BE I ee i CHA PTH R 1 4 E * ee eeT. DBFINIPION, NATUR AND SCOPE OF COMPOUNDS Samasa is the technical name (samjfe) employed by the Sanskrit grammarian to designate the compound. The word samasa is a self~cxplanatory name and its etymological sense itself is sutficient to define what a compound is according to the Sanskrit grammarian. ‘The word samgsa is derived from the root as ‘to put' by adding the prefix sam_ and suffix -a (ghal). The suffix -a may be taken either in the sense of action (hve)? or object (kerma). When the suffix is taken in the sense of bhava, the word means; sam asanam, ‘putting together', and conventio~ nally, ‘unifying’. What are those that are unitied? It is the words that are unitied. Hence samésa is an aot ot uni~ fying separate words into one. Secondly when the sutvfix -a is taken to denote karma, wae object of unizying, the word samasa means that which is unified with another. What are those that are unified? Taey are words. So a gamasa is the teonnical name for the combination of two or some times even more independent words that are unified. Hence samasa is the name applied to signify both the act of unizication and the form obtained by such unification The next question is whether this unification is only with referents to words or to their meanings or to both? 4, pnag, ITI, iid, 18. 2. akartari ca karake sagjfayam, III. iii. 19,25 If the unification of words alone is the govern- ing factor, the compound is 'a technical name for a word which contains two or more independent stems'. Tae main features of a compound in such a case are: 1) The whole compound is treated as a single word as regards intlexion and construction. 2) The first member is static and does not change its nuniber, gender and case-affix according to the syntax of the sentence in which it occurs. Besides, the first member does not wake any case~atfix in the compound and appears as a bare stem. Hence the final member alone is flexible according to its concordance with other members in a sen- tence. In fact both the components are not treated in any way as independent words. It is only the whole compound that gets the inflexion. 3) Unity of accents Words that are found in sentence with dizferent accents are united under a single accent. So the compound preserves only one accent for the whole. 4) The sandhi which is optional among words in a sentence is invariable between the two members. And it is occasionally different from that between words in a sentence 5) ‘he whole compound is treated as a single word when it is compounded with another word,26 But if the formal univy alone is considered, the compounds in which tmesis is allowed may not at all be treated as compounds. Tor example in the Vedic language @ual compounds are frequently separated by some other words as in d ivi ha k ama, ‘heaven and earth'. decasio- nally in others also tmesis of a compound occurs as in dinag gio chépem for Sinahsépams ndra va Sdnsan for néra- Samsam; sapta me saptd for saptdsapta ne.! Secondly compounds like khadatamodata, pacatabkrjjata and asnitapibata denoting a place where constantly is heard the cry teat ye, enjoy ye', ‘cook ye, roast ye! and ‘eat ye, drink ye! respectively, may not come under the class of nominal compounds because both ths components are conju- gated verbs. Tairdly compounds like yudhisthirva and apsuyoni cannot also be designated as compounds in the strict sense of the term because the first member appears with inflexion. Fourthly both the components are accented in spite of the expression being treated as a compound, e.g.) brhaspati, ‘lord of prayer'; gndspats (RV. 2. 38.19), ‘hus- band of a divine woman'; apaqndpat, tgon of waters', eto: fhe double accent is also preserved in certain compounds of the earlier classical language as is evident fren Panini, VE. ii. 140 and 141, Henoe the formal unity alone cannot be a determining factor for a compound. 