KLASIKH HLEKTRODUNAMIKH II

FULLADIO SHMEIWSEWN 6

SQETIKISTIKH DIATUPWSH THS HLEKTRODUNAMIKHS

1. To Tetrnusma thc Puknthtac Hlektriko Rematoc.

Smfwna

me

sa

anaptqjhkan

sta

prohgomena,

kje

fusik

posthta

ja prpei na qei sugkekrimnh tautthta wc proc ton trpo metasqhmatismo

thc

kat

Lorentz

tetrda

entssetai se na tetrnusma.

ste

na

qei

antallowto

tic

diec

twn

posottwn

kai

J~

den

mpore

par

na

Pollaplasizontac thn puknthta fortou me

diastseic

me

thn

puknthta

rematoc,

orzoume

to

tetrnusma

J =

c, J~

J0 = c

J = Jx

(1)

J 2 = Jy
Ji =

J3 = J
z
O

eidikc

Lorentz

metasqhmatismc

thtac rematoc

kai

J 0

pou

sundei

twn opown to detero kinetai me taqthta

Jx0

V
2 Jx
c

V
Jx
c

Jy0 = Jy ,
= (1 V 2 /c2 )1/2

PARATHRHSH.Mporome
shmeiako fortou.

na

tetransmata

~ = x
V
V

pou

ta

sta adraneiak sustmata anaforc

(2)

thn

isq

auto

tou

metasqhmatismo

sthn

V
c2

vx

H sunrthsh dlta sto arister mloc metasqhmatzetai wc exc:

3 0

pou

enai h

, ek

epalhjesoume

d r (~
r . . .) =

Jz0 = Jz ,

(~
r ~
r0 (t ) ) = (~
r ~
r0 (t) )

pukn-

kai

wc proc to prto, enai

Prgmati, tte qoume ap thn prth exswsh

thc

d r (~
r . . .) = J (~
r . . .) = (~
r . . .) ,

Iakwbian

J =

 0
 (xi


x00i (t0 ))
xj

perptwsh

enc

Prpei epomnwc na apodeiqje ti

1 = J

V vx

c2

H Iakwbian upologzetai wc exc

 0
 xi
 xj

J =

Sugkekrimna, dedomnou ti

J =

x0
x

x00i (t0 )
xj

t0 (t, x),
0

 0
 xi
 xj

x00i t0
t0

xj

 0
 xi
 xj

vi

t0


.

xj

qoume

0 t
vx
x

x0
y

x0
z

y 0
x

y 0
y

y 0
z

z 0
x

z 0
y

z 0
z

0
+ vx
V2
c

1 +

0
vx
V

c2

Epistrfontac sthn apodeikta sqsh qoume

1 =

1 +

0
V
vx

 

c2

V vx

c2

!
1 =

(vx V )

1 +

c2
vx V

c2

V vx

c2

V2

c2

= 1.

Anloga apodeiknontai kai oi uploipec sqseic metasqhmatismo.

H exswsh sunqeiac mpore na graftei se sunallowth morf sunartsei tou

tetransmatoc

'Eqoume

Ji
+
= 0
t
xi

(c)
Ji
J 0
J i
+
=
+
= 0
(ct)
xi
x0
xi

J
= 0.
x

(3)

To hlektrik forto enai posthta anexrthth ap to ssthma anaforc.

Aut

mporome

'Estw
kai

na

Q =

na

to

apodexoume

forto

ssthma

to

d r =

miac

anaforc

d r

wc

exc:

katanomc

to

opoo

V
2 Jx
c

sto

kinetai

ssthma
me

taqthta

d r

J~ = 0
~
V = x
V

hremac

).

'Estw

'Eqoume



 x 
 i 0
d r  0 .
 xj 
3 0

emfanizmenh

Iakwbian













Sunepc,

x
x0

enai

x
y 0

y
x0

y
y 0

z
x0

z
y 0

x
z 0










y 
=
 0
z 0 


 0

z 
0

0
1
0

0
0
1





 = .



qoume

Q =

3 0

d r =

d3 r0 0 = Q0 .

2. To Tetrnusma tou Dunamiko kai o Hlektromagnhtikc Tanustc.

H tetrda twn dunamikn
thtec,

ja

smoc

Lorentz

prpei

adraneiak

na

qei

dhlad

ssthma

kai

~
A

, efson aut apotelon fusikc pos-

sugkekrimnh

na

tautthta

metasqhmatzetai

anaforc

se

na

llo.

me

wc

proc

touc

sugkekrimno

Xekinntac

me

metasqhmati-

trpo

thn

ap

elogh

na

up-

jesh ti ta dunamik antistoiqon se na antallowto tetrnusma tou qrou

Minkowski

grfoume

A =

A0

A c Ax

(4)

A2 c Ay
Ai =

A3 c A
z

To

antstoiqo

sunallowto

tetrnusma

ja

enai

~
A = , cA

Ac jewrsoume tic exisseic pou ikanopoion ta dunamik


.

kai

antikatastsoume me tic antstoiqec tetranusmatikc sunistsec.

