Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MIcology
MIcology
com
2B
. .
. .
. .
Mycetology (mykes = mushrooms ) myceto
) logos (= discourse
.
Mycology .
.
) (
.
.
.
mushrooms
Amanita phalloides .
15
) (Herbals ) ( .
) (Theatrum Fungorum
. . Leeuwen
) (hook .
) (spontaneous generation
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. Micrographia )
( . Phragmidium Mucor
. .
(Piere Antonio
) Michelli
1729 Nova Plantarum Genera
.
)(Carl V. Linnaeus
)(binomial nomenclature
Species
Leiden .
. Schweinitz
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. 4000
1200 . ) (Corda
) (Cooke
. ) (Research on Fungi 6
.
19 .
.
...
) (Puccinia graminis tritici 1886
1887
Phytophthora infestans
. ) (Woronin
) (Plasmodiophora brassicae
. ) (Brefeld
. ) (Saccardo
25
Cognitorum 1882-1931 .
1880 .
19 .
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.
.
. .
) van Tieghem (Raulin
) () Wehmer (
. .
Aspergillus niger
. .
20
.
80000
-120000
1/5
.
.
.
.
0B
chemoorganotroph
. )
(
.
] .
[.
) (soma
) (hypha .
)] .(totipotency soma
somatic vegetative
vegetative [ . thallus
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
.
) (Penicillium ) (Aspergillus
.
.
.
) (substrates
.
pH.
.
.
.
osmophilic fungi .
.
.
25-30
10 40 . ) (mesophilic fungi .
) (thermophilic fungi 40
20 . 50
thermotolerant ) Mucor pusillus,
Cheatomium thermophilum, Thermopascus auranticus .(Aspergillus fumigatus
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) (psychrophilic fungi 20 ]
) Typhula spp.
herbarum
Pythium
[ .
psychrotolerant .
.
62-65
4-7 .
pH . acid tolerant
)
Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium 2 5/5-6
( .
) (acidophilic
1/25 .
Acontium velatum
pH 10-11
/2-0/3 0
) (
) (polyols .
.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. 4 :
-
) (obligate aerobes
.Rhodotorula, Phycomyces
-
) (facultative aerobes
) (
.Mucor hiemalis, Aspergillus fumigatus, F. oxysporum
-
) (obligate fermentative
Aqualinderella fermentans
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Oomycota
Blastocladiella ramosa
Chytridiomycota . )(
)( .
-
) (obligate anaerobes
) (
) Neocallimasticales .(Neocallimastix )
(
(mixed acid
) fermentation .
]
.Cylindrocarpon tonkiense, F. oxysporum Aqualinderella CO2
5-20 . Coccidioides immitis CO2
[.
.
. .
.
) (saprobes .
) (parasite
.
.
) (obligate parasites=biotrophs
.
) (facultative parasites .
) (obligate saprophytes
.Trichoderma viride
) (facultative saprophytes .
.
) (symbiosis
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) (lichens - )( ) (mycorrhizae
.
.
)(endophyte
.
.
.
)( .
. Lolium
perenne, Festuca arundinacea
.
) ( .
) ( .
. ) Laboulbeniales
Zygomycota (] .
[ .
) .(Trichomycetes
.
)(
.
) (mycelium .
) (yeast
.
) (dimorphic fungi .
. .
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.
.
) (septum .
) ( .
) (monokaryotic
) (dikaryotic
parenthosome .
micropore
. Saccharomycetales
Geotrichum
] Candida albicans 25
[ .
homokaryotic
heterokaryotic . )
( heteroplasmon ] .
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10
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1 4 .
1 4 .
) (polyuronoids
) (.
]
.
13 16.
, 14 [.
) (
. osmoenzymes
. .
.
. ATPase Mg-ATP
ADP . 3 1 1
4 .
.
.
.
.
azoles .allylamine
Pythium . Phytophthora
.
) (tip growth
. .
11
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100( .
spitzenkrper = apical body .
.
) (secretory vesicles
.
.
) (chitosomes .
Spitzenkrper
.
.
) (
) (fungal fimbriae
30 7 .
.
) (
) (extracellular matrix . .
.
.
.
. Hysterangium crassum
12
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Sclerotium rolfsii
.
.
.
.
. plectenchyma . :
prosenchyma .
pseudoparenchyma
.
.
)(modification of hyphal structures
( )(rhizomorphs
) (
.
.
. .
) 3-4 (
vessel hyphae .
.
.
.
) (Armillaria mellea . 5-6 .
13
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1 1000
. .
Marasmius
.
( )(mycelial strands
.
.
.
.
Phalllus impedicus
) (Serpula lacrymans .
.
) Agaricus bisporus (.
( )(appressorium
) (
. ) ( .
) = (penetration peg
.
) (Magnaporthe grisea.
( )(haustorium
) (
.
.
14
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.
.
( )(traps
. .
-1 : -2
Stylopage grandis
Meria
Nematoctonus .Harposporium
Arthrobotrys oligospora .
.
Dactylella Zoophagus insidians .
. Dactylaria candidas D. gracilis .
( )(sclerotia
.
.
. Polyporus mylittae
15 . :
cortex, rind medulla
Sclerotium, Sclerotinia . ) (pseudosclerotium
Rhizoctonia .
.
Claviceps Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
] .[carpogenic germination
15
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capitate hyphopodium
Gaeumannomyces .
-
.
}
. .
-1 ) (pertotroph or necrotroph
-2 . ) (biotrophs
. )(
-3 . ) (hemibiotrophs
) (
) Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Cercosporidium personatum
(.
)(Fungal Organells
)(nucleus
.
.
.
.
16
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) SPB
. . SPB
) (
(.
) (intranuclear
. Dictyostelium discoideum
.
. ) (DAPI .
.
:
. .
) electrophoresis (PFGE .
17
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.
UV .
1B
)(mitochondria
.
.
. 1-20 DNA
) Hansenula mralcie ( .
ATP .
) (ribosomes
.
80S) . 70 S(.
) (vacoules
.
ATPase
.
) .
(.
) (golgi bodies
.
. .
) (lomasomes
18
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.
) (hydrogenosomes
0/5-2 .
DNA .
) (chitosomes
.
40 - 70
1/3 . 2/3
.
) (rumposome ) (gama Particles .
Blastocladiella emersonii 0/5
. .
Monoblepharella
.
.
) (filasomes
.
.
) Multivesicular bodies (MVBs
MVBs SPB .
) (
.
. .
. SPB
.
.
19
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)(Fungal Nutrition
.
: )(microelement= trace element
.
) (macroelements . :
.
. ) (boron
.
.
0/001-0/05 .
(yeast
) extracts .
50
.
.
.
.
. .
.lini
catabolite
repression
. .
Verticillium .
.
. .
Sordaria fimicola
Rhizopus oligospora .
20
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.
.
Leptomitus lacteus
.
. )
( ) (
. .
. .
.
) (casein hydrolysate
.
.
euthiotrophic .
parathiotrophic
.
. .
. .
. KH2PO4 K2HPO4
.
.
. 3+
2+ . .
. :
auxoautotrophic
Ashbya gossypii Eremothecium ashbyii .
auxoheterotrophic .
21
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Pythium butleri . .
)
) (A, D, E, K .