1, of, A.A. Macdonell: Vedic Grammar, p. 143 (fn. 4).27 If the unification of senses is the governing factor, the compound is ‘the name ot the combination of words the referents of which are united'. A combination of words may be designated as a compound when it is denotative of some sense which cannot otherwise be expressed by the components independently stending in some syntactical relation in a sentence. For example paficapulim anaya denotes the sense that five bunches are to be fetched Simltaneously without any order of preference among them. ‘This sense of simulta- neity cannot be comprehended from the sentence panea pulin EVENTS If the unification of meaning is to differentiate @ Compound from other groups of words, a contingency may arise when some of the word-combinations may not carry any specialization of sense, but show a high degree of unifi- cation in their form. There are also many word~-combinations which do not deserve to be called compounds in the strict sense of the term, but are grouped under this class in order to treat them morphologically as a unit as regards the accent and secondary derivation. Tor example the compounds anuvyacalat, - paryabhugayat which are actually conjugated verbs, jima- tesyeva, tatrabhukten, | etc., which are in fact independent words, are treated as compounds simply to get the unitary accent of the compound. The expressions syayamkria, 1. of. aikapadyam aikasvaryan ca aamBsatvad bhavati, Ke II.i.46.28 Samikria, eto., are treated as compounds so as to treat them as single words so that when a secondary affix is added the first syllable of the first member alone under- goes the yrddhi change. For instance, when the apatya affix -i is added to the compound svayamkrta the deriva- tive form is svayamkrti 'son of Svayamkyta'; otherwise the form would be Svayan karti with the yrddhi change for the first vowel of kerta.! So a correct definition can be sought only by taking inte consideration the unification of the form as well as of the sense. The definition is therefore, When a word is united with snother word both in form and in sense, the combination of these two words is called 2 samasa, compound. ! Here ‘word' stands both for indeclinables and (nomi- nal) declinables. The indeclinables include all the ad- verbs which are formed from the cases of nouns and obsolate words like tavat, adnas, antsra, upari and paras, and the prepositions (pradis). wo declinables are compounded byt not two indeclinables, or it is always an indeclinable and a declinable. 1. svayam ity avyayasya samase asamase ‘pi ko bhedah? asamase ‘pi 'avyayad apsupa' iti luke pravrtter ity ata aha - sveyakrtasyapatyag svayamkrtir iti. svayaqiytasyapatyam ity arthe ‘ate if? iti svayamkrtagabdét gagthyantad ini taddhitantapratipadikavayavatvat subluki, 'yasyeti ca! ity akaralope, adivyddhau, svayamkriigabday. samasabhave tu kytasabdasyaive gagthyantatwat tate if rkarasyadi~ vyddhau raperatve svayam kartih ity eva syad iti bhavah, BM. 1.4.25,29 The Sanskrit grammarian does not approve the com— pounding of more than two words at a time except in a few cases of certain types of compounds. It is only in such a case the definition as offered by Wackernagel holds good. ‘When a group of words, the final member of which is a noun connected in some syntactical relation is fused into a single unit both in form and in sense, it is called a com pounat,! The term gamasa is applied neither to the first men- ber nor to the second, but to the combination ot the both. In fact a combination can be called a compound only when the group carries a special mcaning not exactly contained in either of the two components. Hence Brugmann observes: 'It is no doubt a fair definition ot a compound to say that it is fully formed when the whole becomes in any way iso- lated from the parts of which it is composed as used inde~ pendently'.* ‘iis isolation foom the components may be caused by any one of the two reasons: 1) change of maning by convention and 2) sanéhi-like phonetic modification in the stem. 1. fhe isolation by the change of meaning by convention may be caused either by the contraction or extension of 1, Wackernagel: Altindische Grammatic, Bend IT.1, p. 24. 