~
A

2 0
2 k
0
~ A
~ = /0 = A A = J
2
xk xk
x0 xk
c0

~
~ + (
~
~ A)
~ + 1A
~ = 0 J~
2 A
+
2
c
{z
}
|

2 Ai
2 Ak
2 Ai
2 A0
+
+
+
= 0 cJ i .
xk xk
xk xi
x0 x0
xi x0
4

kai ac ta

Parnoume

Suneqzontac,

mporome

na

froume

2 A0
x x
H

deterh

exswsh

thn

prth

2 A
x x0

exswsh

J0

sthn

morf

c0

(5)

gnetai

2 Ai
2 A

= 0 cJ i .
x x
x xi
O

emfanizmenoc

diaforikc

telestc

telestc

2
2
2
=

x x
x0 x0
xk xk

2
onomzetai

DAlembert

nallowtoc se metasqhmatismoc
apotelon

to

qronoeidc

kai

x x
'Eqei

anaferje
enai

se

Lorentz

mroc

x x

~ A
~ + 1 = 0

c2 t

miac

c0
ti

Prgmati,

tetranusmatikc

keflaio

Lorentz

kat

dhlad, a-

Enai faner ti oi exisseic (5, 6)

2 A

prohgomeno

anallowth

(7)

bajmwtc telestc,

kai enai nac

qwroeidc

2 A

Lorentz

(6)

exswshc

.
h

(8)

sunjkh

thc

bajmdac

qoume

Ai
A0
+
= 0
xi
x0

Aut

enai

sunjkh

lontac thn sunjkh

thc

A
= 0.
x
Lorentz

bajmdac

Lorentz

(9)

se

sunallowth

morf.

Epibl-

, h exswsh tou dunamiko aplousteetai wc exc

J
2 A
=
x x
c0
,

pio

suntomografik,

2 A =
O

(10)

eidikc

adraneiakn

metasqhmatismc

susthmtwn

me

Lorentz

sqetik

J
.
c0
pou

(11)

sundei

taqthta

ta

~ = x
V
V

dunamik

metax

do

enai

0 = ( V Ax )




A0x = Ax

c2

A0y = Ay , A0z = Az
5

(12)

se

morf

pnaka

0
cA0x
cA0y
cA0z

Ac

A0 = A

epistryoume

dunamikn

pedwn

cAx
cAy
cAz

kai

ac

(13)

Ai
Ai
A0
Ai
A0

Ei = i t = xi x0 = x0 xi





~ A
~ = 1 ijk Ajk = 1 ijk Ajk Akj
Bi =
c
2c
x
x
x
i

(14)

tetrasnusmatiko

kai

0
0
0
1

gryoume

tou

sqseic

0
0
1
0

tic

sunartsei

stic

V /c

0
0

V /c
0
0

dunamiko

Parathrome ti kai stic do ekfrseic emfanzontai oi sunistsec tou diou

tanust

deterhc

txhc

F
O

tanustc

taskeuc

autc

onomzetai

antisummetrikc,

A
A

x
x

(15)

Hlektromagnhtikc Tanustc

dhld

kai

enai

sqseic

twn

pedwn

me

tic

sunistsec

Ei = F0i ,
H

teleutaa

sqsh

antistrfetai

tou

Bi =
wc

(16)

enai

1
ijk Fjk .
2c

(17)

exc

Fij = cijk Bk .
O

hlektromagnhtikc

tanustc

Ex

F =

E
y

Ez

ka-

isqei

F = F .
Oi

ek

grfetai

Ex

se

morf

Ey

cBz

cBz

cBy

cBx

(18)

pnaka

Ez

wc

cBy

cBx

exc

(19)

antstoiqoc

plrwc

antallowtoc

Ex

Ex

F =

E
y

Ez

tanustc

Ey

enai

Ez

cBz

cBz

cBy

cBx

cBy

cBx

(20)

3. Sunallowth Diatpwsh twn Exissewn Maxwell.

'Opwc

xwell

edame

grfontai

sta

prohgomena

sunartsei

tou

edfia

oi

do

mh-omogenec

tetranusmatiko

dunamiko

exisseic

Ma-

wc

2 A
2 A
J

x x
x x
c0

x
Aut

grfetai

sunartsei

A
A

x
x

tou

J
.
c0

hlektromagnhtiko

tanust

wc

F
J
=
.
x
c0
Oi
tou

omogenec

exisseic

hlektromagnhtiko

Maxwell

tanust.