B (H
Phytophthora, Phycomyces
Sordaria fimicola
. Glomerella cingulata
.
.
Polyporus texanus . .
.
5 : ) (lag phase
. ) (logarithmic= exponential
. ) (decceleration
. ) (stationary phase )(autolysis
.
. .
)(Reproduction and Sporulation
.
.
.
-1 : ) (plasmogamy -2 ) (karyogamy
-3 ) (meiosis .
)(meiospores
.
.
. )
(
. ) (holocarpic .
22
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. ) (eucarpic .
.
) ( .
) (gametangium .
.
) (isogametangium
) (heterogametangium .
) (antheridium
)] (ascogonium ) [(oogonium .
.
.
.
) (mitospores .
:
-1 ) (fragmentation .
.
) (arthrospores
Geotrichum .
.
. ) (chlamydospore.
-2 ) (fission
) (
) (Schizosaccharomyces.
23
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-3 ) (budding .
.
. ) (blastospores .
) (pseudomycellium . .
-4
.
.
) (sporangium
)(sporangiospores
. ) (sporangiophore
.
aplanospore.
) (zoospore or planospore
. .
) (whiplash . ) (tinsel
. .
)
) (heterokontean type( .
) 2
( . ) (conidium .
) (conidiophores . diaspore
) ... ) (diaspore(.
) (parasexual cycle .
) (1952 .
24
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.
:
- 1
) (heterokaryosis
.
- 2
- 3
) (
- 4
) (sectors
.
2N+1 2N-1 . ) (aneuploids . 2N-1
.
.
.
. .
) (cytoplasmic inheritance .
.
.
.
.
. barrage phenomenon
.
25
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) (zone line .
.
)(sex and sexual compatibility
.
.
) (mating types .
) ( .
.
:
-1 ) (hermaphrodite or monoecious
.
-2 ) (dioecious .
. .
-3 ) (sexually undifferentiated
.
.
:
( ) :(homothallic fungi
.
mating type )
(.
( ) (heterothallic fungi
.
.
- ):(secondarily homothallic fungi
26
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) (
.
) :(bipolar or unifactorial
) ( a + A
Mucor, Rhizopus, Phycomyces ) a A
(.
(II
) :(bifactorial or tetrapolar
Schizophyllum commune . A B
2 .
Schizophyllum commune A B
.
A .
A
.
flat reaction .
) (
. . barrage reaction.
) (teleomorph
) (anamorph . mitosporic fungi meiosporic fungi
27
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. ) (holomorph
andromorph . .
synanamorphs.
1881 Achlya .
erotactin .
erogen
erotropin . :
Sirenin Allomyces ) (
Trisporic acid
) Antheridiol .(erotactin
erogen .
erotropin Achlya .
Blakeslea trispora Mucor mucedo Phycomyces blakesleeanus
. .
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
a ) (
DNA ) sporopolenin .(
.
)(fungal life cycle
) (n ) (n+n ) (2n
.
-1
.
-2
Blastocladiales .
28
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-3
. .
-4 -
.
-5 -
Endomycetales ) Blastocladiales
Allomyces,
250
. .
Osiris .
Jupiter
.
Amanita muscaria .
) (hallucinogenic Psilocybe cubensis
. ) = (bioluminescense .
.
29
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.
.
.
) (fox fire . Armillaria bulbosa
) (1992 .
30 10
1500 .
.
) (
.
) ( .
.
.
Serpula lacrimans
.
) (
.
.
) (mycotoxin
.
. .
30
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) 12-14
( vapona .
Fusarium, Trichoderma,
31
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Claviceps purpurea
.
) (ergot .
.
) (St. Anthonys fire or holly fire
.
14-18
.
) (ergotism . .
-1
phallotoxins
amatoxins 10-20 .
phalloidin
.
.
Lepiota Galerina
orellanine . Cortinarius orellanus
) 3-15( .
Amanita
psilocybin psilocin
Psilocybe,
Stropharia, Coenocybe
.
32
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.
.
] ) (Ophiostoma novo-ulmi
10 [
]) (Cryphonectria parasitica [.
) (mycosis .
.
.
.
.
) (blastomycosis ) (coccidiosis ) (histoplasmosis
) (candidiasis ) (crypyococcis ... Candida albicans .
.
7-8 .
.
3B
.
.
Cephalosporium acremonium
. sandimmune sandimman
.
1970
33
Cylindrocarpon lucidum
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Tolypocladium inflatum .
Taxol .
Fommitopsis officinalis
.
Claviceps purpurea
. )(
. .
... .
600
. 1650 .
. .
Agaricus brunnescense .
. ) (
Agaricus brunnescense .
)(aphrodisiacs
.
) (truffles
) (morels .
. ) (Ustilago maydis
huitlacoche cuitlacoche .
Brie, Commembert, Roquefort Danish
Blue . .
miso tempeh sufu
.
34
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.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
CO2 .
.
(malting) .
. B .
.
. ) (mycoherbicides Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides Collego
) Aeschynomene virginica ( .
.
.
.
.
.
Ambrosia
. mycangium
.
.
anobiid .
.
.
35
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. Neurospora, Saccharomyces,
Schizophyllum ....
)(Fungal Systematics
3 5
.
: ) (
) (
.
.
1860
) ( .
: ) (Kingdom Monera
) (
) (Kingdom Protista
. ) (Kingdom Plantae
. ) (Kingdom Animalia
) (Kingdom Fungi
.
.
36
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
.
) (1993
Cavalier-Smith
) phyllogeny(
.
.
) monophyletic (
) polyphyletic . (
. .
paraphyletic ) ( .
Fungi
. .
37
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phylogenetic
classification ) (
.
. ) (character
. ) (character states.
)
( .
.
. 1887
)( . )
( .
.
.
1960 .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
RNA
.rDNA
38
rRNA
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( . rDNA
.
RNA) (18S .
.
.
. : plesiomorphs
.apomorphs
symplesiomorphs
synapomorphs . .
.
.
) (sister groups
. .
:
.
. .
maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood distance .
. distance phenetic
.
.
)
(
) /
( .
DNA
. .
maximum parsimony ) (
.
.
39
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.
.
. .
.
. maximum likelihood
.
. maximum likelihood
.
.
.
maximum parsimony .
) (robustness .
.
.
) (taxon ) ( . .
) (binomial
) (species epithet .
.
. .
.
.
40
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:
. :
.
: ) (-mycota ) (-mycotina ) (-mycetes ) (-mycetidae (-
) ales ) (-ineae ) (-aceae ) (-oideae ) (-eae ).(-inae
.
) 5 (
Chromista, Fungi Protozoa .
2007 Fungi
Mucoromycotina, Entomophthoromycotina,
Zoopagomycotina .Kickxellomycotina
incertae sedes .
.
.
.
41
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(spec. nov.
) 1935
(.
-2 ) (typification )
(
. .
. )
DNA . 1993
(.
) (nomenclatural types :
) (holotype
.
) (isotype
.
) (lectotype
.
42
)(paratype
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) ( .
)(neotype
.
) (epitype )
1958 (.
-3 ) (authority
.
. Mucor corymbifer Cohn 1884 Cohn
. 1912
Absidia
. :
(basionym
)
.(1953 ) (1958
.
Schiffnerulla
DNA
. Taxon
.
) (homonym .
) (synonym
.
