5) wh BO anlée SPECIFICATIONS FOR A.C. STATIC ELECTRICAL ENERGY METERS Secure Meters Library BPO0166 tM BPOO- HI 166 TECHNICAL REPORT NO.88 (REVISED JULY 1996) (POWER) Ro Sc oNRY. a fe METERS KID. US SECURE aie UR Ral aw % ee CENTRAL BOARD OF IRRIGATION AND POWER Malcha Marg, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi-110021 a t NEW DELHT ga JULY 19964.(a) ) STANDING COMMITTEE Shri K. Ramachandra Rao Chief Engineer (P&MM) AP. State Electricity Board Vidyut Soudha ‘Hyderabad-500049 Shri B.S. Babel General Manager (Marketing) Secure Meters Lid. P.O. Box 30, Pratap Nagar Industrial Area Udaipur-313001 Shri S.K. Khosla Senior Manager Power Finance Corporation Ltd. Chander Lok, 36 Janpath New Dethi-110001 Shri T.B. Sharma Deputy General Manager (M&C Engg.) Bharat Heavy Electriclas Ltd. Electronics Division P.B. No.2606, Mysore Road Bangalore-560028 Alternate Member Representative . CG. Schlumberger Electricity Management Ltd, 168, Udyog Vihar, Phase-1 Dundahera, Gurgaon-122016 Shri R.K. Verma Superintending Engineer (T&P) Office of the Chief Engineer (T&P) M.P. Electricity Board, P.B. No.34 Block No.3, Shakti Bhawan, Jabalpur-482008 10. Shri Vikas Saxena Dy. General Manager (Engg.) Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. Hemkunt Chambers, 80 Nehru Place New Delhi-110019 Shri S. Biswas Asstt. Manager Testing Department, CESC Lid. 4 Sanchi Sekhar Bose Row Caleutta-700025 Dr. P. Chidambaram Asstt, Executive Engineer (R&D) Tamil Nadu Electricity Board 3rd Floor, Western Wing, Electricity Avenue NPKRR Maaligai, 800 Anna Salai Madras-600002 Shri K.L.S. Taunke Superintending Engineer (M&P) R 2/3 RSEB Colony Civil Lines, Hawa Sadak Jaipur-302019 Shri M.K. Mittal Scientist - E1, AC, LF LAB Room No. 102, National Physical Laboratory Krishnan Marg New Dethi-110012 Shri P.K. Lat Adviser Central Board of Irrigation and Power ‘Malcha Marg, Chanakyapuri New Dethi-110021FOREWORD CBIP specification for A.C. Static Electricity Energy Meters was issued vide Technical Report No.88 (Power) in December, 1992. It is a matter of great satisfaction that specification found wide’ acceptance from all utilities and manufacturers. Since then there have been many fast developments during the last three years. AA large number of utilities have introduced high accuracy static meters for tariff purposes as well as load survey purposes. The experience of various types of meters is available today which was not there at the time of formulation of the above Technical Report. Moreover certain issues also emerged following wide use of static meters. ‘The foreword to the specifications (Technical Report No.8) had stipulated that "A review of parameters can be made after a year and if necessary changes could be made based on the experience gained and the development of technology”. It was, therefore, felt that specification should be revised now taking into account the feed back from users, comments received and issues which emerged during usage of static meters in the country. Keeping the above in view comments/suggestions/amendments were invited from various users as well as manufacturers and a Committee was constituted to review the specifications in the light of these suggestions/comments/ recommendations. The list of Committee members is given separately. The Committee ‘has gone through the specifications clause by clause and revised the specifications thoroughly now. There were frequent enquiries in regard to the availability of test facilities in the country. An Annexure has now been added giving details of the testing laboratories where individual tests could be performed. A separate annexure has also been added on Recommended guaranteed points for inclusion in technical particulars to be furnished by manufacturers/suppliers. ‘The Central Board of Irrigation and Power expresses its grateful thanks to the members of Standing Committee for the pains taken and work done by them. This revised specification replacing Technical Report No.8 takes into account the entire feedback received from and issues raised by the users/ manufacturers as well as comments received from other countries also. It is proposed to shortly bring out supplemental specifications on meter reading instruments and meters for ‘outdoor applications. ‘The Board has now constituted a Standing Committee of Experts to review these specifications periodically taking into consideration the technological development and feedback received from users and manufacturers. ‘The list of Standing Committee members as constituted at present is given in this report. [i larmmo— (C.V.J. VARMA) ‘Member Secretary Central Board of Irrigation and Powe:Foreword Introduction 1. Scope CONTENTS 2. Standards Used 3. Definitions 4. Requirements 5. Tests and Test Conditions 6. Special Requirements ‘Appendix A: Appendix B: ‘Appendix C: ‘Appendix D: ‘Appendix E: ‘Appendix F: ‘Appendix G: ‘Appendix H: Guidelines for Combined kWh, kVArh and kVAh Measurements Recommended Methods of Connection of Current/Voltage Circuit Conductors to Meter Terminals Recommended Sampling Plan Voltage Wave-form for the Tests of the Effect of Voltage Dips ad Short Interruptions lustration of Definitions Electromagnet for Testing the Influence of Externally-Produced Magnetic Fields Availability of Test Conditions ‘Recommended Guaranteed Points for Inclusion in Technical Particulars to be Furnished by Manufacturers/Suppliers Page (iii) 41 43 45 47INTRODUCTION Static electrical energy meters permit the highest attainable accuracy of energy measurements and are employed for the accurate measurement of large amounts of energy. ‘The reliability of static meters depends on the reliability of their electronic components and inter-connections and is always in the process of upgradation, . The best possible accuracy is achieved by the class 0.2 but electronic techniques available also allow smaller errors and deviation under influence quantities for class 0.5 and 1.0 meters than are permitted for induction meters of same accuracy classes. ‘While classes 0.2, @.5 and 1.0 have been defined for kWh meters with similar classes for KVAh meters, an additional class of 1.5 has been given for kVArh meters considering possibilities of additional errors for measuring elements of some such meters. Since kVAh and Maximum Demand are derived by electronic ‘computation, no additional error has been recommended for these parameters. TEC: 1036 format has been adopted in this specification. For class 0.2 and 0.5 meters, specifications from IEC: 687 have been generally adopted. It has been felt necessary to include class 1.0 meters, since such meters are widely used for tariff purposes. For class 1.0 meters, it was found that the specifications of IEC: 1036 reflected directly the IEC: 521 for the conventional induction type meters. As errors smaller than that for induction meters are possible, it was decided to have error limits more stringent compared to that of IEC: 1036 for class 1.0 meters. Requirements for class 1.0 were arrived by extrapolation from IEC: 687 and keeping in view the requirements of IEC: 1036. For kVArh measurement, specifications for classes 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 were arrived at as per requirements of similar accuracy classes of kWh measurement. Requirements of class 1.5 (kVArh measurement) were derived by extrapolation, ‘The accuracy of KVAh computation in the electronic meter is directly based on kWh and KVArh measurement ‘and so it was decided that it was not necessary to provide additional error. The,test points required have been incorporated. For MD measurement (KW/KVA), since they are computed from kWh/kVAR and time measurement, there was no need to provide for additional errors for this case also. For requirements found common in nature with conventional induction type meters, relevant clauses from IS: 13010 were adopted. And for providing guidelines to set up necessary meter testing laboratory in respect of accuracy related tests, IS: 12346 was referred to.L 2 2a 3. 