Ac

mporon

(21)

epshc

arqsoume

ap

na
thn

grafton

sunartsei

posthta

Frs
0nrs Frs = 

nrs xn

xn

F
=

i

F
x

rs
= i0rs F
+ in
x0

to

Fr0
rs
0s
= irs F
+ ins F
xn inr xn
x0

~ B
~

2c

Qrhsimopoisame

F
xn

gegonc

i
~
~
2 B
t + 2( E)i

ti

0ijk = ijk

Epomnwc,

~ B
~ = 0

= 

~
~ + B~ = 0
E
t

qoume

F
= 0
x

(22)

To

zegoc

twn

tetranusmatikn

exissewn

F
J
=
,
x
c0

F
= 0
x

(23)

apotelon kai thn sunallowth diatpwsh twn exissewn tou

Maxwell

Enai

faner ti h omogenc exswsh ikanopoietai tautotik en qrhsimopoisoume

thn

kfrash

nusmatiko
plrwc

pou

orzei

to

dunamiko.

antisummetriko

tanustc

enai

hlektromagnhtik
exswsh

sumblou

antisummetrikc,

aut,
kai

sunartsei

qrhsimopointac

to

grfetai

tanust

gegonc

ti

tic

tou

idithtec

onomzetai
O

Jacobi

Tautthta

tou

hlektromagnhtikc

wc

F
F
F
+
+
= 0

x
x
x
kai

tetra-

(24)

tanustc

opooc

emfanzetai

gnhtikc Tanustc.

stic
Oi

1
F =  F
2
Maxwell

exisseic

sunistsec

tou

(25)

onomzetai

tanust

auto

Duikc Hlektroma-

enai

1
1
c
F0i = 0ijk Fjk = ijk ( cjk` B` ) = 2i` B` = c Bi
2
2
2
kai

1
Fij = ij F = ij0k F0k = ijk Ek .
2

Sunepc,

qoume

cBx

F =

cB
y

cBx

Ac

shmeiwje

cBx

cBy

Ez

Ez

Ey

Ex

Ey

Ex

(26)

ti

F F

~ cB
~

E
(27)

cBz

Isqoun oi tautthtec

~ E
~
cB

ijk `mk = i` jm jm i`

kai

ijk `jk = 2i` .

Sqseic Sunallowtwn Posottwn

J 0 = c , J i = Ji ,

A0 = , Ai = c Ai

F0i = Ei , Fij = c ijk Bk ,

1
Bi = 2c
ijk Fjk

SHMEIWSH: Sunallowth Morf twn Kajusterhmnwn Dunamikn.

Oi do ekfrseic twn kajusterhmnwn dunamikn grfontai se enopoihmnh morf wc

A (x) =

3 0

d r

40 c

J (~
r 0 , tK )
|~
r 0 ~
r|

Gia na proqwrsoume proc mia plrwc sunallowth kfrash grfoume to anwtrw dunamik wc exc:

A (x) =

40 c

3 0

d r

dx0 (x0 x0 + |~
r

|~
r 0 ~
r|

~
r |) J (x )

A (x) =

40 c

4 0

d x

(x00 x0 + |~
r 0 ~
r |)
|~
r 0 ~
r|

J (x ) .

Akolojwc anatrqoume sthn idithta thc dlta sunrthshc

(f (x)) =

X (x a)
|f 0 (a)|

pou

f (a) = 0.

'Eqoume

((x x) ) = ((x0 x0 ) (~
r

~
r) ) =

(x00 x0 + |~
r 0 ~
r |)
|2(x00 x0 )|

(x00 x0 |~
r 0 ~
r |)
|2(x00 x0 )|

1
2|~
r 0 ~
r|

(x0 x0 + |~
r

~
r |) + (x0 x0 |~
r

kai

r 0 ~
r |)
(x00 x0 + |~

2 (x0 x0 ) ((x x) ) =

|~
r 0 ~
r|

~
r |)

Telik, qoume

A (x) =

4 0

d x (x0 x0 ) ((x x) ) J (x ) .

20 c

H kfrash aut enai plrwc sunallowth.

4. Metasqhmatismo Lorentz HM Pedwn.

Wc tanustc deterhc txhc, o hlektromagnhtikc tanustc metasqhmatzetai

kat

Lorentz

wc

exc

F0
,

se

morf

= F

(28)

pinkwn,

F 0 = F .