) (legitimate name .
) (correct name
.
43
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)(Ascomycota
) (ascus .
) (
. )(free cell formation
. .
) (woronin bodies .
.
)
( .
) (coprophilous fungi .
) (corticolous
) (lignicolous ) (folicolous .
hypogeous )
epigeous( . -
)( )( .
) (mycobiont ) (photobiont 46 .
96 .
.
. .
)
Trichoderma (Chaetomium
. ) (
.
.
Beauveria, Fusarium,
Metarrhizium
. Ambrosiella, Symbiotaphrina, Raffaelea
.
.
.
44
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Gibberella
) fujikuroi ( . )
(
. Neurospora crassa, Saccharomyces
Aspergillus .
. .
.
(fungi
) imperfecti .
.
:
.
.
) B .
) hologenous
( ) entrogenous
( . - ) (%G+C DNA
50 ) (50-70 50 ) (28-50 .
.
.
. .
.
.
45
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)
( .
.
.
.
) (soredium
. .
):(sexual reproduction
:
- 1 ) (gametangial contact .
) ( .
) (trichogene
)( . .
.
.
)(conjugate divisions
. .
)
crozier
( .
.
. .
.
(ascus mother
) cell .
.
.
4 .
46
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8 .
ascus vesicle envelope membrane
) system (EMS .
.
. ) (sporoplasm
) (epiplasm .
.
8 1000
. ) (
EMS} .
{.
47
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- 5 ) (apomixis
.
.Ascobolus aquinus
)(asci
) (
. )(Hansenula anomala
) (Endomycopsis fibuliger
) (Emericella variecolor .
) (hymenium .
. ) (protounicate
.
) (passive . ) (eutunicate
. :
) (unitunicate
) (operculum
.
) (bitunicate
) (exotunicae ) (endotunicae
.
. fissitunicate jack in the
box . ) (active.
)(ascocarp = ascoma
.
. :
) (cleistothecium . ) (perithecium
-. ) (apothecium
.
. ) (ascostroma
48
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.
.
) (pseudoperithecium -. ) (thyrothecium
. ) (hysterothecium
.
.
) (hamathecium . :
- 1
) (interascal pseudoparenchyma
- 2
) (paraphyses
.Wettsteinia
.
.Xylaria, Pyrenula
) (epithecium
Genea .Pezizales
- 3
) (periphyses
Gibberella,
.Pyrenula
- 4
) (apical paraphyses
) (Periphysoids
.Nectria, Metacapnodium
- 5
) (pseudoparaphyses
.
.Pleospora
49
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- 6
trabeculate pseudoparaphyses
.
- 7
.Dothidea .
)(incompatibility systems in ascomycota
. .
.
.
homogenic incompatibility .
) (mating type genes . heterogenic compatibility
.
(heterogenic
) incompatibility genes
(heterogenic
) incompatibility .
.
) (vegetative compatibility groups .
mating type .
) (idiomorph
.
)(ascomycota classification
.
50
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Pyrenomycetes -1 .
Discomycetes -2 .
Loculoascomycetes -3 .
Laboulbeniomycetes -4
) (cladome.
Plectomycetes -5
.
Hemiascomycetes -6 .
.
:
-- .
-1 - -2
Endomycetes
Ascomycetes .
2007
) (synnemata= coremium
51
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.
.
-
) (sporodochium
.
-
) (pycnidium
.
.
.
.
.
-
) (acervulus
.
.
) (conidiogenous cell .
.
.
)
= (muriform .
. macrocyclic conidiation .
. microcyclic conidiation .
( .
)(conidial ontogeny
52
) Zygosporium
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:
- a
) (blastic
.
- b
) (thallic
.
- c
) (thalloblastic
.
- d
) (arthric
.
.
hologenous .
entrogenous .
endogenous .
) (solitary .
) (catenate seriate .
. seriate
) (false chains
. (spore
) balls
.
basipetal
acropetal
. :
-
schizolytic
.
-
rhexolytic
.
.
53
Onygenales
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
36B
. .
) (form .
.
Sphaeropsidales Melanconiales . .
Moniliales
. ) (mycelia sterilia
) ( .
) (sections
. :
Amerosporae -1 .
-
Allantosporae ) ( .
Hyalosporae .
Phaeosporae .
Didymosporae -2 .
-
Hyalodidymae .
Phaeodidymae .
Phragmosporae -3 2 .
-
Hyalophragmiae .
Phaeophragmiae .
Dictyosporae -4 .
-
Hyalodictyae .
Phaeodictyae .
Scolecosporae -5 .
Staurosporae -6 .
54
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Helicosporae -7 .
) :(Barron, 1968
-
Arthrosporae
.Geotrichum
-
Blastosporae .
.Cladosporium
-
(Radulosporae) Sympodulosporae
.Arthrobotrys, Sporothrix
-
Porosporae
Aleuriosporae
. .
.Histoplasma, Blastomyces
-
Annelosporae
Spilocea, Scopulariopsis
-
Phialosporae
Botryoblastosporae
. )
(Botrytis
) (Oedocephalum .
-
) Acrosporium (Oidium
.Trichothecium roseum
-
Meristem Blastosporae
.Arthrinium phaeospermum
.
55
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:Hyphomycetes -1 . .
) ( .
.
:Coelomycetes -2 .
.
:Blastomycetes -3 .
.
.
Aganomycetales .
:
Rhizoctonia .
.
.
. .
.
.
Sclerotium .
.
Sclerotium rolfsii .
. ) Botryobasidium rolfsii (
.
.
.
Sclerotium cepivorum
Sclerotium oryzae )(
56
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
micronematous ) (
) macronematous ( .
.
. :
Moniliaceae
) ( .
.
. :
Aspergillus
.
.
. )(
.
.
Penicillium
.
) (monoverticillate metula
) .(biverticillate .
. P. notatum P. chrysogenum
P. griseofulvum
. P.
expansum P. digitatum P. italicum
)( P. gladioli . .
Pyricularia
1-3
. P. grisea Magnaporthe grisea.
Geotrichum
57
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
.
.
. .
Geotrichum candidum
Endomyces geotrichum . .
Verticillium
.
) .(verticillate .
. V. dahliae V. albo-
atrum .
V. lecanii
Lecanicillium lecanii .
Trichoderma
.
.
.
. Hypocrea .
T. virens viridin gliotoxin
4B
.
Clonastachys
Gliocladium .
penicillate .
.
.
58
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
C.
rosea .
Dematiaceae
.
.
Alternaria
.
.
.
. .
.
) beak(
. Lewia .
Curvularia
.
3-4
porosporae.
Cercospora
.
.
. .
C. beticola . C. arachidicola
C. musae )( .
Mycosphaerella
musicola C. apii .
.
59
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
6B
Botrytis
)( .
. B. cinerea
B. allii
B. fabae .
Botryotinia .
Drechslera
porosporae.
.
Cochliobolus Pyrenophora .
Stilbellales
. .
Stilbellaceae . Graphium Trichurus.
Graphium
.
annellidic .
Ophiostoma .
Tuberculariales
. Tuberculariaceae .
.
Exosporium.
Fusarium
. . :
.
.
60
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.
. Nectria, Gibberella, Calonectria
Hypocreales . .
Tubercularia
.
T. vulgaris . Nectria cinnabarina
.
