Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th

Phn B: Nng nghip, Thy sn v Cng ngh Sinh hc: 30 (2014): 53-63

NH HNG CA MN N S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN

CA BIOFLOC TRONG AO BN PHN
Nguyn Vn Ha1, ng Kim Thanh, Nguyn Th Ngc Anh, Nguyn Th Hng Vn,
Trng Ch Linh2 v Phm Th Tuyt Ngn1
1
2

Khoa Thy sn, Trng i hc Cn Th

Hc vin Cao hc K19, Khoa Thy sn, Trng i hc Cn Th

Thng tin chung:

Ngy nhn: 19/11/2013
Ngy chp nhn: 26/02/2014

Title:
The formation and
development of biofloc in
fertilized ponds at
different salinities
T kha:
biofloc, mn, ao bn
phn, t l C:N, thnh
phn sinh ha
Keywords:
Biofloc, salinity, fertilized
pond, C:N ratio,
proximate composition

ABSTRACT
This study aimed to determine the suitable salinity for the development and formation
of biofloc in fertilized ponds. The experiment was conducted at four different salinities
(35, 60, 80 and 100 ppt) with 3 replicates per treatment and lasted for 21 days.
Earthen ponds with area of 150 m2, water column of 30 cm were fertilized with chicken
manure together tapioca to maintain the C:N ratio of 10. Results showed that the
environmental factors (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH) were suitable for the
formation and development of biofloc. The C:N ratio ranges from 5 to 9. The TOC
content at 35 ppt (20.21 to 50.5 mg/L) was less than at higher salinity (40 to 74.89
mg/L). The mean value of TSS and VSS were 20 to 670 mg/L and 7 to 126.6 mg/L,
respectively and there was no significant difference among the treatments at day 18
and 21 (p>0.05). Total bacteria counts reached highest number at day 15 (4.1 log
CFU/ml), the maximum volume of biofloc ranged from 0.4 to 0.5 ml and no significant
difference among treatments (p>0.05). Vibrio, Bacillus, Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter
were found in all salinities, in which Bacillus presented with highest proportion. The
ratio of un-known bacteria at salinity 60 ppt were very high (63-100%). At high
salinity (80-100 ppt), floc size was smaller (32.5 - 61.5 m wide; 61.3 - 97.9 m long)
than at low salinity (52,3 - 71.0 m wide; 76.7 - 105.3 m long). Proximate
compositions analysis showed the low proportions of protein (8.5 to 17.4%) and lipid
(0.65 to 1.08%), whereas ash content was very high (67.1 to 86.4%).

TM TT
Nghin cu ny nhm xc nh mn thch hp cho s pht trin v hnh thnh
biofloc trong ao bn phn. Th nghim gm 4 nghim thc mn (35, 60, 80 v 100
ppt) v c lp li 3 ln, thi gian th nghim l 21 ngy. Ao th nghim c din tch
150 m2 vi mc nc 30 cm v s dng phn g + bt khoai m duy tr t l C:N
10. Kt qu th nghim cho thy cc ch tiu mi trng (nhit , oxy ha tan, pH)
nm trong khong thch hp cho s hnh thnh v pht trin ca biofloc. T l C:N
dao ng t 5-9. Hm lng TOC thp nht 35 ppt (20,21-50,5 mg/L) v cc
mn cao t 40-74,89 mg/L. Hm lng TSS v VSS t 20-670 mg/L v 7-126,6 mg/L
v khng c s khc bit gia cc mn ngy 18 v 21 (P>0,05). Mt vi khun
tng t cao nht vo ngy 15 (4,1 log CFU/ml)), th tch biofloc cao nht l 0,4-0,5
ml v khng c s khc bit gia cc mn (P>0,05). C 4 nhm vi khun c pht
hin l Vibrio, Baccillus, Nitrosomonas v Nitrobacter, trong nhm Bacillus lun
chim t l cao tt c cc mn. T l vi khun cha nh danh mn 60 ppt
chim rt cao (63-100%). mn cao (80-100 ppt) kch thuc ht biofloc nh hn
(rng: 32,5-61,5 m v di: 61,3-97,9 m) so vi mn thp (rng: 52,3-71,0 m
v di: 76,7-105,3 m). Phn tch thnh phn dinh dng ca biofloc cho thy t l
ca protein (8,5-17,4%) v lipid (0,65-1,08%) u thp, trong khi , hm lng tro
rt cao (67,1-86,4%).