2. A Comparative Grammar of the Indo-Germania Languages, vol. II, pt. I, ps 4630 meaning or by the Shift of accent. For example nilotpala, "olue lotus' and krsnasarpa, ‘cobra' are denotative of a particular species of lotus and snakes by the contraction of the sense being more definite and limited than the mean ing conveyed by the syntactical grouping of parts. Simi- larly Mod. H.G. Gross-vater and English 'grandfathar', ‘olackberry', etc. Toe isolation by the extension of meaning is evident in the compounds like Ihajyarudua and mahabrahmana, Khatvaridha originally meant a bachelor who sleeps on a cot without the permission of his teacher. According to the Hindu code of moral conduct a bachelor is prohibited from sleeping on & cot till he finishes his studies and is permitted by his teacher to marry. A per- son who goes against the moral cede is called khatvern dha. But this sense has been extended and the compound is used to signify a person who is guilty of any vile action. Similarly mahabrahmana and panditaputra denote a fool. Such usages are abundent in Sanskrit literature. ‘the iso- lation by the shitt of accent is evident in the compound apacd, The compound apacd (with the accent on the final syllable) means ons who is not capable of cooking while Spaca (with accent on the first syllable) means one who does not cook his food not because he is physically in- capable of cooking but because of his vow he is prohibited from cooking.! Te change of meaning by a shift of accent 1. K. VI. iis 15731 is very common in any language. And by this process a productive class of compounds called pahuvrini is evolved. And within the same class of compounds also the shift of accent leads to difference in meaning. For example panya- kambala with the accent of the first member means 'a parti- cular type of plenkes',! But when the accent is on the final syllable of the second member, as penyakambald’, the compound means 'a blanket for salet. 2, 'Sandhi-like phonetic modifications mark a com— pound as a single word only when they differ from the sandhi of syntax in the samo languego'.? ‘The lengthening of the 4 final vowel of eka in exadaga’ ‘eleven! or vidya in vidva- mitre, 'a friend to all (name of a Rsi)', the contraction of the vowel of go in citragu’, ‘possessor of variegated cows', of prahmarT in bra@hmenigotra’, ‘a brahmin wonan only by descent', the change of s of stha into 8 in prastha®, 1, KR. VI. di. 42, 2. P. VI. i. 223, 3. Bloomfield: Tenguage, p» 228. 4, There is no specific mention of a rule by Panini for the lengthening of the vowel a of eka. It has been taken as sanctioned by Panini as a pipata on the ground that the compound ekadada is read in the rule prag gkadasabhyo ghandasi (V. iii. 49), 5. P. VI. iid. 130. 6 P. Tt, di. 48. 7, PB. VI. did. 43. 8. P. VIII. iii. 92.32 ‘forerunning' or of sir in vis tare! , ‘a treef the vowel gradation of jamu into jfu in jnubadu (RV. 6.1.6), "bend- ing the knees', or abhi. jac" {RV. 1. 37. 10} ‘upto the Wmees', are not according to the sandhi of syntax. The unending process of compounding results in the gradation of one of the components to the value of a Suffix or the whole compound is treated as a simple word. The gradation of a componeat to the value of a suffix occurs when one of the components occurs in the Same position and in the same sense in a number of compounds and its meaning has become more general and abstract. This is evidenced by the fact that the elements thus degraded occur as inde- pendent words as well as suffixes simultaneously at the earlier stages of evolution. For example the Varttikakara observes that the suffixes dvayasa(c), natal e), tithe (apf shuk), etc., are also used as independent words.? Pataijali instances: kim asya dvayasam, kim asya matram, kadya witni.? Another possibility for the evolution of 1. P. VIIT. iti. 93. 2. of. Pe Ve iv, 129. 3, dvayasa. am ca, kevaladrs jatvat, MB, ITI. 1.62, Vt, oe166 4. dvayasajadinam ca kevalanan prayogo aréyate. kim asya dvayasam, kim asya matrag, kadya tithiti, MB. ibid. of. matrac # Ve di. 37,- dvayasac : Ve ii. 37, titha (tithuk): V. ii. 52.33 suffix is the semantic change of components. The evolution ot the words rapa and kalpa into suffixes may be illustra~ tive of this type. Tor example the word riva occurring in the compounds of RV retains its original meaning, namely ‘form! and it is only during the post-Vedic veriod it gained a general sense of ‘praise! (prasaysa). The examples of retaining the original sense of the word rupe in compounés are? ékeripa (RV. 10, 196, 2), ‘having the same colour or form', hivayyarapa (RV. 2. 35. 