Coelomycetes
. 9000
.
.
Sphaeropsidales,
Melanconiales Pycnothyriales .
Sphaeropsidales
.
. . 4
.
Sphaeropsidaceae
.
Nectrioidaceae .
Leptostromataceae .
17B
16B
Excipulaceae .
Sphaeropsidaceae :
Phoma
.
.
. .
61
Pleospora
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
. P. glomerata
.
Phyllosticta
.
.
. .
Guignardia Mycosphaerella . P. Citricarpa .
Macrophomina
.
. 3-4 .
.
. M. phaseolina
. .
Phomopsis
.
stylospore
. .
Diaporthe . P. cinerescense P. vexans
P. mali P. leptostrmiformis .
Ascochyta
.
. .
. A. rabiei A. fabae
A. phaseolorum .
Leptosphaeria .
Didymella
62
Mycosphaerella Didymella
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
Ascochyta .
Septoria
.
. .
S.
Colletotrichum
. .
setae .
.
C. gloeosporioides
Glomerella cingulata
.
Glomerella .
C. lindemuthianum
C.
63
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.
. M. rosae M. juglandis
)( . Diplocarpon .
Pestalotiopsis
5 .
.
. P. theae .
Entomosporium
18B
.
.
E. maculatum . Diplocarpon mespili
.
Blastomycetes
.
:
Cryptococcales
Cryptococcaceae
. . .
.
Cryptococcus, Candida,
. .
Rhodosporidium Ustilaginsles.
19B
Candida .
. Candida Leucosporidium .
Cryptococcus .
C. albidus
64
Filobasidium
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
4 ) (mirror yeasts
.
. .
Sporobolomyces, Bullera, Itersonilia Tilletiopsis .
(Archiascomycetes) Taphrinomycotina
39B
rDNA .
)(
.
.
) P. carini (
)-(
P. jirovecii
.
Neolecta Neolectaceae Neolectales 3 .
.
65
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EMS ) (.
.
.
Saitoella S. complicata
Rhodotorula glutinis
. .
. )
( ) ( .
.
66
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(ascus
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
) cell
.
.
. .
T.
Protomycetaceae 5 20 Protomyces
) Compositae (Asteraceae
68
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.
.
.
. .
.
) (synascus .
.
.
Schizosaccharomycetales
. S. pombe
.
S. octosporus S. japonicus
. .
S. japonicus
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
8 8 .
. S. octosporus
S. pombe .
Saccharomycotina )(the ascomycetous yeasts
1000 .
69
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.
.
.
( .
)( 10 .
) (
. ) (
.
.
.
)( . .
.
.
.
. .
) (ascophore
EMS .Cephaloascus
.
1 3 1 6
. rDNA
.
polyoles
.
.
)
(killer toxins
70
Saccharomyces
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
cerevisiae .
dsRNA
Cryphonectria
parasitica .
.
.
DNA .
GC DNA .
70
.
DNA .
Saccharomycetes Saccharomycetales 13
).(incertae sedis
Eremotheciaceae,
Lipomycetaceae,
Metschnikowiaceae,
Saccharomycodaceae,
Saccharomycopsidaceae,
Trichomonascaceae, Saccharomycetaceae.
Endomycetaceae,
Phaffomycetaceae,
Saccharomycetaceae
:
.
.
.
cerevisiae .
Saccharomyces
71
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
a .
.
.
sexual agglutination
. .
. .
4 4 .
.
. Kluyveromyces
) .
( . K. polysporus
.
Saccharomycodaceae
) (apiculate
. . Saccharomycodes ludwigii
.
) A1 (A2
.
) (sprout mycellium
. .
4 .
.
Eremotheciaceae
72
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Saccharomycetales
)(Hemiptera
) stigmatomycose
( . .
Eremothecium Coccidiascus .
1-2
.
Eremothecium (Spermophthora) gossypi
.
.
. . 40
) ( . )(
) (2N
. .
8
Cephaloascaceae
Cephaloascus Ambrosiozyma .
.
. C. fragrans
.
.
Sporothrix
Ophiostoma . .
.
. .
73
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
.
4 .
Lipomycetaceae
. Lipomyces
Zygozyma ) Dipodascopsis (
. Dipodascopsis uninucleatus
.
. )(
.
.
.
.
Dipodascaceae
.
DNA
.
Dipodascaceae
Dipodascus Galactomyces Geotrichum
.
. Dipodascus albidus
.
) (
.
.
.
74
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.
.
Ascoidea Ascoideaceae
.
.
.
16-160 .
) (A. asiatica
) (A. rubescens .
.
Metschnikowia Metschnikowiaceae
1-2
.
.
.
. .
1-4
8
1-2 . . 8
)(Co-Q8 . .
75
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. Nonfeldt 1932 3
Ascohymeniales
Plectoascales :
Hymenoascomycetidae
Loculoascomycetidae
Laboulbeniomycetidae
.
.
(Eurotiales and related species) Plectomycetes
:
. ) ( )
(
reticuloperidium .
. )
8 ( .
.
. ) (
. ) ( Eurotiales
.
. rhexolytic Onygenales Ascosphaerales.
schizolytic
76
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
Plectomycetes .
.
.
37
.
. Ascosphaerales, Onygenales Eurotiales
.
Ascosphaerales
4 1 ) Arrhenosphaera( 11 ) Ascosphaera (
1 ) Bettisa( 2 ) Eremascus( 3 .
.
. xerophilic 0/85
60 .
DNA . Ascosphaera
. .
Ascosphaera apis
) (chalkbrood.
.
.
30-40 .
Ascosphaera
.
.
.
) (cyst
nutriocyte .
) ( .
77
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.
A. atra . .
Erymascus
. . E. fertilis
.
rhexolytic .
)) (copulation(
.
. 8 8 .
Onygenales
:
-
.
.
. .
rhexolytic -.
.
Onygenaceae, Myxotrichaceae, Gymnoascaceae Arthrodermataceae
. .
Onygenaceae ) (
. .
.
.
Ajellomyces .
78
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
Chrysosporium .
. Onygena eqina
.
mazaedium
)
( . O. corvina
.
} geophilic .
zoophilic anthropophilic .
{.
Eurotiales
:
- ]
) (peridium
[ .
. .
. schizolytic
. .
Trichocomaceae Pseudourotiaceae .
Aspergillaceae) Trichocomaceae (Eurotiaceae
Aspergillus, Penicillium .Paecilomyces Monascus
Basipetospora .
.
. Penicillium roqueforti P. commemberti
.
Penicillium
79
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Aspergillus fumigatus .
.
A. niger
. .
2/5 10-9
.
: Talaromyces Byssochlamys
.
. .
Penicillium Paecillomyces
) ] .(bivalvate
biseriate
metula .
. uniseriate
80
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
. basipetal .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
... .
Penicillium Aspergillus .
2/3
.
penicillus .
.
.
.
Penicillium
.
) Eurotium
Aspergillus glaucus (
.
.
.
.
)
( .
.
.
.
Monascus
81
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.
.
. .
Basipetospora .
Emericella .
hlle cells
.
. .
diaspore .
.
) Aspergillus nidulans (.
Sartorya
. 8
Aspergillus
fumigatus .
) Paecillomyces Byssochlamys Aspergillus
11
8 . Eupenicillium
.
