng nh
vi cc cht oxi ha mnh khc

Tc dng vi oxi: Khi t nng, photpho chy trong khng kh to ra cc oxit ca photpho :
+3

Thiu oxi : 4 P + 3O2 2 P2 O3

: 4 P + 5O2

diphotpho trioxit

+5

D Oxi

2 P2O5
diphotpho pentaoxit

Tc dng vi clo: Khi cho clo i qua P nng chy, s thu c cc hp cht photpho clorua:
+3

Thiu clo : 2 P + 3Cl2 2 P Cl3

D clo

: 2 P + 5Cl2

photpho triclorua

+5

2 P Cl5
photpho pentaclorua

Tc dng vi hp cht:
6P + 5KClO3
3P2O5 + 5KCl
3P + 5HNO3(l) + 2H2O 3H3PO4 + 5NO

2. iu ch : Trong cng nghip, photpho c sn xut bng cch nung hn hp qung photphorit, ct v
o
3 2 P + 5CO
+
than cc khong 1200 oC trong l in: Ca3 ( PO4 )2 + 3SiO2 + 5C t 3CaSiO
(3CaO.
P2O5)
Hi photpho thot ra c ngng t khi lm lnh, thu c photpho trng dng rn.
B/ AXIT PHTPHORIC :
Cng thc cu to :

HO
HO
HO

HO

P=O

Hay

HO

HO

1. Tnh cht vt l: L cht rn dng tinh th trong sut, khng mu, nng chy 42,5oC. d chy ra v
tan v hn trong nc.
2. Tnh cht ha hc:
a) Tnh oxi ha kh:
Axt photphoric kh b kh (do P mc oxi ha +5 bn hn so vi N trong axit nitric) , khng c tnh oxi
5

ha.
b) Tnh axit: Axt photphoric l axit c 3 ln axit, c mnh trung bnh. Trong dung dch n
phn li ra 3 nc:
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- k1 = 7, 6.10-3
H2PO4- H+ + HPO42- k2 = 6,2.10-8
nc 1 > nc 2 > nc 3
2+
3-13
HPO4 H + PO4
k3 = 4,4.10

Dung dch axt photphoric c nhng tnh cht chung ca axit nh lm qu tm ha , tc dng vi
oxit baz, baz, mui, kim loi .

Khi tc dng vi oxit baz, baz ty theo lng cht tc dng m axt photphoric to ra mui trung
ha, mui axit hoc hn hp mui:
H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O
H3PO4 + 2NaOH Na2HPO4 + 2H2O
H3PO4 + 3NaOH Na3PO4 + 3H2O
3. iu ch :
a) Trong phng th nghim: P + 5HNO3 H3PO4 + H2O + 5NO2
b) Trong cng nghip:
+ Cho H2SO4 c tc dng vi qung photphorit hoc qung apatit: Ca 3(PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 3CaSO4 +
2H3PO4
iu ch bng phng php ny khng tinh khit v lng cht thp
+ iu ch H 3PO4 c tinh khit v nng cao hn ngi ta t chy P c P 2O5 ri cho P 2O5
tc dng vi nc : 4P + 5O 2 2P2O5
P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4
C/ MUI PHTPHAT: Axt photphoric to ra 3 loi mui:
- Mui photphat trung ha:Na 3PO4, Ca3(PO4)2,
- Mui ihidrophotphat: NaH 2PO4, Ca(H2PO4)2,
- Mui hidrophotphat: Na 2HPO4, CaHPO4
1.Tnh tan: Tt c cc mui ihidrophotphat u tan trong nc.Cc mui hidrophotphat v photphat trung
ha u khng tan hoc t tan trong nc ( tr mui natri, kali, amoni ).
2. Nhn bit ion photphat: Thuc th l bc nitrat.
3Ag+ + PO43- Ag3PO4 (mu vng)

BI 5: PHN BN HA HC
1. Phn m:
L loi mui c cha Nito: NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, (NH2)2CO)
iu ch: Cho NH 3 tc dng vi cc axit tng ng.
Ure: (NH2)2CO : 2NH3

+ CO2

to

(NH2)2CO + H2O
P cao

2. Phn ln:
Supephotphat n: Ca(H2PO4)2 v CaSO4

iu ch:
Ca3(PO4)2
+ H2SO4 (thiu)
Ca(H2PO4)2 + CaSO4
Qung Photphotrit
Supephotphat kp: Ca(H2PO4)2
Ca3(PO4)2
+ H3PO4
Ca(H2PO4)2

Qung Photphotrit
Lu :
Phn hn hp (trn cc loi phn theo t l N : P : K khc nhau): Nitophotka l hn hp (NH 4)2HPO4 v KNO3
Phn phc hp (hn hp cc cht c to ra bng ph n ng ho hc): Amophot l hn hp (NH 4)2HPO4 v
NH4H2PO4