Shaly Sand Porosity

Schlumberger
Contents
F1.0 SHALY SAND POROSITY ............................................................................................................1
F1.1 CALCULATING t , e, AND SW IN SHALY SANDS ...................................................................1
F1.2 GRAPHICAL CALCULATION...................................................................................................6
F1.3 DIRECT CALCULATION OF EFFECTIVE POROSITY..............................................................6
F2.0 EXAMPLE CALCULATION ...........................................................................................................7
F3.0 WORK SESSION .......................................................................................................................13
(05/96)
Introduction to Openhole Logging
(05/96)
Schlumberger
F1.0
Shaly Sand Porosity
F1.1 CALCULATING T, e AND Sw

IN SHALY SANDS
To this point our calculations have been
fairly straightforward in evaluating porosity
and hence water saturation. As indicated in
Section E, shale presence complicates interpretation considerably. To arrive at the best
possible value for Sw, we must develop a quality value for porosity. This means we must
correct T for the volume of shales and obtain
e (effective porosity, shale free). This correction can be done graphically for all cases or
using an average assumption for neutron and
density porosity, through equations. Both
these methods are outlined in this section.
Before giving the methodologies, let's develop
the basis for the graphical correction for which
the direct calculation approximates. Shaly
clastics are generally modelled with the composition of silt-shale-sand in which the shales
can be laminated, dispersed or structural. The
basic model is suggested by the groupings of
the plotted points on the neutron-density
crossplot of Figures F1 and F2. These plots
represent a typical crossplot through a sequence of sands, shales and shaly sands. Most
of the data belong to two groups: Group A,
identified as sands and shaly sands, and Group
B, identified as shales.
To explain the spread of points in Group B

along the line from Point Q through Point Sho
to Point Cl, the shales are considered mixtures
of clay minerals, water and silt in varying proportions. Silt is fine grained and is assumed to
consist predominantly of quartz, but it may
also contain feldspars, calcite and other minerals. Silt has, on the average, nearly the same
neutron and density log properties as the matrix quartz; pure quartz silt would plot at the
quartz point, Q. Silt, like quartz, is electrically
nonconductive. Points near the "wet clay"
point, Point Cl, correspond to shales that are
relatively silt free. Point Sho corresponds to
shale containing a maximum amount of silt.
The shaly sands in Group A grade from
shales, on Line Sho-Cl, to sands at Point Sd, on
Line Q-Sd. The shale in these shaly sands
may be distributed in various ways. When all
the shale is laminar shale, the point falls on the
Sd-Sho line. Dispersed shale causes the point
to plot to the left of the line. Structural shale
causes the point to plot to the right of the line.
(05/96) F-1
Figure F1: Neutron-Density Frequency Crossplot Illustrating the Shaly Sand Model
(05/96) F-2
Schlumberger
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
Figure F2: Expanded N - D Crossplot for Shaly Sand Showing All End Points
(05/96) F-3
Typically, few points plot in Area C. When

they do, they usually represent levels where
log readings have been affected by borehole
rugosity, or where shale properties have been
affected by hydration of the clay in contact
with the mud, or where matrix lithology no
longer corresponds to a shale-sand sequence
(e.g., porous carbonates, lignite).
With a grid so established, the location of a

point on the neutron-density crossplot defines
its shale volume Vsh ; breaks down the total
shale volume into clay volume Vcl and silt volume or silt index, Isl (where Isl = [Vsh Vcl]/Vsh );
and defines effective porosity for water
bearing formations.
Once Points Sd, Sho and Cl have been determined from inspection of the crossplot, the
plot can be scaled for water-bearing sands and
shales in terms of and Vcl, as shown in Figure F3. The lines of constant e are parallel to
the shale line, Q-Cl. They range from e = 0
on the shale line to = max on the line through
Point Sd (Figure F3a). The lines of constant
Vcl are parallel to the clean sand line, Q-Water
Point; they range from Vcl = 0 on the clean
sand line to Vcl = 100% at Point Cl. A similar
scaling of Vsh is possible if the location of the
laminar shale point, Point Sho, is fixed; the
scaling ranges from Vsh = 0 on the clean sand
line to Vsh = 100% at Point Sho.
Because hydrocarbons, particularly gas and

light hydrocarbons, can significantly affect the
neutron and density log responses, hydrocarbon-bearing zones must be handled differently.
Zone shaliness is first evaluated using a shale
indicator (SP, GR, Rt , Rxo , etc.). The neutron
and density logs are corrected for shaliness and
then used to determine porosity and hydrocarbon density.
(05/96) F-4
With , Vsh and Rw now defined, water saturation in the noninvaded, virgin formation can
be determined using the true resistivity from a
deep resistivity log.
Schlumberger
0.5
0.5
Figure F3a: N D Crossplot Scaled for t and e
D0.5
0.5
Figure F3b: N D Crossplot Scaled for Vcl