.
.
. bivalvate
. Byssochlamys
.
Talaromyces flavus
Penicillium vermiculatus
.
82
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. .
.
.
)(Pyrenomycetes, ascomycetes with perithecia
:
subiculum .
.
.
.
. schizogenous
. lysigenous Loculoascomycetes
) ( .
.
.
) (
.
Neurospora
. .
.
.
9 :
Hypocreales, Melanosporales,
83
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) Luttrell (1951 ) (
.
. Nectria
.
Hypomyces Hypocrea Nectria
.
Claviceps
) (
.
Hypocreales
-: - . )
( .
.
part spore
. .
.Hypocreaceae, Nectriaceae, Clavicipitaceae :
Hypocreaceae
Hypomyces, Hypocrea Sphaerostilbella
Hypocrea .
.
8 . .
16 .
84
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
Nectriaceae
.
Giberella Nectria . Nectria
.
.
. 1-2 N. galligena .
. N. cinnabarina
.
.
.
.
Tubercularia -
.
.
.
. .
. 8
. .
N. haematococca
) ( .
Giberella
) G. zeae . (Fusarium graminearum
G.
xylarioides
) G. fujikuroii (Fusarium moniliformis )(
85
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.
...
Clavicipitaceae
Hypocreales .
subiculum
)
( . .
part spore .
.
.
Aschersonia . :
-
Claviceps .
Cordyceps .
Torrubiella .
Epichle .
. . )
(
.
.
Clacviceps purpurea ) ( .
.
.
.
.
Sphacelia segetum .
86
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.
. .
.
8 .
Cordyceps
.
.
Elaphomyces .
Claviceps
Cordyceps militaris
.
Phyllachorales
Phyllachora, Glomerella Polystigma .
clypeus ) clypeus
( .
.
. .
.
Glomerella
80
) G. cingulata
87
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
P. rubrum .
Phyllachora
graminis clypeus .
Diaportales
.
.
.
. .
.
Diaporthe .
.
) Phomopsis
( D. citri . D. vexans
D.
) (Marssonina juglandis
.
Gaeumannomyces . .
G. graminis . .
.
Magnaporthe . .
) Magnaporthe grisea (Pyricularia grisea .
88
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) (pyricularin .
.
Cryphonectria
. .
1-4 .
. Cryphonectria parasitica
)(
] Cryphonectria Endothia [.
Xylariales
.
.
.
. .
.
sympodial percurrent
. :
Diatrypaceae
.Xylariaceae
Xylariaceae .
. .
.
schizolytic
. .
) (Hypoxylon ) (Daldinia )
(Xylaria
) (Biscogniauxia ) (Camillea
.
.
- Rosellinia
89
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. .
.
100 .
R. necatrix
.
Dematophora necatrix .
] . R. aquila
R. arcuata R. pepo R. quercina
R. bunodes [.
Xylaria
.
. .
X. polymorpha X. filiformis .
X. poitei .
Hypoxylon, Daldinia,
Biscogniauxia Camillea.
Diatrypaceae
Eutypa armeniacae . )
( .
Xylariaceae .
Microascales
) (
.
.
.
. Microascaceae Ceratocystidiaceae .
Ceratocystidiaceae Ceratocystis
. .
.
. Chalara .
90
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
. C. coerulescens, C. virescens
C. piliferum
C. fagacearum C. fimbriata
.
. C. fimbriata
. .
C. fagacearum .
.
Nitidulid .
.
. .
.
pressure pad .
.
. .
.
Ophiostomatales
) Europhilum (
Sporothrix Leptographium .
scolytid platypodid .
Ophiostoma epigloeum Tremella fusciformis
. . Ophiostoma
. O. ulmi .
Sporothrix Graphium
.
91
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
Sporothrix
. O. novo-ulmi
ceratoulmin .
Ceratocystis :
Ophiostoma
20B
Ceratocystis
21B
2B
.
-
Sordariales
.
Neurospora .
subiculum
. .
.
1-2
. .
4 Monosporascus cannonballus
. .
Sordariaceae
.
. .
1-2 .
.
.
92
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Neurospora sitophila .
. Monilia sitophila .
.
.
.
8 .
.
N. tetrasperma . . Sordaria
Neurospora .
.
S. brevicolis .S. heterothallicus Gelasinospora
.
. Anixiella
.
Tripterosporaceae .
1-2 .
. Podospora
.
Podospora anserina
.
Cheatomiaceae
.
. .
.
.
Cheatomium .
Thielavia, Cheatomidium .
93
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
Meliolales
.
black mildew .
: mucronate
.
. capitate
. )(setae
.
.
.
2-4
) 8( .
.
Melanosporales
Melanospora .
Phialophora Gonatobotrys .
.
. fusion biotrophism .
M. zamiae
.
.
)(Discomycetses= filamentous ascomycetes with apothecia
.
94
operculate
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
inoperculate .
.
.
.
.
Lecanorales .
) (lignocellulosic
.
)
Ascobolous, Coprotus,
Iodophanus ( .
.
. Tuber
. :
.hymenium, hypothecium (subhymenium), excipulum
. .
excipulum .
) (ectal excipulum ) (medullary excipulum .
) (epithecium )
.(Pezizales
) (epihymenium .
:
eugymnohymenial
cleistohymenials,
.paragymnohymenial
. cleistohymenial
.
.
.
95
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
.
. .
. Byssonecteria . eugymnohymenial
. excipulum . paragymnohymenial
) (
.
Ostropales .
.
. rostrate dehiscense . :
-
inoperculate discomycetes
.
-
operculate discomycetes
8B
lecanoralean discomycetes .
Rhytismatales
.
. .
.
.
. Rhytisma acerinum .
.
.
96
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
.
.
.
.
.
.
)
( .
.
. .
.
Helotiales
.
.
.
) Leotiales (.
.
. Monilinia fructicola
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
gladioli
Pseudopeziza trifolii
Stromatinia
Sclerotinia
cepivorum .
Sclerotiniaceae
.
.
97
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
. .
.
. .
.
Sclerotinia .Monilinia
.Rustromeia
:Monilinia fructicola
.
.
Monilia . ) (
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1-3 .
.
.
Dermataceae
excipulum
. .
. Pseudopeziza excipulum
P. trifolii . .
98
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
) D. maculatum
(Entomosporium
Pezizales
.
.
.
) (suboperculate .
. :
:Pezizaceae . .
. .
. Peziza .
.
.
.
) ( ) ( .
.
Peziza ostracoderma peat mold .
Chromellasporium ollare .
Peziza
vesiculosa
Oedocephalum .
:Tuberaceae ) (truffles .
.
. 2-4
.
99
post poral
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
.
.
.
. Tuber melanosporum
T. aestivum T. rufum .
EMS .
:Terfeziaceae .
.
. . Trefezia
Helianthemum
. .
- :Morchellaceae
)(pileus
) (Morchella ) (Verpa .
. ) (15-60
.
. Morchella .
. .
.
8 .
. .
.
.
Constantinella .
100
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
.
. Verpa bohemica 2 .
.
:Helvellaceae .
. 4 .
.
lorels .
Rhizina, Helvella,
G. esculenta G. gigas 12
. gyromitrin .
.
. G. esculenta
.
)(Loculoascomycetes
.
.
Loculoascomycetes
.