10), 'gold-like!. As against it occurs as a suffix in forms: veiyakaranariipa (Kk. V. Lii. 66), 'a celebrated gramma- rian', dasyuripa (K. VY. tii. 66), 'a celebrated thief (i.e, praise of the skill of a thief )'. In the case of the word kalpa, it occurs as an independent word as well as an affix side by side in TS. sukélpa" (1. 1, 53. 2), ‘easy to be made', achvarakalpé” (48. 2. 2. 94), ‘Name of an optional sacrifice which is almost equal to the adhvara sacri- fice’. This process is tound in other languages also, For example latin suffix -iter in breviter, longiter, Mod. H.G. lich in wieblich, Eng. -ly in ‘wifely' were originally indepen- Gent words. In certain places the word which acquires the 1, Primary affix khel, is added to the root klup. 2. Secondary affix kalpap, ¥. 1ii. 67.34 value of an affix, acquires wetapnorical sense leaving away its abstract meaning. For instance, uras in aévorasam has nothing to de with the chest of a horse but it denotes only excellence. So agvorasan’ meené 'an excellent horse’, Similarly svag denoting independently ‘tomorrow! has no other function than denoting praise (pragamsa) in the com- pounds Syovasiyam, ‘auspicious! and Svahéreyastyam,? 'pro- gressively prosperous', It is also in some cases soma words ave degraded to tha level of a suffix when they do not occur as independent words in a sentence. For example the word abe ‘directed some-whither' is a primary derivative formed from the root ane by adding the zero affix.? But it does not have an independent usage except in combination with prepositions pra, ud, ni, etc., as in praiic, udane, nyailc, denoting direction. So also is the case with words nibha, nikaga, sankaga, eto. These words never occur ae independen- tly except as a member in a compound. Similarly in Latin we have long-inqui-~s and prop-inquo-s. ‘The evolution of the suffix is mostly due to semantic change. The morpho~ logical gradation of the components to the extent that both the components cannot be detected easily and their kindred words are completely forgotten by the speakers of that 1. K. We iv. 93. 2, K. Ve. iv. 80. 3. kvin affix, K. III, ii. 59.35 langusge, results in the compound being treated as a single word. fo the Speakers! conSciousness they may appear as single words, These compounds are called ‘obscure com pounds', The original components may be reconstructed by a comparison but these reconstructed components may some- times appear to be more conjectural than real because the logical sequence may not just appeal to reason. ‘These compounds are found in every language and in fact the exis~ tence of obscure compounds can be traced to the proethnic Indo-Burepean. For example Mod. il.G. Welt for O.1.G, Wer- alts Mod. H.G, Adler for O.H.¢, Adalar (‘noble bird of prey'). ‘The Sanskrit jimuta, ‘a cloud! of whien the first part is reconstructed to be jivan: | In the compound yYigra, 'noseless' the final gra is reconstructed as nat Another type of development is the elliptical use of one of the components for both. 4s regards the gramiatical number, the elliptical form takes the dual or plural in contormity with the number of things referred to and as regerds gender, it is according to that of the component preserved. These formations are called ekaSega in Sanskrit. For example yakradandau or kutiledandau is used for the compound vakradandekutiladanfau. Similerly hamsau stands for ‘a male and a female geese’. ‘The elliptical uses are 1, jivenasya mato jimiutah vanagabdasya lopah, K. VI.iid.109. 2. ver gro vaktavyah, K, V. iv. 119, Vte36 also found in RV as in the expression dyava samnamete in which the word dyaya with dual number denotes both heaven and earth. The scope of our study of compounds is confined to those compounds of which both the components are etynolo- gically clear in their full form or in kindred forms. Obscure or elliptical compounds and those where one compo~ nent is reduced to the value of a suffix do not come under the purview of our study. All the word-combinations reckoned as compounds do not exhibit 21 the characterists of a compound. On the vasis of the proportion of characteristics present, the compound system may be divided into three classes as 1) genuine compounds, 2) imitative or snalogical compounds and 3) pseudo-compounds. 