(05/96) F-5
F1.2
GRAPHICAL CALCULATION
t and e can be found graphically on a N

D crossplot; the steps are outlined in the following. This method helps identify gasbearing zones with the resistivity input (see
Figure F4).
1. Calculate Vsh from gamma ray opposite
zone of interest.
2. Determine D shale and N shale from
average responses above the zone of interest.
3. Plot D shale and N shale on the crossplot (shale point).
4. Draw shale line from shale point to clean
matrix line at zero porosity.
5. Plot D and N for zone of interest (Point
A).
6. Move the shaly sand point parallel to the
shale line a distance proportional to Vsh
(Point B).
7. If the corrected point falls above the clean
matrix line, gas is present.
8. Gas-correct the point (if necessary) by
moving to the clean matrix in the direction
of the approximate gas correction arrows
(Point E).
9. Once the shale and gas corrections have
been made, you have graphically calculated e (Point E).
10. If a gas correction of total porosity is required, shifting the original point in an
identical manner will produce t (Point
C).
11. Using e , therefore
FRw
2
Swe =
Rt
(05/96) F-6
F1.3
DIRECT CALCULATION
(APPROXIMATELY) OF
EFFECTIVE POROSITY
a) t
N + D
2
b) e = t (1 - Vsh )
therefore,
Swe =
FRw
Rt
Figure F4: Graphical Solution of t and e

1. Shale Correction
2. Gas Correction - Effective
3. Gas Correction - Total
Schlumberger
F2.0 EXAMPLE CALCULATION:
Using the log in Figure F5 for the zone from 444 to 447 m calculate:
2) t
1) Vsh
3) e
BS(MM )
125.00
375.00
GR(GAPI)
NPHI(V/V )
0.0
150.00
.60000
0.0
CALI(MM )
DPHI(V/V )
125.00
375.00
.60000
0.0
SANDSTONE
CP 32.6
FILE 7
20-MAY-1992 11:40
INPUT FILE(S) CREATION DATE

1
20-MAY-1992 16:36
1/240
N = 49
D = 17
SHALE POINT
N = 31
D = 27
63 API
450
---BS
GR-----NPHI
DPHI-----CALI
GR
CLEAN
23
GR
SHALE
115
Figure F5
(05/96) F-7
EXAMPLE CALCULATION (continued)

GR - GRCL
1. Calculate Vsh . X =
63 - 23
=
GRSH - GRCL
= 0.435
Using Vsh-1 : Vsh = 25%
115 - 23
2. Plot the shale point on Figure F6.
Figure F6
(05/96) F-8
Schlumberger

3. Plot the shale-sand point on Figure F7.
4. Draw the shale line.
Figure F7
(05/96) F-9

5. Make the shale correction on Figure F8.
Figure F8
(05/96) F-10
Schlumberger
EXAMPLE CALCULATION (continued):

6. Make the gas correction and read e .
7. Gas correct the log value and read t.
Figure F9
(05/96) F-11
(05/96) F-12
Schlumberger
F3.0
Work Session
1. Shaly Sand Problem (Figures F10 F13)

Given:
BHT = 24oC
Rmf = 3.08 at 14.4oC
Rm = 2.86 at 18.8oC
Rmf = 2.435 at 24oC
Gel Chem Mud; Mud Weight = 1090 kg/m3
Viscosity = 585
pH = 8.5
Fluid loss = 7.0 cm3
a. Find hydrocarbon zones.
b.Rw - Calculate Rw for this interval.
c. e - Determine effective porosity.
d. t - Determine total porosity.
0.62 Rw
e. SWT - From SWT =
2
t 2.15 Rt
Note: When e has been determined, Rt must also be corrected for effect of shale to properly calculate Swe . This is discussed in the next section.
(05/96) F-13
DUAL INDUCTION - SFL

ILM(OHMM)
.20000
2000.0
ILD(OHMM)
.20000
2000.0
SP(MV )
-120.0
SFL(OHMM)
30.000
CP 32.6
FILE
16
.20000
2000.0
20-MAY-1992 12:10

1
20-MAY-1992 15:48
1/240
400
425
SP---
---ILM
---ILD
---SFL
Figure F10
(05/96) F-14
Schlumberger
COMPENSATED NEUTRON - LITHO DENSITY (NO PEF CURVE)
BS(MM )
125.00
375.00
GR(GAPI)
NPHI(V/V )
0.0
150.00
.60000
0.0
CALI(MM )
DPHI(V/V )
125.00
375.00
.60000
0.0
SANDSTONE
CP 32.6
FILE
20-MAY-1992 11:42

1
20-MAY-1992 17:09
1/240
---BS
GR-----NPHI
DPHI-----CALI
400
425
Figure F11
(05/96) F-15
BOREHOLE COMPENSATED SONIC

BS(MM )
125.00
375.00
GR(GAPI)
0.0
150.00
CALI(MM )
DT(US/M)
125.00
375.00
CP 32.6
FILE
500.00
100.00
20-MAY-1992 11:51

1
20-MAY-1992 17:37
1/240
---DT
---BS
GR-----CALI
400
425
Figure F12
(05/96) F-16
Schlumberger
COMPENSATED NEUTRON - BHC SONIC
BS(MM )
125.00
375.00
GR(GAPI)
0.0
DT(US/M)
150.00
500.00
100.00
CALI(MM )
125.00
CP 32.6
NPHI(V/V )
375.00
FILE 11
.60000
0.0
20-MAY-1992 11:56

1
20-MAY-1992 17:37
1
20-MAY-1992 17:55
1/240
400
---DT
---BS
---GR
---NPHI
---CALI
425
Figure F13
(05/96) F-17
(05/96) F-18

Shaly Sand Porosity

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Introduction to Openhole Logging