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Cim and Automation Lab
Cim and Automation Lab
NC TECHNOLOGY
It is the acronym for Numerical Control. Numerical Control refers to the use of
coded numerical information in the automatic control of equipment. NC can be
defined as a kind of programmable automation in which the process is controlled by
numbers, letters & symbols. The numbers letters & symbols are arranged as a
program of instructions for a particular job. Such a program is called a part
program.
MACHINE TOOL
Direction of axes: If the movement of the slide is such that the tool moves away
from the work piece, the direction of that slide axis is positive ( + ve). Similarly, if
the movement of the slide is such that the tool moves nearer to or into the work
piece, the direction of that slide axis is negative ( - ve).
1.3 Zero points & Reference points:
The accurate position of the machine tool slides with the machine tool is established
by the Zero Point. The Zero Points may be (a) Machine Zero Point & (b) Work Zero
Point.
Machine Zero Point is specified by the manufacturer of the machine. This is the
zero point for the coordinate systems and other reference points in the machine.
Workpiece Zero Point determines the workpiece coordinate system in relation to
the machine zero point. This point is chosen by the programmer, and input into the
CNC system when setting up the machine. The position of this point can be freely
chosen by the programmer within the workpiece envelope of the machine. Its
position is chosen such that the dimensions in the workpiece drawing can be
conveniently converted into coordinate values and also to effectively take care
about the clamping/chucking, setting up, etc.
Reference Point or Home Position serves for calibrating and controlling the
measuring systems of the slides and tool traverses. The position of the reference
point is accurately predetermined in every traverse axis by the trip dogs and the
limit switches. Therefore the reference point coordinates always have the same
precisely known numerical values in relation to the machine zero point. After
initiating the control system, the reference point must always be approached from
all axes to calibrate the traverse measuring system.
Dimension System: Dimensional information in the work piece drawing can be
stated in 2 methods Absolute Dimensioning & Incremental Dimensioning.
In Absolute dimensioning, the coordinate data are taken with respect to a fixed
reference point on the workpiece drawing (usually the workpiece zero).
In Incremental Dimensioning, the coordinate data are taken with respect to the
previous coordinate value. i.e., every coordinate programmed will be the origin for
the next coordinate to be programmed.
NC & CNC: During the early period of NC technology, most of the control activities
in the controller were performed by electronic hardware devices like diode valves.
The electronics consisted of many mechanical devices which frequently posed
problems of non-contact. The machine tools and processes then controlled by such
controllers were called as NC Machines. With the improvement of technology and
N00 G00 X0 Y0 ;
N01 M03 M07 ;
N02 G01 Z-2 F30 ;
...;
...;
...;
N25 M05 ;
N26 M02 M30 ;
A Block
CNC Words
1.5 CNC Words: The different types of CNC words used in CNC programming are as
follows.
Coordinate Data may also contain the I, J & K words which specify the
coordinate values of the arc. I, J & K values are also called as the
interpolation parameters.
h)
2. CNC LATHE
Chuck
Face
Dia
(0,0)
Z+
Length
P5
30
P4
P3
25
P2
P1
20
25
30
25
ABSOLUTE
Point
INCREMENTAL
P1
20
20
P2
20
-25
-25
P3
25
-25
P4
25
-55
-30
P5
30
-55
P6
30
-80
-25
W
(0,0)
Max X
Max Z
M : Machine Zero PointW : Workpiece(Program) Zero Point
R : Reference point OR Home Position
Above figure shows the location and the relationship between Zero Points &
Reference Point on a CNC lathe.
QUADRANT
Y+
LEFT = XBOTTOM
BOTTOM
the machine, we
center
of
the
Although
have to keep in
theoretical
the
spindle movement. Keep in mind that the part zero position may be defined at any point along each of the
three axes, and will usually be different for each setup of the machine.
It is noteworthy to mention here that the Z-axis is set with the machine zero position in the upward
position, or the tool change position. This will place most all Z moves in a negative range of travel.
This view shows the X,Y work zero grid from above. The work part zero for the Z-axis is usually
set at the top of the part surface, and this will be entered in the tool length offset as a negative value for
each tool. The range of Z-axis travel on the HAAS VF-1, for example, is 20 inches total; four of these
inches are above tool change position and is listed as a positive tool length offset, and 16 inches are below
tool change position and listed as a negative. The diagram shows a top view of the grid as it would appear
on the machine tool. This view shows the X and Y axes as the operator faces a vertical machine table.
