by orthodontic

Dr. Burstone

fames

Charles J. Burstone* and Ryszard J. Pryputniewicz**

Farm&on,

Corm.
A new tool for measuring
tooth movement-luser
holography-ogler:,
on uccutute.
noninvasive
approach
for determining
movement
in three dimensions.
This iu \,iiro
study is designed
to establish
the required
force system applied
on the crobttl of (I
maxillas
incisor
thut would produce
different
centers
of rotation,
LIS in linguul
tipping,
translation,
and root movement.
The relationship
between
monlmt-to-f~)rc,e
ratios
and centers
of rotation
is shown.
The experimental
data are compured
to
theoretic
approaches.
With respect
to the location
of the center of resistance
aud
centers
of rotation,
force
systems
needed to produce
different
centers
of rotcrtion
clre
given for a central
incisor
of averuge
root length.

Key words: Orthodontics, holography, centers of rotation, forces

he stresses generated in the periodontal ligament when the crown of a tooth is

subjected to a force have important ramifications for the study of orthodontic tooth
movement and periodontal disease. In particular, the orthodontist desires to relate the
force system applied to the teeth to the center of rotation and the magnitude of tooth
displacement. In the study presented here, laser holography, a new technique applied to
orthodontics, was used to predict three-dimensional tooth displacements.
Previously, tooth displacements have been studied from a number of approaches:
(1) analytical models, (2) physical models, and (3) direct measurement in vivo.
Burstone discussed conditions for optimization of forces used in orthodontic treatment and pointed out that more knowledge is needed to determine what force systems
produce the various centers of rotation. Miihlemann,2-4 using dial indicators, measured
tooth mobility in normal subjects and patients with periodontal disease. Christiansen and
Burstone,j also using dial indicators, estimated that centers of rotation were close to the
center of the root with single force loading on the crown of a tooth. Synge6* determined
analytically the stress distributions for two root shapes a~?ar, two-dimensional wedge and
This study was supported
by Research Grant No.
Research,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
*Professor
and Head, Department
of Orthodontics,
necticut Health Center, Farmington,
Conn.
**Permanent
address: Department
of Mechanical
Worcester,
Mass. 01609.
396

