White paper

Clearly better virtualization

with Citrix XenServer

Citrix XenApp customers can achieve server consolidation, faster

server deployment, improved application availability, and easier
management by virtualizing their servers using Citrix XenServer.

Table of contents
Summary
Brief overview of the virtualization stack ..........................................................................................
Application virtualization challenges ................................................................................................
The case for virtualizing Citrix XenApp with Citrix XenServer ...........................................................
Virtualization scenarios ...................................................................................................................
Consolidation..................................................................................................................................
Simplified management ..................................................................................................................
Application availability .....................................................................................................................

Conclusion

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Summary
IT organizations successfully deploy virtualization every day to maximize utilization of existing computing
resources and more quickly provision systems, services, applications and desktops. Virtualization helps
reduce datacenter operating expenses and increases the availability of critical business systems. The
result is an IT organization with greater agility and a new ability to address even the most complex business
imperatives. However, many IT teams cling to the outdated notion that it is not advisable to deploy
application and server virtualization technology together.
This paper shows that server and application virtualization are complementary and how they can and
often should be combined, not only to amplify the capabilities of the respective technologies but to
achieve greater positive impact to IT and the business. More importantly, this paper will help IT managers
navigate the complex stack of virtualization technologies and prescribe some pragmatic methods to
combine server and application virtualization together to deliver a more dynamic, agile and cost-effective
IT infrastructure.

Brief overview of the virtualization stack

In its most fundamental form, virtualization is the decoupling of logical computing resources from physical
hardware. This is not a new concept; in fact, virtualization has pervaded information technology in many
different forms over the past few decades, including server, workstation, desktop, application, storage
and I/O virtualization. The focus of this paper is on two of these virtualization technologies: server and
application virtualization.
Server virtualization enables one physical server to support multiple workloads in simultaneously running
virtual machines. The workload consisting of an operating system, application set and configuration
is decoupled from the physical computing platform by means of a virtual machine. This achieves some
important things, such as isolation (running multiple workloads safely and securely on a single computing
platform) and workload portability (moving the workload across different physical computing platforms).
It is even possible with more advanced server virtualization platforms to migrate actively running workloads
across physical servers. This allows the workload to float across a pool of physical computing resources,
enabling IT departments to maximize available computing resources, reduce costs and deliver applications
to users reliably and effectively.

Figure 1: Citrix XenServer server virtualization improves server utilization and helps deliver applications
more efficiently by streaming server workloads.

Citrix XenServer is server virtualization and dynamic workload delivery management software that
includes all the important elements of virtualization, including centralized lifecycle and workload
management, storage, live migration, high availability and real-time streaming. It improves server
utilization, lowers costs and simplifies server administration and deployment of applications across
physical and virtual environments.
The foundation of Citrix XenServer is the open source Xen hypervisor, a proven reference standard
for server virtualization. The Xen hypervisor is implemented as an extremely thin layer of software
which resides between the bare metal hardware and the virtualized operating systems. The hypervisor
provides the all-important abstraction layer that allows each physical server to run one or more
virtual servers, effectively decoupling the operating system and its applications from the underlying
physical resource. To achieve the greatest degree of virtualization performance and security, the Xen
hypervisor uniquely utilizes two techniques: paravirtualization and hardware-assisted virtualization.
These techniques are widely acknowledged as being the most scalable, robust and secure forms
of virtualization. For the IT organization, the Xen approach to virtualization translates to minimal
overhead and near-native performance for virtualized workloads.
Application virtualization is a technique for isolating an application from the underlying system. With
application virtualization, the applications may run in isolation directly on the users desktop system,
or remotely on a server with the application interface displayed on the users desktop, regardless of
the underlying platform or operating system.
Citrix XenApp is a Windows application delivery system that manages and virtualizes all applications
in the datacenter for optimal application performance and flexible delivery. With it, you can deliver all
Windows applications to office, task and mobile users on demand, either run centrally from the
datacenter or streamed down to the users preferred device.
A single copy of the application is managed centrally, reducing support and maintenance costs by
as much as 40 percent. With more than 100 million users and 99 percent of the Fortune global
500 as customers, XenApp is the leader in delivering Windows-based applications with the best
performance, security and cost savings.