3a 3d ALTERNATING CURRENT, STATIC ELECTRICAL ENERGY METERS FOR ACTIVE, REACTIVE AND APPARENT ENERGY SCOPE ‘This specification applies only to static electrical energy meters of accuracy classes 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 for the measurement of altemating current electrical active energy and of accuracy classes 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 for the measurement of reactive energy. This also applies to static apparent energy meters, the accuracy and other metrological requirements of which are dependent on those of active/reactive energy measurements. Guidelines for combined kWh, kVArh and KVAh measurements are given in Appendix-A. It applies to polyphase as well as special purpose single phase energy meters. For other general applications of class 1 and 2 single phase static kWh meters Indian Standard (1S:13779) shall be referred. 1k applies to static energy meters consisting of a measuring element and register(s)eaclosed together in a metér case. It also applies to operation indicator(s) and test output). The meters covered under this specification shall be capable of primarily performing functions of tariff meter and optionally for energy audit and load survey applications. It applies to indoor meters only. It does not apply to: (@) ‘Static energy meters where the voltage across the terminals exceeds 600 V (Iine-to-line voltage for meters for polyphase systems). (b) External interfaces to the meter (©) Reference Meters STANDARDS USED ‘The required relevant provisions from the following standards have been used in this specification at appropriate places: TEC 1036:1990 Alternating Current Static Watt-hour Meters for active energy (classes 1 and 2) TEC 687:(Revised) Alternating Current Static Watt-hour Meters for Active Energy Class 0.58 and 0.28 TS 13010:1990 Specification for ACWatt-hour Meters Classes 0.5, 1 and 2 IS 12346:1988 Specification for Testing Equipment for AC electrical energy Meters Is 12063 At the time of publication of this specification, the editions indicated against these standards were valid. All the standards are subject to revision and parties to the agreement based on this Specification are advised to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards... - DEFINITIONS General Definitions ‘Watt-hour Meter ‘An Instrument intended to measure active energy by integrating active power with respect to time3.12 318 32 3.21 3.2.2 3.224 ‘Var hour Meter ‘An Instrument intended to measure reactive energy by integrating reactive power with reference to time. Static Watt-hour Meter ‘A Meter in which caren and Voltage act on soli sate (letroni) elements to prods an ouput pulse coun proportional to Watt-hours. Static Var-hour Meter (Reactive Energy Meter) ‘A Meter in which current and voltage act on solid state (electronic) elements to produce an output pulse count proportional to Var-hours. Volt Ampere hour Meter ‘An instrument intended to measure apparent energy by integrating apparent power with reference to time. Static Volt-Ampere hour Meter (Apparent Energy Meter) ‘A Meter in which current and voltage act on solid state (electronic) elements to produce an output pulse count proportional to Volt-Ampere hour. Indicated Maximum Demand ‘The highest value of the mean power (Active, Reactive or Apparent) indicated by the maximum demand register during successive equal intervals of time between one zero resetting of the maximum demand register and the next, Demand Integration Period ‘The Nominal duration of the consecutive equal intervals of time (For example 30 minutes) used for maximum ‘demand computing. Multirate Meter ‘A meter provided with a number of registers, each operative at specified time intervals corresponding to different tariffs. Definitions Related to the Functional Elements. Measuring Element art of the meter which produces an output proportional to the energy. eo LIBRARY Outs Ex : eee SECURE Mo Teun (Bal) Test Oupur Device which can be used for testing the meter. The output may be in the form of pulses or high resolution display.3.222 3.23 3.2.3.4 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7 3.2.8 3.2.9 33 33.1 Operation Indicator Device which gives a visible signal for the operation of the Meter. Memory Element which stores digital information, ‘Non-volatile Memory ‘Storage device which can retain information in the absence of power. Note: Battery backed Memory shall not be considered as Non Volatile Memory. Display Device which displays the content(s) of (a) memory(ies). Register Electromechanical or electronic device comprising both memory and display which stores and displays information. A single display may be used with multiple electronic memories to form multiple registers. Current Circuit Internal connections of the meter and part of the measuring element through which flows the current of the ‘circuit to which the meter is connected. Voltage Circuit Internal connections of the meter, part of the measuring element and power supply for the meter, supplied with the voltage of the circuit to which the meter is connected. Auxiliary Circuit Elements (lamps, contacts etc.) and connections of an auxiliary device within the meter case intended to be ‘connected to an external device for example clock, relay, impulse counter etc. Meter Constant Value expressing the relation between the energy registered by the meter and the corresponding value of the ‘est output. If this value is number of pulse count(s), the constant should be either pulse count(s) per unit of unit per pulse count where the unit may. be kWh, kVArh or kVAh. Mechanical Elements Indoor Meter Meter which can only be used in areas which have additional protection against environmental influences (in a house, ina cabixet).3.3.2 33.21 333 334 33.5 33.6 33.7 33.8 33.9 3.3.10 34 34.1 Base + Back of the meter by which it is generally fixed and to which are attached the measuring element, the terminals ‘of the terminal block, and the cover. For a flush-mounted meter, the meter base may include the sides of the case. Socket Base with jaws to accommodate terminals of a detachable watt-hour meter and which, has, terminals for connection to the supply ine, It may be a single-postion socket