DE-03545
from the National
Md.
School of Dental Medicine,
Engineering,

C002-9416/80/040396+

Worcester

14$01.40/O

Institute
University
Polytechnic

of Dental
of ConInstitute,

1980 The C. V. Mosby CO.

Volume II
Number 4

Holographic

determination

of centers of rotation

397

a three-dimensional cone of revolution and also analyzed the problem of the tooth with a
root of general conical form and uniform ligament thickness.8 Dyment and Synge determined values for the elastic coefficients of the periodontal ligament. Furthermore, Synge
developed a theory of equilibrium for a compressible membrane which was later extended
by Hay1-13 to treat thin membranes and stresses in the periodontal ligament. Twodimensional analytical models have been developed by Burstone, Nikolai,14 and Davidian.15 Three-dimensional stress distributions within the periodontal ligament were determined theoretically by Haack16 and Haack and Heft.17
The effects of force on the supporting periodontium and, in turn, tooth movement have
also been studied by constructing physical models in photoelastic plastic and analyzing
photoelastically the stress distribution produced by the applied force.*-*
Unfortunately, the attempts at mathematical modeling by an analytical approach as
well as photoelastic techniques have been limited by a number of oversimplifying assumptions, such as (1) the anatomy of the root, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone
were represented by idealized geometric forms, (2) the physical characteristics of the
supporting structures were assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic, and linear, whereas the
structures of interest here are nonhomogeneous, anisotropic, and nonlinear. Furthermore,
in most instances the model was two-dimensional.
In addition to the above, previous experimental studies of force-displacement characteristics of teeth have yielded low predictive capability because most of these experiments
(1) employed forces that produced three-dimensional displacement of the tooth and yet the
tooth displacements were measured along one axis only; (2) produced three-dimensional
tooth displacements which resulted from an applied force with three components and yet
the force, if monitored at all, was measured along one axis only; (3) employed a force
system whose magnitude changed with deflection and yet often the change of the magnitude of the force was not measured as the tooth deflected; (4) used displacement and
force-measuring systems whose accuracy was suspect because of mechanical inertia during deflection in the measuring instruments themselves; and (5) the experimental apparatus was invasive and influenced the tooth movement.
The above shortcomings in the studies on the prediction of the tooth movement, under
the influence of external forces, can be overcome by the noninvasive techniques of laser
holography. Unfortunately, there has been a limited application of the modem holographic methods in dental research. Only a handful of investigators have used holographic
techniques of laser holography. Unfortunately, there has been a limited application of the
modem holographic methods in dental research. Only a handful of investigators have used
holographic techniques in their studies. Wictorin and associates23 investigated elastic
deformations of dental joints, Wedenal and Bjelkhagen24, 25 measured uniplaner displacements of teeth resulting from masticatory forces, whereas Bowley, Burstone, and
Koenig26 demonstrated that holography and mathematical modeling can be used to measure and predict tooth displacements. More recently, Pryputniewicz* has developed a
technique that, for the first time, allowed tooth displacements to be measured in the
three-dimensional space. This technique, based on recent advances in hologram interferometry,28-32 allows noninvasive measurements of tooth displacements with an accuracy of 0.5 pm. Burstone and Pryputniewicz 33,34have successfully applied this technique
to the study of in vivo movements of human teeth.
In this article a new, noninvasive method of laser holography, which has been applied

398

Burstorw

nrd

Pryputnic,\vic,:

Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the 10: 1 model of the maxillary central incisor. The force of 200
grams in the labiolingual direction was applied at various incisal-gingival positions to produce controlled
motion of the root.

to the study of the three-dimensional displacements of teeth, is presented. Since the initial
tooth movement is small, accurate measurement of the displacements via laser holography
avoids errors found in previous studies of this nature. Furthermore, this measuring technique eliminates the influence of mechanical inertia of the apparatus which changes the
nature of the periodontal support.
In order to more closely model the incisor and its supporting structures, careful
attention was given to (1) the anatomy of the tooth and periodontal ligament and (2) the
mechanical properties of the periodontal ligament.
In the study presented here, primary centers of rotation were determined for varying
moment-to-force (M/F) rations with respect to a bracket on a maxillary central incisor. (A
primary displacement is that movement produced by a force applied to the tooth before
resorption and apposition occur. The second biologic phase of tooth movement is referred
to as the secondary displacement.) The study was carried out on a 10: 1 three-dimensional
model of a maxillary central incisor. By using the model, it was possible to eliminate the
biologic variation in a given subject or patient so that base line data could be developed for
comparison with in vivo studies. The present three-dimensional model is superior to
previous physical models, allows for analytical studies since geometry and constitutive
behavior are known, and can be used for correlation with clinical studies using the same
methods.
Methods and materials
Experimental
apparatus;
recording and reconstruction
of holograms.
In order to carry
out the studies presented in this article, a simplified scale model of a tooth-periodontal
ligament-alveolar
bone was designed and built. The tooth geometry chosen was that of
Haacks16 maxillary central incisor: paraboloid of revolution root shape with a uniformly
thick periodontal ligament. The model itself was ten times the size of Haacks geometry to

Volume 77
Number 4

Fig. 2. Schematic
model depicted

Holographic

representation
in Fig. 1.