53

Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th

Phn B: Nng nghip, Thy sn v Cng ngh Sinh hc: 30 (2014): 53-63

ca biofloc gm vi khun, to, mn b hu c,

c th l thc n cho mt s i tng n lc sng
mn cao hn (80-100 ppt) nh Artemia, vn l
i tng n lc khng chn la (Sorgeloos, 1986)
cha c quan tm, do vic nghin cu s
hnh thnh biofloc cc mn khc nhau l rt
quan trng nhm tm ra mn thch hp ng
dng cng ngh BFT cho ngh nui Artemia trn
rung mui.

1 GII THIU
Biofloc (hay cn gi l bng cn sinh hc) l
hn hp gm nhiu loi vi sinh vt khc nhau gm
mnh vn hu c, ht keo, cation v cc t bo
cht, Trong nui trng thy sn, cng ngh
biofloc c th c ng dng nh mt phng
php qun l cht lng nc, da vo s pht
trin v kim sot vi khun d dng trong h
thng nui vi vic khng hoc t thay nc
(Avnimelech 2007; De Schryver et al., 2008). Khi
cng ng vi khun pht trin, biofloc c hnh
thnh (Jorand et al., 1995; Hagreaves, 2006;
Avnimelech, 2007; De Schryver et al., 2008), sau
biofloc c th c ng vt nui tiu th nh
l mt ngun thc n, to thnh mt qu trnh ti
s dng cht dinh dng trong h thng nui trng
thy sn. Cung cp t l C:N thch hp nhm thc
y s pht trin ca vi khun d dng bng cch
ng ha ammonia trc tip t mi trng nc
sn xut protein cho t bo (Avnimelech, 1999;
Crab et al., 2009). Trong iu kin t l C:N cao
(10-20), vi khun d dng l thnh phn ch yu
ca biofloc s ng vai tr trong x l nc v sn
xut thc n t nhin, gim chi ph thc n v x
l cht thi (Kent et al., 2011). Cng ngh BFT
tr thnh mt cng ngh rt c a chung trong
nui tm th chn trng. Cng ngh ny bc
u thnh cng Belize (Chamberlain et al.,
2001), Innxia (Taw, 2005), tm s c (Smith,
2008) v c r phi Israel (Avnimelech, 2007).

2 PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.1 Vt liu nghin cu
Nghin cu c thc hin trong 3 tun t
ngy 06 n 27 thng 01 nm 2013 ti Tri Thc
nghim Vnh Chu (i hc Cn th), Phng
Vnh Phc, Th x Vnh Chu, tnh Sc Trng.
2.2 B tr th nghim
Th nghim gm 4 nghim thc (NT) mn
vi 3 ln lp li: 35, 60, 80 v 100 ppt.
Cc NT c b tr trong cc ao t c din
tch: 150 m2, mc nc 30 cm.
Ao th nghim khng lt bt, khng c mng
quanh v khng lp h thng sc kh.
Chm sc v qun l th nghim: nc c
cp vo cc ao th nghim 1 ln/2-3 ngy. Ba trc
mi ngy hai ln vo sng sm v lc gia tra.
B sung phn g v bt m vo cc ao nhm
duy tr t l C:N 10, tnh ton lng s dng da
vo cch tnh Avnimelech (1999) vi liu lng:

