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Bahan Kuliah GAGAL NAPAS
Bahan Kuliah GAGAL NAPAS
DIAGNOSIS
1. SESAK NAPAS AKUT
2. PaO2 < 60 MMHG
3. PaCO2 > 50 MMHG
4. PERUBAHAN STATUS
MENTAL PASIEN
KLASIFIKASI
GAGAL NAPAS TIPE I:
GAGAL OKSIGENASI, PaO2 60 MMHG,
PaCO2 NORMAL 40 MMHG
1. TEKANAN PARSIAL OKSIGEN
INSPIRASI YG TDK NORMAL (LOW Pi
O2)
2. KEGAGALAN DIFUSI OKSIGEN
3. PIRAU (SHUNT) KANAN KE KIRI
4. HIPOVENTILASI ALVEOLAR
5. KONSUMSI OKSIGEN JARINGAN YG
TINGGI
Type of Respiratory
Failure
Respiratory failure
Lung failure
Pump failure
Type 1 hypoxemic
respiratory failure
Type 2 hypoxemic
respiratory failure
GAGAL NAPAS
PATOFISIOLOGI :
2 Kategori Utama
1. Gagal napas hipoksemik / tipe I :
, PaCO2
PaO2
Tipe II :
- tidak respons terhadap pe PaCO2 (lewahdosis obat,PPOK)
- tidak mampu mensinyal efektor ventilasi (penyakit saraf)
- gangguan pompa respirasi (rongga dada & otot napas)
Anatomica
l
RL shunt
e.g. pulmonary arteriovenous
malformation, pneuomia
Low partial
pressure
of inspired
oxygen
e.g. flying
Hypoxemi
a
Impaired
diffusion
Alveolar
hypoventilatio
n
e.g. opiated oversoses
ATELEKTASIS
EDEMA PARU KARDIOGENIK DAN NON
KARDIOGENIK: CHF, ARDS
PNEUMONIA BILATERAL
INFILTRATIF: FIBROSIS
TANPA KETERLIBATAN PARENKIM :
PNEUMOTORAKS
METABOLISME : CRITICAL ILL
RESPIRATORY
MUSCLE
PUMP FAILURE
Type 2 hypercapnic
respiratory failure
DRIVE FAILURE
Cortex brainstem
TRANSMISSION &
ACTION FAILURE
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerve
Neuromuscular
junction
Respiratory muscles
Kelemahan neuromuscular
Trauma spina servical, infiltrasi tumor
Keracunan obat : obat-obat paralitik, aminoglikosida, racun organofosfat
Infeksi : botulisme, tetanus, poliomyelitis
Penyakit neuromuscular : sindrom guillan-miastenia gravis, sclerosis amiotropik
lateral, distrofi muskular
Kelelahan otot respirasi
Kelumpuhan saraf frenikus : bedah toraks, infiltrasi tumor mediastinum
Gangguan metabolisme : malnutrisi, hipofosfatemia, hipokalemia, hipomgnesia,
hipokalsemia
Deformitas dinding dada : kifoskoliosis, pectus excavatum, flail chest, indrom
hipoventilasi, kegemukan
Distensi abdomen masif : asites, obesitas
Obstruksi jalan napas : tumor endobronkial, paralysis pita suara, obstructive sleep
apnea
GAGAL NAPAS
lasifikasi Durasi
1. Gagal napas akut :
PEMERIKSAAN
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