of the maxillary

central

determination

incisor

showing

of centers of rotation

scaled

dimensions

399

of the 10: 1

allow the periodontal ligament to be 2.29 mm. thick (Fig. l), a workable space for model
construction purposes. * For ease of interpretation of the experimental results, the dimensions relating to the actual tooth size are also shown in Fig. 2.) The characteristic dimensions of the tooth structures used in this study are shown in Fig. 1. The root is machined
out of a solid aluminum blank, the alveolar bone was modeled in dental stone, and
viscoelastic silicone rubber (GE/RTV-615)
was used to represent the periodontal
ligament.
We would like to point out at this time that the aluminum, dental stone, and silicone
rubber are not compatible with the actual in vivo characteristics of tooth, alveolar bone,
and peridontal ligament, respectively. These materials were used in the present study
merely for construction of the experimental model.*
This 10 : 1 model of a maxillary central incisor was loaded with a labiolingual force of
200 grams normal to the long axis of the tooth. The point of force application was varied
in the occluso-apical direction, as shown in Fig. 1. The magnitude and direction of the
applied force were carefully controlled by a pulley and a dead weight system. Each
loading condition (that is, application of a force at a given occluso-apical level) was
repeated three times, and the results presented herein are arithmetic averages of the
corresponding runs.
Application of the force to the model of the maxillary central incisor resulted in
three-dimensional displacements. These displacements were recorded and analyzed by the
modem, noninvasive techniques of double-exposure hologram interferometry28-32 and the
experimental apparatus shown in Fig. 3. This apparatus consisted of a 0.92 by 1.22 m. flat
optical table with air suspension. The illumination for recording and reconstruction of
holograms was provided by a 15 mW He-Ne laser. The laser, the optical components for
steering and shaping of object and reference beams, the tooth model, and the photosensitive material used for recording of holograms were rigidly mounted on top of the optical
table by means of magnetic bases. The appropriate exposure times needed to record
holograms were determined by taking into account viscoelastic properties of silicone
rubber,* which was used to model periodontal ligament, and were effectively monitored
by an electronic shutter system. All holograms were recorded on 102 by 127 mm. plates
with Agfa-Gevaert lOE75 emulsions.
In order to understand the use of laser holography in the determination of tooth

400

Burstonr

und

Pryputnirwicz

4nr

./. Orrhocf.
April I980

Fig. 3. Experimental
setup of holographic
apparatus.
All of the components
of the system
were rigidly
mounted
on the air-suspended
optical table. The tooth was loaded by means of pulley and dead-weight
systems.
The exposure
of holograms
was controlled
by the exposure
meter and shutter.

displacements, it is necessary to discuss some of the principles of hologram interferometry.

In practice, a hologram is constructed with an experimental setup similar to the one
shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The highly coherent and monochromatic light from the laser
source is split into two beams by means of a beam splitter (Fig. 4). One of the beams is
directed by mirrors, expanded by means of a spatial filter (microscope objective and a
pinhole assembly), and is used to illuminate the teeth to be recorded. This beam, referred
to as the object beam, is modulated by a reflection from the tooth and carries all the
information about the instantaneous condition of the tooths surface. The second beam is
known as the reference beam and is not modulated by any intervening object. If both of
these beams are allowed to impinge on some kind of a surface, they will produce a set of
fringes, on that surface, as a result of their mutual interference. The spacing of the fringes
is entirely dependent on the angle between the two beams and the wavelength of the light
used; the fringe opacity is related to the intensities of the interfering beams.
The fringe pattern resulting from the superposition of two beams can be recorded in
the photographic emulsion (plate in Fig. 4) which, upon photographic processing, becomes a hologram. The hologram bears no resemblance to the original object, it is quite
unintelligible and gives no hint of the image recorded. It is quite unlikely that one could
learn to interpret a hologram visually without actually reconstructing the image.
The hologram can be reconstructed with the original system setup used in recording,
but now it is illuminated with the reference beam alone (Fig. 5). During the hologram

Volume 71
Number 4

Holographic determination of centers of rotation

401

m
REMOTE
CONTROL

Fig. 4.