Nhn chung, cc nghin cu v biofloc tp

trung trn mt s i tng l mn vi mn mi
Phn g: 1,5 kg/ao 150 m2 (100kg/ha/3ngy).
trng trong khong 30-35 nh tm th chn
Bt m: 0,3 kg/ao 150m2 (20 kg/ha/3ngy)
trng, tm s, c r phi, Trong khi thnh phn
Bng 1: Hm lng P, C, N ca phn g v bt m (% khi lng kh)

Nguyn liu
m
P
C
N
C:N
Bt khoai m
10,92 0,45
0,41 0,11
72,14 1,81
1,32 0,09
54,61 4,91
Phn g
23,72 2,04
4,25 2,27
14,83 2,06
1,88 0,57
8,23 2,05
2.3 Thu thp v phng php phn tch mu
Gi tr dinh dng, kch thc biofloc: thu vo
ngy
7, 14 v 21.
Nhit , pH, oxy ho tan o bng my mi
ngy vo lc 7:00 h v 14:00 h.
o kch thc ht biofloc: thu mu biofloc vo
chai nha 100 mL v c nh bng formol vi nng
Thu mu nc cc nghim thc tin hnh
t 2-4%, sau mu c o di knh hin vi
phn tch tng carbon, tng cht rn l lng v cht
c thc o.
rn l lng bay hi (phng php APPHA et al.,
1995): 1 ln/3 ngy, mu c thu vo lc 7 h
2.4 Phng php x l s liu
sng. Thu 5 im trong ao, sau trn u v ly
Php phn tch ANOVA - STATISTICA,
mi ch tiu mt mu. Mu nc c tr mt 4oC.
version 7.0 c s dng tm s sai bit c
ngha thng k gia cc nghim thc mc
Tng vi khun (trong mi trng nc), th
p<0,05. Chng trnh Excel c s dng tnh
tch biofloc: 1 ln/3 ngy

54

Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th

Phn B: Nng nghip, Thy sn v Cng ngh Sinh hc: 30 (2014): 53-63

gi tr trung bnh v lch chun ca cc s liu

v v th v s bin thin ca chng.

sng (4,42-6,73 mg/L) chnh lch khng nhiu so

vi bui chiu (5,58-10,92 mg/L).
T l C:N c khuynh hng gim dn khi
mn tng, kt qu Hnh 1 cng cho thy NT 35
v 60 ppt, t l C:N gim mnh trong 3 ngy u
trong khi cc NT c mn cao hn (80 v 100
ppt) th t l C:N tng i n nh v dao ng t
5-9.

3 KT QU
Trong qu trnh th nghim cc yu t mi
trng nh nhit nc dao ng t 27,8oC n
30,7oC vo bui sng v 30,2-36,6 oC vo bui
chiu; pH trung bnh gia cc nghim thc dao
ng t 7,2-8,3. Hm lng oxy ha tan gia bui

Hnh 1: Bin ng hm lng C:N gia cc NT trong ao bn phn

cc NT v c xu hng tng khi mn tng. C
th hm lng TN thp nht NT 35 ppt (3,8-4,2
mg/L) tng dn theo mn v t cao nht NT
100 ppt (8,7-11,8 mg/L).

Hm lng TN trung bnh cc nghim

thc trong th ngim dao ng t 3,8-11,8 mg/L
(Hnh 2). Hm lng TN khng c s bin ng
ln v tng i n nh cc nghim thc qua
cc t thu mu, tuy nhin c s chnh lch gia

Hnh 2: Bin ng hm lng TN gia cc NT trong ao bn phn

Tng carbon (TOC = Total Organic Carbon):
Hm lng TOC c khuynh hng gim t ngy 0
n ngy 6 ca th nghim sau c khuynh hng
tng dn v tng i n nh cho n cui th

nghim (Hnh 3). Hm lng TOC cc NT dao

ng trong khong 20,21-74,89 mg/L, thp nht l
NT 35 ppt v cao nht l 100 ppt.

