CP CA MT S NGUYN THEO MODULO n

Trn Minh Hin

Trng THPT chuyn Quang Trung, Bnh Phc
Ngy 11 thng 10 nm 2009
Nh theo nh l Euler, ta c a(n) 1(mod n), vi (a, n) = 1 ( y (n) l hm Euler m s
cc s t nhin nh hn v nguyn t cng nhau vi n , k hiu (a,n) l c chung ln nht ca a v
n). Tuy nhin thng ta c mt lu tha ca a, nh hn (n) m ng d vi 1 theo modulo n . T
a n nh ngha sau:
nh ngha 1 Cho n > 1 v (a, n) = 1 , cp ca a theo modulo n l s nguyn dng k nh nht sao
cho ak 1(modn)
Ta xt cc lu tha lin tip ca 2 theo modulo 7. Vi modulo ny, ta nhn c cc quan h ng
d sau:
21 2, 22 4, 23 1, 22 2, 25 4, 26 1, . . .
T trn suy ra 2 c cp 3 theo modulo 7.
Nhn xt rng nu hai s nguyn ng d vi nhau theo modulo n, th chng c cng cp(theo
modulo n). Tht vy nu a b(mod n) v ak 1(mod n) , li do ak bk (mod n) nn suy ra
bk 1(mod n) .
Cng ch l trong nh ngha trn chng ta ch xem xt cc s nguyn a sao cho (a, n) = 1 . Tht
vy, nu (a, n) > 1 th ta bit l phng trnh ng d ax 1(mod n) v nghim, do mi quan
h ak 1(mod n)(k > 1) khng th xy ra v nu xy ra th ta c x = ak1 l nghim ca phng
trnh ax 1(mod n) . Do vy khi ni v cp ca s nguyn a theo modulo n , th lun gi thit rng
(a, n) = 1.
Trong v d trn ta thy 2k 1(mod 7) khi v ch khi k l bi ca 3, vi 3 l cp ca 2 theo
modulo 7. nh l u tin sau y s chng t trong trng hp tng qut hn.
nh l 2 Cho s nguyn a c cp k theo modulo n . Th ah 1(mod n) nu v ch nu k|h , c
bit ta c k|(n) .
Chng minh
Gi s ta c k|h , th h = k.j , vi j l s nguyn. Bi v ak 1(mod n) nn (ak )j 1j (mod n) hay
ah 1(mod n).
Ngc li, gi s l s nguyn tho . Theo thut ton Euclide th tn ti cc s q, r sao cho h = qk + r
, vi 0 r < k . Vy ah = (aq )k .ar , m c ah 1(mod n) v ak 1(mod n) . T suy ra
ar 1(mod n) . Bi v 0 r < k v k l s nguyn dng nh nht tho ak 1(mod n) . Vy r = 0
nn k|h .
nh l 2 cho php ta tin hnh tnh ton bc ca mt s nguyn a theo modulo n , thay v phi
xem xt tt c cc lu tha ca a , th cc lu tha ch cn gii hn l cc c ca (n). gii thch
iu ny, chng ta tnh cp ca 2 theo modulo 13. V (13) = 12 , do cp ca 2 phi l mt trong
cc s 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12. T:
21 2, 22 4, 23 8, 24 3, 26 12, 212 1(mod 13)
T y nhn thy rng 2 c cp 12 theo modulo 13. Vi mt c bt k d ca (n) , khng phi
lc ny chng ta cng chn c mt s nguyn a c cp d theo modulo n . V d l ly n = 12 th
(12) = 4 , v s khng tn ti mt s nguyn no c cp 4 theo modulo 12, tht vy, v d dng thy:
11 52 72 112 1(mod 12)
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V do ch c th chn c cp l 1 hoc 2. Di y trnh by tip mt tnh cht c bn lin

quan n cp ca mt s nguyn.
nh l 3 Nu s nguyn a c cp k theo modulo n , th ai aj (mod n) nu v ch nu i
j(mod k) .
Chng minh
u tin gi s rng ai aj (mod n) , vi i j . Bi v a nguyn t cng nhau vi n , nn ta c
aij 1(mod n). Theo nh l 2 th ta c k|i j, suy ra i j(mod k)
Ngc li, gi s i j(mod k). Th ta c i = j + kq, vi q l mt s nguyn. Theo nh ngha ca k,
ak 1(mod n). Do ai aj+kq aj .(ak )q aj (mod n). T ta c iu phi chng minh.
T kt qu trn ta c h qu sau:
H qu 4 Nu a c cp k theo modulo n, th cc s nguyn a, a2 , . . . , ak khng ng d vi nhau theo
modulo n
Chng minh
Nu ai aj (mod n) vi 1 i j k, th theo nh l trn suy ra i j(mod k). Nhng iu ny
ch c th xy ra kh i = j
Mt cu hi t nhin c t ra l: C th m t c hay khng cp ca bt k lu tha no
ca a theo cp ca a. Cu tr li nhn c trong nh l sau:
nh l 5 Nu s nguyn a c cp k theo modulo n v h > 0, th ah c cp l