Schematic
representation
of hologram
recording
setup. The
light from laser illuminates
the tooth and exposes
the photographic

highly coherent
plate.

and monochromatic

reconstruction, a portion of the laser light is let through the plate undeviated (the so-called
zero-order wave) and the remaining light is diffracted into higher orders. Out of the
number of diffracted beams, the most important, in holography, are two first-order wavefronts, one on each side of the zero-order waveform.
One of these diffracted orders consists of waves that produce an image of the original
object, as if it were still located behind the plate at the position it occupied during the
recording, although the object had since been removed. A camera placed in this beam may
be used to photograph this (reconstructed) virtual, sometimes also called true, image. A
typical virtual image obtained during reconstruction of a double-exposure hologram is
shown in Fig. 6. The actual displacements and rotations the individual teeth have experienced during recording of a hologram can easily be determined from resulting interferograms by the techniques discussed by Pryputniewicz. z&3* The virtual images have to be
viewed through the hologram as if it were a window for this procedure.
Determination

of center of resistance

By definition, the center of resistance is found at a point where a single force produces
pure translation. In the experiments reported in this article, we have loaded the 10: 1
model of the maxillary central incisor with a force of constant magnitude and with the line
of action horizontal and normal to the long axis of the tooth. The point of loading was then
varied occluso-apically, as shown in Figs. 1 and 7. By loading the model in this manner,
we have produced varying moments with respect to the center of resistance and, therefore,
varying amounts of tooth rotation.
The tooth loaded with a lingual force of 200 grams, parallel to the Z axis, rotated
primarily with respect to the X axis (that is, the mesiodistal axis), while rotations with
respect to the remaining axes were negligible and were omitted for the sake of clarity
(Fig. 7). Varying the M/F ratio by moving the horizontal force in the vertical direction,

RECONSTRUCTIN

Fig. 5. Schematic
representation
of holographic
(resulting
from a diffraction
of the reconstructing

reconstruction
setup. One of the first-order
wavefronts
beam by the hologram)
appears
to emanate
from the

position
in space where the object was during recording
of the hologram.
The viewer,
looking
the hologram
as if it were a window and placing himself or herself in the direction
of this beam,
three-dimensional
virtual (true) image of the tooth, although
the tooth itself might have been
from the recording
space.

through
sees the
removed

different amounts of rotation were produced. With the force placed at the incisal edge,
rotation was large. The magnitude of rotation decreased as the theoretical center of
resistance was approached and then increased as the point of force application neared the
apex. The point where this curve intersected the vertical axis (that is, where rotation was
zero) was, by definition, the experimental center of resistance. The experimental center of
resistance was found to be 9.9 mm. apical to the bracket.
The experimentally found center of resistance was compared to the location of two
theoretical centers of resistance (Fig. 7). One was based on a simple two-dimensional
parabolic model of the tooth with uniform stress distribution and linear properties of
periodontal ligament,jq 35 where the centroid was determined at two-fifths of the root
length measured apically from the alveolar crest. However, in order to represent an actual
tooth more closely, a second theoretical center of resistance was determined for a threedimensional root geometry. In this approach, the centroid of a paraboloid of revolution
was selected, which was found to be at one-third of the root length measured apically to
the alveolar crest. Note the close correspondence between the three-dimensional theoretical center of resistance (10.2 mm.) and the experimentally determined center of resistance
(9.9 mm.). The theoretical two-dimensional center of resistance lies further apically at
11.0 mm.
The reason that the center of resistance moves occlusally in the three-dimensional
model, as compared with the simple two-dimensional one, becomes apparent when one
makes numerous thin sections of the root, parallel to the long axis of the tooth (Fig. 8, a).
Each of these sections approximates a two-dimensional parabola for which the centroid is

Volume II
Number 4

Fig. 6. Photographs
tion of double-exposure
application
is varied
centroid.