(29)

Gia thn perptwsh tou eidiko metasqhmatismo

Lorentz

h anwtrw sqsh

enai

0
Ex

0
Ey

0
Ez

0
Ex

0
cBz

0
cBy

0
Ey

0
cBz

0
cBx

0
Ez

0
cBy

0
cBx

V /c

V /c

Ap

ta

Ex

Ey

Ez

Ex

cBz

cBy

Ey

cBz

cBx

Ez

cBy

cBx

Ex

Ex

Ez + V By

anwtrw

c
c

Ey V Bz

Bz V2 Ey

By + V2 Ez

sumperanoume

tic

sqseic

10

Ey V B z

Bz V2 Ey
c

V /c

V /c

Ez + V By
By + V2 Ez
c

cBx

cBx

metasqhmatismo

Ex0 = Ex ,

Ey0 = (Ey V Bz ) ,

Bx0 = Bx ,

By0 = By +

V
E
c2 z

Ez0 = (Ez + V By )

Bz0 = Bz

~ 0 = E
~ || , E
~ 0 = E
~ V
~ B
~
E

||


~ +
~ 0 = B
~ || , B
~ 0 = B
B

||

~ E
~
V
c2

V
E
c2 y

Metasqhmatismo Lorentz

Enai

endiafron

draneiak
ssthma,

ti,

ssthma
kinomeno

pwc

qoume
me

problpoun
mhdenik

taqthta

~
V

wc

pedo

~
B
Ep

plon,

gia

to

hlektrik

~
V E

pedo

oi

parapnw

magnhtik

proc

pedo

aut,

sqseic,

~ = 0
B

ja

en
),

emfanisje

~
~.
V E
c2

sto

~
= V E,

kinomeno

~
V E

se

se

na

na

a-

llo

magnhtik

(30)

ssthma

qoume

~.
= V E

(31)

Antstrofa, en se na ssthma uprqei mno magnhtik pedo, sto kinomeno

ssthma

ja

emfanisje

kai

hlektrik

pedo

~ 0 = V
~ B
~.
E

(32)

PARADEIGMA: Ta peda enc omal kinoumnou fortou. Ac jewrsoume na shmeiak forto Q,

~ = Vx
to opoo kinetai me stajer taqthta V
wc proc na {aknhto} adraneiak ssthma . Epshc, stw 0
to ssthma {hremac} tou swmatidou. Wc proc to ssthma aut qoume apl mno to pedo Coulomb

~ 0 =
E

~
r 0

40 r 0 3

11

kai mhdenik magnhtik pedo

~ 0 = 0.
B

Ta peda sto aknhto ssthma ja enai

~ = E 0 , Ey = E 0 , Ez = E 0
E
x
y
z
V

Bx = 0, By =

c2

Ez ,

Bz =

Ey .

c2

Sugkekrimna, qoume

~ =
E

40 r 0 3

~ =
B

x x
+ y y
+ z z

40 r 0 3 c2

y z
z y

Ekfrzontac ta peda wc proc tic suntetagmnec tou aknhtou sustmatoc parnoume

~ =
E

~ t)
(~
rV

Q
40 2

(x V

~ =
B

t)2

1
c2

3/2

+ 2 (y 2 + z 2 )

~ E
~.
V

To hlektrik pedo mpore na grafte kai wc exc:

~ =
E

2
1 V2
c

~
R

40 R3

V
~
R
c2

pou

~ = ~
~t.
R
r V

12

2 i3/2 ,

(33)

5. H Dnamh Lorentz.
Poi enai h Drsh enc fortismnou swmatidou? Isodnama mporome na
rwtsoume, poi enai h exswsh knhshc enc swmatidou up thn epdrash
enc hlektromagnhtiko pedou?

aplosteroc

roc

pou

grammikc
nac

wc

ttoioc

proc

roc

to

ja

hlektromagnhtik

prpei

na

enai

na

mporome

S0 = ds
A
Lorentz

sjsoume sthn Drsh tou eleujrou swmatidou (

dunamik

bajmwt

na

pro-

) enai nac roc

Dedomnou

kat

ja

mwc
prpei

ti
to

antallowto tetrnusma tou dunamiko na pollaplasiaste me na sunallowto tetrnusma.

dx
A

'Ara,
enai

To mno ttoio pou diajtoume enai to tetrnusma thc jshc

aplosterh

Drsh,

to

grammik

allhlepdrash

metax

ds = (dx dx )1/2

hlektrik forto

allhlepdrashc

tic

enai

kai

to

diaforik

stajer

swstc

q
c

ds

qei

dx A (x) ,

kai

tou

(34)

anallowtou

emfanisje

mkouc.

ste

na

qei

x , oi opoec na mhdenzontai sta kra. Gia ttoiec,

(dx ) = d(x ). H metabol tou diaforiko ds enai

thsiakc, dunatc metabolc isqei

dx dx ) =

1 2(dx )dx
2

q
o

enai
roc

diastseic.

Ac jewrsoume tra dunatc metabolc

(ds) = (

dx

S = mc
pou

me

d(x )dx

= (dx )

ds

dx dx

dx
ds

1
c

(dx )

dx
d

kajar sunar-

1
c

(dx ) u .

