Hydrogen bonds are strongest when the bonded molecules are oriented to

maximize electrostatic interaction,

The apt phrase ickering clusters has been applied to the short-lived groups of
water molecules interlinked by hydrogen bonds in liquid water.
Amphipathic compounds contain regions that are polar (or charged) and regions that
are nonpolar
Hydrophobic interactions are also much weaker than covalent bonds, although they are
substantially strengthened by a highly polar solvent.
Stability, as measured by the equilibrium constant of the binding reaction, varies
exponentially with binding energy.
For macromolecules, the most stable structure is usually that in which weak interactions
are maximized.
For many proteins, tightly bound water molecules are essential to their function.
The term ic is the osmolarity of the solution
In their natural environments, cells generally contain higher concentrations of
biomolecules and ions than their surroundings, so osmotic pressure tends to drive water
into cells.
The ionization of water can be measured by its electrical conductivity. This high ionic
mobility results from proton hopping
The sum of the buffer components does not change, only their ratio.
Organic acids buffer the vacuoles of plant cells; ammonia buffers urine.
Enzymes typically show maximal catalytic activity at a characteristic pH, called the pH
optimum
The formation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate is an example of a
condensation reaction in which the elements of water are eliminated
Hydrolysis reactions, catalysed by enzymes called hydrolases, are almost invariably
exergonic; by producing two molecules from one, they lead to an increase in the
randomness of the system.