1, Genuine compounds are those which contain all. the characteristics of a compound both semantically and morphologically. The unitieation in the form end in acoont, and in specialiaation of setse is the general characteristic ot these compounds, 2, analogical compounds are those wich show only the morphological unity and are formed on analogy with ‘he genuine compounds. These compounds may be viewed as resul- tants of word combinations formed for brevity. Compounds employed in the later prose texts like that of Banats37 Kadambari may be brought under thie aroup. In English fee-cream (with stress on 1) spoken with one single stress, will be classe’ as a compound, but with two high stresses as Leo eréam is classed as & phrase. But the phrase and ths compound do not show any difference in meaning. Simi- jarly rajapuruga and rajfak purusah do not show any éiffe- rence in their import but the difference of accent! 3. Pseudo~compounds are those which are considered as compounds on account of the presence of some of the salient features of a compound. Such words are treated as compounds only to explain the presence of a particular fea- ture of the compound or otherwise may be more precisely called irregular torms of words. Por example the compounds like rathiva (RV. 5. 83. 3), ‘Like & chartotecr’s sura iva (RV. 1, 85. 8), ‘like heros’ and pita iva (RV. 1. 1.9), 'as a father’ may also be viewed as two indepandent words except for the fact that Lya in compound does not have the acute accent. So also the compounds svayankrta, samikyts, tatrabhavan, etc. * 1. Iinguistioally there is no difference in the sum total ” meaning between a sentence and compound of this type- But the Indian philosophers would show subtle shades of meaning by a difference in gabdabodha. 2, of. Ke Il, i. 25, 27 & 46II, CLASSIFICATION OF SONPOUNTS ACCORDING [0 PAYINI A. POURFOLD CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE ASTADAYAYT Panini divides compounds into four classes, namely avyayibhava, tatpuruga, banuvrini and dvandva, ‘The tat- purusa class is very wide embracing several types of com- pounds exhibiting contrasting features; but they are all pushed into a single class to the technical advantage of the grammarian. Panini names a certain type of tatpurusa as the karmadharaya which is treated as a separate class by some later grammarians and the Naiyayikas. The dyigu is a subclass ot the karmadharaya. For further convenience of illustration, compounds are subdivided on the basis of the form of the components or their meanings in the later literary commentatorial literature. But such subdivisions do not bear any significance on the fundamental structure of compounds. For example the compound with the parti- cle nah is named as nan-tatpurusa or nafsamasa and the compound formed according to the rule upapadan atin (IL. iis 19) is called upapada-semasa. : But neither the classification of compounds nor the rules enunciated by Panini are sufficient to cover the entire compounds in the Vedic or in the classical field. Some of such compounds which cannot be directly grouped under any one of the above four classes are treated by dater grammarians ag a separate class under the namesup-samasa, finding a general sanctioning of Panini by splitting the rule saha supa (II. i. 4) into saha and supa. The traditional commentators however try to explain away some of such compounds by bringing them under some akrti- gana or splitting the rule of Panini or talcing recourse to some varttika. It is evident from the exemple savatnimats found in the sense of 'the mother's cowife' (matuh sapatni) which has been explained by Yaranadeva as a gastbi-tatpurusa as well as a bahuvrihi by taking recourse to rajedantadi and ahitagnyadi ganas respectively. It is also interesting to note that Saranadeva also explains it as a karmadnaraya in the sense of ‘the mother like an eneny’.’ Similarly the Kadikakara justifies the compound tatprayojaka (occur ring in the rule I. iv. 55) is grammatically correct on the ground that if has been used by Panini, even though there is a specific prohibition of such & compound.* 4. katham matuh sapatni sapatnimata. ucyate - rajadantadi- tvat. mata sapatni asya iti va krte ahi tagnyaditvat. 