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Fundamentals of Noise: Dr. Ashish K Darpe Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Iit Delhi
Fundamentals of Noise: Dr. Ashish K Darpe Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Iit Delhi
Speed of Sound
The rate at which the disturbance (sound wave) travels
Property of the medium
P0
c
0
RT
c
M
Alternatively,
c Speed of sound
T
c c0 1 c
273
1
2
c25 343.5m / s
c40 355m / s
Sound Measurement
Provides definite quantities that describe and rate
sound
Permit precise, scientific analysis of annoying
sound (objective means for comparison)
Help estimate Damage to Hearing
Powerful diagnostic tool for noise reduction
program: Airports, Factories, Homes, Recording
studios, Highways, etc.
Quantifying Sound
Acoustic Variables: Pressure and Particle Velocity
Root Mean Square Value (RMS) of Sound Pressure
Mean energy associated with sound waves is its
fundamental feature
energy is proportional to square of amplitude
1
2
p [ p (t )] dt
T 0
p 0.707a
1
2
RANGE OF PRESSURE
Range of RMS pressure fluctuations that a human ear can
detect extends from
0.00002 N/m2 (threshold of hearing)
to
20 N/m2
(sensation of pain)
dB SCALE
Human ear responded logarithmically to power difference
Alexander Graham Bell
invented a unit Bel to measure the ability of people to hear
Power Ratio of 2 = dB of 3
Power Ratio of 10 = dB of 10
Power Ratio of 100 = dB of 20
In acoustics, multiplication by a given factor is encountered most
W1=W2*n
So, Log10W1= Log10W2 + Log10n
Thus, if the two powers differ by a factor of 10 (n=10), the
difference between the Log values of two power quantities is 1Bel
Decibel
10Log10W1= 10Log10W2 + 10Log10n
to avoid fractions
10dB=1Bel
Electrical
Power
V2
W
R
Sound
Power
P2
W
r
r - acoustic impedance
P1 is RMS pressure
- 0 dB
20 N/m2
- 120 dB
52dB re 20Pa
Sound Intensity
Sound Intensity
A plane progressive sound wave traveling in a medium (say
along a tube) contains energy and
rate of transfer of energy per unit cross-sectional area is
defined as Sound Intensity
1
I
T
P2
I
0c
p u dt
0
p12 /( 0c)
p1
SPL 20 Log10
dB 10 Log10
dB
2
2e 5
(2e 5) /( 0c)
I
1012
I
1012
SPL 10 Log10 12
dB 10 Log10
10 Log10
2
10 (2e 5) /( 0c)
I ref
(2e 5) 2 /( 0c)
IL 10 Log10
I
I ref
so that
SPL IL 0.16 dB
I1
L1 10 Log 12
10
IT
LT 10 Log 12
10
LT 10 Log 10
L1
10
L
2
10
10
L3
10
10
...
COMBINATIONS OF SOURCES
If intensity levels of each of the N sources is same,
L1
10
LT 10 Log N 10
LT 10 LogN L1
<20Hz
20Hz to 20000Hz
> 20000Hz
Infrasonic
Audio Range
Ultrasonic
Musical
Instrument
Amplitude (dB)
f1
Frequency (Hz)
OCTAVE BANDS
1=
1x2=2
2x2=4
4x2=8
16x2=32
32x2=64
64x2=128
8x2=16
128x2=256
256x2=512
512x2=1024
fc
fU f L
10 bands(Octaves)
Octave Filters
Instruments for
analysing Noise
fU
2n
fL
n=1 for octave,
n=3 for 1/3rd octave
fc
fU f L
Absolute Bandwidth = fU - fL = fL
% Relative Bandwidth = (fU-fL / fc) = 70.7%
fU
If we divide each octave into three
21/ 3
geometrically equal subsections, i.e., f L
fU
21/10 % relative bandwidth of 5.1%
fL
Intensity
f1
I
f
f2
I df
f1
f2
Frequency (Hz)
So, many acoustic filters & meters have both fast (1/8s) and slow (1s)
integration times (For impulsive sounds some sound meters have I
characteristics with 35ms time constant)
I= w and
I 1Hz.