H metabol thc allhlepdrashc enai

(dx A ) = (dx )A

+ dx A

= (dx )A

+ dx (x )

A
x

H antstoiqh metabol thc Drshc enai

S = m

(dx )u

Z 

q
c

dx (x )

(dx )A

S = m

Z
= m

d(x )u

d(x u ) + m

du

Z 

q
c

d(x A ) +

dx (x )

d(x )A

x dA

O prtoc kai o trtoc roc mhdenzontai, dedomnou ti h metabol

q
c

Z
dx

A
x

x .

mhdenzetai sta kra thc oloklrwshc.

Suneqzontac, qoume

Z
S =

d x

du
d

q dA
c d

q dx A
c

Z
S =

d x

du
d

13

q
c

A
x

A
x


(35)

Z
S =

d x

du

q
c

F u

(36)

H Arq thc Elqisthc Drshc upagoreei

S = 0 = m

Oi

exisseic

knhshc

du
d

F u .

(37)

enai

q dx
d2 x
=
F .
d 2
c d

(38)

To dexi mloc thc anwtrw exswshc apotele thn sqetikistik genkeush

thc

dnamhc

f =
H

qwrik

sunistsa

thc

dnamhc

q
u F .
c

(39)

enai



 
q
~
( c F0i + vj Fji ) = q Ei + ~v B
.
i
c

fi =

Me exaresh to pargonta

v << c

, o opooc, gia

, enai praktik soc me thn

monda, h anwtrw kfrash sumpptei me thn gnwst kfrash gia thn

Lorentz

qwroeidc

m
Sto rio
tou

sunistsa

exswshc

knhshc

Dnamh

enai



 
dui
d( vi )
~
= f i = m
= q Ei + ~v B
.
i
d
d

v << c

Netwna

gia

to

qronoeidc

(41)

h anwtrw exswsh knhshc sumpptei me thn gnwst exswsh

swmatdio

m
H

thc

(40)

up

thn

epdrash

thc

Dnamhc

Lorentz



 
d2 xi
~
=
q
E
+
~
v

B
.
i
i
dt2

sunistsa

thc

exswshc

knhshc

enai

(42)



q
d(mc2 )
du0
~ .
= uj F0j =
= q ~v E
d
c
dt

2
Shmeiste ti

q
d =

(dt)2

1
c2

q
(d~
x)2 = dt

14

v2 2
c

dt

(43)

Ekin = mc2
c

Ac shmeiwje ti h posthta

sa thc tetraormc diairemnh di

thn

onomsoume
H

Drsh

amswc

gia

na

fortismno

swmatdio,

kai

thn

teleutaa

sustmatoc

q
d
c

dt

qrhsimopoisame

sta

kfrash

sumperanoume

sunrthsh

Lagrange

ti

Ap ton orism thc

sunrthsh

Lagrange

tou

na

paraggoume

(45)

kateujean

tic

exi-

L
x i

knhshc

L
.
xi

qei

thn

morf


~v  ~ 
~
~
.
E + ~v B 2 E ~v
c

kanonikc ormc

(46)

pou isqei sta plasia thc Klassikc

qoume

pi

Parathrome

roeidec

exswsh

d~v
m
= q
dt

opooc

(44)

wc

deiqje

Mhqanikc,

v2
~ .
q + q(~v A)
c2

mporome

d
dt
na

ti

enai

knhshc

Mpore

d u A

q
q
mc u0 A0 ui Ai
c
c

L = mc2
thn

opoa

wc

S =

sseic

thn

prohgomena

grfetai

Ap

Mporome na

{kinhtik enrgeia}.

S = mc

Ap

tautzetai me thn qronik sunist-

, gia na elejero swmatdio.

ti

ofeletai

L
mvi
= q
+ q Ai = m ui + qAi .
v2
vi
1 c2

sqsh
sto

sunistsec

thc

taqthtac

kai

ormc

hlektromagnhtik
ormc

gia

to

perilambnei

pedo.

sqsh

kai

aut

(47)

ton
dnei

ro
tic

~
qA

qw-

tetrnusma

p = m u + q A .

(48)

To qronoeidc mroc tou tetransmatoc thc ormc dnei thn enrgeia tou swmatidou

diairemnh

me

c
p0 =

= mc + q .
c
c
15

(49)

sunrthsh

orism

Hamilton

sunartsei

thc

tou

swmatidou

sunrthshc

upologzetai

ap

ton

genik

thc

Lagrange

H(pi , xj ) = pi vi L .
Hamilton

Dedomnou mwc ti h sunrthsh

thc

ormc,

exgetai

wc

mac

qreizetai

kai

antstrofh

sqsh

taqthtac/ormc.