Note that at the intersection of the two lines, a common zero point is established. The four areas on each
side and above and below the lines are called QUADRANTS and make up the basis for what is known
as rectangular coordinate programming.
Whenever we set a zero point somewhere on the X-axis and, a zero point somewhere on the Yaxis, we have automatically set a work zero point and an intersection of the two number lines. This
intersection where the two zeros come together will automatically have the four quadrants to its sides,
above, and below it. How much of a quadrant we will be able to access is determined by where we place
the zero point within the travel of the machine axes. For example, for a VF-1, if we set zero exactly in the
middle of the travel of X and Y (table center), we have created four quadrants that are 10 inches by 8
inches in size.
4. MACHINE HOME
The principle of machine home may be seen when doing a reference return of all machine axes at
machine start-up. A zero return (POWER UP/RESTART) is performed when you power on machine, all
three axes are moved to extreme positive locations until limit switches are reached. When this condition is
satisfied, the only way to move any of the three axes is in the negative direction (except for a positive four
inches in Z-axis). This is because this position is defined as your MACHINE HOME for each of the three
axes automatically when the machine was sent home with the POWER-UP/ RESTART key. In effect, now
the positive quadrants cannot be reached from machine home position in X and Y axes, and all the moves
will be found to be in the X-, Y- quadrant. It is only by setting a new part zero somewhere within the
travel of each axes that other quadrants are able to be reached. Sometimes it is useful in the machining of
a part to utilize more than one of these X,Y quadrants. An example of this is a round part that has its
datum lines running through the center. The setup of such a part may need machining to be performed in
all four quadrants of a part. This is why you would want to make use of all four quadrants of the X and Y
axes on a milling machine. As you gain more experience in machine tool programming and of setup
techniques, you'll have a better understanding of how to position your machine tool and how to define a
part zero origin and how to position a tool around that origin.
positioning in
absolute, we are concerned with distance and direction from a fixed zero reference point, and when
positioning in incremental we are concerned with distance and direction from the last position.
reference to the ABSOLUTE ZERO (part zero). This part zero (work offset G codes G54-G59 and G110G129) are set by the operator in the offset display using the Handle Jog operation mode. It can also be
switched to a new part zero position during the program using a different work offset G code that defines
in it, another location (when machining with multiple vises and/or fixtures at separate locations on the
machine table.) Each dimension or X-Y point is known as a coordinate. If a position 2 inches to the right,
and 2 inches down (toward you) from part zero was programmed, the X coordinate would be X2.0 and
the Y coordinate would be Y-2.0. And the machine would go to that exact location from part zero,
regardless of where it began, within the travel of the machine tool. X2.0 Y-2.0 could be a hole location, an
arc end point, or the end of a line which are known coordinate values.
G74 09
G76 09
G77 09
G80* 09
G81 09
G82 09
G83 09
G84 09
G85 09
G86 09
G87 09
G88 09
G89 09
G90* 03
G91 03
G92 00
G92 00
G93 05
G94* 05
G95 05
G98* 10
G99 10
G100 00
G101 00
G102 00
G103 00
G107 00
G110 12
G111 12
G112 12
G113 12
G114 12
G115 12
G116 12
G117 12
G118 12
G119 12
G120 12
G121 12
G122 12
G123 12
G124 12
G125 12
G126 12
G127 12
G128 12
G129 12
G136** 00
G141 07 3D+
G143** 08 5
G150 00
G153** 09 5 Axis High Speed Peck Drill Canned Cycle (X,Y,A,B,Z,I,J,K,Q,P,E,L,F) (Setting 22)
G154 09
Select Work Offset Positioning Coordinate P1-99
G155** 09 5 Axis Reverse Tapping Canned Cycle (X,Y,A,B,Z,J,E,L,F)
G161** 09 5 Axis Drill Canned Cycle (X,Y,A,B,Z,E,L,F)
G162** 09 5 Axis Spot Drill/Counterbore Canned Cycle (X,Y,A,B,Z,P,E,L,F)
G163** 09 5 Axis Peck Drill Canned Cycle (X,Y,A,B,Z,I,J,K,Q,E,L,F) (Setting 22)
G164** 09 5 Axis Tapping Canned Cycle (X,Y,A,B,Z,J,E,L,F)
G165** 09 5 Axis Bore in, Bore out Canned Cycle (X,Y,A,B,Z,E,L,F)
G166** 09 5 Axis Bore in, Stop, Rapid out Canned Cycle (X,Y,A,B,Z,E,L,F)
G169** 09 5 Axis Bore, Dwell, Bore out Canned Cycle (X,Y,A,B,Z,P,E,L,F)
G174 00
Special Purpose Non-Vertical Rigid Tapping CCW (X,Y,Z,F)
G184 00
Special Purpose Non-Vertical Rigid Tapping CW (X,Y,Z,F)
G187 00
Accuracy Control for High Speed Machining (E)
G188 00
Get Program From PST (Program Schedule Table)
4.9 MACHINE DEFAULTS
A default is an automatic function of the machine tool control. After powering up the machine, the control
will recognize the default G code values. The machine will go to the part zero that was entered in for
G54 if no other work coordinate code was specified in the actual program, because the machine
automatically recognizes the G54 column upon start-up. That is a default.
