B MN TON NG DNG - HBK

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BGT TON 1
BI 3: HM S - HM S CP
TNH LIN TC
TS. NGUYN QUC LN (12/2006)

NI DUNG
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1- KHI NIM HM S. CC CCH XC NH HM S

2- HM S NGC
3- HM LNG GIC NGC
4- HM HYPERBOLIC
5- LIN TC TI 1 IM. LIN TC 1 PHA
6- PHN LOI IM GIN ON
7- HM LIN TC TRN ON. NH L TRUNG BNH

HM S
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

i lng A bin thin ph thuc i lng B:

i sng: Tin in theo s kwh tiu th, gi
vng trong nc theo th gii
K thut: Ta cht im theo thi gian
Hm s y = f(x): X R Y R:

X R

Tng
quan
hm s

YR

Quy lut tng ng x X y Y.

Bin s x, gi tr y. Tng quan hm
s: 1 gi tr x cho ra 1 gi tr y
3
Min xc nh Df . Min gi tr Imf: {y=f(x), xDf}. VD y=sinx

CC CCH XC NH HM S
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bn cch c bn xc nh hm s: M t (n gin) - Biu

thc (thng dng) Bng gi tr (thc t) th (k thut)
v M t: n gin, d pht hin tng quan hm s
VD: Ph gi th bu in i chu u ph thuc vo trng lng
v Bng gi tr: Thc t, r rng, thch hp cc hm t gi tr
VD: Bng cc ph gi th bng bu in i chu u
Trng lng

20 gr

20 40 gr

40 60 gr

Gi tin

18.000

30.000

42.000

XC NH HM S QUA TH
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

v Dng th: Trc quan. VD: Lng CO2 trong khng kh

CC CCH XC NH HM S: BIU THC

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Quen thuc (dng hin): y = f(x)

VD: y = x2, hm s cp c bn

Biu thc:

x = x(t )
Dng tham s
: 1 t 1 (x, y)
y = y (t )
VD: x = 1 + t, y = 1 t / thng
VD: x = acost, y = asint ng trn
Dng n F(x, y) = 0 y = f(x)
2
2
x
y
VD: trn x2 + y2 4 = 0,
+ -1 = 0
6
16 9

HM S NGC
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hm s y = f(x): X Y tho tcht:

" y Y, $! x X sao cho y = f(x) f:
song nh (tng ng mtmt)
fsong nh Phng trnh f(x) = y (*) c nghim x duy nht
y = f ( x ) x = f -1 ( y ) " y Y : bieu thc ham ngc : f -1 : Y X

Tm hm ngc: Gii (*) (n x) Biu thc hm ngc x = f-1(y)

VD: y = f(x) = 2x + 1 f1 = ?

Ch : Cn thn chn X & Y

VD: Tm min xc nh v min gi tr trn cc hm s

sau c hm ngc v ch ra cc hm ngc y = ex, y = x2 + 71

HM LNG GIC NGC

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

y = sinx: song nh t ??? ???

Hm ngc y = arcsinx t ??? ???

p p

x - , , y [- 1,1] : sin x = y x = arcsin y

2 2
p p

y = arcsinx: D = [1, 1], y - , : arcsin a = b sin b = a

2 2
VD: Tnh a = arcsin(1/2): Dng phm sin-1 trn my tnh b ti
y = cosx arccosx; y = tgx arctgx; y = cotgx arcotgx
p dng: Tnh cc tch phn bt nh a /

dx
dx
b/
82
2
1+ x
1- x

HM HYPERBOLIC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Chi tit hm hyperbolic: Xem Sch Gio Khoa

e x - e- x
Hm sin hyperbolic: sinh x = shx =
2
e x + e-x
Hm cos hyperbolic: cosh x = chx =
> 0 " xR
2
shx e x - e - x
Hm tang hyperbolic: tanh x = thx =
= x
chx e + e - x
Hm cotang hyperbolic: cotanh x = cothx =

chx
1
=
shx thx

Cng thc vi hm hyperbolic: Nh cng thc lng gic,

nhng thay cosx chx, sinx ishx (i: s o, i2 = 1)!