'striyah pumvad .... (VI.iii.34)! iti pumvatvam nasti, samanayan akrtau bhasitapuysakatyabhavat. sapatni- mateti ca bhavati sepatniva gatrur iva matety upacarena karmadharayat, Darghajavrtti, Il, ii. 30. 2. tasya prayojakeh - tatprayojakah. nipatanat samasah, Ke I, di. 55. Here the rule kartari ca (IT. ii. 16) actually prohibits the compound formation. As a special rule is read to contradict the general prohibition like yajakadibhis ca (IT. ii. 9), no rule is read for the sanction of the compound tatprayojaka.40 TT Be SUBRIVISTON® AND DEFINI TONS: Now all the classes of compounds with their further subdivisions may be represented with suitable illustrations as follows: ! 1. Avyayiphave” (Adverbial Compound) Tn compounds belonging to this class, one of the com- ponents is often an adverb or adnominally use@ preposition, and infrequently, doth the components are declinables; the compound functions as an adverb as regards declension and as an adjective as regards concordance in a sentence, The compound has the neuter gender and as regards declension of the compounds ending in g the neuter accusative singular an is substituted for all cases axcept the ablative, instru~ mental and locative. In the ablative case the compound 1. Tho study of the classification of compounds is based on the following books: 1. Mahabhasya, II. i & di, Il.i & dis Ve iv. 68-160; VI. di & iit, 3. Siddhantakeumudi, Samisa section, 4. Samasakuvelayakara of Covindasastri, 5. Rupamala (Prakirna-3rd pt.) of Sivadatta, 6. Kavyalankarasiitravrtti of Vamana, 7. igher Sanskrit Grammar by M.R. Kale, &. Outlines of Sanskrit Compounds by N. Swaminatha Sastri, 9. Sanskrit Grammar by W.D, Whitney, 10. Vedic Grammar, A.A. Macdonell. 2. FP. ID. 4.5 - 21.ae 41 Lo invariably retains the case~affixes and in the instrumen- tal and locative cases the compound optionally retains the respective case-atfix. Compounds ending in any vowel other than a do not retain any case-affix. Examples are: a. with an adverb or adnoninally used preposi tion: anusitém (™%. 5. 2. 5.5), ' along with the furrow', abnivatdm (MS. 2.1. 1.), ‘wind wards‘, bahihparidhi (%. 2. 5. 8. 6), ‘outside the enclosure’, yathabalam (AV. 3, 20. 9), 'not exceeding the pawer!, yavanmatram (RV. 10. 88. 19), ‘as much measure'. b. with an adverb as the second membert supaprati, ‘very little of soup’, gakaprati, ‘very little of vegetable', ° vith both the declinables: paregangam, 'on the side of the Ganges’, dvimuni (vyakarayasya), ‘(Sanskrit grammar) of which ‘the two sages are the authors'. 2. Petpuruga! (Determinative Compound) Tis class may be defined as that of which one of the ‘components is (1) a noun, (2) an adjective or (3) an adverb functioning as a qualitier to the other, and the relation which the qualitier bears with the other can be determined by analysing the compound into a sentence. ‘The number and Boat gender of the Compound are in accordance with that df the fina? mamhar. ae42 2.1. Suddha-tatpuruga (Nependent Compound) When a noun functions as a qualitier the relation it can bear with the second member can only be any oblique case which is in accordance with the usual relation with one noun to another in a sentence. This class of compounds are specially treated as Suddha-tatpuruga or dependent determinative compounds and are further divided into seven subdivisions on the basis of the nature of the case-rela- tion of the first member to the other. ‘The qualifier is pieced as the first member and the qualificant as the second. 2a. Dyitiya-tatouruga’ (Accusatively Dependent Compound) kag faérita, ‘undergoing misfortunes', Khatverndha, ‘mounted on a bed, a rogue', gramagata, ‘gone to a village’. The exception as regards the place of the components is that the words prapta and Apanna when compounded with a word ending in accusative case occupy the first place.* praptajivika, ‘having obtained a livelihood’, apannasattva (RaghV. x. 60), ‘a pregnant woman'. 1, PB. If. i, 24 ~- 29. 2. P. TT. it. 4.1. 2. Be 43 2.1b. tetiya-tarpruga! (Instrumentally Dependent Compound) matysadrga, ‘similar to mother', tilamigra (AV. 18. 3. 89), ‘mixed with sesamum!', masapirva, ‘earlier by a monta', paddhati (padbhyam hatin), ‘Loot stroke', a path. 2.10, CaturthT-tatpurusa” (Datively Dependent Compound) yupadaru, ‘wood for a sacrificial post', dvi jarthah (stpah), broth) for a brahmin', gohitam, ‘welfare of cows', devahitam (RV. 4. 