Aut

exc:

~ =
m (v) ~v = p~ + q A

~ 2

v 2 = c2 2 (~2pqA) ~ 2

m
c
+(~
p
q A) ]
[
1

ja prpei na ekfrasje sunartsei

sunrthsh

Hamilton

= ~v = q

mc

~ 2
m2 c2 +(~
pq A)

~
c(~
p q A)
~ 2
m2 c2 + (~
p q A)

enai

~ 2 + m2 c2 + q .
H = c (~
p q A)

(50)

Ac shmeiwje ti sto mh-sqetikistik rio, mporome na anaptxoume thn kfrash

aut

se

dunmeic

tou

1/c

kai

milton
H mc2 +
Tloc,

Exisseic

Hamilton

prth

deterh

dnai

aplc

thn

proume

thn

gnrimh

sunrthsh

2
1 
~ + q.
p~ q A
2m

Ha(51)

enai

x i =
H

na

H
,
pi

sqsh

pi =

H
.
xi

taqtrhtac/ormc

pou

brkame

pio

pnw.

enai

pi = q

qc(pk qAk )

Ak

q i
i
x
~ 2 x
m2 c2 + (~
p q A)

(52)

kai mpore ekola na deiqje ti tautzetai me thn exswsh knhshcsthn opoa

katalxame

prohgoumnwc.

PARADEIGMA: Stajer Hlektrik Pedo. H perptwsh stajero kai omogenoc hlektriko pedou
~ = . enai idiatera ekolh kai analsimh. Sthn perptwsh aut qoume mno to bajmwt dunamik
E
~ =
~
~.
= ~
rE
= E
H sunrthsh

Hamilton

enai

H = c

~
m2 c 2 + p 2 q ~
rE

16

kai dnei tic exisseic

Hamilton
H

~
v ~
r =

c~
p

~
p

m2 c2

+ p2

kai

=
p
~
Epilgontac to ssthma suntetagmnwn tsi ste

~.
= qE

~
r

~ = Ex
E

p x = q E,

parnoume

p y = p z = 0 .

Qwrc blbh thc genikthtac mporome na epilxoume tic arqikc sunjkec

px (0) = pz (0) = 0,

py (0) = p0 .

Tte qoume

px (t) = q E t,
Ap thn llh exswsh

Hamilton

cqEt

x = vx (t) =

knhsh

gnetai

py (t) = p0 , pz (t) = 0 .

qoume

apokleistik

epilgontac arqikc sunjkec

+ (qEt)2
m2 c2 + p2
0

sto eppedo x, y mia kai vz (t) = vz (0) = 0

z(t) = z(0).
x(0) = y(0) = 0. Ap thn prth parnoume

c p0

y = vy (t) =

+ (qEt)2
m2 c2 + p2
0

x(t) = c

dt

qEt

m2 c 2

p2
0

=
+

(qEt)2

m2 c2 +p2 +(Eqt)2
0

c
2qE

Proqwrme

m2 c2 +p2
0

x(t) =

p

c
qE

+ (qEt)2
m2 c2 + p2
0

m2 c2 + p2
0

Ap thn llh qoume

y(t) =

p0 c

qEt/

m2 c2 +p2
0

qE
0

p0 c

qE

1 + 2

ln

qEt

1+

m2 c2 + p2
0

(qEt)2
m2 c2 + p2
0

Den enai dskolo na antistryoume aut thn sqsh, opte qoume

cosh

Sunduzontac

aut

thn

sqsh

me

thn

qE
p0 c

kfrash

gia

1+

to

x(t)

(qEt)2
m2 c 2 + p 2
0

kai

apalefontac

to

qrno,

parnoume

(Alussoeidc)

p2 + m2 c2 
0

x =

qE

cosh

qE
p0 c

Sto mh-sqetikistik rio mporome na anaptxoume se dunmeic tou

cosh

qE
p0 c

1
2

qE

e p0 c

+ e

qE
y
p0 c

qEm
2p2
0

pou enai mia parabol.

17

1/c,

1 +

kai

y ,

opte qoume

y2
2c2

qE
p0

2

+ ....

thn

troqi

PARADEIGMA: Stajer Magnhtik Pedo.

epdrash

enc

stajero

kai

omogenoc

magnhtiko

pedou

Sthn

~
B

perptwsh

knhs

tou

pou

to

enai

swmatdio

idiatera

kinetai

apl

kai

up

thn

epilsimh.