for one meter or a multiple-psition socket for.1wo oF more meters. Cover Enclosure onthe front, of the meter, made- cither wholly of transparent or opaque. material provided with windows) through which the operation indicator (if fitted) and the display can be read Case Comprises the base and the.cover,., : “ Accessible Conductive Par Conductive part which can be touched by the standard test finger, when the meter is installed and ready for use. Protective Earth Terminal Terminal connected to accessible conductive pars of a meter for safety purposes. ‘Terminal Block : Support made of insulating material on which all or some ofthe terminals ofthe meter are grouped togeter. Terminal Cover Cover which covers the meter terminals and, generally, the ends of te exémal ites or cables connected to the terminals. : Clearance Shortest distance measured in air between two conductive parts, CCreepage distance Shortest distance measured over the surface of insulation between two conductive pants. Insulation Basic Insulation Insulation applied to live pars to provide basic protection against electric shock. Note: Basie insulation does not necessarily include insulation used exclusively for functional purposes. 534.2 3.4.3 344 34.5 38 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 Supplementary Insulation + Independent insulation applied in addition to the basic insulation, in order to provide protection against electric shock in the event of a failure of the basic insulation, Double Insulation Insulation comprising both basic insulation and supplementary insulation. Reinforced Insulation ‘Single insulation system applied to live parts which provides a degree of protection against electric shock equivalent to double insulation, Note: The term “insulation system” does not imply that the insulation should be one homogenous piece. It may comprise several layers which cannot be tested singly as supplementary or basic insulation. Insulating encased Meter of Protective Class II Meter with a case of insulating material in which protection against electric shock does not rely on basic ingulation only, but in which additional safety precautions, such as double insulation or reinforced insulation, are provided, there being no provision for protective earthing or reliance upon installation conditions. Definitions of Meter Quantities Basic Current (1,) ‘The value of current in accordance with which the relevant performance of the meter is fixed. Rated Maximum Current (Iya) ‘The highest value of current at which the meter purports to meet the accuracy requirements of this specification. Reference Voltage Value of voltage in accordance with which the relevant performance of the meter is fixed. ‘Class Index ‘A number which gives the limits of the permissible percentage error, for all value of current between 0.05 ‘and Ina» for unity power factor (balanced loads) when the meter is tested under reference conditions (including permitted tolerances on the references values) as defined in this specification. This refers to active energy ‘meters. For reactive energy meter, the definition is true at zero power factor instead of unity power factor. (at Sing = 1) (Inductive or capacitive for reactive accuracy). Note: In this specification, meters are classified according to their respective class indices ive. 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5. Percentage Error Percentage enor is given by the following formula: energy registered by meter - true energy Percentage error = true energyNote: Since the true value cannot be determined, itis expressed by a value with a stated uncertaintly that can ‘be traced to standards agreed upon between manufacturer and user or to national standards. For details, refer IS: 12346-1988. 3.6 Definitions of Influence Quantities 3.6.1 Influence Quantity ‘Any quantity, generally external to the meter, which may affect its working performance. 3.62 Reference Conditions . ‘Appropriate set of influence quantities and performance characteristics, with reference values, their tolerances and reference ranges, with respect to which the intrinsic error is specified. 3.6.3. Variation of Error due to an Influence Quantity Difference between the percentage errors of the meter when only one influence quantity assumes successively two specified values, one of them being the reference value. a 3.6.4 Distortion Factor Ratio of the r.m.s. value of the harmonic content (obtained by subtracting from a non-sinusolidal alternating ‘quantity its fundamental term) to r.m.s. value of non-sinusolidal quantity. The distortion factor is usually expressed in percentage> 3.6.5 Electromagnetic Disturbance - Conducted or radiated electromagnetic interferences which may affect functionally or metrologically the ‘operation of the meter. 3.6,6 Reference Temperature ‘Aabient temperature specified for reference conditions. 3.6.6.1 Mean Temperature Coefficient 7 Ratio of the variation of the percentage error to the change of temperature which produces this variation. 3.6.7 _ Rated Operating Conditions ‘Set of specified measuring ranges for performance characteristics and specified operating ranges for influence ‘quantities, within which the variations of operating errors of a meter are specified and determined. 3.6.8 Specified Measuring Range Set of values of a measured quantity for which the error of a meter is intended to lie within specified limits. 3.6.9 Specified Operating Range Range of values of a single influence quantity which forms a part of the rated operating conditions.3.6.10 3.6.11 3.6.12 3.6.13 37 3.0.1 37.2 3.13 4, 4a 4.11 ‘Limit Range ‘of Operation i ‘ Extreme conditions which an operating meter can withstand without damage and without degradation of its ‘hetrological characteristics when it is subsequently operated under its rated operating conditions. Storage and Transport Conditions Extreme conditions which a non-operating meter can withstand without damage and without degradation of its ‘metrological chafacteristcs when itis subsequently operated under its rated-operating conditions. Normal Working Position a Position of the ‘meter defined:by the manufacturer for normal service. ‘Thermal Stability ‘Thermal stability is considered to be reached when the change in error as a consequence of thermal effects uring 20 min is less tham0.1 times the maximum permissible error for the measurement tinder tonsideration. Definition of Tests * " we ‘Type Tests Tests carried out to prove conformity with the requirements of this specification. ‘These'are intended to prove the general qualities and design of a given type of meter. Routine Tests ‘Test carried out on each meter to check conformity with the requirements of this specification iniaspects which are likely to vary during production. Acceptance Tests, ‘Tests carried out on samples taken from a lot for the purpose of acceptance of the lot. REQUIREMENTS Standard Electrical Values Standard Reference Voltages Line to Neutral — a40v Line to Line - 4isv ‘ Connection thiough Voltage Transformers Line to 10V Line to Neutral - 63.5 V (1103) Note: Refer 1S:12360-1988 and'1S:3156 (Part 1): 1976. Special values to be agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer.442 Standard Basic Currents Table 1 Standard Basic Currents Meters for Standard Values A Direct connection 2,5-5-10-20-30-50-100 Connection through current transformer(s) 15 4a 42 424 422 4.2.2.1 ‘Maximum Current ‘The maximum current for direct connected meters shall preferably be an integral multiple of the basic current (e.g. two times or four times the basic current), When the meter is operated from (a) current transformer(s) attention is drawn to the need to match the current range of the meter in relation to that of the secondary of the current transformer(s). The maximum current of the meter is 1.2 1, in general. Spécial values such as 1.5 I, or 21, are to be agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturers. ‘Standard Reference Frequency ‘Standard values for reference frequency is $0 Hz General & Constructional Requirements . General Requirements Meters shall be designed and constructed in such a way as to avoid introducing any danger in normal use and under normal conditions, so as to ensure especially — personnel safety against electric shock — personnel safety against effects of excessive temperature — protection against spread of fire — protection against penetration of solid objects, dust and water — protection against fraud/prevention against pilferage All parts which are subject to corrosion under normal working conditions shall be protected effectively. Any protective coating shall not be liable to damage by ordinary handling nor damage due to exposure to air, under normal working conditions. Note: For meters for special use in corrosive atmosphere, additional requirements shall be fixed in the purchase contract (e.g. salt mist test according to IEC 68-2-11). Constructional Requirements Meter Case * ‘The meter shall have a case which can be sealed in such a way that the internal parts of the meter are accessible only after breaking the seal(s). The cover shall not be removable without the use of a tool.4.2.2.2 4223 ‘The case shall be so constructed and arranged that any non-permanent deformation cannot prevent the satisfactory operation of the meter. Unless otherwise specified, meters intended to be connected to a supply mains whose case is wholly ot partially made of metal, shall be provided with a protective earth terminal. Window If the cover is not transparent, one or more windows shall be provided for reading the display and observation of the operation indicator. These windows shall be of transparent material which cannot be removed undamaged without breaking the seals). Terminals — Terminal Block(s) — Protective Earth Terminal Terminals may be grouped in (a) terminal block(s) having adequate insulating properties and mechanical strength. In order to satisfy such requirements when choosing insulating materials for the terminal block(s) adequate testing of materials should be taken into account. ‘The material of which the terminal block is made shall be capable of passing the flamabilty tests given in 1S;11731 Part-I 1986. (FH-I Category) ‘The holes in the insulating material which form an extension of the terminal holes shall be of sufficient size to accommodate the insulation of the conductors. For volt free contacts for auxiliary output/input the above terminal sizes will not be applicable though housed in the same terminal blocks. ‘The manner of fixing the conductors to the terminals shall ensure adequate and durable contact such that there is no risk of loosening or undue heating. Screw connections transmitting contact force and screw fixings which ‘may be loosened and tightened several times during the life of the meter shall screw into a metal nut, ‘Two screws shall be provided in each current terminal for effectively clamping the external leads or thimbles, Alternatively, if an elastic pressure plate or similar effective device is provided to keep the entire length of the conductor within the terminal well pressed, one screw may be used. Each clamping screw shall engage a ‘minimum of three threads in the terminal.’ The ends of screws shall be such as not to pierce and cut the ‘conductors used. ‘The current circuit conductors of a meter shall be connected to its current terminals inside the meter terminals block adopting any ofthe recommended methods given in Appendix B so as to ensure satisfactory durable and adequate contact surfaces between the conductors and the terminals. All parts of each terminal shall be such thatthe risk of corrosion resulting from contact with any other metal partis minimized. Electrical comnections shall be 50 designed that contact pressure is not tranismitted through insulating material. ‘The internal diameter of terminal holes shall be as specified in Table-2 10Table 2 Terminal Holes Rated Maximum Current "A" Upto and including 40 Internal Diameter Min. (mm) 55 41 to 60 8.5 42.24 4224.1 4224.2 422.5 61 to 120 95 ‘The protective earth terminal, if any. (@) shall have minimum of 4 mm size (b) shall be electrically bonded to the accessible metal parts (©) should, if possible, form part of the meter base (@ should preferably be located adjacent to its terminal block (© shall accommodate a conductor having a cross-section at least equivalent to the main current conductors ‘but with a lower limit of 6 mm2 and an upper limit of 16 mm2 (these dimensions apply only when copper conductors are used). (© shall be clearly identified by the earthing symbol ‘After installation, it shall not be possible to loosen the protective earth terminal without the use of a tool. For completely insulated body, no earthing terminalis required. Terminal Cover(s) Every terminal block shall be provided with a terminal cover conforming to 4.2.2.4.1 ot 4.2.2.4.2. Short Terminal Cover ‘The terminals, their fixing screws and the insulated compartment housing them shall be enclosed by a cover with a provision for sealing. The cover may be of the same size as that ofthe terminal block. The wiring with this type of cover may be carried out from the front of the meter board. Extended Terminal Cover The terminals, their fixing screws, a suitable length of external insulated conductor and its insulation shall be ‘enclosed by a cover with a provision for sealing. The wiring with this type of cover shall be carried from the rear of the meter board. ‘The fixing screws used on the terminal cover for fixing and sealing in 4.2.2.4.1 and 4.2.2.4.2 shall be held captive in the terminal cover. ‘The requirements of 4.2.2.4.1 and 4,2.2.4.2 shall not apply to portable meters provided with back connections. ‘When the meter is mounted on the meter board, no access to the terminals shall be possible without breaking the seal(s) of the terminal. Clearance and Creepage Distances ‘The clearances and creepage distarices of terminal block and those between the terminals and the surrounding 1"Parts of the metal enclosure shall be not less than the values specified in Table 3 for voltages existing when operating under reference conditions. . Table 3 a Clearances and Creepage Distances (Clauses 4.2.2.5 and 4.2.2.5.6) Voltage Clearance Creepage Distance v mm mm Upto and including 25 1 1 26 10 60 2 2 61 10 250 3 3 251 to 450 3 4 451 to 600 4 6 4.2.2.5.1 For current circuits the voltage shall be considered to be the same as forthe related voltage circuit. 