The control automatically recognizes these G codes when your HAAS mill is powered up:
G00
G17
G20
G40
G49
G50 G51
G54
G64
G69
G80
G90
G94
G98
Rapid Traverse
X,Y Circular Plane Selection
Verify Inch (Setting 9 will need to be on INCH)
Cutter Compensation Cancel
Tool length Compensation Cancel
Cancel
Work Coordinate Zero #1 (1 of 26 available)
Exact Stop Cancel
G68 Cancel (optional)
Canned Cycle Cancel
Absolute Programming
Inverse Time Feed Deactivate
Initial Point Return
There is no default feed rate (F code) or spindle speed (S code) , but once an F or S code is
programmed, it will apply until another feed rate or spindle speed is entered or the machine is turned off.
4.10 OFTEN USED MISCELLANEOUS "M" CODES
All M codes are activated or cause an action to occur after everything else on a block has
been completed. And only one M code is allowed per block in a program. If there is a
(Setting number) listed next to an M code, that setting will in some way relate to that M code.
M00
M01
M02
M03
M04
M05
M06
M08
M09
M10**
M11**
M12**
M13**
M16
M17**
M18**
M19
M21-M28
M30
M31
M33
M34
M35
M36**
M39
M41
M42
M50**
M51-M58
M59
M61-M68
M69
M75
M76
M77
M78
M79
M80**
M81**
M82
M83**
M84**
M86
M88**
M89**
M93
M94
M95
M96
M97
M98
M99 M97
M101**
M102**
M103**
M109
** Options
MP 1:
%
N1 G21 G90 G40
N2 G10 P1 Z0.0 R1.0 T00
N3 G10 P2 Z0.0 R1.0 T00
N4 G10 L2 P1 X0.0 Y0.0 Z0.0 (Top)
N5 (DEFINE OPERATION : PROFILING OPERATION)
N6 G28 G91 Z0
N7 G28 X0 Y0
N8 G90
O9 T00 (USER DEFINED)
N10 G54 M06
N11 T00 M01
N12 S1500 M3 M41 M9
N13 G0 X22.5 Y-37.5
N14 G43 Z5.0 H00 M7
N15 Z3.0 F50.0
N16 G1 Z-2.0
N17 G17 G2 X37.5 Y-22.5 R15.0 F46.9
N18 G1 Y22.5 F50.0
N19 G3 X22.5 Y37.5 R15.0 F46.9
N20 G1 X-22.5 F50.0
N21 G2 X-37.5 Y22.5 R15.0 F46.9
N22 G1 Y-22.5 F50.0
N23 G2 X-22.5 Y-37.5 R15.0 F46.9
N24 G1 X22.5 F50.0
N25 G0 Z5.0
N26 G28 Z0 H0 M19
N27 (DEFINE OPERATION : PROFILING OPERATION)
N28 G28 Z0 H0 M19
O29 T00 (USER DEFINED)
N30 G54 M06
N31 T00 M01
N32 S1500 M5 M41 M9
N33 G0 X15.0 Y0.0
N34 G43 Z5.0 H00 M7
MP 2:
%
N1 G21 G90 G40
N2 G10 P1 Z0.0 R1.0 T00
N3 G10 P2 Z0.0 R1.5 T00
N4 G10 L2 P1 X0.0 Y0.0 Z0.0 (Top)
N5 G28 G91 Z0
N6 G28 X0 Y0
N7 G90
O8 T00 (USER DEFINED)
