: ?

12 2558

. 1

1.
30

2.

(junk mail)


(electronic
waste) (e-waste)
(Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment: WEEE)
WEEE Directive Directive 2002/96/EC on Waste Electrical
and Electronic Equipment (European Commission, 2003)

10 1
( 49.07)
( 21.10)
( 16.27)

: sujitra20@gmail.com
3/2558
1

 : ? 12 2558

1. (Large household appliances)

( )
2. (Small household appliances)
( )
3. (IT and telecommunications equipment)
( )
4. (Consumer equipment)
( )
5. (Lighting equipment)
()
6. (Electrical and electronic tools)
( )
7. (Toys, leisure and sports equipment)
( )
8. (Medical devices)
( )
9. (Monitoring and control instruments)
( )
10. (Automatic dispensers)
( )
: European Commission (2003); Ongondo, Williams, & Cherrett (2011)

(%)
49.07
7.01
16.27
21.10
2.40
3.52
0.11
0.12
0.21
0.18

40 (Huisman et al., 2008)
4 (Ravi, 2012)
Huisman
et al. (2008) .. 2548
10 8.3 - 9.1 2.5
2.7 12.3
.. 2563)
1.9 2.2 .. 2548 (US EPA 2008

 : ? 12 2558

Townsend, 2011)
4
10

2.6 2.4
Zoeteman, Krikke&Venselaar (2010)

6.6 .. 2548 8.4
.. 2553 ( 2) US EPA (2008) (
Townsend, 2011) .. 2546 2548 44
45 11
()

27
2 .. 2553(.. 2010)
(: /)
/

,
/

8.4
5.7
0.42
2.3
(25
8.9
1.4
5.9
1.6
)

4.0
0.6
2.8
0.59

5.7
4.1
0.68
2.6

0.66
0.95
0.21
0.97

0.07
0.47
0.61
: Zoeteman, Krikke, & Venselaar (2010)


Yu et al. (2010) .. 2561
.. 2573 (
400 200 ) ( 1)
Yang et al. (2007) .. 2548 3.1
() 5.7 .. 2553
(Zoeteman, Krikke, & Venselaar, 2010)

 : ? 12 2558

: Yu et al. (2010)
1

(
2)

Robinson (2009)
20
3
20
(820,000 ) (206,000 ) (198,000 )
(102,000 ) (58,000 ) (Robinson, 2009)
cathode ray tube (CRT)
(LCD)
CRT

 : ? 12 2558

( (Flame retardants)
)

(polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs;

polybrominated biphenyls, PBBs;
tetrabromobisphenol-A, TBBPA)
(polychlorinated
(),
biphenyls, PCBs)
(chlorofluorocarbon ,
CFC)

()
(polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)

(polychlronated

dibenzo-p-dioxins, PCDDs, polychlorinated

dibenzofurans, PCDFs)
(americium, Am)

(antimony, Sb)
, , , CRT,
LCD,

(arsenic, As)
, CRT, LCD, ,

(barium, Ba)
CRT, LCD,
(beryllium, Be)
(siliconcontrolled rectifiers), ,
(cadmium, Cd)
, , ,
(chromium, Cr)
, , CRT, LCD,

(copper, Cu)
, , CRT,

(gallium, Ga)

(indium, In)
LCD,
(lead, Pb)
, CRT, LCD, , ,

(lithium, Li)

(mercury, Hg)
, , , LCD,

 : ? 12 2558

(nickel, Ni)

, , , LCD,

(selenium, Se)
, (rectifier)
(silver, Ag)
LCD, , , ,
(tin, Sn)
, LCD
(zinc, Zn)
, CRT, , ,

(rare earth elements)

CRT screens,
: Robinson (2009); Townsend (2011)

(informal sector)
Guiyu Longtang Guangdong Taizhou Zhejiang
Guiyu 150,000





CRT
( 2 3)

: Basel Action Network, http://www.ban.org/ ( 2001)

2 Guiyu

 : ? 12 2558

: Basel Action Network, http://www.ban.org/ ( 2008)

3 Guiyu

PAHs, PBDDs, PBDEs
, , , , , , ,
, Guiyu, Taizhou Longtang
(control areas) (
Robinson, 2009; Townsend, 2011; Premalatha et al., 2014;
Song & Li, 2015) /
Guiyu Taizhou
Zhejiang Chendian (Song & Li, 2015)

(Arabi et al., 2012) (Wittsiepe et al., 2015)
(Ballesteros, 2010) (Matsukami et al., 2015)

4
(open burning)


157 12,700 ( 50 ./.)
104 6,083 (
250 ./.)

 : ? 12 2558

4 (:
)

Guiyu Leung et 2003

496
104
258
1.7
155
28.6

al. (2006)

Guangdong

712
190
3.1
87
74.9

Li et al. 2009
12,700
480 3,500
10.0 1,100
500
320
52
(2011)

4,800
150
330
1.2
480
300
2600
26

Alabi et 2009
788 1,431
31.96
114
374
153.6
al. (2012)

684
541
5.8
27
461
12.21
Taizhou Tang et 2008
742
956
392
7.7
64
77.4

al. (2010)

Zhejiang

Zhang et
2,364 6,083 5,996
42.3
771.5
36.6
al. (2014)

(16 )

157
167
276
2.2
69.5
5.3
100
(32 )

Lou et 2005
4,851 1,715 1,017
10.3
100
63.3
Longtang
al.

