1.

1 Background
The excretory system is a biological system that removes excess of
unnecessary materials from the body. Generally, the excretory system of organism
have the function to elimination the waste product of metabolism in the body like
liquid and gaseous wastes, as urine, sweat, and exhalation. All of substances that
discarded are toxic certainly like carbon dioxide, ammonia, urea, and water.
However, only several organs are considered a part of excretory system that have
ability to keep maintain excretion of the body.
The excretory system on the body could discard the waste product, so that
the body can reach homeostasis condition. Homeostasis made stable the body
internal environment include body temperature. If the excretory system being
disturbed, so homeostasis on the body being disturbed also. Example dehydration
will be made the body in heat stress on high temperature and the body cannot well
produce the sweat or urine. So, the excretory system closed relationship with
temperature in the body. In this paper, will be explained about excretory system of
chicken and chickens body maintain of heat stress.

1.2 Problem
The research problem in this paper is:
a. What about excretory system of chicken?
b. How the body of chicken able to maintain the heat stress?

1.3 Discussion
a. Excretory system of chicken
As we known, the excretory system divided into urinary system, lungs,
liver, and skin. The urinary systems include kidney, nephron, and ureter. The main
organ of the excretory system is the kidney. Kidney structure consists of leather
kidney (cortex), kidney spinal (medulla), and renal cavity (pelvis). In the skin
there are millions of nephrons kidney that functions as a blood filter. Each
nephron is composed of the Board of Malpighi and the channel length (tubules)
that curled. Malpighi bodies compose by Hoop Bowman (Bowman capsule) in
which there is Glomerolus. After the kidney produce urine from several process
(filtration, reabsorption, and augmentation), urine passes from the kidney, through
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the ureter, then into the cloaca. In the cloaca, feces mixed with urine which call it
manure and will be out of the body.
The lungs are organs that are vital for chicken and other organism life,
because without lungs chicken cannot live. In the System Excretion, lungs
function to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor (H2O). In the lungs the
process of exchanged between oxygen and carbon dioxide gas. After liberating
oxygen, red blood cells capture carbon dioxide as a result of metabolism of the
body will be brought to the lungs. In the lungs, carbon dioxide and water vapor is
released and expelled from the lungs through the nose.
The liver is the one of important gland in the chicken. The liver has
crimson color and divided into two lobes, the right and left. Toxic substances that
enter the body will be filtered first in the liver before circulating throughout the
body. The liver will be absorb toxic substances from residual of metabolism in the
body. The liver excrete toxins along with sap bile.
The entire surface of the body encased by a thin layer of what we often
call the skin. The skin is chickens body defenses in the main because the lining of
the body outside and in direct contact with the environment. When the body
temperature rise or the air temperature in the environment is high, the blood
vessels in the skin will dilate. This is causing more blood flow to the area.
Because the base of the sweat glands associated with blood vessels, and there was
absorption of water, salt, and a bit of urea by the sweat glands. Then, the water
with the solution out of the pores which is the end of the sweat gland. The sweat
that comes out carrying the body heat, so it is important to keep the body
temperature remained normal.
b. The chickens body maintain the heat stress
Chicken has homeotermic property or body temperature is relatively stable
in a 19-22C for layer and 18-22C for broiler. However, when aged 0-5 days, the
chicken still cannot regulate his own body temperature. Chickens can only
regulate their body temperature is optimal since the age of 2 weeks. Therefore,
brooder role as heater is very important to maintain the cage temperature remains
in the comfort zone of chicken. In addition of temperature, humidity (moisture in
the air bound) is also noteworthy because the humidity will affect the perceived
temperature of the chicken. This is due to the chickens body heat expenditure
with panting. The higher the humidity, the effective temperature felt chicken also
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higher. In contrast, the chicken will feel colder temperatures than the environment
temperature when the humidity is low.
Cases of heat stress are more common in adult chickens because more
produce heat, so much easier stress. We've mentioned before that the mechanism
of heat expenditure in chickens is panting. This mechanism is usually a last resort
chosen chicken. The chickens will expand the body surface area (expand/drape
wings) and doing peripheral vasodilatation (increased peripheral blood flow,
especially in the comb, wattles, and legs). When hot, feed consumption will be
decreased while the water is increase, so sometimes watery feces occur and
decreased productivity as consequence of unmet nutritional and metabolic
disorders. Death is also frequently found, especially if panting is not able to
decrease the body temperature optimally.

REFERENCES
Jacob, J., Pescatore, T. and Austin, C. 2011. CHICKEN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY. www.ca.uky.edu. tanggal akses 18 September 2011.
Lin, H., Jiao, H. C., Buyse, J. and Decuypere, E. 2006. STRATEGIES FOR
PREVENTING HEAT STRESS IN POULTRY. Worlds Poultry Science
Journal 62(2):71-86.
Shakya, R., etc. 2005. THE ROLE OF GDNF IN PATTERNING THE
EXCRETORY SYSTEM. Developmental Biology 283(1):70-84.