55

Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th

Phn B: Nng nghip, Thy sn v Cng ngh Sinh hc: 30 (2014): 53-63

Hnh 3: Bin ng hm lng TOC gia cc NT trong ao bn phn

nh gi cng ngh biofloc trong ao bn phn
tng tr li v tng i n nh v cui th
thng qua cc thng s TSS, VSS, tng vi khun
nghim. Kt qu thng k cho thy cc NT gn
v th tch biofloc cho thy:
nh khng khc bit c ngha thng k ngoi
tr NT 100 ppt (ngy 0) v NT 60 ppt (Ngy 15 v
Tng cht rn l lng (Total Suspended Solids18) khc bit c ngha so vi cc NT cn li
TSS): Hm lng TSS trong cc NT dao ng
(Bng 2).
trong khong 20-672 mg/L. Nhn chung, TSS c
khuynh hng gim dn sau 9 ngy th nghim sau
Bng 2: Bin ng hm lng TSS v VSS gia cc NT trong ao bn phn (mg/L)
Ngy
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21

35ppt
256,766,0a
60,00,0 a
55,07,1 b
59,521,9 a
100,028,3 a
56,84,6 a
162,53,5 a
80,028,3 a

0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21

60,91,3 b
22,53,5 ab
10,50,7 a
11,85,3 a
12,53,5 a
11,51,4 a
45,014,1 a
15,00,0 a

TSS
60ppt
157,510,6 a
20,05,7 a
30,00,0 a
75,50,7 a
370,070,7 b
365,035,4b
170,056,6 a
135,07,1 a
VSS
55,00,0 b
8,00,0 a
10,00,0 a
14,02,8 a
103,04,2 b
110,014,1 b
55,07,1 a
50,014,1 a

80ppt
98,530,5 a
207,538,9 ab
37,53,5 ab
68,011,3 a
137,538,9 a
205,07,1 a
170,042,4 a
145,021,2 a

100ppt
67238,3 b
321,97,6 b
47,53,5 ab
70,014,1 a
107,53,5 a
51,01,4 a
108,54,9 a
82,53,5 a

26,54,9 a
57,510,6 c
7,00,7 a
12,00,0 a
30,07,1 a
17,00,0 a
20,00,0 a
26,31,8 a

126,67,6 c
39,56,4 ab
12,53,5 a
22,53,5 a
27,53,5 a
14,50,7 a
47,510,6 a
22,53,5 a

Cc gi tr trong cng mt hng c k t (a, b, c) khc nhau biu th s khc bit c ngha p<0,05

Hm lng cht rn l lng bay hi (Volatile

Suspended Solids-VSS): Tng t nh bin ng
hm lng TSS, hm lng VSS trung bnh cc
nghim thc gim dn v cui th nghim v dao
ng trong khong 10-126,6 mg/L. nghim thc
60 ppt, hm lng VSS tng cao nht ngy 12 v
15 tng ng 103,04,2 mg/L v 110,014,1 mg/L
v khc bit c ngha thng k so vi cc NT cn
li (Bng 2).

Tng vi khun: Kt qu Hnh 4 cho thy

mn cao hn (80, 100 ppt) vi khun tng trng
chm trong 9 ngy u th nghim, sau tng dn
giai on cui ca th nghim v gn nh khng
khc bit vi mn thp hn (35, 60ppt). c
bit, ngy th 15 ca th nghim th s lng tng
vi khun u tng cao tt c cc nghim thc
(3,8-4,1 log CFU/ml).
56

Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th

Phn B: Nng nghip, Thy sn v Cng ngh Sinh hc: 30 (2014): 53-63

Hnh 4: Bin ng tng vi

khun gia cc NT trong
ao bn phn

Khi phn tch thnh phn vi khun (Bng 3)

v Nitrobacter, trong nhm Bacillus lun chim
cc nghim thc cng cho thy c 4 nhm vi khun
t l cao tt c cc NT.
c pht hin l Vibrio, Baccillus, Nitrosomonas
Bng 3: Bin ng t l vi khun/ tng s vi khun/tng s vi khun theo thi gian
Ngy