37. 3), ‘good for Gods’. 2.14. Paficani —taspuruga” (Ablatively Nependent Compound) mptyubhayd, (Khila 3. 10. 19), ‘fear from death’, apsarajsambhava, 'descont from a nymph', stokanmukta, ‘released a Little’, daradagate, ‘coming from distance!, 2.16. gas thintatpucugal (Genitively Dependent Compound) devakarmd (RV. 10. 130.1), ‘master of divine', BP. IL. 4. 30 - 35. P. TT. i. 36. Pe Il. 1. 37-39. P, If. id. 8, 9, 17 (Rules prohibiting gagthi-tatouzusa: fe eP TO Te}44 devaraja (MS. 4.4. 10), ‘ing of tne gods’, rajapuruga, 'king's man'. There is a section of words in this subclass of com- pounds in which the genitively qualifying word occupies the second place while the principal member the first place. Here are two types of words that oocur as the final member. Firstly, the words denoting the part of a whole are compounded with the words denoting that whole. As the part belongs to the whole which is the possessor the latter is in the genitive case. Tt ig also, naturally, the deter- minant. The only peculiarity is that, while the determi~ nant occupies the first place im all other compounds like rajapuruga, in this type it occupies the second place. There is no ditference in the semantic function of the components. For example in the compound purvakaya the second member is the determinant of the word parva denoting the part meaning 'the upper part of the body'. ‘These com pounds get the gender and number of tne final member irres- pective of the gender and number of the qualificans.! Other examples are: aparakaya, ‘the back part of the body', arthapippali, ‘a half of the pepper', arthakosataki, ‘a halt of the kodatakit, dvitlyabhiksa, ‘second begging'. 1, P. IL. di, 1-3; gender according to II. ivy 26.45 All these compounds are designated as ekadedi-samasas Secondly the words denoting time are compounded with words denoting the object whose duration is measured by time,! Examples are; masajata, ‘month old (born a month ago)', samvatsarajata, ‘an year old', dvyahajata, ‘two days old'. As the first component in the analytical sentence is in the nominative case these compounds are designated by some scholars as prathama-tatpuruga; but this designation is unscientifio because in the oase of all other compounds the classification is semantic and is based on the consi- deration of the relation of the qualitier and the quali- ficant. 2.18. Saptami ~tatpuraga” (Losatively Dependent Compound) jalekrida, ‘sport in water', gramavasa, tabode in the village', akgavrtta (AV. 6. 118. 2), ‘any thing that happens in gambling', Gtapadugka, ‘dried in the sun', masadeyam, ‘to be paid in a month', tirthakaka, ‘crow at a tank! (an unsteady pupil). 1. a. P. IL. ii. 5. P, IT. i. 40 = 48,46 2.19. Upapada-samasa’ Taere is anather group of compounds of which the final member is a verbal derivative which does not occur as an independent word elsewhere in a sentence while the firet member determines it by a case-relation. ‘These verbal derivatives are formed by adding particular krt. affixes by virtue of the presence of tie first menber which is technically named upapada. ‘These compounds are designated as upapada-samasa: » In this group also the first member may stand in any case-relation. Frequently the first member stands in accusative case-relation to the other. Examples are: Nominative case: ayoghana. (RaghV.XIV. 33),° ‘an iron hammer', uttanagaya,? ‘lying on the back’. Accusative case? bhikgacara,* tgoing about begging' (a beggar), jalaani,? ‘water receptacle! (ocean). 1, BP, IT, ii. 19 2. P, IIT. iii. 82 (ap ~ ayo hanyate ‘nena). 3. ubtanadigu kartrgu, SK. III. ii, 15, Vt. (ag - gatanen Bete). 4, 2, TET. di. 17 (ta ~ bhikgdy carati). 5. P. TIT. iid. 93 (ki - jalap dhfyate 'smin).4? Ins trumentel case: somayajin (TH. 2.5. 5. 1),! ‘one who bas sacrificed by offering soma'y irammeda,? 'that which shines by water' (i.e., ligh- tening )+ Dative case: brhmeyada,? ‘one who gives to branmins', Ablative cases semokaraja,* ‘yroduced after a purificatory rite’, ~ vahabhra,> ‘dropping down from s yehicle!. Genitive case: yrtrahatya (RV. 1. 546 4),° ‘the slying of Vrira', satyavadya, (Bnagti),? 