4.2.2.5.2 Clearance of minimum 3 mm shall be provided between incoming and outgoing terminals of the same phase. 4.2.2.5.3 For phantom loading during test, the pressure terminals are required to be connected separately from the current terminals of the same phase. A clearance of minimum 2 mm shall be provided between pressure terminal and current terminals of the same phase 42.254 Terminals with different potentials which are grouped close together shall be protected against accidental short- circuiting. Protection may be obtained by insulating barriers. ‘Terminals of one current circuit are considered to be at the same potential. 4.2.2.5.5 The terminals, the conductor fixing screws, or the external or internal conductors shall not be liable to come {into contact with metal terminal covers and meter terminal base. For this purpose, terminal blocks shall be Tigidly fixed to the meter base. 4.2.2.5.6 The clearance between the terminal cover if made of metal, and upper surface of the screws when screwed down to the maximum applicable conductor fitted shall not be less than the relevant values specified in Table 3. If the terminal cover is made of insulating material, the clearance shall not be less than 1 mm, 4.2.2.6 Insulating Encased Meter of Protective Class It A meter having a durable and substantially continuous enclosure made wholly of insulating material, including the terminal cover, which envelopes all metal parts, with the exception of small parts, for example, nameplate, screws, suspensions and rivets. If such small parts are accessible by the standard test finger from outside the case, then they shall be additionally isolated from live parts by supplementary insulation against failure of basic insulation or loosening of live parts. The insulating properties of laquer, enamel, ordinary paper, cotton, oxide film on metal parts, adhesive film and sealing compound or similar unsure materials shall not be regarded as sufficient for supplementary insulation. For the terminal block and terminal cover of such a meter reinforced insulation is sufficient. 4.2.2.7 Resistance to Heat and Fire ‘The terminal block, the terminal cover and the meter case shall ensure reasonable safety against the spread of 1242.2.8" 422.9 4.2.2.0 fire. They should not be ignited by thermic overload of live parts in contact with them, To comply therewith they must fulfil the tests as specified in 5.2.4 of this specification. Protection Against Penetration of Dust and Water ‘The meter shall conform to the degree of protection IP 51 as per IS 12063. Display of Measured Values ‘The information can be shown either by an electromechanical register or an electronic display. In the case of multiparameter display the electronic is essential. In the case of an electronic display the corresponding non-volatile memory shall have a minimum retention time of 5 years. In the case of multiple values presented by a single display it shall be possible to display the content of all relevant memories. When displaying the memory, the identification of each tariff applied shall be possible. The display shall have ON time of atleast 10 seconds for each measured value for auto display cycling. When the meter is not energized, the electronic display need not be visible. ‘The principal unit for the measured values shall be the kilowatt-hour (kWh) or the megawatt-hour "(MWh), for’ active energy kVArh or MVArh for reactive energy and kVAh or MVAh for apparent energy. For electromechanical registers, provided, when continuously rotating, the lowest values shall be either graduated and numbered in ten divisions, each division being subdivided into ten. parts, or any other arrangement ensuring the same reading accuracy. ‘The drums which indicate a decimal fraction of the unit shall be marked differently when they are visible. ‘The register shall be able to record and display, starting from zero, for a minimum of 1500 h, the energy ‘corresponding to maximum current at reference voltage & unity power factor. ‘The display of Maximum Demand in kVA/MVA/kW/MW should have adequate resolution as per accuracy class of the active part of the meter at 20% of the load. In short, the display of kVA/KW ‘should have more decimal points than the normal low resolution kWh/kVArh/kVAh display. For example, a Class 1.0 meter may have 1 decimal point kWh display, but will require atleast three decimal points for kW/KVA display to record M.D. correctly at 20% of the load. Note: Values higher than 1500 h should be the subject of purchase costract. Minimum 6 (six) digit display shall be used for displaying measured values. (Output Device ‘The meter shall have a test output device accessible from the front and capable of being read with suitable testing equipment. ‘The operation indicator, if fitted, must be visible from the front. For test output pulse may not be homogeneous, therefore the manufacturer shall state the necessary number of pulse count(s) to ensure measurement. accuracy of at least 1/10th of class of the meter at the different test points. ‘The resolution of the test output shall be sufficient to enable conduction of the starting current test in less than 10 minutes and accuracy test at the lowest load shall be completed with desired accuracy within 5 minutes, 1342.2.1 4.22.12 4.2.2.121 42.2121 4.2.2.12.2 4.2.2.12.2.1 4.2.2.12.2.2 The test period shall however, contain sufficient number of cycles (more than 1000) to take care of Instantaneous power variation within a cycle. Auxiliary Power ‘The, auxiliary power supply if drawn from V.T. circuit shall be from all the three phases, preferably equally, 80 as to ensure meter power supply even if any one of the three phases of the potential supply, in case of 3 hase, 3. wire and any two of the three phases or neutral of the potential supply, in case of 3 phase, 4 wire is lost ata time, Marking of Meters ‘Marking and Nameplates Every meter shall be marked with the following information and the marking shall be indelible, distinct and readable from outside the meter: : (@) Manufacturer's name or trade-mark and, if required, the place of manufacture; (b) Designation of type; (©) Nature of current and the number of phases and number of wires for which the meter is suitable (for ‘example, I-phase 2-wire, 3-phase 3 wire, 3 phase 4 wire); (@ ‘Serial number and year of manufacture. if the serial number is marked on a plate fixed to the cover, this ‘number is also to be marked on the base or frame; (©) Principal unit in which the meter records (for example, kWh or kVArh); (®) Reference voltage in one of the forms given in Table 4; (@) Currents in the form given as example in Table 5; (h) Reference frequency in Hertz; @ Meter constant, for example, in the form of pulse or count/kWh or kVArh; @)_ Class index, for example, Class 0.5, Class 1; (%) Reference temperature, if different from 27°C; Transformation ratio(s), if the meter register energy through instrument transformer(s) of which account is taken in the meter constant. Notes: 1, The information under (a), (b) and (c) may be marked on an external plate permanently attached to the ‘meter cover. : The information under (4) to () shall be marked on a nameplate preferably placed within the meter and which may, for example, be attached to the meter register. The information may be marked on the meter dial. 2, Ifthe meter is of a special type (for example, provided with a reversal preventing device or is intended for a capacitive load, this shall be indicated on the nameplate or on a separate plate. 