Application virtualization challenges

At the same time as Citrix XenApp server deployments have grown in scale and scope across the
enterprise, complex, new infrastructure challenges have arisen. This complexity can be attributed
to a number of factors, such as the need to support new applications while continuing support of
existing ones or challenges in scaling the XenApp server infrastructure within a static datacenter.
At the same time, disruptive technological shifts, such as the transition from 32- to 64-bit computing
platforms, have introduced more complexity into XenApp environments. While many XenApp
customers are eager to migrate to 64-bit platforms in order to take advantage of greater memory
limits and higher user densities per server, the problem of supporting old legacy applications remains
a gating factor. Many of these legacy applications are either not supported by or are actually
incompatible with 64-bit platforms. As a result, silos of low-density 32-bit XenApp servers must be
maintained as the rest of the environment transitions to 64-bit, resulting in more complexity combined
with greater management overhead.
Another area of complexity has been the support of multiple geographically distributed XenApp
server deployments. These servers may reside in headquarters or branch offices and be designated
to serve distinct populations of IT consumers. The management complexity and consistency
challenges and entrenched silo mentality have yielded a proliferation of XenApp servers across the

enterprise. More urgently, as the number of XenApp servers has increased, the costs associated
with powering, cooling, housing and managing all those servers across all those branch offices
continue to strain IT budgets.
Although XenApp application virtualization has proven itself effective in accelerating delivery of new
applications, there are still scaling challenges in the datacenter to ensure that the requisite computing
and storage infrastructure supports the new applications. An example of this is an initiative to
minimize the time associated with XenApp server change management, especially as changes need
to proliferate across development, test and production environments. Similarly, IT is looking for better
strategies to provision XenApp servers more rapidly, consistently and economically with fewer resources.
Finally, the uptime and availability of applications remains a primary concern for all IT organizations.
Financial impact to the organization due to both planned and unplanned hardware maintenance can
be easily quantified in XenApp environments. The impact of downtime is especially painful where
the delivery of applications is governed by strict service level agreements or the cost of application
downtime can be easily monetized, such as in retail environments. While XenApp technologies like
zone preference and failover help ensure the reliability of the application sessions and the routing
of users in the event of site failures, the uptime provided by an individual XenApp server is still
inexorably linked to the uptime of the underlying hardware. In other words, if a server or component
fails or a server needs to be powered down for hardware maintenance while applications are running,
all user application sessions on that server will be disrupted.

The case for virtualizing Citrix XenApp with Citrix XenServer

While the benefits of application virtualization with Citrix XenApp are clear, IT organizations are now
looking to utilize their resources more effectively, enhance application availability, and realize additional
return on the investment in XenApp through server virtualization. Yet, while many IT organizations
value the consolidation, management and availability benefits of server virtualization for their XenApp
environment, there are still concerns about the overhead that virtualization will impart on the application
delivery infrastructure. Early generation virtualization platforms notoriously caused severe drops in
XenApp server scalability sometimes as much as 50-60% degradation in the number of concurrent
users that a single virtualized instance of XenApp could support compared to running XenApp natively
on a single physical server. As a result, some organizations are reluctant to engage in any discussion
about virtualizing XenApp servers.
Fortunately, Citrix XenServer has been performance-optimized for XenApp workloads. Introduced in
XenServer 4.1, the XenApp server template allows XenServer administrators to easily configure
performance-optimized virtualization for their XenApp server deployments. Optimizing XenServer for
XenApp is surprisingly easy. Administrators simply need to create a new virtual machine using
XenServers built-in App template. Thats it!
How significant are these performance optimizations? More specifically, what is the quantifiable
impact of the server virtualization overhead on a typical XenApp server deployment? Recently, The
Tolly Group, an independent analyst firm, published a scalability benchmark of 64-bit XenApp 4.5
Feature Release 1 when virtualized on XenServer 4.1. According to their report, the XenApp template
in XenServer introduced a virtualization overhead of just 7.6% for 64-bit XenApp workloads. In other
words, the degradation in the number of concurrent users that a single virtualized instance of XenApp
could support was only 7.6% 287 concurrent users per server, compared to the same XenApp
instance running on a comparable physical server at 310 users. Furthermore, internal testing by
Citrix showed that in certain deployment scenarios XenServer 4.1 could support up to 70% more
concurrent users per virtualized XenApp server than one of Citrixs leading server virtualization
competitors could support.
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Considering the levels of performance degradation that are commonly found in

the real world, achieving virtualization with less than 10% performance overhead,
is an indication that Citrix has succeeded in tuning XenServer to virtualize
XenApp workloads.
The Tolly Group
Performance Evaluation of XenApp in a 64-bit Virtualized Server Environment Using
XenServer May 2008