(2008b)

Guangdong Lou et al 2006

6,372 1,635 3,040
39.3

(2008a)

Lou et 2007
11,140 4,500 3,690
17.1
al. (2011)

3,550 1,880 1,160
5.5

Wu et al. 2013
513
198
179
0.14 14.5
111
22.5
(2015)
()

1,981
206
194
0.52 16.6
123
30.9
(
)

2,981
131
316
0.39
135
173
58.3
()
Shijiao Lou et al 2006
4,001
944 2,045
21.3

(2008a)

Guangdong

Ha et al. 2006
592
297
326
2.33
449
73
Bangalore
(2009)

 : ? 12 2558

Lagos Alabi et 2009

al. (2012)

Computer Village
market

Alaba
International
market
(Grade II)
(intervention value)

154

131

5.98

14.98

74.1

134.7

4,308

1,535

7.69

31.99

270.9

13.86

50
190

250
530

200
720

0.3
13

40
100

200
78

30
76

: (MEP, 1996)
intervention value 2009
(Ministry of VRIOM, 2009)
:

( 6 )

4-5



(World Health Organization, 2014)

5

 : ? 12 2558

,
,

, ,
LCD (liquid
crystal display)

, ,
CRT,

,
,

(CFC-

-

6



methylmercury

polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)

(UV)

10

 : ? 12 2558

11, CFC12)

()

CFC-11 CFC-12 1 global warming potential (GWP)
4,750 8,500
/ , (PVC)

PVC

: (2553),

3.

2557

376,801 8
/
(10 )

100

(, 2557)


1. 5 283
5 240
12
(
)
2.
3.
4.
(, 2552)
2553 10 2556-2557

11

 : ? 12 2558

2557 (
4-6)
1.
() 5-10
2.
3.

( CRT)


CFC ()

()

: ( 2556)
4

12

 : ? 12 2558

: ( 2556)
5

: ( 2557)
6



6
(, 2552)
2551

(Suwan-ampai, 2011) 10 (2557)

( 2557) Guiyu

13

 : ? 12 2558

2557


(control area) Intervention Value (
)
( , 2558)




PAHs, PCBs, VOC, /

6
(: )

2551

39,161

(2552)
.
2553

(Suwan

ampai, 2011)

2557

8,671

.
10

9,267
(...)

2557

(2558)

4,828

0-10 .
(11 )

2557

(2558)

90

*
(intervention value)
190

79,520

1.46

75

1,519

26,694

6.16

619

3,340

151

2,636

11,890

12

118

44

9.6

1,388

580

3.3

27

18

6.0

1,058

1,847

511

88

67

234

<2

16

374

37

400
530

720

37
13

1,600
100

1,800

300

3.9
76

<2

74

: *
25 (.. 2547)
( , 2547)

14

 : ? 12 2558

4.

3




()

(Extended Producer Responsibility: EPR)

EPR
.. .... (, 2557)

5.
Alabi, O.A., Bakare, A.A., Xu, X., Lin, B., Zhang, Y. & Huo, X. (2012). Comparative evaluation of
environmental contamination and DNA damage induced by electronic-waste in Nigeria and
China. Science of the Total Environment, 423, 6272.
Ballesteros, F.C. (2010). A Scientific Enquiry of E-waste Generation and Management in the
Philippines by Formal and Informal Waste Recyclers: Past and future prospects, paper
presented at the 7th NIES Workshop on E-waste, National Institute for Environmental
Studies, Tsukuba, Japan. http://www.nies.go.jp/event/kaigi/20101019/20101019-2e.html
European Commission. (2003). Directive 2002/96/EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment.
Official Journal of the European Union, Luxembourg, 24-38.
Ha, N.N., Agusa, T., Ramu, K., Tu, N.P.C., Murata, S., Bulbule, K.A. et al. (2009). Contamination by
trace elements at e-waste recycling sites in Bangalore, India. Chemosphere, 76, 9-15.
15