.
101
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
.
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
. :
Elsinoe
.
. Myriangiales .
Dothidea .
.
.
. Dothideales .
Pleospora
.
. .
Pleosporales .
:
Dothideales
Dothidea .
.
6 .
- Dothideaceae
102
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.
. Mycosphaerella 1000
. M. fragariae .
M. musicola M. fijiensis
.
. .
.
.
Septoria, Ramularia,
103
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E. veneta
.
)
iterative germination ( . ) (Rubus
.
.
. Elsine Sphaceloma.
.
Capnodiales
subiculum
. .
.
. .
.
.
Capnodiaceae .
.
.
. .
.
Phragmocapnis .
- Antenulariellaceae
104
Scorias, Capnodium
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
. monilioid
. .
.
Euantenarriaceae .
. .
Pleosporales
.
.
cellular pseudoparaphyses .
.
. .
22
.
Pleosporaceae .
.
.
. :
Lewia
Pleospora
Pyrenophora
Cochliobolus
Setosphaeria
Alternaria
Stemphylium
Drechslera
Bipolaris, Curvularia
Exserohilum
Leptosphaeriaceae
. part spore
105
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
.
Leptosphaeria .
L.
maculans .
Venturiaceae .
. .
.
.
) inaequalis
(Spilocea pomi
Venturia.
V.
) V. pyrina
(Fusicladium pyrinum .
. V. inaequalis )(concentric bodies
.
Dibotryon morbosum Apiosporina Prunus
.
Apiosporina collinsii .
Amelanchier.
Hysteriaceae
.
. .
Sporidesmium Septonema.
Botryosphaeriaceae .
.
Guignardia .
)
106
Discochora
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
.
Melanommatales
) trabeculate pseudoparaphyses (paraphysoides
.
pseudoepithecium . .
.
. .
37B
Melanommataceae
turbinate
.
. .
. Melanomma .
subiculum .
.
38B
Arthoniales
.
.
pseuoepithecium .
semifissitunicate
. .
. .
crustose .
Roccella, Lecanactis Opegrapha.
107
Chiodecton,
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
Erysiphales
) (
. 10000 1617 169 44
90
. .
) ( .
.
.
.
Erysiphe polygoni
352 .
Blumeria graminis ) (
. :
Blumeria
) (hemiendophytes )
108
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
.
.
)
( .
.
.
.
)= papilla ( .
.
) (extrahaustorial matrix
.
.
.
) (green islands .
.
.
.
Cystotheca
foot cell
Blumeria
. 1-3
) 6 (
Leveillula .
(meristem
) arthrosporae basauxic
) .(acropetal )
109
Queirozia
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
( .
.
Leveillula, Pleochaeta
Phyllactinia . Sawadaea
.
.
) Cystotheceae
) (fibrosin bodies
Foex . Homma
.
.
Oidium Acrosporium Oidium :
Euoidium -
. .
Pseudoidium .
Oidiopsis . .
) ( .
. Leveillula .
Ovulariopsis ) ( .
.
. Phylactinia .
Streptopodium . .
Pleochaeta .
.
) (gamocysts . ) (androgamocysts
110
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) (gynogamocysts .
.
.
) (
.
. 2 8 .
) .
.
.
) (casmothecium (
.
. .
.
.
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111
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.
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. .
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1990 ITS 18S rDNA
rDNA
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112
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. 5
Erysipheae, Golovinomyceteae, Cystotheceae, Phyllactineae
Blumerieae
. Parauncinula Caespitotheca
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Neoerysiphe Erysiphe .
.
Golovinomyces
113
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) (penicillate .
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.
Erysipheae Erysiphe Poaceae .
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Oidium phyllanthi
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Oidium
Oidium
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Oidium
Blumeria
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Leveillula
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Uncinulla
Phyllactinia
Blumeria
Erysiphe
.
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) (section :
114
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(pseudoidium
. 2-8 E. polygoni .
Erysiphe section Golovinomyces .
2-4 .
E.
cichoracearum.
Erysiphe section Galeopsidis . . E. galeopsidis.
2001
.
.
.
Uncinula, Microsphaera Erysiphe Sect. Erysiphe Pseudoidium Erysiphe
Laboulbeniaceae,
115
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. Pyxidiophoraceae
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.
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116
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) (indirect infection
.
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. .
.
. .
.
.
carpogonium
carpogonium
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Spathulospora phycophila . Ballia
.
.
Hispidicarpomyces galaxauria Galaxaura
.
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. :
117
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.
4 .
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.
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.
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118
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119
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SPC
120
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] .
) (subhymenium
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phragmobasidium
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.
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:
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121
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.
:
-
chiastobasidia
.
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. ) (indirect germination
.
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(hilar
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. ) (Buller
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. McLaughlin
Boletus rubinellus
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122
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statismospore
Gasteromycetes .
.
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.
. ) (
. ) (
. )(
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Uredinales Hymenomycetes
.
.
10 .
20-25
123
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) (buller phenomenon
Coprinus cinereus
10B
) Patouillard (1900
Homobasidiomycetes
Heterobasidiomycetes .
.
Talbot (1968) .
Holobasidiomycetes Phragmobasidiomycetes, Teliomycetes .
124
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)
(
Boletes .
.
Tremelloid Tremella Exidia
Auricularioid Auricularia .
. .
Hymenomycetes .
.
Gasteromycetes
.
.
. :
- 1
Ustilaginales Exobasidiales.
- 2
Uredinales .
- 3
Tremellales Hymenomycetes .
) (1996 :
Agaricales
.
) (stipe ) (pileus .
) (gills .
Boletes
. )( .
.
.
) (folicolous
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. ) .(fungicolous
125
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. .
14 . 6
.
.
.
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(fairy ring
126
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.
pH .
.
) oidia
.
( .
.
.
:
pseudoangiocarpous, hemiangiocarpous .gymnocarpous
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annulus .
cortina .
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volva .
) (scales .
.
.
gymnocarpous
. pseudoangiocarpous
127
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.
. ) (
) (gills
) (Boletes .
.
aequi-
hymeniferous inaequi-hymeniferous .
.
Coprinus
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hymenophoral
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homoiomerous
heteromerous . homoiomerous
heteromerous sphaerocysts
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free .
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decurrent .
context .
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4 .
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.
.
. )
128
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( .
. :
Agaricaceae
25
Agaricus .
volva .
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.
A. xanthodermus .
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. Lepiota Amanita volva.
Boletaceae
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Phylloporus ( .
.
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pulvinic acid
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Termitomyces, Flammulina, Clitocybe, Marasmius, Pleurotus Laccaria, Tricholoma
Armillaria . Termitomyces Flammulina
.
Armillaria
129
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)( .
.
.
.
A. mellea
. Pleurotus
.
.
P. ostreatus
.
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Pseudomonas Agrobacterium
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Amanitaceae
Amanita
volva
annulus . . A. virosa
A. caesarea - A. muscaria
. 90-95 .
) (mycetismus A. phalloides
. 12
. volva volva .
amatoxins
phallotoxins .
Polymerase .
RNA
phalloidin
meixner
.
.
5-10
. A. muscaria
ibotenic acid(.
130
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Coprinaceae
. Coprinus, Psathyrella, Panellus
. Coprinus
inaequi-hymeniferous
.