N9 G54 M06
N10 T00 M01
N11 S1500 M3 M41 M7
N12 G0 X30.0 Y10.0
N13 G43 Z5.0 H00 M7
N14 Z3.0 F50.0
N15 G1 Z-2.0
N16 X0.0 Y40.0
N17 X-30.0 Y10.0
N18 G0 Z5.0
O19 T00 (A1249TIN*3)
N20 G54 M06
N21 T00 M01
N22 S1500 M3 M41 M7
N23 G0 X-30.0 Y-30.0
N24 G43 Z5.0 H00 M7
N25 G99 G81 Z-10.0 R5.0 F50.0
N26 X-15.0
N27 X0.0
N28 X15.0
N29 X30.0
N30 X20.0 Y0.0
N31 X10.0 Y17.32
N32 X-10.0
N33 X-20.0 Y0.0
N34 X-10.0 Y-17.32
N35 X10.0
N36 G80
N37 G28 Z0 H0 M19
N38 G00 Z500.0 M09
N39 Z0 H00 M19
N40 M30
%
MP 3:
%
N1 G21 G90 G40
N2 G10 P1 Z0.0 R1.0 T00
N3 G10 L2 P1 X0.0 Y0.0 Z0.0 (Top)
N4 (DEFINE OPERATION : PROFILING OPERATION)
N5 G28 G91 Z0
N6 G28 X0 Y0
N7 G90
O8 T00 (USER DEFINED)
N9 G54 M06
N10 T00 M01
N11 S1500 M3 M41 M9
N12 G0 X-10.75 Y10.0
N13 G43 Z5.0 H00 M7
N14 Z3.0 F50.0
N15 G1 Z-2.0
N16 X-37.586
N17 G17 G2 X-38.293 Y11.707 R1.0 F37.5
N18 G1 X-11.707 Y38.293 F50.0
N19 G2 X-10.0 Y37.586 R1.0 F37.5
N20 G1 Y10.75 F50.0
N21 G0 Z5.0
N22 X10.0
N23 Z3.0
N24 G1 Z-2.0
N25 Y37.586
N26 G2 X11.707 Y38.293 R1.0 F37.5
N27 G1 X38.293 Y11.707 F50.0
MP 5:
%
N1 G21 G90 G40
N2 G10 P1 Z0.0 R1.0 T00
N3 G10 L2 P1 X0.0 Y0.0 Z0.0 (Top)
N4 (DEFINE OPERATION : PROFILING OPERATION)
N5 G28 G91 Z0
N6 G28 X0 Y0
N7 G90
O8 T00 (USER DEFINED)
N9 G54 M06
N10 T00 M01
N11 S1500 M3 M41 M9
N12 G0 X40.0 Y-40.0
N13 G43 Z5.0 H00 M7
N14 Z3.0 F50.0
N15 G1 Z-2.0
N16 Y-10.954
N17 G17 G2 X40.909 Y-9.959 R1.0 F37.5
N18 G3 X50.0 Y0.0 R10.0 F45.5
N19 X40.909 Y9.959 R10.0
N20 G2 X40.0 Y10.954 R1.0 F37.5
N21 G1 Y40.0 F50.0
N22 X10.954
N23 G2 X9.959 Y40.909 R1.0 F37.5
N24 G3 X0.0 Y50.0 R10.0 F45.5
N25 X-9.959 Y40.909 R10.0
N26 G2 X-10.954 Y40.0 R1.0 F37.5
N27 G1 X-40.0 F50.0
N28 Y10.954
N29 G2 X-40.909 Y9.959 R1.0 F37.5
N30 G3 X-50.0 Y0.0 R10.0 F45.5
MP 6:
%
N1 G21 G90 G40
N2 G10 P1 Z0.0 R5.0 T00
N3 G10 L2 P1 X0.0 Y0.0 Z0.0 (Top)
N4 G28 G91 Z0
N5 G28 X0 Y0
N6 G90
O7 T00 (A1141*10)
N8 G54 M06
N9 T00 M01
N10 S1500 M3 M41 M7
N11 G0 X-40.0 Y-40.0
N12 G43 Z5.0 H00 M7
N13 G99 G81 Z-12.0 R5.0 F50.0
N14 X-30.0 Y-30.0
N15 X-20.0 Y-20.0
N16 X-10.0 Y-10.0
N17 X0.0 Y0.0
N18 X10.0 Y10.0
N19 X20.0 Y20.0
N20 X30.0 Y30.0
N21 X40.0 Y40.0
N22 G80
N23 G28 Z0 H0 M19
N24 G00 Z500.0 M09
N25 Z0 H00 M19
N26 M30
%