'speaking truly'. Wcative case: abja,® "porn in water', kaagaya,? 'dvolling in the sky*. 1. 3 4. 5. be Te 8. 9. P, III, ii. 8 (qin - somena is}avan). P. TEI. di. 37 (khes - ivaya madyati). Byen though no example could be found with the upapada ending in dative case, such forms could also be secured by splitting the rule supi sthah (III. ii, 4) as sugges- ted by the Kasikakara. of. atra yogavibhagak kartavyay-~ supit supy akarantebhyah kapratyayo vhavati, K. IIT. it. 4+ P. TEL, ite 98 (ga - seyokarat jatey). P. ITT. if. 76 (kvip - vahad bbragyeti), P. III, i. 108 (kyap - vytrasya hananam). P. III. is 106 (yak ~ satyasys vadanam). P, It. it, 97 (da - apsu jateh). TITAu15(ae - kne dete). wy48 1 2.2 Karmaéifraya (Neceriptive Sompound) When one of the components in a tatpuruga is an adjec- tive describing the other, the compound i8 designated as karmadharaya, Descriptive Compound. In this subclass both the components are collocatively related with each other and are placed in the nominative case in the analytical Sentence. AS the qualitier is also in the nominative case the components are said to be collocative. Coilocativeness may be defined as the denotation of the same sense by words of different denotative meanings.” For example the com- pound nilotpalam is analysed as nilam (ca) (tad) utpalam (ca) and both the words nile and utpala are denotative of blue lotus. On the basis of the semantic and morphological differences tnis subclass mey be further divided into nine minor classes. 2.2a. Visesanapurvapada~karmadnaraya A large number of regularly formed karmadharayas fall into this group in which the qualitier is placed before the qualificant. Examples of this type are: alpavata, ‘gentle vreeze', aparapaksé (1S. 3. 4. 9. 6), ‘the latter halt of the (luner ) month’, ardhadeva (RV. 4. 42. 8), 'demigod', krgnavigana (15.6. 1, 3. 8), ‘the black horn’, 1, PR. ID. i. 49 - 72, 2. For a detailed discussion sea the section of Karmadi araya,49 2.2b. Viseganottarapada-(alies Videsyaparvapada )~karmadharaya This division is, as a contrast to the earlier, the qualifier occupies the second place in the compound. Examples ares naylravyasaka, ‘ounning peacock’, valyakarayakhesuci, 'a grammarian who looks skywards on account of forgetfulness’, The above classifications are purely based on the morphological ditference in the place of tue qualifier and qualificant in the compound. 2.20. Viseganodhayapada-karmadharaya In this class both the components are adjectives, When both the components are adjectives one of them must be treated as the quatiticant, Otherwise they fall under the class of dvandva, When one is treated as @ qualificant it should be placed second and thus this division merges with the 2.2a division. Examples ares kygnasaranga (K. II+i.69), ‘spotted black’, nilalohita, ‘dark-red, purple', . guklakrgna, ‘whity-dark', STtognam, ‘cold as well as hot’, = 1 dtapratiyata (Sis, X. 20 ‘returned without Seanisep " ¢ ‘ ys having been noticed’, 1, aganitad ca te pratiyatad oa iti, onatanulipte itivat purvakale samasaj, Mallinatha’s comment on the above, of. P. IL. 1. 490ay enAtanalipta (kK. IT.1.49), ‘first bathed and after anointed', buojyesnam (X. 1144.68), ‘eatably hot'. 2.24. Upananapirvapada’ and 2.2e. Upamfnovtarapada” karnadnarayes There is a group of kurmadsarayas in which, besides the relation of the qualifier and qualiticant (visegane- wisegyabhava), the relation of the upamana and the upemeya or comparison based on the attributes common to both the quelifier and qualificant is involved. Tn such compounds the standard of a comparison is invariably a component in the compound. When the ppamana is compounded with ateri~ butive word (samanyavacana) the upamana occupies the first place as in the division 2.2a, and this class is called upamanapurvapada-kermadharaya. Secondly when the upamana is compounded with the upameya, it occupies the second place and thus this division is designated as the upamano- ttarapeda-kermadnaraya, It is also designated as upamita- samasa in view of the upameya occupying the first place. Examples for 2.2d are: kaumufavigada, ‘white as the moonlight', ratisunéari, ‘beautiful as Rati' (the wife of the God of Love), Sastrigyama, ‘black as aeword', 1. P, IT. i. 55. 2. P. If. i. 56.