1D ELEMENTS

Simplest type of FE problems

All object are 1D
All forces are 1D
All stresses / strains are 1D

BASICS

u=u(x) : Deformations
=(x)
: Strain
=(x) : Stress
f=f(x)
: Body forces
T=T(x) : Tractive forces
P=P(x) : Point loads
=E, =du/dx

Problem

P1 f

P2

Discritization
Element connectivity Matrix
Elem
No.
1

Node 1

Node 2

4
5
6

4
5
6

5
6
7

INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS
node1

node2

x1
=-1
q1

x2
=1
q2

q2
q1
Linear Interpolation

:Coordinates
: Local coordinates
: Deformations
(At the nodes)

:Deformation
within the element
N1, N2: Shape functions

LINEAR SHAPE FUNCTIONS

N1

N2

N1 =(1 - ) / 2
N2 =(1 + ) / 2

u = N1 q1 + N2 q2 = (1 - ) / 2 * q1+ (1 + ) / 2 * q2
Relationship between local and global coordinates = -1+ 2*(x-x1)/(x2-x1)

STRAIN:

= du/dx
= du/d * d/dx
u=N1q1+N2q2
d/dx = 2/(x2-x1)
= 2/Le
du/d = (-q1+q2)/2
therefore = 1/le [-1 1][q1 q2]T
= Bq

N1 =(1 - ) / 2
N2 =(1 + ) / 2

Where B is the element strain matrix and

B== 1/le [-1 1]
As B is constant, this element is CONSTANT
STRAIN ELEMENT
That means strain inside the element does not
vary.
STRESS:
= EBq

P.E. approach
=

Adx

T
u
F Adx
L

Adx

STRAIN ENERGY
FIELD

T
u
Tdx

FORCED
FORCE

T
u
F Adx
L

uP

T
u
Tdx

QP
i

TRACTIVE
FORCE

Total energy of the body is the sum of P.E, of all

Elements.

POINT
LOADS

ELEMENT STRAIN ENERGY

Ue =

Adx
2
L

T
T
q
B
EBqAdx

2 EAq

T
B
Bdx
L

T
1

= 2 EAq . l [ 1 1] [ 1 1]dx q

L
1 1
T 1
1
= 2 EAq 2
dx q

le 1 1
T

2
e

1
= 2 EA q
1
le
1

1
q

1 T
Ue = q ke q
2
ke is element stiffness matrix
AE 1 1
ke =

Le 1 1

CONTRIBUTION OF THE
FORCES TO PE
BODY FORCES
T
T
T
T
q
N
fAdx
=
fAq
N

dx

N 1dx
= fAq

N
dx
2
T

node1

x1

N1dx = area under the triangle.

N1

= ( x2 x1 ) / 2 = Le / 2
node2

x2

= fAq

=q

le
2

1
1

fAl e
2

1
1

= q f e = element body force vector

T

Thus, body force on element gets split equally at

two nodes.
ft 2

ft 2

TRACTIVE FORCES

u Tdx = q N Tdx
T

N1dx
= q T

N 2 dx
T

= q

Tl e
2

= q Te
T

Tt 2

1
1

[TOTAL TRACTIVE FORCE ON THE
ELEMENT CAN BE ASSUMED TO BE
SPLIT EQUALLY AT THE NODES]

Tt 2

POTENTIAL ENERGY
Potential energy for an element is-

e =

T
T
T
T
q
k
q

q
f

q
T

q
P
2
e
e
e

Total Potential energy-

= e =
fAl

Fe =
2

T
T
q
k
q

q
Fe
2
e

Tl e fAl
+

2
2

Tl e
+
2

CONSIDER A SET OF ELEMENTS

1
Q1

e1

2
Q2

Element No.