BNG CNG THC HM HYPERBOLIC

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cng thc lng gic

Cng thc Hyperbolic

sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1
cos ( x y ) = cos x cos y m sin x sin y

ch 2 x - sh 2 x = 1
ch ( x y ) = chxchy shxshy

sin ( x y ) = sin x cos y sin y cos x

sh ( x y ) = shxchy shychx

cos (2 x ) = 2 cos 2 x - 1 = 1 - 2 sin 2 x

ch (2 x ) = 2ch 2 x - 1 = 1 + 2sh 2 x

sin (2 x ) = 2 sin x cos x

sh (2 x ) = 2shxchx

x+ y
x- y
cos x + cos y = 2 cos
cos
2
2

x+ y x- y
chx + chy = 2ch
ch
2
2

x+ y
x- y
cos x - cos y = -2 sin
sin
2
2

x+ y x- y
chx - chy = 2sh
sh
2
2

VD: Tnh tch phn

dx
1+ x2

10

HM HYPERBOLIC TRONG K THUT

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Thit k hnh dng vm, cp treo, iu khin robot

11

HM LIN TC
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hm f(x) lin tc ti x0: Hm lin tc/[a, b] (C): ng lin

f(x) xc nh ti x0

Gin

lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 )

on!

x x0

Hm s cp (nh ngha qua 1 biu thc) lin tc xc nh

VD: Kho st tnh lin tc ca cc hm s:
: Khng
tgx + x 2 - 1
x, x < 1
sin x
a/ y =
b/ y =
c / f ( x) =
2
x +1
x
1 - x, x 1 s cp!
VD: Tm a hm lin tc ti x = 0:

sin x , x 0
x
y=
a , x = 0

12

LIN TC MT PHA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tng t gii hn 1 pha: Hm ghp, cha tr tuyt Kho st

f(x) lin tc tri ti x0 khi xc nh ti x0 v

lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 )
x x0 1
424
3
f ( x0 - )

f(x) lin tc phi ti x0 khi xc nh ti x0 v

lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 )
x x0 +
1
424
3
f ( x0 + )

Hm f(x) lin tc ti x0 Lin tc tri & lin tc phi ti x0

1 , x 1
1

VD: Kho st tnh lin tc: f ( x ) = 1 + e x -1

Ch : lim a x = ?
x

1, x = 1
13

PHN LOI IM GIN ON

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Hm f xc nh & gin on ti x0 Khng c lim f ( x ) = f ( x0 )

x x0

Hoc $ lim f f(x0), hoc lim lim+, hoc $ lim f: 3 trng hp!
Loi 1:
im kh c: $ lim f ( x ) f ( x0 )
x x0

im nhy: lim f ( x ) lim f ( x )

x x0 -

f(x) gin

x x0 +

Bc nhy: lim f ( x ) - lim f ( x )

x x0 +

on ti x0

x x0 -

Loi 2: $ lim f ( x ) hoac $ lim f ( x )

x x0 -

x x0 +

(Hoc khng tn ti c 2 ghn 1 pha)

14

V D
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

im x0 = 0 c phi im gin on? Hy phn loi

sin x
, x0

f (x) = x
a
, x=0

15

V D
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

im x0 = 0 c phi im gin on? Hy phn loi

sin x , x 0
x
f (x ) =
1
, x=0

16

V D
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bin lun tnh cht im gin on ca hm s sau theo a

sin 1 x
, 0

f (x) = x
a
, x=0

f (0 ) = a

f (0 ) = a

17

TNH CHT HM LIN TC TRN MT ON

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

f b chn trn [a, b]: $ m, M

f t GTLN, BN trn [a, b]:

& m f(x) M " x [a, b]

$ x0, x1 [a, b]: f(x0) = m,

Ch : Khng

Hm y = f(x) lin
tc trn on [a, b]

th thay on
bng khong!

f nhn mi gi tr trung gian:

(Hay s dng) nh l gi

" k & GTBN k GTLN

tr hai u tri du: f(a).f(b)

$ c [a, b]: f(c) = k

< 0 $ c (a, b) : f(c) =18 0

V D
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(
x
1
)
, x0
1/ Tm a, b hm s

f ( x ) = ax + b , 0 < x < 1
sau lin tc trn R
x
, x 1

f lin tc
ti 0 & 1

2/ Chng minh phng trnh sau c t nht 1 nghim m

x5 = 1 - x
f(x) lin tc trn (0, 3). pt f(x) = 0 c nghim trn (a, b):
a/ f(2)f(3) < 0, (a, b) = (2, 3)

b/ f(1)f(2) < 0, (a, b) = (1, 2)

a/ Bao nhiu hm s f(x) xc nh trn R: f2(x) = 1 " x R

b/ Bao nhiu hm s f(x) lin tc trn R: f2(x) = 1 " x R

19