IL ISL 10 log w
If the ISL has variation within the frequency band (w),
each band is subdivided into smaller bands so that in each band ISL
changes by no more than 1-2dB
w
1Hz
ILtotal 10 log
I
i i
I ref
ILtotal 10 log
I
i i
I ref
Can be
written as
ILtotal 10 log10
10
i
ILi
10
Thus, when intensity level in each band is known, total intensity level can be estimated
PSL (Pressure Spectrum Level) is defined over a 1Hz interval so the SPL of a tone is same as its PSL
Sound Power
Intensity : Average Rate of energy transfer per unit area
W
I
4 r 2
W/m
p2
W 4 r I 4 r
Watt
0c
2
W
SWL 10 log10
dB
Wref
Reference Power Wref =10-12 Watt
Recap
Sound Measurement Amplitude/Frequency
Sound Pressure, Intensity, Power, ISL, PSL
2
p
W 4 r 2 I 4 r 2
Watt
0c
W 1
W
1
10
log
10
2
4 1012 r 2
4 r I ref
IL 10 log10
IL 10 log10
W
20 log10 r
12
4 10
Constant term
Depends on distance
from source
When distance doubles (r=2r0) ; 20log 2 + 20log r0 means 6dB difference in the Sound Intensity Level
W 1
2
2 r I ref
IL 10 log10
IL 10 log10
W
20 log10 r
12
2 10
Line Source
(Long trains, steady stream of traffic, long straight run of pipeline)
If the source is located on ground,
and has acoustic power output of
W per unit length
radiating over half the cylinder
Intensity at radius r,
W
I
r
W
IL 10 log10
10 log10 r
12
10
When distance doubles; 10log 2 + 10log r means 3dB difference in the Sound Intensity Level
p2
I
Q
2
Is
pS
Directivity Index
DI 10 log10 Q
thus
DI L p L pS
4r 2 I
I=0
Uniform
sound
energy
density
Free Field Condition
Diffuse Field
Noise Mapping
Noise Contours
Environmental
Effects
Wind Gradient
Hot Sunny
Day
Velocity Gradient
(-)
Temperature Gradient
Cool Night
Wind & Temp effects tend to
cancel out
Increase or decrease of 5-6dB
Environmental Effects
HUMAN PERCEPTION
SOUND BITS
Unless there is a 3 dB difference in SPL, human beings can
not distinguish the difference in the sound
Sound is perceived as doubled in its loudness when there is
10dB difference in the SPL.
(Remember 6dB change represents doubling of sound pressure!!)
Doubling of loudness
corresponds to increase
of 10Phon
Weighting Characteristics
LOUDNESS INDEX
Direct relationship between
Loudness Level P (Phons) and
Loudness Index S (Sones)
S 2
P 40
10
Lj
Leq 10 Log10
t 10
j 1
10
dB
70
1 100
7
10
10
Leq 10 Log10 10 10 91dB
8
8
Regulations:
Basis of 90dB(A) for 8hr a day.
ISO(1999): Increase in SPL
from 90 to 93dB(A) must
reduce time of exposure from 8
to 4 hours
OSHA: with every 5dB(A)
increase, reduce exposure by
half
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Level of
Noise
Annoyance
NR78
Sources:
Vibration and Noise for Engineers, K Pujara
Fundamentals of Acoustics, Kinsler and Frey
Fundamentals of Noise and Vibration Analysis for
Engineers, M Norton and D Karczub
Introduction to Acoustics, R D Ford
Measuring Sound, B&K Application Notes
Sound Intensity, B&K Application Notes
Basic Concepts of Sound, B&K Application Notes
SOURCES
The primary source of acoustic noise generation in a transformer is the
periodic mechanical deformation of the transformer core under the
influence of fluctuating electromagnetic flux associated with these parts.
The physical phenomena associated with this tonal noise generation can be
classified as follows:
METHODS
The noise hits inner plate and energy is damped out by viscous material so that outer one
does not vibrate.
Thanks !!