Bi 5:

M phng Monte Carlo

(tip theo)

Under construction.

M hnh Ising
N

E = J ij s i s j H si

H spin trn mng

ij

Ernst Ising (1924)

i=1

tng theo cc cp ln cn gn nht

s=1
Jij - nng lng tng tc trao i
Jij > 0 - st t (ferromagnet)
Jij < 0 - phn st t (anti-ferromagnet)
N

M = s i
i=1

t ha (magnetization)

M
m=
N

E 2 E 2
C H=
2
k BT
2

M M
T =
k BT

cm t (susceptibility)

M hnh Ising trong 1D khng c chuyn pha (Tc=0)

Trong 2D v 3D, xy ra chuyn pha loi 2 ti nhit Tc

T < Tc: xy hin tng cm ng t t pht, h nm pha

st t (ferromagnetic phase)

T > Tc: pha thun t (paramagnetic phase)

H=0

T Tc
CH
T

Tham kho: Yeomans JM, Statistical Mechanics of Phase Transition, Oxford University Press, 1992.

Tng t cho h kh lng

mt

Vt l thng k cho h st t
Q T , H = e

dU =T dS + M dH

F =k B T ln Q
ln Q
U =

F
S =
T

( )

Ni nng

U
C H=
T

F
M =
H

( )

Entropy

S
C M , H =T
T

Nhit dung ring

( )

nh lut 1

t ha

M ,H

M
T =
H

( )

cm t ng nhit
(isothermal susceptibility)

Vt l thng k cho h kh lng

Q (T ,V )= e

E ()

dU =T dS P dV

F =k B T ln Q
ln Q
U =

F
S =
T

( )

Ni nng

U
CV =
T

Entropy

( )

S
C V , P =T
T

F
P=
V

( )

p sut

( )

Nhit dung ring

nh lut 1

V ,P

1 V
T =
V P

( )

nn ng nhit
(isothermal compressibility)

Chuyn pha

Khi xut hin k d trong cc i lng nhit ng

Lin quan ti cc im 0 ca hm phn hoch gii
hn nhit ng
Thng lin quan ti thay i i xng ca h
(symmetry breaking)
Phn loi chuyn pha:

Chuyn pha loi 1: o hm bc nht ca nng lng

t do b gin on.

Chuyn pha loi 2: o hm bc nht ca nng lng

t do lin tc, o hm bc cao hn b gin on
hoc tin ti v cng.

L thuyt chuyn pha Landau

2

F = F 0+ a 2 m + a 4 m

a 2> 0

a 2< 0

NJz
a 2=
(1 J z)
2
a 2=0

a 2< 0

L thuyt chuyn pha Landau l l thuyt trng trung bnh: m l t ha trung

bnh ca 1 spin.

Hm tng quan spin-spin

r i , r j = s i si s j s j
( r i r j )= s i s j s
(r)r

r=r i r j

r /

di tng quan (correlation length)

Ti nhit Tc, di tng quan bng v cng:

(r)

1
r d 2+

Ti T=Tc tn ti cc cm spin mi kch c!!

di tng quan bng v cng.

Cc hin tng ti hn

Xy ra gn nhit ti hn Tc

Mang tnh ph qut (universality):

cc cht khc nhau c tnh cht nh nhau ti Tc, v d h

kh lng v h st t

khng ph thuc vo c tnh vi m ca h

ph thuc mnh vo s chiu

Cc ch s ti hn (critical exponents):

t=(T T c )/T c

C H t

M (t )

nhit rt gn

T t

(r)

1
r d 2+

Cc kh khc nhau c cng 1 ch

s ti hn =1/3
Cng mt lp ph qut vi
m hnh Ising 3D

Cc ch s ti hn trong h t

Cc ch s ti hn trong h kh lng

M hnh Ising 2 chiu

Onsager (1944) cho li gii gii tch chnh xc:

Nhit ti hn:

Cc ch s ti hn:

T c2.269
=0

=7/ 4

=1/8

=1/ 4

=1

M hnh X-Y

Cc spin l cc vector n v c th xoay trong

khng gian 2 chiu
si =(cos i , sin i )

H = J ij
si
s j hi
si
i j

M hnh Heisenberg c in

Cc spin l cc vector n v c th xoay trong

khng gian 3 chiu
H = J ij
si
s j hi
si
i j

Cc lp ph qut

Thc hnh

Vit chng trnh m phng Monte Carlo cho m hnh

Ising 2 chiu:

kch thc: L x L spin

iu kin bin tun hon

Tnh:

<E>(T), <M>(T), nhit dung ring, t cm

xc nh nhit ti hn Tc

Xt nhiu kch thc L=8,16,32,64.... Ch ra s chng

chp d liu (data collapse) ti nhit Tc trn th:

mL

(T )

Ti T gn Tc

T T c
t=
Tc
t 0

m(t )

|t|
L

Data collapse at T=Tc

m L/ constant