12

15

18

21

35 ppt
Vibrio
Bacillus
Nitrosomonas
Nitrobacter
Khc

0
2.05
0.00
0.00
97.95

0
5.07
0.00
0.00
94.93

0
3.82
0.00
0.00
96.18

0
0.12
0.08
0.19
2.23
2.45
23.50
42.91
12.42
6.13
2.45
1.27
2.08
1.55
5.01
0.00
0.12
0.85
3.11
6.68
95.09
75.00
54.09
82.72
79.95
60 ppt
Vibrio
0
0
0
0
0.00
0.11
1.45
1.77
Bacillus
1.86
1.67
3.11
0.41
3.56
7.12
4.50
11.98
Nitrosomonas
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.24
1.66
1.61
1.13
1.57
Nitrobacter
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.24
0.57
1.45
1.77
Khc
98.14
98.33
96.89
98.35
94.55
90.58
91.47
82.91
80 ppt
Vibrio
0
0
0
0
0.00
0.00
0.72
1.43
Bacillus
6.00
4.92
1.31
1.21
2.67
3.19
1.99
15.36
Nitrosomonas
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.21
1.15
1.22
1.27
1.25
Nitrobacter
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.38
0.38
1.09
1.25
Khc
94.00
95.08
98.69
97.58
95.80
95.22
94.93
62.84
100 ppt
Vibrio
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bacillus
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.78
0.77
13.35
21.24
Nitrosomonas
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.30
1.28
2.36
1.86
Nitrobacter
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.39
2.36
1.86
Khc
100.00
100.00
100.00
99.69
97.84
97.56
81.94
75.05
Kt qu cng ch ra rng t l vi khun Vibrio
Theo , th tch ca biofloc cc NT 60, 80,
mn cao thp hn so vi mn thp, in
100 ppt xut hin ngay t u v c khuynh hng
hnh nh NT 100 ppt khng pht hin nhm
tng dn v t mc cao t ngy 9-15 sau gim
Vibrio. Ngoi ra, Bng 3 cng cho thy t l vi
dn v cui th nghim. Th tch biofloc ti a l
khun khc mn 60 ppt chim rt cao (630,4-0,5 ml/L v khng c khc bit ln gia cc
100%). y c th l cc dng vi khun a mn
NT (p>0,05).
(Halophilic bacteria) cha c nh danh trong
Kch thc ca biofloc cng c o thi gian
mu nghin cu.
th nghim v c trnh by Bng 4.
Th tch ca biofloc (bng cn sinh hc) ca th
nghim c trnh by Hnh 5.
57

Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th

Phn B: Nng nghip, Thy sn v Cng ngh Sinh hc: 30 (2014): 53-63

Th tch bio-floc (ml/L)

0.60

35 ppt

60 ppt

aaa

0.40
b

0.30
0.20

0.00

100 ppt

0.50

0.10

80 ppt

a
a aa a

a
ab

a
a

ab

a a
a

a
a

ab

aa a
a

a aa

12

15

18

a a a

21

Thi gian th nghim (ngy)