Virtualization scenarios
There are three main benefits that server virtualization with Citrix XenServer can bring to Citrix
XenApp environments.
First, server virtualization can provide significant benefits and cost-savings through server consolidation.
By virtualizing and consolidating underutilized XenApp servers and application silos, the investment in
existing IT resources can be maximized while simultaneously reducing server footprint in the datacenter
and achieving a far greater degree of server utilization. Additionally, the isolation and scalability benefits
of a 64-bit virtualization platform can allow multiple 32-bit workloads to be consolidated on highercapacity, more cost-effective 64-bit servers.
During internal testing, a three-year old server running Windows Server 2003 32-bit with XenApp 4.5
maxed out at fifty concurrent users, while a single 64-bit server easily ran four virtual machines
(running Windows Server 2003 32-bit with XenApp 4.5) with fifty users each a total of 200 users
across four virtual machines. The four virtualized XenApp workloads running on the 64-bit server
delivered the same level of user performance delivered by XenApp on the three-year old physical
server. The tests demonstrate that by buying new hardware and using XenServer to virtualize XenApp,
server scalability can be quadrupled, power consumption can be reduced by 60% and physical server
count can be cut by 75%. (Note that, given the efficiency gains in server platforms in the past few
years, the hardware investment cost can often be more than offset in savings on power and cooling.)

The tests demonstrate that by buying new hardware and using XenServer to virtualize
XenApp, server scalability can be quadrupled, power consumption can be reduced
by 60% and physical server count can be cut by 75%.

Second, server virtualization and dynamic workload management with XenServer introduces a new
and simplified management paradigm for XenApp environments. For example, it is now possible
to manage and provision XenApp servers across both physical and virtual server infrastructure.
This provides a new level of IT flexibility for testing, development, production and disaster recovery
environments. This also allows IT to dynamically provision new XenApp servers as business demands
dictate, such as at month-, quarter- or year-end when traffic to line-of-business applications tends
to be the highest. And, since a single XenApp server image can be used to bootstrap both physical
and virtual servers, it has become far easier to move XenApp servers between the physical
infrastructure, such as what may be deployed in the primary datacenter, and the virtual
infrastructure, such as in the disaster recovery site.

Third, XenServer adds a new solution to the IT repertoire to enhance the overall availability of
XenApp applications. By virtualizing XenApp servers, it becomes possible to deliver applications to
end-users with a far greater degree of uptime and resiliency. One of the ways that server virtualization
can accomplish this is by effectively decoupling the uptime of the application from the underlying
hardware using XenMotion, the live migration technology available with XenServer. Furthermore,
features such as dynamic workload delivery can simplify disaster recovery strategies for XenApp
environments, an especially critical capability in the event of total datacenter failure.

Consolidation
While many physical XenApp servers are already operating at high utilization rates and may not seem
like good candidates for virtualization, there are several common scenarios where IT organizations
can achieve meaningful consolidation of their XenApp servers with XenServer. For example, due to
limitations in the memory architecture in the 32-bit editions of Windows Server 2003, 32-bit XenApp
customers can quickly run into known scalability barriers which artificially govern user density on
the server. This limitation is due to the Windows memory management architecture in which each
application is constrained to its own virtual 4 GB memory space which is evenly divided into two
parts 2 GB of memory dedicated for kernel usage and the remaining 2 GB dedicated for application
usage. Although each application gets its own 2 GB of memory, all applications have to share the
same 2 GB of kernel space. As users begin to load a XenApp server, the total number of user sessions
that can be supported by the server ends up being constrained by the shared kernel memory limits.
One opportunity for consolidation is virtualizing silos of 32-bit XenApp servers and consolidating
them on 64-bit servers running XenServer. Consolidation of 32-bit servers on a 64-bit virtualization
platform allows the XenApp administrator to break through the 4 GB memory barrier imposed by
32-bit platforms, an especially important benefit for environments with memory-bound applications.
64-bit virtualization also allows XenApp servers to be scaled horizontally. In other words, by moving
to multiple instances of 32-bit XenApp virtual machines on a single 64-bit server platform, XenApp
customers can effectively increase their XenApp user density per physical server, especially with
new 64-bit x86 servers shipping from the factory with 32, 64, or even 128 GB of RAM pre-installed.
Finally, for organizations that are not ready to migrate off their legacy 32-bit applications but are
highly motivated to replace their depreciated and outdated 32-bit servers, XenServer virtualization
allows them to conveniently leverage the capacity of 64-bit servers without dictating an expensive
and complex upgrade for the underlying applications.