. C. comatus .
. C. cinereus
.
Russulaceae
)
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.
. Russula Lactarius . Russula
. Lactarius
. L. indigo .
.
Aphyllophorales
1200 .
.
) ( :
) (pore fungi ) (club fungi ) (coral fungi ) (tooth fungi
) .(shelf and brachet fungi
) (gills .
gymnocarp .
) (unilateral
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.
.
.
131
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.
Polyporaceae, Stereaceae, Hymenochaetaceae Hericaceae
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.
Corticiaceae Lachnocladiaceae
.
catahymenium .
.
.
.
.
.
Aphyllophorales
Tremellales, Gasteromycetes,
132
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www.ipps2.blogfa.com
. effused-reflexed
.
. context .
.
polypore . ) (trama
.
.
(Corner,
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) (binding hyphae
.
) (skeletal hyphae .
monomitic .
dimitic ) ( .
trimitic . :
setae KOH .
Hymenochaetaceae .
asterosetae cystidia .
.
.
cystidioles
dendrohyphidia .
.
dichohyphidia
) ( .
Lachnocladiaceae .
133
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Aphyllophorales
23 .
Polyporaceae
700
.
monomitic,
dimitic trimitic . .
.
KOH
.
Fomes .
Trimitic .
conk 80 .
) (F. fascicatus, F. fomentarius .
Fomitopsis . Polyporus .
.
P.
squamosus P. sulphureus .
.
Heterobasidion annosum
.
. .
) (creosote
) (liquid borate
.
Phlebiopsis
(Peniophora) gigantea .
.
. Trametes versicolor
.
Schizophyllaceae
134
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Schizophyllum commune
1-4
. .
) (split gills
.
60
.
) (mating
.
Clavariaceae
) (club fungi ) (coral fungi .
) ( .
.
.
Clavaria, Clavulina
Clavicorona.
Corticiaceae
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) (lignicolous .
monomitic
. .
Laetisaria arvalis
Oomycota .
Hyphoderma
stephanocyst
.
.
. Botryobasidium
135
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) (arachnoid
. Haplotrichum .
Gasteromycetes
.
) (peridium .
. )(
) (gleba . )(generative
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.
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.
. 4 .
.
.
.
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.
.
Nia .
. Pisolithus
tinctorius . Calvatia gigantea
9 .
5 Sclerodermatales, Lycoperdales, Phallales, Nidulariales
Tulosyomatales .
136
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Lycoperdales
.
2-4 .
4-5 . Lycoperdaceae Geastraceae.
Lycoperdaceae
.
.
. .
exoperidium endoperidium .
Lycoerdon Calvatia.
Calvatia
C. gigantea .
70-80 . 7 1012
C. cyathiformis .
.
. .
.
calvatin
.
Lycoperdon .
exoperidium .
.
.
Geastraceae
) (earth stars .
. ) (exoperidium, mesoperidium
137
4-12 .
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
.
peristome .
Tulostomatales
) ( .
.
Calostomataceae
Calostoma
Tulostomataceae 8 . Calostoma .
Tulostoma
4-5 1 .
Battarea 30 2/5-5 .
Sclerodermatales
. 3 6
. Scleroderma
) (earth balls .
.
.
) (peridiole
.
Astraeus
.
Geastrum
) (hygroscopic movement . .
Pisolithus tinctorius )
(Pinus
. - 18
.
.
138
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Phallales
.
.
. Protubera
.
. 6 Phallaceae Clathraceae
. Phallaceae
) (receptacle . Clathraceae
3-4
.
6-8
.
. Phallus
. Dictyophora indusium
.
Pseudocolus Clathraceae 3-4
. .
Mutinus .
Clathrus
.
Nidulariales
. 0/5-15
.
) (peridiole .
.
.
Cyathus stercoreus
) ( . .
Sphaerobolaceae : .Nidulariaceae
139
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Nidulariaceae
6 .
.
Cyathus ) (funiculus
.
) (sheat
purse
. purse purse .
) (funicular cord . hapteron .
hapteron .
.
.
.
.
Sphaerobolus
) ( . 6
.
.
.
gemmae
. 4-8 .
Uredinales
.
. 7000
140
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164 .
.
.
) (teliospore .
.
) (promycellium .
.
.
.
.
.
.
Puccinia monoica
) Arabis (Brassicaceae
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
o ) (spermatia (receptive) hyphae . .
- I .
141
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II . III .
IV . 5
:
) (macrocyclic 5 . ) (microcyclic .
) (demicyclic -. ) (imperfect rusts .
cataspecies .
. ) (heteroecious . o I
II III .
) (alternate hosts
o I
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) ( .
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) (Gynoconia peckiana .
] Puccinia malvacearum
.
leptoform . hemiform
.
(Puccinia
) chrysanthemi . Endophyllum
142
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brachyform
[.
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) (spermatia ) (receptive = flexous hyphae.
.
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. 12 6
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.
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spermatization
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.
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.
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cluster cups .
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.
.
) .(peridial lip
143
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.
. :
aecidium .
. Uromyces Puccinia Aecidium
.
roestelia ) ( .
.
Gymnosporangium
Roestelia .
peridermium . Cronartium, Coelosporium,
Pucciniastrum Peridermium .
caeoma
.
Melampsora, Phragmidium
Gymnoconia Caeoma .
.
.
Pileolaria, Uropyxis
Ravenelia .
144
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.
) (pedicel.
.
.
) (Melampsora )(Milesia, Pucciniastrum
) (Puccinia .
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Gymnosporangium gaeumannii ( .
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.
)
( .
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) (signal phase . ) (parasitic phase .
pH ) .(thigmotropism
.
145
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.
. ) ( .
substomatal vesicle .
. .
.
.
.
.
.
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Coelosporium, Cronartium, Kuhneola Chrysomyxa
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.
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4 .
.
146
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.
.
.
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. :
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Coelosporium, Chrysospora .Ochropsora ) (semi internal
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2-14 .
Pucciniastraceae,
Coleosporiaceae,
Cronartiaceae,
Micronegeriaceae,
Phakopsoraceae,
Melampsoraceae, Chaconiaceae, Uropyxidiaceae, Pileolariaceae, Raveneliaceae,
Phragmidiaceae, Sphaerophragmiaceae, Pucciniaceae Pucciniosiraceae.
Pucciniaceae Melampsoraceae
. Coelosporiaceae
Cronartiaceae .
.
uredinales imperfecti .
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
.
:
Uromyces
.
. Uromyces appendiculatus U. ciceris
U. fabae U. pisi U. dianthi U. vignae
. .
Puccinia
.
.
mesospore P. heterospora Malvaceae P. .
graminis .
.
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Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici . P. g. f.
sp. hordei P. g. f. sp. secalis P. g. f. sp. avenae .
:
.
.
. .
. 4
.
.
.
.
148
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. 4
+ . 3 4 .
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
. .
P. cronata P. hordei P. recondita f. sp.
tritici P. striiformis P. allii P. arachidis
P. cacabata P. carthami .
P. hordei Ornithogalum P. cronata .
Rhamnus P. recondita .
Anchusa P. triticina .
Isopyrum .
.
Puccinia .
.
Gymnosporangium
) ( .
Rosaceae Juniperaceae .
G.
juniperi-virginianae
.
.
.