Holographic

determination

of centers

of rotation

403

of images of the model of the maxillary

central
incisor obtained
during reconstrucholograms.
The angulation
and spacing
of fringes change
as the point of force
from (a) apical to the centroid,
to (b) through
the centroid,
to (c) incisal to the

TCR - THEORETICAL CENTER

OF RESISTANCE
ECR - EXPERIMENTAL CENTER
OF RESISTANCE

BRACKET

-20

Ei=
EE
/

,-ii

5
i

Fig. 7. Holographically
determined
rotations
at the bracket for loading with a lingual
normal to the long axis of the tooth model and at different
occlusogingival
positions.
cally the center of resistance
is at a point where there is zero rotation.

force of 200 grams

Note that theoreti-

located at two-fifths of the height of the section as measured from the base toward the apex
(Fig. 8, b), which corresponds precisely with the two-dimensional model used previ0us1y.~ Plotting the locations of centroids of each of the thin sections of Fig. 8, a, we
obtain a curve similar to the one shown in Fig. 8, c. The centroid for the entire threedimensional root is then found to be located on the long axis, one-third of the root length
apical to the alveolar crest.
Calvin Case36 developed an appliance system based on the use of a single force on an
extension attached to the band to produce translation. In recent years this concept has been
reintroduced. A gingival extension from the bracket on a typical central incisor would
have to be approximately 10 mm. in length to translate the incisor. Using the centroid of a

404

Burstone cd

Pryputnieuic-

0 - CENTROW OF A THIN SECTION

@J- CENTROID OF A PARABOLOID
OF REVOLUTION

33JTROlDS OF
THIN SECTIONS

/
Fig. 8. The centroid for a two-dimensional
centroid
for a three-dimensional
paraboloid

(b)

parabolic
section
is found at a point
of revolution
is at h/3 (c).

at 2h/5

(a and L$; the

paraboloid of revolution as an estimate of the center of resistance, one can determine the
length of a gingival extension for other teeth. For example, an average maxillary canine
has an alveolar-crest-to-apex dimension of 16 mm. Therefore, the canines centroid lies
5.3 mm. from the alveolar crest and is 0.9 mm. more apical than the centroid for the
central incisor, which locates at 4.4 mm. A slightly shorter crown and a more gingival
placement of the bracket on the canine suggests that the distance from bracket to centroid
will be similar for maxillary canines and maxillary incisors.
Determination of centers of rotation by varying moment-to-force
at the bracket

(M/F) ratios

It has been long established that the point of force application is an important determinant of the center of rotation of a tooth. Although it is feasible to carry out some
orthodontic treatment by applying the force at different points along the surface of the
tooth or through an extension, most of the multibanded techniques employ the application
of a force and a pure moment at the bracket on a crown of a tooth.
In this study, single forces were used. The point of force application was varied
occlusoapically, and the centers of rotation were then determined. It should be noted that
any of these single forces can be replaced with an equivalent force and a couple (a pure
moment) at the bracket. In Fig. 9, b and c a single force F, has been replaced by an
equivalent force system consisting of a moment (M) and a force (Fb) at the bracket. The
sign convention is given in Fig. 9 for the force (F = Fb), the moment (M), and the
moment-to-force ratio (M/F). Note that the coordinate system used for the maxillary teeth
is the left-hand coordinate system with the Y axis pointing in the occlusal direction. The
data obtained in this study were presented as a function of moment-to-force ratio at the
bracket, since this is the typical mode of force application that is used clinically. The
moment-to-force ratio, in reality, represents nothing more than the distance from the

Volume 77
Number 4

Holographic

determination

of centers

of rotation

405

x
(b)

I
Y

Fig. 9. Sign convention for force systems; note that the left-hand rectangular coordinate system is used.
Moment in the counterclockwise direction with respect to the mesiodistal axis (the X axis) is positive and
a force in the linguolabial direction is positive. a, Force at the bracket: equivalent M/F = 0. b, Force
incisal to the bracket: equivalent force system at the bracket results in a positive M/F ratio. c, Force
gingival to the bracket: equivalent force system at the bracket produces a negative M/F ratio.