Node 1

Node 2

e2

3
Q3

e3

4
Q4

e4

e5

Q5

6
Q6

[q1

q 2 ] [q 2
T

q3 ] [q3
T

q 4 ] [q 4
T

q5 ]

ELEMENT DISPLACEMENT MATRIX

Q = [q1 q2

q3

qn ]

GLOBAL DISPLACEMENT MATRIX

E1A1 1 1 E2 A2 1 1 E3 A3 1 1
L

l1 1 1 l2 1 1 l3 1 1
ELEMENT STIFFNESS MATRIX

E1A1

E1A1
n
0
0

l
l
1

1
E
A
E
A
E
A
E
A
1 1 1 1 + 2 2
0
2 2

l1
l1
l2
l2

E3A3
E2 A2
E2 A2 E3 A3

0
l2
l3
l3
l2

K=

E3 A3
E3A3 E4 A4
0

0
l
l
l
3
3
4

E
A
n n
.
ln

L1

L2

Li

I+1

GLOBAL STIFFNESS MATRIX

1

6 .......... n

K = 1k111
k112
0
0
0 0 ..... 0
2k121 k122+k211
k212
0
0 0 ..... 0
30
k221 k222+k311 k312
0 0 ..... 0
40
0
k321
k322+k411 k412 0 ..... 0
5.
.
n 0
0
.......
km21 km22
where
ki11, ki12, ki21, ki22: stiffness matrix elements of element
number i.

PROPERTIES OF K
Symmetric
Banded
Can be sparse (if numbering is not
appropriate)
Is N X N (where N is the number of nodes
in a 1 D problem)

SPARSE K MATRIX
1

Elem No. Node 1

4
Node 2

1
2

1
6

6
2

3
4
5

2
3
4

3
4
5

THE RESULTING K MATRIX: SPARSE AND NONBANDED

1

K = 1k111
0
0
0
0
k112
20
k222+k311 k312
0
0
k212
30
k321 k411+k322 k412
0
0

40
0
k421 k422+k511 k512
0

50
0
0
k521 k522
0

6k121
k212
0
0
0 k122 + k211

ASSEMBLING GLOBAL FORCE MATRICES

FROM ELEMENT MATRICES

F = [(F + P1 )(F + F + P2 )(F 22 + F 31 + P3 )

e
11

e
12

e
12

(F 32 + F 41 + P4 )...]
e

= (f

+
T
i)+ P = F i + P
i
e

Where
F e i1 : force on node 1 of element i
F e i2 : force on node 2 of element I
Pi : point load on node number i

 fAili Tli fAili Tli

+
2 + 2
2
2

ELEMENT FORCE MATRIX

OR
[ fi1 fi2 ]

F = [ f11 f12 + f21 f22 + f31 f32 + f41 . . .]

GLOBAL FORCE MATRIX

TOTAL PE USING GLOBAL MATRICES

= 1 / 2 * q T * ke * q q T * f e q T * T e Pi * ui
= 1 / 2 * q T * ke * q q T * F e Pi *ui

= 1/ 2 *Q * K *Q Q * F
T

where
Q = [q1 q2 q3 q4 .... qn]T
K : Global stiffness matrix
F : Global Force matrix

GALERKIN ' S APPROACH

( )dV fdV TdS P = 0

T

= (x

d
( ) =
dx
= N
( ) = B
= [ 1

u = Nq
= Bq
= EBq

INTERNAL WORK DONE

T
T
T
(
)
dV
q
B
EB Ae dx

= q EA e B B dx
T

=q

[EA l B B ]
T

e e

EA e
=q
le
T

= q ke
T

1
1

Virtual work due

To body forces-

T
T
T
=

fdV
N
fA e dx

= T fA e N T dx
Ae l e
= f
2
T

T
N
d

N 1d
A
l
T
e e

= f
2 N 2d

Ae l e 1
T
= f

2 1
= T Fe

SIMILARLY

TRACTIVE

WORK DONE
Tl e
T
T
T
[
]

=
1
1
Tdx
T
where
T

e
e
2

Thus Galerkin's Equation Becomes

T
T
T
T
(
)
dv
fdv
tds
P=0

T
T
T
T
q
k

P=0
e

e
e

q T k e T Fe = 0
e

[ 1 L L i i + 1 L L n ]

 E1 A1
l
E1 A
1 1
l1

E1 A1

l1
E1 A1 E2 A2
+
l1
l2

E i Ai
E i Ai
L
L

i +1
i

l
li

Ei 1 Ai 1 Ei Ai
+
li 1
li
Ei Ai

li

EA

i i

li
Ei Ai Ei +1 Ai +1

+
li
li +1

Q1
.

i E i Ai
i +1 E i A i .