149
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) (telial horn
.
.
Roestelia .
.
Hemileia
.
.
H. vastatrix .
) (.
Phragmidium
.
2-3 .
Caeoma . .
P. mucronatum . P. tuberculatum
P. rubidaei .
Melampsoraceae
.
Melampsora, Cronartium, Coelosporium Masseela.
Cronartium
.
.
. .
.
.
.
150
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.
4 .
.
.
.
Melampsora
.
Caeoma M. lini .
. .
Ustomycetes
.
.
Cryptobasidiales, Cryptomycocolacales, Exobasidiales, Graphiolales, Platygloeales, :
Sporidiales .Ustilaginales
Ustilaginales
.
. 1350
50 .
4000 75 .
)(
) ( .
.
.
.
.
151
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. )(
. )
( .
.U. maydis
) Microbotryum violaceum (
Caryophyllaceae
. .
. )(
)
.(Ustilago striiformis
.
.
.
.
.
) (SPC
.
(clamp
) connection
.
.
) (sporidia ]
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.
152
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) (Ustilago scitaminea
) (Tilletia controversa .
. )
( . )(sorus
.
.
U. striiformis .
.
.
.
.
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Entyloma Enthorrhizae Tilletia
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.
.
. .
.
) (spore balls
.
. .
.
) (primary sporidia
153
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)( .
.
. .
]
.
) Tilletia foetida
(
[.
Ustilaginaceae Tilletiaceae
. Pucciniaceae
Tilletiaceae
.
.
Graphiolaceae Graphola
Ustilaginales .
Ustillaginaceae
12B
.
.
. .
.
. . )
154
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( .
.
Sphacelotheca,
13B
Ustilago Tolyposporium.
Ustilago
. U. tritici : U. nuda
U. maydis U. scitaminea U. avenae
. U. nuda U. tritici
. U. maydis a b
. a a1 a2 mating locus
. b 25 pathogenecity locus
.
bE bW
.
Tilletiaceae
.
. 2-5
8 . .
.
)
(H .
H .
H .
. :
Tilletia
T. caries . T. foetida .
.
T. controversa
6-12 T. barclayana . T. .
155
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indica .
Neovossia .
Urocystis
) (spore balls
1-4 . .
U. cepulae
U. tritici .
Entorrhizae
Cyperaceae Juncaceae
.
Graphiolaceae
.
.
.
. 2-4
.
.
Graphiola Stylina .
Graphiola
Stylina
. Graphiola phoenicis
.
156
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.
rDNA .
Hymenomycetes
Tremellales,
157
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-. tremelloid
-.
A 2 B -.
.
17 .
. ) (haustorial branches
Tetragoniomyces uliginosus
.
Rhizoctonia
Tremella
Tremella mesentrica .
. T. fuciformis
. .
.
.
) Wells (1994 Filobasidiaceae .
.
) (SPC .
. :
Cystofilobasidium
Filobasidium .
Filobasidiella .
.
Filobasidiella neoformans Cryptococcus neoformans
a .
.
.
basipetal .
158
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. cryptococcosis
. .
Auriculariales
auricularioid .
4 .
. .
: SPC
. .
.
6 30
. .
10-15 .
. .
Phlogiotis .
.
Pseudohydnum
.
. . Tremellodendron
. Auricularia, Exidia ....
Dacrymycetales
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) ( . .
) ( .
.
SPC .
159
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) (.
.
Dacrymyces
. Calocera
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Dacrymyces deliquescens
3 4
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. .
.
.
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( .
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.
3-4
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.
.
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Ceratobasidiales
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SPC . 6 .
Ceratobasidium Thanatephorus C. anceps .
.
Thanatephorus Ceratobasidium
T. cucumeris
Rhizoctonia
solani
.
.
160
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:
.
2 1
. .
Tulasnellales
.
.
.
.
Gloeotulasnella calospora .
Rhizoctonia . 4
Tulasnella, Pseudotulasnella, Stilbotulasnella .
.
SPC Tulasnella araneosa .
Sporidiales
) Moore (1980 .
. Rhodosporidium
Rhodotorula glutinis Cryptococcoales
. Rhodosporidium sphaerocarpum :
.
. )
( .
.
.
.
)( .
rDNA .
161
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.
Aessosporon .
Septobasidiales
160-170 Septobasidium Uredinella .
. .
Auriculariales . .
rDNA .
Septobasidium .
. .
.
fungal garden .
. .
.
.
4
.
Uredinella .
.
.
.
Septobasidiales
Uredinales.
Exobasidiales
.
162
Theaceae,
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Commelinaceae Ericaceae
.
.
.
. Exobasidiaceae 5
Exobasidium .
] Exobasidium vexans .
.
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179
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180
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181
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183
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184
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Paraglomus Paraglomeraceae .
185
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
Diversisporales
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Acaulosporaceae Gigasporaceae .
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.
Acaulospora
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186
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187
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.
189
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cladosporioides .
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.
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191
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.
193
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. MLC . MLC .
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194
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195
16-18
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Allomyces, Blastocladia
Blastocladiella . Coelomomyces
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.
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Allomyces
Euallomyces,
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Euallomyces
. .
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196
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
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197
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.
Blastocladiella.
Blastocladiella . B. emersonii
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ramosa .
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198
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. .
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Physoderma
P. maydis
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199
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.
Monoblepharidales
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201
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www.ipps2.blogfa.com
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203
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
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204
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
. .
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205
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
Pythium multisporum .
.
.
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.
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206
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.
) ( .
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Peronosporomycetidae SaprolegniopmycetidaeRhipidiomycetidae -
) (Barr 1983
Peronosporomycetidae
Saprolegniopmycetidae :
-1 -2
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.
207
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. .
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. :
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P. spinaciae .
.
.
.
. .
. :
208
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
Hyaloperonospora
monopodial 2
2-3 .
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Peronospora
.
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Perofascia monopodial
. .
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.
Plasmopara
2-3 Bremia .
) (disk
3-5 Bremiella .
Albuginaceae
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.
.
. .
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. .
.
209
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.
disjunctor .
)
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. .
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Albugo bliti
A.
210
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.
.
. Lagenidium .
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Saprolegniales
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L. radicola
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211
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.
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. .
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. .
. 7
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. .
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212
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
. ) 28 ( ) 10-17
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Phytophthora
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91 . .
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213
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A2 A1 A2 1976
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A2 .
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amphigynous .
. paragynous .
.
P. citricola .
.
Saprolegniomycetidae
.
. 3 .
.
. centrifugal.
214
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
Saprolegniales
Saprolegniaceae ) (water molds
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diplanetic
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Pythiopsis . Saprolegnia
.
Achlya
215
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.
adelphotaxis .
. .
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Achlya .
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gemma .
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.
:
216
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
. .
.
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centric, subcentric, eccentric subeccentric .
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A. ambisexualis .
monoclinous diclinous .
hypogynous .Saprolegnia hypogyna
androgynous .
Raper . Achlya
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. A .
Achlya . B
. C
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217
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
( .
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. Sclerospora
S. graminicola .
.
218
www.ipps2.blogfa.com
Rhipidiomycetidae
.
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.
Aqualinderella
fermentans
. .
.
. centripetal
.
Aqualinderella .
.
. .
Rhipidium, Arasiospora, Sapromyces.
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