bracket to a point from which a single force could produce the same effect. For example, a
force applied at the bracket (Fig. 9, a) has an equivalent M/F ratio of zero, as determined
at the bracket. Fig. 9, b illustrates the case in which the force is incisal to the bracket.
This force can be substituted by an equivalent force system at the bracket, consisting of a
negative lingual force (Fb) and a negative moment (M); therefore, the corresponding M/F
ratio has a positive value. In a similar way, the force (F,) apical to the bracket (Fig. 9, c)
can be substituted by an equivalent force system at the bracket, consisting of a negative
force (Fb) and a positive moment (M), thus yielding a negative M/F ratio.
In Fig. 10 the experimental location of the center of rotation (measured in millimeters
from the centroid along the long axis of the tooth) was plotted versus the moment-to-force
ratio as evaluated at the bracket. In this figure, the centroid was calculated at one-third of
the root length apical to the alveolar crest. As the moment-to-force ratio approaches
infinity in either a positive or a negative direction, the center of rotation approaches the
centroid of the root. Moment-to-force ratios of minus 2.5 or greater will produce centers of
rotation very close to the centroid of the root. The same is true of the moment-to-force
ratios of minus 17.5 or less. In other words, if a single force is placed 2.5 mm. or more
incisal to the bracket, or 17.5 mm. or more apical to the bracket, the tooth will rotate
around a point near the centroid.
With the moment-to-force ratio at the bracket of -9.9, the central incisor translates.

EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
THEORETICAL
RESULTS

INCISAL EWE
(AT 14.2 MM1

-30

-25

-20

-I5

-10

I
-5

/
0

I
5

IO

M/F RATIO AT THE BRACKET

Fig. 10. Center of rotation measured from the centroid of the paraboloid of revolution (h/3) as a function
of the M/F ratio at the bracket. The center of rotation approaches infinity as the line of action of the
applied force approaches the centroid.

At a M/F ratio of zero (that is, a single force at the bracket), the center of rotation lies
slightly apical to the centroid. As the values of the M/F ratio at the bracket become more
negative, the center of rotation moves apically. When the M/F of -9.9 is reached, the
center of rotation is at infinity. Negatively increasing the M/F ratio moves the center of
rotation from infinity to centers incisal to the bracket. Further negative increases of the
M/F ratio will cause the center of rotation to move from points incisal to the bracket
toward the centroid. It should be noted that the moment-to-force ratios for translation,
rotation at the apex, and rotation at the incisal edge are found in a very narrow range. The
actual moment-to-force ratios are given in Table I.
When 10: 1 model of the maxillary central incisor was used, it was found experimentally that tipping at the apex requires a moment-to-force ratio of -7.1; to translate the
tooth, a moment-to-force ratio of -9.9 is needed; rotation at the incisal edge is caused by
M/F = - 11.4. These differences are small and suggest some of the clinical problems in
trying to control centers of rotation accurately during tooth movement.
On the basis of a simple two-dimensional model, Burstone has suggested that the
M/F ratio with respect to the centroid of a root determines the instantaneous center of
rotation of a tooth. The formula developed was (M/F) = 0.068.h2/y where h is the root
length from the alveolar crest to the apex and y is the distance from the cetroid (determined at two-fifths of root length) of a parabola, representing the morphology of the Foot,

volume
Number

71
4

Holographic

Table I. Moment-to-force

determination

of rotation

407

ratios required for typical centers of rotation

Moment-to-force

Location of
center of rotation

Infinity
10 mm. apical to apex
Apex
Bracket
Incisal edge

to the center of rotation.

