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Monotonic Tension Test and Stress-Strain Behavior Strain-Controlled Test Methods Cyclic Deformation and Stress-Strain Behavior
Monotonic Tension Test and Stress-Strain Behavior Strain-Controlled Test Methods Cyclic Deformation and Stress-Strain Behavior
Monotonic Tension Test and Stress-Strain Behavior Strain-Controlled Test Methods Cyclic Deformation and Stress-Strain Behavior
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
P = axial force
Ao = original cross sectional area
P
Ao
l l o
lo
Dl
lo
dl
l
or
l
ln
l
lo
dl
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
s = S (1 + e)
e ln
Ao
A
Vo
ln 1 e
Pf /A f
1 4 R / D min
ln 1 D min / 4 R
10
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Stress
Strain
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Stress
x
high strength
x
tough
x
ductile
Strain
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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For many metals, a plot of true stress versus true plastic strain
in log-log coordinates results in a linear curve.
An example of such a plot is shown for AISI 11V41 steel.
To avoid necking influence, only data between the yield strength and
ultimate strength portions of the stress-strain curve are used to
generate this plot.
This curve is represented by the power function:
s = K (ep)n
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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s = K (ep)n
1/ n
E K
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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STRAIN-CONTROLLED
TEST METHODS
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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The area within a hysteresis loop is energy dissipated during a cycle (usually in the form
of heating). This energy represents the plastic work from the cycle.
Appreciable progressive change in stress-strain behavior during inelastic cycling.
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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De =
Ds =
Dee =
Dep =
De De p De e De p
Ds
E
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Strain or Load
n1
Time
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Using monotonic
properties in a cyclic
loading application for a
cyclic softening material
can significantly
underestimate the extent
of plastic strain which
may exist.
Cyclic hardening is
present if the cyclic curve
lies above the monotonic
curve.
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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De p
K
2
De
2
De e
2
De
2
Ds
Ds
2E 2K
1 / n
E
K
1 / n
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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De p
s a K
2
52
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ds
Ds
De
2
E
2K
1 / n
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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STRAIN-BASED APPROACH
TO LIFE ESTIMATION, e-N
STRAIN-LIFE FATIGUE APPROACH
DETERMINATION OF STRAIN-LIFE FATIGUE
PROPERTIES
MEAN STRESS EFFECTS
FACTORS INFLUENCING STRAIN-LIFE BEHAVIOR
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ds
s f 2 N
De
e f 2 N
The intercepts of the two straight lines at 2Nf = 1 are sf/E for the
elastic component and ef for the plastic component.
The slopes of the elastic and plastic lines are b and c, respectively.
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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ea
Where: De/2
Dee/2
Dep/2
ef
sf
b
E
Ds/2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
De e
2
De
2
s f
E
2 N
f
e f 2 N
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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ELASTIC LINE
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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PLASTIC LINE
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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e f E
2Nt
s
f
bc
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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De
2
Ds
2
ea
De e
2
De p
s f 2 N
s f
E
2 N
f
e f 2 N
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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De
2
Ds
2E
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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DETERMINATION OF STRAIN-LIFE
FATIGUE PROPERTIES
When fitting the data to obtain the four strain-life properties, stress
or plastic strain amplitude should be treated as independent
variables, whereas the fatigue life is the dependent variable (i.e.
fatigue life cannot be controlled and is dependent upon the applied
strain amplitude).
The cyclic strength coefficient, K, and cyclic strain hardening
exponent, n, are obtained from fitting stable stress amplitude
versus plastic strain amplitude data. Rough estimates of K and n
can also be calculated from the low cycle fatigue properties by
using:
s f
K
e
f
b
c
b
c
79
Su
0 . 623
2
E
0 . 832
0 . 09
0 . 155 S u
2 N f 0 .0196 e f
E
0 . 53
2 N
0 . 56
Another approximation that only uses hardness and E has been shown
to provide good agreement with experimental data for steels and is
given by (Roessle and Fatemi, 2000):
De
2
4 . 25 HB 225
E
2 N
f
0 . 09
0 . 32 HB
2 487 HB 191000
E
2 N
0 . 56
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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ea
s f s
2 N
f
e f 2 N
De
2
ea
s f s
E
2 N
f
s f s
e f
s f
b
2 N
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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s max e a E s f
2 N
2
2b
s f e f E 2 N
bc
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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SUMMARY
Basic material mechanical properties such as strength and
ductility can be obtained from simple monotonic tensile
tests. However, The stress-strain behavior obtained from
simple monotonic tensile tests can be quite different from
that obtained under cyclic loading.
90
SUMMARY
The stable cyclic stress-strain curve can be represented
by the following equation for many metals:
ea
De
2
De e
2
De p
2
Ds
Ds
2E 2K
1 / n
s a
E
K
1 / n
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SUMMARY
The strain-life equation is expressed as:
De
2
ea
De e
2
De p
2
s f
E
2 N
f
e f 2 N
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SUMMARY
At large strains better fatigue resistance depends more on
ductility, while at small strains it depends more on strength.
Strain-controlled cycling with a mean strain results in a mean
stress that usually relaxes at large strain amplitudes due to
the presence of plastic deformation.
A non-relaxing mean stress can significantly affect the
fatigue life with tensile mean stress having detrimental effect
and compressive mean stress having beneficial effect.
Other synergistic effects of loading, environment, and
component or material processing can also influence the
strain-life behavior.
Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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Ali Fatemi-University of Toledo All Rights Reserved Chapter 5-Cyclic Deformation & e-N Approach
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