3, Standard symbols may be used as per IEC-387. ‘The meter may also be marked with the BIS Standard Mark, if applicable Connection Diagrams and Terminal Marking Every meter shall be indelibly marked with a connection diagram. For polyphase meters, this diagram shall also show the phase sequence for which it is intended. If the meter terminals are marked, this marking shall appear on the diagram. 14Table 4 Voltage Markings (Clause 4.2.2.12.1) 43 Climatic conditions 43.1 ‘Temperature Range ‘The temperature range of the meter shall be as shown in Table-6. Specified operating range it range of operation Table 6 ‘Temperature range [ Type of Meter Method of Marking Example I-phase, 2-wire, direct connected | Voltage between line & neutral 240 V 2-phase, 2-wire, transformer Meter circuit voltage -/110 V operated 600/110 V S-phase, 3-wire 3 X voltage between lines 3x415V 3 x 6600/10 V S-phase, 4 wire 3 X voltage between line and nevtral 3X 240V Table 5 Current Markings (Clause 4.2.2.12.1) ‘Type of Meter | Method of Marking Example J-phase, whole current, Ib 10 A, | Basic current and rated maximum 10-20 A Imax 20 A current 2-phase, transformer operated, Tb | Basic current A 1A, Imax 1.2 A S-phase, whole current, Tb 50.A, | Basic current and rated maximum 50-100 A Imax 100 A current S-phase, transformer operated, Ib | Basic current “5A 5A, Imax 6 A “10 deg.C to 50 deg.C -20 deg.C to 60 deg.C Limit range for storage and transport -25 deg.C to 70 deg.C Notes: 1, For special application, other temperature values can be used according to purchaser. 2. Storage and transport of the meter should only be at the ‘maximum period of 6h. 15 extremes of this temperature range for a43.2 Relative humidity ‘Theeneter shall be able to meet the relative humidity requirements of Table 7. For combined temperature and humidity testing, see 5.3.3. Table 7 Relative humidity 441 44d Notes: 1. All the Tables furnished under this clause and the following clauses are applicable to active and reactive energy measurements, 2, In the following-tables, in the column showing Cos #/Sin 4, Cos @ values are applicable to KWh ‘measurements and Sin ¢ values for kVArh measurements. Cos @/Sin ¢ values correspond to inductive and capacitive unless otherwise specified. 3. Class 1.5 in Tables is applicable only to reactive energy meters. Power Consumption Voltage Circuits ‘The active and apparent power consumption in each voltage circuit of a meter at reference voltage, reference temperatre and reference frequency shall not exceed the values shown in Table 8. Tables Power consumption per circuit in voltage circuits including the power supply Me 15, 1,015, 0.2 ‘Single Phase/Polyphase 1.5 W and 10 VA 44.1.2 Note: ‘The above figures are mean values; Switching power supplies with peak values in excess of these are permitted, but attention should be paid to the rating of associated voltage transformers. Current Circuits ‘The apparent power taken by each current circuit of a direct ‘connected meter at basic current, referent frequency & reference temperature shall not exceed the values shown in Table 9. “The appatent power taken by each current circuit of a meter connected through a current transformer shall ‘exceed the value shown in Table 9 at a current value that equals the burden at basic current (Basic) at ref frequency. 16Table 9 Power consumption per circuit in current circuits 15,1, 0.5, 0.2 LOVA 482 44.2.1 Influence of Supply Voltage Voliage Range Table 10 Voltage range Specified operating range 0.8 to 1.1 Vow 44.2.2 443 Limit range of operation 0.7 t0 1.2 Var Permissible error due to voltage variation is given in Table 15. Note: Extended operating ranges on the above may be mutually agreed upon between purchasers and suppliers. \ Voltage Dips and Short interruptions Voltage dips and short interruptions shall not produce a change in the register of more than 0.001 kWh, KVAth ‘or kVAh and the test output shall not produce a signal equivalent of more than 0.001 kWh, KVAth or kVAh (for transformer-operated meters, equivalent values should be used taking into account the transformer ratio). ‘When the voltage is restored, the meter shall not have suffered degradation of its metrological characteristics, For testing, see 5.4.2.1 Influence of Short-Time Overcurrents: ‘The test circuit shall be practically non-inductive. After the application of the short-time overcurrent with the voltage maintained at the terminals, the meter shall be allowed to return to the initial temperature with the voltage circuits energized for one hour individually. ‘The meter shall be able to carry for one half cycle for direct connected meter and 0.5 second for CT operated - ‘meter a current equal to: (a) 30, for direct connection up to 10 A (b) 201, for direct connection above 10 A, and (© 201, for meters connected by current transformer (8) After this test, the variation of the error shall not exceed the value shown in Table 11 7444 Table 11 ‘Variation in percentage error (Gue to short-time over current) — “Higher values may be accepted considering the best testing facility available in National Laboratories Influence of Self-Heating ‘The variation of error due to self-heating shall not exceed the values given in Table 12. Table 12 4s 45.1 Influence of Heating Under normal conditions of use, electrical cirevits and insulation shall not reach a temperature which might j adversely affect the operation of the meter. ‘The temperature rise at any point of the external surface of the ‘meter shall not exceed 20° C with the ambient temperature at 45° C. Insulation ‘The meter and its incorporated auxiliary devices, if any, shall be such that they retain adequate dielectric ‘Qualities under normal conditions of use, taking account of the atmospheric influences and different voltages to which they are subjected under normal conditions of use. ‘The meter shall withstand the impulse voltage test and the a.c. voltage test as specified in 5.4.6. Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Immunity to Electromagnetic Disturbance ‘The meter shall be designed in such a way that conducted or radiated electromagnetic disturbance as well as. electrostatic discharge do not damage or substantially influence the meter. 18Note: The disturbances to be considered are: = harmonics — voltage dips and short interruptions — conducted transients — 4.c. and a.c. magnetic fields — electromagnetic fields — electrostatic discharges For testing see clause 5.5 ‘The meter shall not generate conducted or radiated noise which could interfere with other equipment. 