Figure 2: XenServer can be used to consolidate multiple existing 32-bit XenApp workloads on a single
physical 64-bit server.

Similarly, many XenApp customers also discover that they can consolidate underutilized XenApp
support and infrastructure servers, such as the licensing server, SmartAuditor server or Web
Interface. In many XenApp deployments, there may be the need for a specific, standalone component
and these standalone servers may rarely, if ever, be highly utilized. As a result, lightly-utilized support
and infrastructure servers often make excellent candidates for virtualization, allowing the XenApp
administrator to achieve consolidation without noticeably impacting end-user experience or
application performance.
Virtualization with XenServer also allows XenApp administrators to isolate and consolidate rarely
utilized application silos as unique virtual machines running on a single host server. The savings in
power, cooling and real estate achieved by virtualization can be quite significant.
Finally, by consolidating XenApp server farms, IT organizations can realize a meaningful reduction
in server operating costs. Since much of the cost associated with operating a server is due to
power and cooling consumption, organizations can now green their IT operations and ultimately
contribute to the consumption of fewer natural resources. These aptly-named green IT initiatives
allow businesses to achieve significant cost savings through lower utility bills, become a pillar of
environmentally progressive corporate social responsibility programs and, in some jurisdictions,
realize government tax incentives.

Simplified management
XenServer has taken a unique approach to ensure simple, powerful, centralized manageability. At its
core, XenServer provides bare-metal server virtualization allowing multiple virtual machines to run
on a single physical server without the need for a heavyweight operating system. This bare-metal
approach to virtualization differs significantly from earlier generation hosted virtualization offerings in
which virtualization software ran atop a general-purpose operating system. This had a number of
disadvantages, including severe degradations in performance and scalability, and the introduction of
additional management overhead for the underlying host operating system. XenServer management
is simple and efficient. There is no underlying host operating system to manage; the virtual machines
can be managed entirely within the easy-to-use and remarkably lightweight XenCenter management
console. The XenCenter console can even be made available as a published XenApp application.
XenServer also helps provide greater flexibility in XenApp environments by allowing application
workloads to be streamed to either physical or virtual infrastructure from a single virtual disk (or golden
image). This makes it far easier to maintain, manage, update and patch XenApp servers as well as
ensure consistent process regardless of whether physical or virtual infrastructure is utilized. These
capabilities enable XenApp workloads to be delivered on-demand rather than be physically installed
on top of individual servers. XenServer allows an administrator to create a virtual image of any XenApp
workload and stream it from network storage to either physical or virtual servers. These target servers
do not even need to have internal storage and, more remarkably, can be bootstrapped from a single
workload image stored on the network. In some scenarios, up to 1,000 servers, physical or virtual,
can be booted from the same golden image leading to dramatic reductions in storage usage, especially
for large XenApp server deployments translating into significant cost savings.
Dynamic workload management also allows IT organizations to switch between physical and virtual
XenApp deployments quickly and easily as business conditions dictate. For example, consider a
scenario in which seasonal staff increases put tremendous pressure on IT staff to scale out XenApp
application delivery capacity. XenServer can help provision new XenApp servers dynamically, allowing
IT staff to rapidly scale up to meet application demands, and to scale down when demand diminishes.

Figure 3: Dynamically streaming workloads to physical and virtual machines reduces the storage and
administration requirements for application delivery.
Furthermore, with so many complex and multi-tiered XenApp deployments, many customers are
looking for greater flexibility when managing development, test and production environments. For
example, trying to keep a XenApp test environment in sync with a production environment, let alone
expending the resources to fully replicate each environment, is an arduous task. This is compounded
by the fact that test environments are not the main focus of the business they are temporary and
discarded once they have served their purpose. Rather, the core focus of IT is centered on the
production environment with the most stringent service level agreements and highest end-user
expectations. It is this very practical contradiction which causes XenApp testing and production
environments to fall out of sync, thus making it more complicated, time-consuming and expensive
to deliver new applications. In many cases, IT organizations may opt to deploy XenApp on virtual
infrastructure in their test environments to ensure maximum utilization of limited physical resources, but
standardize on physical infrastructure in production environments for greatest possible performance
or third-party ISV support. The fact that XenServer can provision XenApp workloads agnostically to
physical and virtual infrastructure means that it is not necessary to assign rigid roles to individual servers.