k
(h,k)

theo modulo n

Chng minh
t d = (h, k), th khi ta c th vit h = h1 .d v k = k1 .d, vi (h1 , k2 ) = 1. R rng:
(ah )k1 = (ah1 d )k/d = (ak )h1 1(mod n)
Nu gi s ah c cp r theo modulo n, th theo nh l 2, phi c r|k1 . Mt khc, bi v a c cp k
theo modulo n, nn t ng d:
ahr (ah )r 1(mod n)
suy ra k|hr hay k1 d|h1 dr, suy ra k1 |h1 r. Nhng (k1 , h1 ) = 1, do k1 |r. Vy k1 = r, ta c iu phi
chng minh.
T nh l trn ta rt ra mt h qu sau:
H qu 6 Cho s nguyn a c cp k theo modulo n. Th ah cng c cp k nu v ch nu (h, k) = 1
Chng ta s thy kt qu ca qu trnh trn thng qua trng hp c bit sau:
V d 1 Bng sau y trnh by cp ca cc s nguyn dng nh hn 13 theo modulo 13:
Chng ta quan st rng cp ca 2 theo modulo 13 l 12, trong khi cp ca 22 v 23 l 6 v 4, tng
12
12
ng; d dng nhn thy rng: 6 = (2,12)
v 4 = (3,12)
. Theo ng nh l trn, cc s nguyn l lu
tha ca 2 m cng c cp 12 theo modulo 13 l cc lu tha 2k m (k, 12) = 1; c th l:
21 2, 25 6, 27 11, 211 7(mod 13)
Nu mt s nguyn a c kh nng c cp ln nht c th, th ta gi n l l mt cn nguyn thu ca
n.
nh ngha 7 Nu (a, n) = 1 v a c cp (n) theo modulo n, th a l mt cn nguyn thu ca s
nguyn n
Hay ni mt cch khc, n c a l mt cn nguyn thu nu a(n) 1(mod n), nhng ak
1(mod 13) vi mi s nguyn k < (n)
D dng thy rng 3 l mt cn nguyn thu ca 7, do:
31 3, 32 2, 33 6, 34 4, 35 5, 36 1(mod 7)
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Tng qut hn, chng ta c th chng minh cn nguyn thu tn ti vi bt k modulo nguyn
t no, v y l mt kt qu quan trng c bn. Mc d c th c cn nguyn thu ca n vi c n
khng phi l s nguyn t(v d, 2 l mt cn nguyn thu ca 9 v 2(0) = 26 = 64 1(mod 9)).
Cng khng c l do g tin tng l mi s nguyn n u s hu 1 cn nguyn thu, v s tn ti
ca cn nguyn thu ph thuc vo tng trng hp c bit hn l mt quy lut chung.
n

V d 2 Chng ta chng t rng nu Fn = 22 + 1, n > 1 l s nguyn t, th 2 khng phi l

n+1
cn nguyn thu ca Fn (R rng 2 l cn nguyn thu ca 5 = F1 ). T s phn tch 22
1 =
2n
2n
(2 + 1)(2 1), ta c:
n+1
22
1(mod Fn )
T suy ra cp ca 2 theo modulo Fn khng vt qu 2n+1 . Nhng vi gi thit Fn l s nguyn t
th
n
(Fn ) = Fn 1 = 22
n