45.2 Radio Interference Suppression For testing, see clause 5.5. 46 Accuracy Requirements 46.1 Limits of Error Due to Variation of the Current When the meter is under the reference conditions given in 5.6.1, the percentage errors shall not exceed the limits for the relevant accuracy class given in Table 13 & 14. Table 13 Percentage error limits (Single Phase Meters & Polyphase meters with balanced loads) Value of Cos 6 ‘Limits of variation in Current sing % error for class 05 0.01 I, S1<0.05 |, 1.0 : - £10 | £04 0.02 $1<0.05 1.0 43.0 | 220 = = 0.05 fy TST 10 415 | 210 | 205 | 402 0.02 1, 1<0.1 0.5 lag #30 | 420 | 210 | 205 ogled |° +30 | 420 | 410 | 405 O11, STS Taw 0.5 lag +18 | 212 [ £06 | +03 0.8 lead +18 | +12 | s06 | +03 "When specially asked by the 0.25 lag #35 | #25 [ £10 [ 405 user 0.11, SIS! 0.5 lead 435 | +25 | 410 | 405 Table 14 Percentage error limits (Polyphase meters carrying a single phase load, but with balanced polyphase voltages applied to voltage circuits) Value of Current Cos / Limits of variation in sin @ percentage error for class 1s 10 05 02 0.05 1, <1, a further sample of N, meters shall be taken according to col 3 of Table-25 and subjected to these tests. If the number of defectives in two samples combined is less than C>, the lot shall be considered as conforming to these tests, otherwise rejected. a€.3.2. Tests for Insulation Resistance, Limits of Error and Interpretation of Tests Results and Adjustment (if required) From’the sample of meters which have been drawn according to C-3.1 and those that have passed all tests of C-3.1, ‘2 sample of 8 meters shall be tested, all of which shall pass for conformity to these tests. If any one of the meters fails in any of these tests, the whole lot shall be declared not conforming to the requirements of these tests. €.3.3 Tests for Repeatability of Error, Vibration Test and Shock Test Above tests shall be carried out on three samples selected from the above 8 meters under clause C.3.2 and one meter each shall be tested for repeatability of error test, vibration test and shock test separately. If any of the meter fails in any of these tests the whole lot shall be declared not conforming to the requirement of these tests. €.3.4 The lot shall be considered as conforming to this specification, if provisions C.3.1, C.3.2 and C.3.3 are satisfied. 42APPENDIX-D VOLTAGE WAVE-FORM FOR THE TESTS OF THE EFFECT OF VOLTAGE DIPS AND SHORT INTERRUPTIONS sons Soms Vref 4 TR te Figure 01: Voltage interruptions of AV=100% 1s Figure D2: Voltage interruptions of OV=100% 20 ms Vref 0s Figure 03: Voltage dips of aV=50% 43APPENDIX-E, suoljuyeg 30 voyesysny :aun6iy | ‘(S.s2u2/sonod 40 @njea payernpyy a K6.0u9/s0n0d jo Tape 17 ‘enyeA wndy JeUOYUDAYO) uepang | ry Tésou2 7s0n0d "STA poe i aera |) amb 40 poepuess S10 + weLa LH] seit 39 papal jem earaet te | pep UE pe doyesedwor i yuan sepiaip| Beso eayanpey| | 44APPENDIX-F ELECTROMAGNET FOR TESTING THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNALLY-PRODUCED MAGNETIC FIELDS Scale 1:1 ( All dimensions in millimetres } | Meter under test 1 = Examples of winding: 500 turns 0,68/0,28 ma? or: 1000 turns 0,460,126 mm? Core tamination: 1,0 W/kg 45AVAILABILITY OF TEST FACILITIES ee (For Test Schedule as per Table 18) SILNo. Test Facility available at (Name of the Laboratory) 1. Test of Insulation properties 1.1 Impulse Voltage test ERTL/SAMEER/NTH 1.2 A.C.Voltage test NPL/ERTL/ETDC/NTH 1.3 Insulation Resistance test - do - 2. Test of accuracy requirements 2.1 Test on limits of error NPL/ERTL/ETDC/NTH 2.2 Test of meter constant = do- 2.3 Test of starting condition -do- 2.4 Test of no load condition - do 2.5 Repeatability of error test -do- 2.6 Test of ambient temperature influence = do - 2.7 Test of influence quantities = do - 2.8 Measurement of phase current NPL 3. Test of electrical requirements 3.1 Test of power consumption NPL/ERTL/ETDC/NTH 3.2 Test of influence of supply voltage = do - 3.3, Test of influence of short time over current - dot - 3.4 Test of influence of self heating = do - 3.5 Test of influence of heating = do- 4. Tests for electromegnetic compatibility (EMC) 4.1 Radio imerference measurement ERTL/SAMEER 4.2 Fast transient burst test +do- 4.3 Test of immunity to electromagnetic HF field -do- 4.4 Test of immunity to electrostatic discharge = do - 5. Test of climatic influences 5.1 Dry heat test ERTLETDC 52 Cold test = do - 5.3. Damp heat cyclic test = do- 6. Test of mechanical requirements 6.1 Vibration test = do- 6.2 Shock test = do - 63 Spring hammer test - do - 64 Test of protection against penetration of dust & water - do - 6.5.’ Test of resistance of heat and fire = do NPL National Physical Laboratory ERTL Electronics Regional Test Laboratory - ERTL(N) at New Dethi; ERTL (West) at Mumbai; ERTL (East) at Calcutta; ERTL (South) at Thirunanthpuram ERDC Electronic Test and Development Centre at 17 state capitals SAMEER 2nd Cross Road, CIT Campus, Taramani, Madras-600113, NTH National Test House, Alipore, Calcutta * Only for CT Operated Meters Note: CPRI, Bangalore is also developing facilities for comprehensive tests asper SI.No. 1, 2 and 3. 46APPENDIX - H. RECOMMENDED GUARANTEED POINTS FOR INCLUSION IN TECHNICAL PARTICULARS TO BE FURNISHED BY MANUFACTURERS/SUPPLIERS 1. Principle of operation of the meter outlining the methods and stages of computation of various parameters starting from input voltage and current signals including the sampling rate if applicable. 2. Method adopted to transform voltage and current to the desired Jow values with explanation on devices used such as CT, PT, or potential divider as to how they can be considered superior in maintaining ratio and phase angle for variation of influence quantities and during its service period. 3. Details of memory used in the meter if applicable should be furnished by the manufacturer. 4. Details of programmable parameters facilities under the following categories: @) Factory programmable (i) User programmable 47TECHNICAL REPORTS (POWER) BROUGHT OUT Manual on Transformers (Revised in 1987) Maintenance Schedules for Distribution System Manual on Layout of Substations (Revised in 1989) Design, Development and Construction of Solid State Hybrid Computer Steel Grounding Systems - Where Grounding Mat is not néeded. (Reprinted March 1985) Design and Development on Static Excitation System for Synchronous Machines Design and Development on Solid State Sensitive Protection Schemes Design and Development of 2 Me Volt, Van de Graaff Generator Manual on Transmission Line Towers (Reprinted February 1979). (Reprinted April 1985) Design, Development and Fabrication of an Electronic Differential Analyser Report on Single Wire Earth Return System (Reprinted in 1985) ‘Choice of the Insulation Level on 400 kV Transmission Lines and Networks (Reprinted March 1981) Corona Studies on 400 kV Transmission Lines (Parts I-V) Liquid Dielectris (Natural Esters Like Castor Oils, Cotton Seeds etc.) Proximity Effects of Bus Bars Co-ordination of Govemors and Regulators by Parameters Plane