Application availability
Some of the more recent technological innovations in server virtualization such as workload
management, high availability, and live migration have transformed virtualized servers into a more
flexible, resilient and highly available infrastructure compared to their physical predecessors. These
capabilities are finding new uses to help businesses achieve a more agile and responsive IT
infrastructure and solve disaster recovery and application availability challenges.
In traditional XenApp server deployments, application workloads run directly on bare-metal servers.
While this can ensure the best possible application performance, it also means that hardware
maintenance events impact application uptime and availability. For example, in the event IT needs to
replace a hardware module in a server, they must typically schedule a maintenance window to power
down servers to replace the faulty or outdated component. During this window, the applications and
user sessions running on that server are interrupted, thus disrupting availability of the application.
The live migration feature of XenServer, called XenMotion, enables IT organizations to decouple
hardware maintenance events from application uptime by making virtualized application workloads
portable across physical servers. With XenMotion, actively-running virtual machines can be migrated
from one physical server to another with no application interruption. This allows critical XenApp servers
and applications to remain running even if an entire server needs to be taken down, enabling

zero-downtime maintenance. Live migrations of XenApp virtual servers are seamless: they can be
initiated via a simple drag-and-drop operation or command and do not impact the end-user or the
running applications.

Figure 4: XenServer can migrate active XenApp workloads to alternate physical machines without
any downtime.
XenServer also offers built-in high availability for virtual machines as well as third-party options for
fully continuous fault tolerant operation. With high availability, virtual machines and their associated
workloads can be restarted automatically on another physical host in the event that the original host
fails. This provides the IT administrator with peace of mind that in the event of a physical host failure,
application workloads will automatically restart with no requirement for human intervention.
Fault-tolerance extends the concept of high availability by adding an even higher degree of resiliency
and proactive protection against component and system-level failures. Fault tolerance can protect
applications continuously and ensure zero application downtime or end-user disruption even in the
event of hardware failures. Fault tolerance for XenServer virtualization is the most cost-effective way to
introduce the highest degree of application resiliency for your most mission-critical XenApp deployments.
Finally, XenServer can help organizations streamline their approach to disaster recovery of XenApp
server deployments by giving IT the ability to rapidly transfer their XenApp workloads and applications
from a primary datacenter to a disaster recovery (DR) site as part of a simple business process. By
leveraging the power of dynamic workload management and virtualization, IT organizations can shift
applications from one site to another in a few minutes using a fraction of the physical infrastructure
at the DR site.

Conclusion
While the benefits of server virtualization in early generation products were often offset by performance
and complexity tradeoffs, only a Citrix XenServer solution makes virtualization simple and economically
feasible for Citrix XenApp environments and other key infrastructure components. The use of XenServer
can result in a consolidated infrastructure that enhances availability and continuity of applications
while helping to optimize hardware capacity utilization without sacrificing the performance of critical
business services. With Citrix XenServer and Citrix XenApp, IT can really do much more with less.
Interested? To download a free 30-day trial copy of Citrix XenServer Enterprise Edition,
visit www.citrix.com/xenserver/try/.

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About Citrix
Citrix Systems, Inc. (Nasdaq:CTXS) is the global leader and the most trusted name in application delivery infrastructure. More
than 200,000 organizations worldwide rely on Citrix to deliver any application to users anywhere with the best performance,
highest security and lowest cost. Citrix customers include 100% of the Fortune 100 companies and 99% of the Fortune Global
500, as well as hundreds of thousands of small businesses and prosumers. Citrix has approximately 6,200 channel and alliance
partners in more than 100 countries. Annual revenue in 2007 was $1.4 billion.
2008 Citrix Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Citrix, Citrix XenApp, Citrix XenServer are trademarks of Citrix Systems, Inc. and/or one or more of its subsidiaries,
and may be registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office and in other countries. Microsoft and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft
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