Hnh 5: Bin ng th tch biofloc gia cc NT trong ao bn phn

Bng 4: Bin ng kch thc ht biofloc (x std, m) trong thi gian th nghim
Nghim thc
35 ppt
60 ppt
80 ppt
100 ppt
Ngy
Rng
Di
Rng
Di
Rng
Di
Rng
Di
7
62,630,2 93,630,4 59,825,9 76,727,4 51,628,8 81,446,6 39,711,4 74,530,5
14
71,020,4 105,330,9 57,522,3 102,636,4 61,530,5 97,951,4 37,126,1 61,336,8
21
52,318,7 98,255,7 55,319,4 80,641,6 32,519,6 66,328,3 33,815,8 49,722,2
hn (32,5-61,5 m chiu rng v 61,3-97,9 m
Kch thc ht biofloc trung bnh cc NT
chiu di) so vi mn thp (52,3-71,0 m chiu
bin ng trong khong 32,5-71,0 m i vi
rng v 76,7-105,3 m chiu di).
chiu rng v 49,7-105,3 m i vi chiu di.
Trong cng mt nghim thc, bin ng kch
Khi phn tch gi tr dinh dng ca biofloc
thc ht biofloc tng i ln (LC ln). Theo
trong thi gian th nghim cho thy hm lng
thi gian nui, kch thc ht biofloc c xu hng
protein tng i thp dao ng t 8,5-17,4%, hm
tng vo ngy 14 (ngoi tr NT 100 ppt) sau
lng lipid 0,65-1,08%. Trong khi , hm lng
gim dn vo ngy 21. Nhn chung, mn cao
tro li rt cao v dao ng t 67,1-86,4%.
(80-100 ppt) kch thc ht biofloc dng nh nh
Bng 5: gi tr dinh dng ca biofloc (% khi lng kh) trong thi gian th nghim
Thi gian thu mu
Ngy 14
Ngy 21
Protein
Tro Protein
Lipid
Tro Protein
Lipid
Tro
35 ppt
12,2 b
69,9 b
17,4 a
1,05 a
67,1 a
9,3 a
0,65b 86,4 a
60 ppt
10,5ab
76,2 ab
16,4 a
0,92 a
70,4 a
12,4 b
1,02 a 74,8 a
a
a
a
a
a
a
80 ppt
9,8
80,6
15,6
1,08
69,9
10,4
0,83 ab 81,0 a
a
a
a
a
a
a
100 ppt
8,5
82,2
15,9
0,94
71,7
9,6
0,91 a 78,9 a
nhit cao (18-20C), c th l do s st gim
Nhn chung, gi tr dinh dng ca biofloc
hot ng ca vi sinh vt trong bioflocs. Krishna
cc nghim thc c s chnh lch. Hm lng
and Van Loosdrecht (1999) cho rng nhit nc
protein cc NT 80 v 100 ppt thp hn 35 v 60
trung bnh 20-25C l tt nht bioflocs n nh
ppt, tuy nhin hm lng tro th ngc li (cao
v nhit cao hn (30-35C) s dn n hin
hn). Kt qu cng ch ra rng hm lng protein
tng bn kh lng (SVI 500 ml/g) do s sn
cc NT u t cc i vo ngy 14, sau gim
xut qu mc ca ng a phn t ngoi bo.
ngy 21 (Bng 5).
Nhit 28-30oC c coi l khong ti u cho s
4 THO LUN
pht trin ca biofloc (Nguyn Th Thu Hin,
2012). Nhit c theo di trong th nghim ny
Wilen et al. (2000) thy rng s kt dnh ca
dao ng trong phm vi 27-36,6oC. Kt qu ny
floc xy ra nhit thp (4C) km hn so vi
Nghim
thc