Analysis Development Frequency Difference Relay Development of Three Zone Static Polyphase Distance Relay High Voltage Direct Current Circuit Breakers Improvement of Transient Stability Using HVDC Line in Parallel of HVAC Line Transient Operation of Relays and Protection Circuits Interference of Power Line with Telephone Lines (Reprinted March 1985) Development of High Voltage Power Fuses ‘Studies on Insulator Contamination Development and Field Performance Study of Solid State Earth Fault Relay for Primary Feeders Manual on Shunt Capacitors - Operation and Maintenance Development of the Dielectric Loss and Insulation Power Factor Test Set Experience during Construction and Operation of Chilla Power House Relay and Protection Studies Manual on Rostering of Rural Loads Study on the Causes of Failure of Tertiary Windings of Power Transformers and its Protection Modern Techniques in Central Loads Despatching in Larger Power Systems Design Parameters and Technical Requirements of + 600 kV HVDC and 750 kV AC Transmission System Static VAR Compensators - State-of-Art Study of Distribution Transformer Failure, Suggest Preventive Mtc. Norms, Evolve Effective Protective Measures Interconnection of Grounding Mats of Different Materials Material Management in State Electricity Boards Thermal Power Generation - An Overvie Development and Field Performance Study of Slot Discharge Detector Glossary of Terms Relating to Transmission Line Towers Failure of 6.6 kV Motors in Thermal Power Stations 4849. Ss. 32, 33 58. 56. 37. 38. 59. 61. 2 68. 6. Raps 15. 16. n. 7B. Re Bee & Earthing System Parameters for HV, EHV and UHV Substation Problems Relating to Instrumentations and Control System in Thermal Stations Failure of Condenser Tubes in Large Thermal Power Stations Effect of under Frequency Operation on Generating Units as well as on the Performance of Consumer's Equipment Use of Hydrazine for Deoxygenation — A Status Report Study of Damage to ACSR Conductors, Hardwares and Line Supports under Severe Chemical Pollution Evaluation of Conditions of Joints and Clamps (Development of Inffa-Red-Thermometer) Preservative Maintenance at Khodri Power Station — An Outstanding Achievement Renovation of HT Metering Equipment — Identification of Required Méasures Study of Measures to Increase the Life of Lamps and Accessories in the Public Lighting System Balco Captive Power Plant, Korba Failure of Energy Meters and Remedial Measures thereof ‘Analysis and Report of the Field Testing on 400 kV Koradi Bhusawal Circuit I Guide for Testing of Transformers by Sampling and Analysis of Free and Dissolved Gases, Failure Analysis of Distribution Transformers ‘Thermal Over-Loading of Transmission Lines Demarcation of the Safe and most Efficient Operational Regimes of Turbines Series Capacitor Application to Sub-transmission System - Case Studies Development of Dry Epoxy Encapsulated Distribution Transformers of 63 and 100 KVA-11/0.433 kV and Development and Use of Small Capacity Dry Type Encapsulated 10 and 100 kVA Distribution ‘Transformers Determination of Design Parameters of Spaces and Spacer Dampers of 400 kVA Lines . Specification for Energy Meters of Accuracy Class-2 Economics of Single Phase Distribution System Versus Three-Phase-System for Application in Rural Electification Study of Noise and Noise Control in the Thermal Plant Auxiliaries Investigation into Causes of Failure of Power Transformers Guidelines for Selection of Vibration Dampers to Control Aeolian Vibration in EHV Transmission Lines Loading Capability of Power Transformers Contamination of Cooling Water and its Impact on the Condenser System at Ennore Thermal Power Station Effect on Generating Units caused by Loss of Excavation Current Carrying Capacity of Overhead Transmission Line ACSR Conductors for Northern Region Evaluation of Concrete Encased Earthing Electrodes and use of Structural Steel for Earthing Manual on Sub-stations — Chapter 1 on Specifications for Sub-station Battery Charging Equipment and D.C. Switchgear Erosion in Coal Pulverisers Puiverised Coal Pipe Bends and Burners and Improvement in Performance of Induced Draft Fans and Electrostatic Precipitators Energy Conservation on Irrigation Pumpsets in Karnataka Overloading of Distribution Transformer in Relation to Altitudes Generation of Higher Harmonics in Case of Traction Loads their Harmful Effects on Power Systems and Remedial Measures Electro-Magnetic and Electro-static Field Phenomena Near EHV and UHV Installations Development of a Device to Measure the Magnitude and the Rate of Rise of Lightning Stroke Current Contacting Transmission Tower and to Determine the Equivalent Inductance of the Tower for Predicting. the Tower Top Voltage Effectiveness of Bentonite as a Backfill for Ground Rods to obtain Satisfactory Rod/Soil Contact and Reducing the Ground Resistance 49101. 102. 103. loa, 105, Method & Means to Detect Corrosion in Metal Embedded in Concrete ‘Specifications for A.C. Static Electrical Energy Meters Failure of Underground HT/LT Cables and Cable Joints and Remedial Measures Computer Aided Distribution Automation Simulation Studies on TNA for 800 kV UHV Transmission Evaluation of Swing Angles for 800 kV Transmission System ‘Study on Tamper Proof Methods for Energy Meters Study on Electronic Energy Meters for Beneficial Adoption and Utilisation in Power Boards Investigation of Impulse Voltage Characteristics of Distribution Transformers : Condition Monitoring of Power Station Rotating Equipments by Ferrographic Method and its Integration ‘with Conventional Monitoring System : ‘lagging and Fouling Problems in Thermal Power Stations Economic Design for Foundation of Transmission Line Towers Development of Negligible Friction Foot-Valves for Agricultural Pumps Location of Partial Discharge in. Power Transformers by Computation and Measurement of Capacitively Transmitted Voltage Surges Critical Study of Severe Coal Choking Problems Specially due to Wet Coal in Thermal Power Stations Overfluxing of Distribution Transformers Evolving Design of the Earth-mat for a Sub-station Site of Limited Area and High resistivity Development of Epory Coating for Runner Blades to avoid erosion due to Silt Metallurgical Solutions to the Erosion Problems in Hydro Electric Projects 50Pep Peper 2 Syke LIST OF EXPERTS WHO PREPARED FIRST DRAFT OF SPECIFICATIONS FOR STATIC AC ELECTRICAL ENERGY METERS — TECHNICAL REPORT NO.88 Dr. P. Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu Electricity Board Shri $. Biswas, CESC Shri B.S. Babel, Secure Energy Meters Shri R. Krishnan, ECIL LIST OF EXPERTS WHO FINALISED TECHNICAL REPORT NO.88 AFTER CONSIDERING ALL COMMENTS RECEIVED (1992) Dr. P. Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu Electricity Board Shri $. Biswas, CESC Shri B.S. Babel, Secure Energy Meters Shri C. Balasubrahmanya, BHEL LIST OF MEMBERS OF COMMITTEE FINALISING THIS REVISION Shri K. Ramachandra, CE, APSEB Shri K.L.S.Taunk, SE, RSEB Shri S. Biswas, CESC Shri S.K. Khosla, Power Finance Corporation Dr. P. Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu Electricity Board Shri B.S. Babel, Secure Energy Meters