+
Q
li
li
i
Q i +1

In global form-

T Q K T F = 0........Galerkin ' s approach

1 T
T
= Q KQ Q F ...... P.E . approach
2

TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM

Find Deformations Qis

1. Define Boundary conditions

2. Apply minimization of PE

Find strains = B * q
Find stresses = E = E B q

SOLVING FOR Q

[
F = [F

Q = Q1
1

K 11
K
21
K = .

.
K n1

Q2
F2

]
F ]
Qn

. . . . .

. . . . .

K 12

K 22

K n2

K 1n
K 2 n

K nn

 Q1 K 11Q1 + Q1 K 12 Q2 + Q1 K 13 Q3 + .....Q1 K 1n Qn +

Q2 K 21Q1 + Q2 K 22 Q2 + Q2 K 23 Q3 + .....Q2 K 2 n Qn +

= 1 .
2

Qn K n1Q1 + Qn K n 2 Q2 + Qn K n 3Qn + .....Qn K nn Qn

(Q1 F1 + Q2 F2 + Q3 F3 + .....Qn Fn )
= 1 Q T KQ Q T F
2
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Q p1 = a1,
[ e. g .

Q p 2 = a2

Q2 = 0,

....

Q5 = 0, ...]

SINGLE POINT CONSTRAINT

LET US CONSIDER AS AN EXAMPLE

Q1 = a1

A BECOMES
= 1 (a1K11a1 + a1K12Q2 + a1K13Q3 + ...+ a1K1nQn +
2
+ Q2 K21a1 + Q2 K22Q2 + Q2 K23Q3 + ...+ Q2 K2nQn +
+ a3K31a1 + Q3K32Q2 +
.
.
Qn Kn1a1 + Qn Kn2a2 + ........+ Qn KnnQn )
(a1F1 + Q2 F2 + Q3F3 + ...+ Qn Fn )

MINIMUM

P . E . PRINICIPLE :

=0
Qi
1

( K 21 a1 + Q2 K 22 + K 23 Q3 + .....K 2 n Qn +
= 0 2
Q2
K 12 a1 + Q2 K 22 + K 32 Q3 + .....K n 2 Qn ) F2 = 0
1

( K a + Q2 K 32 + K 33 Q3 + .....K 3n Qn +
= 0 2 31 1
Q3
K 13 a1 + Q2 K 23 + K 33 Q3 + .....K 3n Qn ) F3 = 0
..

(Ki1a1 + Q2 Ki 2 + Ki3Q3 + .....+ KinQn +

= 0 2
Qi
K1i a1 + Q2 K 2i + K3i Q3 + .....K niQn ) Fi = 0

Q 2 K 22 + Q3 K 23 + ......... + Q n K 2 n = F2 K 21 a1
Q 2 K 32 + Q3 K 33 + ......... + Q n K 3 n = F3 K 31 a1
.
Q 2 K i 2 + Q3 K i 3 + ......... + Q n K in = Fi K i1a1
K 22
K
32
.

.
K n 2

K 23

K 24

K 33

K 34

K n3

K n4

K 2 n Q 2 F2 K 21 a1
K 3 n Q3 F3 K 31 a1
. =

.
.

K nn Q n Fn K n1a1

K 1Q 1 = F 1
K= OBTAINED FROM K BY DELETING 1ST ROW AND COLUMN
Q= OBTAINED FROM Q BY DELETING Q1
F = OBTAINED FROM F BY DELETING F1 AND SUBTRACTING Ki1a1
FROM FI

IF INSTEAD OF Q1 = a1, WE HAD Qi=ai THE SAME STEPS SHALL BE

CARRIED PUT BY DOING THESE OPERATIONS ON ith ROW AND COLUMN.
REACTION AT THE SUPPORT (NODE 1 IF Q1 = a1)

ELIMINATION METHOD

K11Q1 + K12Q2 + K13Q3 + .... + K1nQn = F1 + R1

R1 = K11Q1 + K12Q2 + K13Q3 + .... + K1nQn F1

ENALTY APPROACH

ATTACH A SPRING OF STIFFNESS C

DEFLECT THE FIXED END BY a1

a1
DEFLECTION OF NODE 1-Q1

wall

C e e e e e
3 4 5
1 2
q1

AS

C , Q1 a1

-DEFLECTION OF SPRING = Q1 a1
2
1
Us =
C (Q1 a1 ) [P.E. of SPRING ]
2

= 1 C (Q1 a1 ) 2 + 1 QT KQ QT F
2
2
= 1 C (Q1 a1 ) 2 +
2
1 (Q K Q + Q K Q + Q K Q + ... + Q K Q +
1 12 2
1 13 3
1 1n n
2 1 11 1
Q2 K 21Q1 + Q2 K 22Q2 + Q2 K 23Q3 + ... + Q2 K 2 nQn +
.
.