v bng quy np n gin d dng xc nhn c 22 > 2n+1 , vi n > 1. Do vy, cp ca 2 theo
modulo Fn nh hn (Fn ). Do 2 khng th l cn nguyn thu ca ca Fn
Mt trong nhng tnh cht quan trng ca cn nguyn thu nm nh l sau:
nh l 8 Cho (a, n) = 1 v a1 , a2 , . . . , a(n) l cc s nguyn dng nh hn n v nguyn t cng
nhau vi n. Nu a l mt cn nguyn thu ca n, th
a, a2 , . . . , a(n)
ng d theo modulo vi n vi a1 , a2 , . . . , a(n) theo mt th t no .
Chng minh
V a nguyn t cng nhau vi n, nn cc lu tha ca a cng nguyn t cng nhau vi n. Do vy, mi
ak ng d modulo vi mt s ai no . M ta bit (n) s trong tp a, a2 , . . . , a(n) khng ng
d vi nhau, do vy cc lu tha ny phi ng d(khng nht thit theo th t xut hin) cc s
nguyn a1 , a2 , . . . , a(n) .
Mt h qu ca nhng g chng ta va chng minh trn, l trong trng hp cn nguyn thu
tn ti, chng ta s bit chnh xc n c bao nhiu cn nguyn thu.
H qu 9 Nu n c mt cn nguyn thu, th n c chnh xc ((n)) cn nguyn thu.
Chng minh
Gi s a l mt cn nguyn thu ca n. Theo nh l trn, cc cn nguyn thu khc ca n c
tm trong tp hp a, a2 , . . . , a(n) . Nhng s cc lu tha ak , 1 k (n), m c cp (n) bng vi
s cc s nguyn k sao cho (k, (n)) = 1. V r rng c ((n)) s k tho mn. Vy c ((n)) cn
nguyn thu.
Kt qu trn c th gii thch qua trng hp a = 2 v n = 9. Bi v (9) = 6, su lu tha u
tin ca 2 phi ng d theo modulo 9, theo mt th t no vi cc s nguyn dng nh hn 9
v nguyn t cng nhau vi 9. Cc s nguyn dng nh hn 9 v nguyn t cng nhau vi 9 l 1, 2,
4, 5, 7, 8, v chng ta nhn thy rng:
21 2, 22 4, 23 8, 24 7, 25 5, 26 1(mod 9)
Theo h qu trn th chng ta c chnh xc ((9)) = (6) = 2 cn nguyn thu ca 9, v chng l
cc s 2 v 5.
Bi tp
1. Tm cc cp ca 2, 3 v 5 theo:
a. modulo 17.
b. modulo 19.
c. modulo 23.
2. Chng minh cc khng nh di y:
a. Nu a c cp hk theo modulo n, th ah c cp k theo modulo n.
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b. Nu a c cp 2k theo modulo s nguyn t l p, th ak 1(mod p)

c. Nu a c cp n 1 theo modulo n, th n nguyn t.
3. Chng minh rng (2n 1) l bi ca n vi n > 1.
4. Gi s cp ca a theo modulo n l h v cp ca b theo modulo n l k. Chng t rng cp ca ab
theo modulo n chia ht hk, c bit nu (h, k) = 1, th ab c cp hk.
5. Cho bit a c cp 3 theo modulo p, vi p l s nguyn t l, chng t a + 1 c cp 6 theo modulo p.
6. Xc nhn cc khng nh sau:
a. Cc c nguyn t l ca n2 + 1 c dng 4k + 1.
b. Cc c nguyn t l ca n4 + 1 c dng 8k + 1.
c. Cc c nguyn t l ca n2 + n + 1 khc 3 c dng 6k + 1.
7. Chng minh rng tn ti v hn cc s nguyn t c dng 4k + 1, 6k + 1 v 8k + 1.
8. a. Chng minh rng nu p v q l cc s nguyn t l v q|ap 1, th hoc l q|a 1 hoc l
q = 2kp + 1 vi k l s nguyn.
b. S dng phn a chng minh rng nu p l s nguyn t l, th mi c nguyn t l ca 2p 1
c dng 2kp + 1.
c. Tm c nguyn t l nh nht ca s 217 1 v 229 1.
9. Chng minh rng tn ti v hn cc s nguyn t c dng 2kp + 1, vi p l s nguyn t l.
10. a. Chng t 2 l cn nguyn thu ca 19, nhng khng phi l cn nguyn thu ca 17.
b. Chng t rng 15 khng c cn nguyn thu bng vic tnh cc cp ca 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13, v 14 theo
modulo 15.
11. Cho r l mt cn nguyn thu ca n. Chng minh rng rk l cn nguyn thu ca n nu v ch
nu (k, (n)) = 1.
12. a. Tm cn nguyn thu ca 10.
b. S dng thng tin 3 l cn nguyn thu ca 17 nhn c 8 cn nguyn thu ca 17.
13. a. Chng minh rng nu p v q > 3 l cc s nguyn t l v q|Rp , th q = 2kp + 1, vi k nguyn.
b. Tm cc c nguyn t nh nht ca R5 = 11111 v R7 = 1111111.
14. a. Cho p > 5 l s nguyn t. Nu Rn l s nh nht sao cho p|Rn , chng t n|p 1. V d R8 l
s nh nht chia ht cho 73, v 8|72.
b. Tm Rn nh nht chia ht cho 13.