Mia epilog gia to dianusmatik dunamik pou odhge se stajer kai omogenc magnhtik pedo enai h

~ =
A

H sunrthsh

Lagrange

~ ~
B
r

~ A
~ = B
~.
=

tou sustmatoc enai

L = mc

q
1

v2

c2

~ ~
B
r

~
v

kai odhge sthn exswsh knhshc

d ( ~
v)
dt

~
= q ~
vB

Pollaplasizontac eswterik me thn taqthta parnoume

~
v

d ( ~
v)
dt

dv 2

= 0 =

= 0 = = 0

dt

q
1

Epilgontac to ssthma anaforc ste

~ = Bz
B

.
v 2 (0)
c2

parnoume tic exisseic

v z = 0 z(t) = z(0) + vz (0) t

v x = vy
v y vx ,
pou

qB
m0

Paragwgzontac llh mia for tic exisseic autc parnoume

v
x = vx ,

v
y = vy

me profanec lseic tic

vx (t) = vx (0) cos(t) +

v x (0)

v y (0)

vy (t) = vy (0) cos(t) +

sin(t) = vx (0) cos(t) + vy (0) sin(t)

sin(t) = vy (0) cos(t) vx (0) sin(t) .

Oloklhrnontac, parnoume

x(t) = x(0) +

y(t) = y(0) +

vx (0)

vy (0)

sin(t)

sin(t) +

vy (0)

vx (0)

(cos(t) 1)

(cos(t) 1) .

Ap tic sqseic autc sumperanoume thn troqi

(
x(t) x(0)

vy (0)

2

y(t) y(0) +

vx (0)

2

2 (0)+v 2 (0)
vx
y
2

z(t) = z(0) + vz (0) t

pou enai mia

lika.

PARADEIGMA: Orjognia omogen kai qronik stajer hlektrik kai magnhtik pe~ , to opoo enai
da. Ja jewrsoume thn perptwsh enc omogenoc kai qronik stajero hlektriko pedou E
~
kjeto proc na omogenc kai qronik stajer magnhtik pedo B , kai ja meletsoume thn knhsh enc fortismnou swmatidou mzac m kai hlektriko fortou q . 'Estw to {aknhto} ssthma anaforc wc proc to

18

opoo

to

swmatdio

qei

taqthta

~
v

kai

ta

peda

enai

~
E

~.
B

kai

Ex

na

enai

orjognia

taqthta

~
V

se

kje

wc proc to

ssthma

anaforc.

stw

na

~ 0 = (V )
E

en qoume

E < Bc,

ttoio

~ B
~ = 0.
E

Ac

shmeiwje

ti

kai, epomnwc, ta peda exakoloujon

ssthma

anaforc

0 ,

to

opoo

kinetai

me

Ta peda wc proc aut to ssthma ja enai

~ 0 = E
~ ,
E
||
||

Enai dunatn h taqthta

upojsewc

Lorentz

eswterik aut ginmeno enai anallowto se metasqhmatismoc

~
V

~ V
~ B
~
E

~ 0 = B
~ ,
B
||
||

~ 0 = (V )
B

na epilege tsi ste sto ssthma

~ E
~
V

~ +
B

c2

na mhdenzetai to hlektrik pedo?

Prgmati,

h epilog

~ =
V

~ B
~
E
B2

dnei, ek kataskeuc,

~ 0 = 0
E

kai

~ V
~ = 0 = E
~ = 0 = E
~ 0 = 0.
E
||
||

Dedomnou ti ta

~
E

kai

~
B

enai kjeta, qoume

V =

= c

~ B
~ = 0,
V

Ac shmeiwje epshc ti, lgw thc orjogwnithtac

< c.

Bc

qoume

~ =0
B
||

~ 0 = 0.
B
||

kai

qoume

~ 0 = B
~ 0 = 0,
E
||

~ 0 = (V )
B

H exswsh thc knhshc sto

E2
c2 B 2

~
B

~
B

~ B
~
E

c2 B 2

E2
c2 B 2

~
B

~
B

~
E

(V )

enai

d~
v 0

dt0

~
v

(v 0 )

~
B

Enai amswc faner ti

dv 0 2

= 0 = (v ) = 0

dt0

q
1

Epilgontac to ssthma anaforc ste

~ = Bz
B
,

v 0 2 (0)
c2

qoume

v z (t ) = 0 = z (t ) = z (0) + v z (0) t
0

v x (t ) = vy (t )
0

v y (t ) = vx (t ) ,
pou

H troqi sto

qB
m0

q
1

E2
c2 B 2

enai

x (t ) = x (0) +

y (t ) = y (0) +

0
vx
(0)

0
vy
(0)

sin(t )

sin(t ) +

19

0
vy
(0)

0
vx
(0)

cos(t ) 1

cos(t ) 1

Telik, sto

ja

Oi

lsh

aut

anwtrw

enai

elikoeid

thn die;ujunsh

mia

lika

knhsh

B
.
E

T sumbanei tan

me

grw

kuklik
ap

ton

probol
xona

,
B

sto
to

eppedo

x0 , y 0 .