of centers

Experimental

-9.90
-9.24
-7.10
- 12.50
-11.40

ratio

at bracket
Theoretical

-11.00
- 10.35
-9.52
-12.06
-11.78

In this formula, the M/F ratio is determined at the centroid using

(two-fifths)=h as a two-dimensional estimate. The center of rotation of the threedimensional physical model was determined holographically and compared to this twodimensional model. Since experimental M/F ratios were given with respect to the bracket,
the M/F ratios at the centroid, as compared theoretically, were correlated to the equivalent
values at the bracket. The locations of the centers of rotation for the theoretical model
were also plotted in Fig. 10 as functions of the M/F ratios at the bracket.
The experimental results show that the location of the center of rotation is less sensitive to the M/F ratios than the theory indicates. The central portions of the experimentally
obtained curves show smaller changes in the location of the center of rotation for a given
change in the M/F ratio than those predicted by the (two-dimensional) theory. For example, the experiments show that in order to shift a center of rotation from the bracket to the
incisal edge (Fig. lo), the M/F ratio at the bracket should change from - 12.5 to - 11.4,
whereas according to the (two-dimensional) theory, this change in the M/F ratio should be
from -12.1 to -11.8.
The decreased sensitivity of the three-dimensional model suggests that activations of
appliances may not be as critical as previously thought. However, small changes in the
M/F ratios still should be expected to produce large changes in the position of the center
of rotation as one approaches the M/F ratio required for translation.
The relationship between the M/F ratio applied at the bracket and the center of rotation
has been demonstrated for a three-dimensional model. Certain limitations in using this
model should be pointed out. (1) Although the model has a nonlinear periodontal ligament, the actual properties in vivo of the periodontal support are no doubt different.
(2) Because of nonlinear periodontal support, varying the magnitude of force while
maintaining the same M/F ratio could alter the center of rotation somewhat. This has
already been demonstrated in the in vivo studies with single forces applied at the
bracket.33, 34 In the study reported here, only one magnitude of force (200 grams) was
used. (3) Since only one root length was studied, the nonlinear properties of the periodontal ligament could influence the center of rotation if variation in the root length is encountered.
Currently, we are studying the in vivo effects of M/F ratios, force magnitudes, and
root geometry on centers of rotation. With its limitations, the 10: 1 three-dimensional
model gives the best estimation of the locus of the centers of rotation. These estimates will
be refined as more biologic data are available from the in vivo studies.

408

Burstone

mui

Pryputniewic:

4m J Orrhml

.4prrl I980

Summary
A new tool based on laser holography was used to study three-dimensional tooth
displacements. In this study, 200 gram loads were placed on 10: 1 model of the maxillary
central incisor. It was found that the center of resistance was at a point one-third of the
distance from the alveolar crest to the apex. The centers of rotation as measured experimentally differed from the theoretical estimates based on the two-dimensional model in
that they were less sensitive in establishing commonly used centers of rotation. The IO : 1
model offers a very useful adjunct to the in vivo studies employing laser holography in
that the geometry of the tooth and the periodontium can be kept constant under different
loading conditions. Hence, it can serve as a base line for comparison of biologic data
measured in vivo where greater variabilities are encountered in geometry, loading conditions, and the constitutive behavior of the periodontal support.
REFERENCES

1. Burstone,C. J.:

Biomechanics
of tooth movement.
Kraus, B. S., and Riedel, R. A. (editors):
Irr, Vistas in
orthodontics,
Philadelphia,
1962, Lea & Febiger, pp. 197-213.
2. Miihlemann,
H. R.: Periodontometry-A
method for measuring
tooth mobility,
Oral Surg. 4: 1220-1233,
1951.
3. Miihlemann,
H. R., and Houglum,
M. W.: The determination
of the tooth rotation center, Oral Surg. 7:
392-394,
1954.
4. Miihlemann,H. R.: Ten years of tooth-mobility
measurements,
J. Periodontal.
31: 110-122, 1960.
5. Christiansen,
R. L., and Burstone, C. J.: Centers of rotation within the periodontal
space, AM. J. ORTHOD.
55: 353-369,
1969.
6. Synge, J. L.: The tightness of the teeth, considered
as a problem concerning
the equilibrium
of a thin
incompressible
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Number 4

Holographic

determination

of centers of rotation

409

24. Wedendal,
P. R., and Bjelkhagen,
H. 1.: Holographic
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25. Wedendal,
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26. Bowley,
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27. Pryputniewicz,
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28. Pryputniewicz,
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strain analysis-Extension
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Appl. Opt. 15: 725-728,
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29. Pryputniewicz,
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30. Pryputniewicz,
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31. Pryputniewicz,
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32. Pryputniewicz,
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33. Burstone, C. J., Pryputniewicz,
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34. Pryputniewicz,
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Graber, T. M. (editor): In Current
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