Q2 K 21Q1 + Q2 K 22Q2 + Q2 K 23Q3 + ... + Q2 K 2 nQn )

(Q1 F1 + Q2 F2 + Q3 F3 + ... + Qn Fn )


=0
Qi

= 0 CQ1 Ca1 + K11Q1 + K21Q2 + K13Q3 +.....K1nQn F1 = 0

Q1

= 0 K21Q1 + Q2 K22 + K23Q3 +.....K2nQn F2 = 0

Q2

= 0 K31Q1 + Q2 K32 + K33Q3 +.....K3nQn F3 = 0

Q3

= 0 Kn1Q1 + Q2 Kn 2 + Kn3Q3 + .....KnnQn Fn = 0

Qn

K11 + C
K
21
K31
.

Kn1

K12

K13

K22 K23 .
K32 K33 .

Kn2 Kn3 .

K13 Q1 F + Ca
1
1
. K2n Q2 F

2

. K3n Q3 F
3
=
. .

. .
Fn
. Knn Qn
.

Multi point constraints-

1Q p1 + 2Q p 2 = 0
for example

a1 = 2 a 2

we can solve it by penaulty approach

T
T
1
1
m =
Q KQ +
C ( 1Q p1 + 2 Q p 2 0 ) Q F
2
2
Since C has very large value, P.E. takes minimum value
When (1Qp1+ 1Qp1-0) is minimum.

The modified stiffness and force matrices are2

k
k
k
C

k p1 p 2 + C1 2
+
p1 p1 p1 p 2
p1 p1
1

2
k
k
p 2 p1 p 2 p 2 k p 2 p1 + C1 2 k p 2 p 2 + C 2

Fp1 Fp1 + C 0 1

Fp 2 Fp 2 + C 0 2
Reactions at support are given byR p 1 = C 1 ( 1Q p 1 + 2 Q p 2 0 )
R p 2 = C 2 ( 1Q p 1 + 2 Q p 2 0 )

STEPS INVOLVED IN SOLVING A

1D FE PROBLEM

Make the Geometric Model

Make an FE Mesh

Define the Loading

Develop Element and Global Matrices

Define Boundary Conditions

Develop Modified Global Matrices

Solving Using Numerical Techniques

A SIMPLE PROBLEM
6
12

P
12
3

5.25
l1=12
Elem 1:1-2
P=100lb
E=3x107 psi
=0.2836lb/in3
t=1

l2=12
Elem_2:2-3
3.75

k1 = AE /L 1 -1
-1 1

= 15.75 * 107 / 12 1 -1
-1 1

k2 = AE /L 1 -1
-1 1

= 11.25 * 107 / 12 1 -1
-1 1

f1 = A L / 2 [1 1]T = 5.25 * 12 *0.2836 / 2 [1 1]T

f2 = A L / 2 [1 1]T = 3.75 * 12 *0.2836 / 2 [1 1]T

GLOBAL MATRICES
K = 3x107 / 12 5.25 -5.25 0
-5.25 9.00 -3.75
0
-3.75 3.75
F = [8.93 15.31+100 6.38]T

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Q1 = 0

MODIFIED MATRICES
K= 3x107 / 12 5.25 -5.25 0
-5.25 9.00 -3.75
0
-3.75 3.75
= 3x107/129 -3.75
-3.75 3.75
F= [8.93 (15.31+100-K21*a1) (6.38-K31*a1)]T
= [115.31 6.38]T
Q = [Q2 Q3]T

FINAL EQUATIONS
KQ = F
Solving we get:
Q = [0.9272 0.9953] x 10-5
Q = [ 0 0.9272 0.9953] x 10-5
STRESSES:
1 = EB1q = 3x107 * 1/12 [1 -1][0 0.9272x10-5]T
= 23.18 psi
2 = EB2q = 3x107*1/12 [1 -1][0.9273 0.9953]T*10-5
= 1.70 psi