swmatdio

Sto

metqei

aknhto

kai

se

ssthma

omal

ektc

metaforik

ap

knhsh

thn

proc

E > cB ? Sthn perptwsh aut enai dunatn na brome na adraneiak ssthma 0 , to

~ 0 . H taqthta
me katllhlh taqthta ste na mhdenzetai to magnhtik pedo B

opoo na kinetai wc proc to

aut enai

~ = c
V
Sto ssthma

~ B
~
E
E2

ta peda enai

~ 0 = 0,
E
||
~
E

~ 0 =
E

(V )

~ 0 = 0
B
||

~ 0 = (V )
B

pou

(V ) =

~ V
~ E
~
B

2 2
1 c B
E2

H exswsh knhshc tou swmatidou sthn perptwsh aut enai

d~
v 0

dt0

q
(v 0 )

~
v 0
~ 0
E
c2

~
v

~ 0
E





Aut

ton

exswsh

stajer

(kat

enai

tautsimh

pargonta

prosggish

1 (V ).

parabolik)

d~
v 0
dt0

me

thn

(v 0 )(V )

exswsh

Sunepc

troqi.

knhshc

knhsh

knhsh

~
E

tou

sto

~
v 0
c2

parousa

enai

swmatidou

epitaqunmenhc knhshc me mia omal knhsh kat thn diejunsh

20

~
v

~
E

mno

mia

sto

B
.
E

hlektriko

pedou

epitaqunmenh

prokptei

ap

me

knhsh

thn

mnh

me

diafor

alussoeid

snjesh

autc

thc

6. Sunallowth Morf twn Jewrhmtwn Diatrhshc.

Jewreste

thn

tetrda

twn

exissewn

diatrhshc

twn

prohgoumnwn

e-

dafwn

U
~ S
~ + J~ E
~ = 0
+
t


~ ~ (i) 1 Si = Ei + J~ B
~

i
c2 t
~ Ei = F0i
J = (c, J)
Jerma Poynting

Qrhsimopointac touc orismoc

h

prth

ap

autc

thc

exisseic

(53)

(54)

ijk Bk = 1c Fij

kai

1
T 0
= J F0 ,
x
c
pou

deterh

exswsh

Si
c

~
S
U,
c

grfetai

(55)

(56)

grfetai

ij
0
xj
x


1 0
J F0i + J j Fji
c

1
T i
= J Fi ,

x
c
pou

T i =

Si
0

T i = c

Oi

exisseic

morf

miac

autc

sumptssontai

tetranusmatikc

(57)

(58)

T ji = ij

se

na

eniao

{Jerhma

Poynting

T
1
= J F ,
x
c
pou

sthn

exswshc

Sx /c

T =

S /c
y

Sz /c

Sx /c

Sy /c

(59)

Sz /c

xx

xy

xz

yx

yy

yz

zx

zy

zz

21

(60)

To tanustik mgejoc (60) onomzetai

Enrgeiac.

Hlektromagnhtikc Tanustc Ormc-

Ekola fanetai ti o summetrikc tanustc

iqnoc,

enai kai

dhlad

T = 0 .
'Etsi

pwc

enai

grammnoc

pnakac

(61)

sunartsei

posottwn, den qei mia ekpefrasmnh tautthta kat

mh-summetablhtn

Lorentz

Ja proqwr-

soume grfontc ton sunartsei sunallowtwn megejn ste na enai faner

h

tauttht

frash
peda

pou

kai

tou

wc

mpore

antallowtou

na

afetrou

grafte,

na

qei

do

tanust

opoa

deterhc

efenc

elejerouc

na

txhc.

enai

pio

digrammik

summetrikoc

dektec

genik
wc

k-

proc

enai

ta

T = C F F + D g F F ,
pou
sthn

kai

perptwsh

prosdioristaoi

==0

T 00 = U =

suntelestc.

Efarmzontac

aut

to

ansatz

qoume



B2
0 2
E +
= C F 0j F j0 + D 2F 0j F0j + F ij Fij
2
20


= CE 2 + D 2E 2 + c2 ijk ij` Bk B`

= E 2 (C + 2D) + 2c2 D B 2

pou, an sugkrnoume, afenc me thn {00} sunistsa thc (60) kai afetrou me
thn

gnwst

kfrash

thc

puknthtac

enrgeiac,

C = 0 , D =
Epomnwc,

tanustc

ormc-enrgeiac

qei

sunepgetai

0
.
4
thn

akloujh

sunallowth

k-

frash

T = 0 F F + 0
Kai

saut

iqnoc.

thn

morf

enai

mesa

g
F F .
4

diapistsimo

ti

tanustc

Prgmati

T = 0 F F + 0 F F = 0 .

22

(62)

autc

enai