 : ? 12 2558

Huisman, J. et al. (2008). Review of Directive 2002/96 on Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE). Bonn: United Nations University, 2007.
Leung, A., Cai, Z.W. & Wong, M.H. (2006). Environmental contamination from electronic waste
recycling at Guiyu, Southeast China. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 8,
21-33.
Li, J., Duan, H. & Shi, P. (2011). Heavy metal contamination of surface soil in electronic waste
dismantling area: site investigation and source-apportionment analysis. Waste Management
& Research, 29(7), 727-738.
Luo, C., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Liu, X., Li, F., Zhang, G. & Li, X. (2011). Heavy metal contamination in soils
and vegetables near an e-waste processing site, South China. Journal of Hazardous
Materials, 186, 481490.
Luo, Y., Luo, X., Yang, Z., Yu, X., Yuan, J. Chen, S., & Mai, B. (2008a). Studies on heavy metal
contamination by improper handling of e-waste and its environmental risk evaluation. II.
Heavy metal contamination in surface soils on e-waste disassembling workshops within
villages and the adjacent agricultural soils. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 3, 123129.
Luo, Y., Luo, X., Yang, Z., Yu, X., Yuan, J. Chen, S., & Mai, B. (2008b). Studies on heavy metal
contamination by improper handling of e-waste and its environmental risk evaluation. IV.
Heavy metal contamination of sediments in a small scale valley impacted by e-waste
treating activities. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 3, 343349.
Matsukami, H., Tue, N.M., Suzuki, G., Someya, M., Tuyen, L.H., Viet, P.H. et al. (2015). Flame
retardant emission from e-waste recycling operation in northern Vietnam: Environmental
occurrence of emerging organophosphorus esters used as alternatives for PBDEs. Science of
the Total Environment, 514, 492-499.
Ministry of VRIOM (2009). Soil Remediation Circular 2009, Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and
the Environment (Netherlands). Retrieved April 1, 2015, from
http://rwsenvironment.eu/publish/pages/97218/circulaire_april_2012_eng_def.pdf.
Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) (1996). Environmental quality standard for soils. The
Peoples Republic of China. (GB 15618-1995) . Retrieved April 1, 2015, from
http://english.mep.gov.cn/standards_reports/standards/Soil/Quality_Standard3/200710/t200
71024_111882.htm
Ongondo, F. O., Williams, I. D. & Cherrett, T. J. (2011). How are WEEE doing? A global review of the
management of electrical and electronic wastes. Waste Management, 31, 714-730.
Premalatha, M. et al. (2014). The generation, impact, and management of e-waste: State of the art.
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 44 (14), 1577-1678.
Ravi, V. (2012). Evaluating overall quality of recycling of e-waste from end-of-life computers.
Journal of Cleaner Production, 20, 145151.
Robinson, B. H. (2009). E-waste: An assessment of global production and environmental impacts.
Science of the Total Environment, 408, 183-191.
Song, Q. & Li, J. (2015). A review on human health consequences of metals exposure to e-waste in
China. Environmental Pollution, 196, 450-461.

16

 : ? 12 2558

Suwan-ampai, P. (2011). Environmental and health impact of e-waste: a case study in Thailand,
Paper presented at the Regional Training Workshop on Repair, Refurbishment,
Reconditioning of Used EEE and Recycling and Final Disposal of E-Wastes 19-21 April 2011,
Bangkok.
Tang, X., Shen, C., Shi, D., Cheema, S.A., Khan, M.I., Zhang, C. & Chen, Y. (2010). Heavy metal and
persistent organic compound contamination in soil from Wenling: an emerging e-waste
recycling city in Taizhou area, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173, 653660.
Townsend, T. G. (2011). Environmental issues and management strategies for waste electronic and
electrical equipment. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association, 61, 587-610.
Wittsiepe, J., Fobil, J.N., Till, H., Burchard, G-D., Wilhelm, M. & Feldt, T. (2015). Levels of
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and biphenyls (PCBs) in blood
of informal e-waste recycling workers from Agbogbloshie, Ghana, and controls. Environment
International, 79, 65-73.
World Health Organization (WHO)(2014). Lead poisoning and health. Retrieved April 28, 2015, from
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Wu, Q., Leung, J.Y.S., Geng, X., Chen, S., Huang, X. Li, H. et al. (2015). Heavy metal contamination of
soil and water in the vicinity of an abandoned e-waste recycling site: implications for
dissemination of heavy metals. Science of the Total Environment, 506-507, 217-225.
Yang, J., Lu, B., Xu, C. (2007). WEEE flow and mitigating measures in China. Waste Management, 28,
1589-1597.
Yu, J., Williams, E., Ju, M. & Yang, Y. (2010). Forecasting global generation of obsolete personal
computers. Environmental Science & Technology, 44, 3232-3237.
Zhang, Q., Ye, J., Chen, J., Xu, H., Wang, C. & Zhao, M. (2014). Risk assessment of polychlorinated
biphenyls and heavy metals in soils of an abandoned e-waste site in China. Environmental
Pollution, 185, 258-265.
Zoeteman, B. C. J., Krikke, H. R., & Venselaar, J. (2010). Handling WEEE waste flows: on the
effectiveness of producer responsibility in a globalizing world. International Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 47, 415-436.
(2557).
.
. .
(2547). 25 (.. 2547)
. 121 119 20 2547
170-181. http://infofile.pcd.go.th/law/9_1_soil.pdf?CFID=749243&CFTOKEN=18010938
29 2558.
(2552).
.
(). 132
(2558). .
, 3/2558 ( ).

17

 : ? 12 2558

. . (2557, 23 ).
http://www.thairath.co.th/content/424716 27 2557.
10 (...)
.
.
(2553). . . 25
(1), 67-76.

18