Ngy 7
Lipid
0,80 a
0,89 a
0,77 a
0,67 a

58

Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th

Phn B: Nng nghip, Thy sn v Cng ngh Sinh hc: 30 (2014): 53-63

protein, bt khoai m,) chng phi ly nitrogen

t mi trng nc sn sinh ra protein cn
thit cho s pht trin v nhn ln ca t bo.
Nhiu tc gi (Avnimelech 2007; Samocha et al.,
2007; De Schryver et al., 2008; Crab et al., 2007;
Hargreaves, 2013) cho rng t l C:N thch hp,
vi khun d dng c nh nit v c trong mi
trng chuyn ho thnh sinh khi ca chng,
lng sinh khi vi khun ny cc iu kin nht
nh s gn kt thnh phn khc to thnh
biofloc. Jana et al. (2001) cho rng t l C:N trong
khong 5-55 gip cho s pht trin ca h vi khun
d dng. Khi nghin cu h sinh thi nc l ven
bin, Lancelot and Billen (1985) kt lun vic
hp th nit v c ca vi khun ch din ra khi t l
C:N ca vt cht hu c >10. V nh vy vic gia
tng t l C:N c th lm tng ln sc sn xut ca
vi khun trong ao nui tm (Burford et al., 2003).
T l C:N 8 10 vi khun t dng chim 64,4%
v 35,6% l vi khun d dng. Khi t l C:N 12
14 gn nh vi khun d dng chim 100%
(Ebeling and Timmons, 2006). T l C:N cao hn
15 c xem l hiu qu kim sot s tch t
ca cc hp cht nitrogen cng nh qu trnh ti
to protein. Mt s tc gi (v d Tezuka, 1990;
Avnimelech, 1999; McIntosh, 2000; Panjaitan,
2010, Widanarni et al., 2012) bo co rng t l
C:N tng ng l 15:1 c xem l hiu qu
loi b ni t t nc. Trong th nghim ny vic b
sung phn g v bt khoai m duy tr t l
C:N10, mc d vy kt qu t Hnh 1 cho thy t
l C:N cc NT trong thi gian th nghim ch
bin ng trong khong 5,2-9<10.

tng ng vi kt qu Trn Nguyn Hi Nam

(2012) khi theo di kh nng pht trin ca vi
khun d dng bng cch b sung ngun
carbohydrate t bt khoai m cng cho thy phm
vi nhit trong khong 24-36oC. Boyd (1998) cho
rng nh hng ca nhit rt phc tp, nhit
khng ch nh hng trc tip ln qu trnh trao
i cht ca vi sinh vt m cn tc ng n hm
lng oxy ha tan trong nc.
Hm lng oxy ha tan khng ch nh hng
n hot ng trao i cht ca cc t bo trong ht
biofloc hiu kh m cn tc ng n cu trc
biofloc (Wilen and Balmer, 1999). Kch thc v
n nh ca cc ht biofloc c xu hng c
ci thin khi hm lng oxy ha tan tng (De
Schryver et al., 2008). Mt s nghin cu trong cc
h thng nui vi cng ngh biofloc cho thy hm
lng oxy ha tan thch hp cho i tng nui v
s pht trin ca biofloc thng >3 mg/L (Nyan
Taw, 2005; Trn Nguyn Hi Nam, 2011,
Widanarni et al., 2012, Emerenciano et al., 2012).
Do hm lng oxy ha tan trong th nghim cu
ph hp vi cc nghin cu trn v khng nh
hng n qu trnh hnh thnh biofloc.
pH l mt trong nhng yu t mi trng c s
lin quan ln nht ti s tng trng ca vi sinh
vt. Vi sinh vt chim u th trong phm vi pH c
li cho dinh dng, sinh sn v tn ti Carvalho,
1978). Do , thay i pH c th nh hng n
tnh n nh ca biofloc trong ao nui (Mikkelsen
et al., 1996). Nguyn Th Thu Hin (2011) cho
rng khi pH < 7,1 th ch s FVI (Floc Volume
Index) ca biofloc <0,5 ml/L v ht floc trong cc
b nui c biu hin b ph v cc lin kt, ht floc
nh. Gi tr FVI n nh v tt nht khi pH >7,3.
Trong mt th nghim tng t gn y ca Trn
Nguyn Hi Nam (2012) cng cho thy pH dao
ng trong trong khong 7,1-8,4 tng t nh kt
qu trong th nghim ny (7,2-8,3). Madigen et al.
(2000) cho rng cc loi nm pht trin tt trong
iu kin c tnh axit, trong khi vi khun pht
trin trong mi trng kim, mt khc phm vi pH
thch hp cho s pht trin ca hu ht cc loi to
(l thnh phn ca biofloc) l 7-9, ti u l 8,2-8,7
(Richmond, 1986). Nhn chung, cc yu t mi
trng c s chnh lch gia cc NT nhng vn
nm trong khong thch hp cho s pht trin ca
biofloc.
Protein l thnh phn ch yu to nn t bo vi
khun. T l C:N hu ht vi khun l t 4-5
(Ebeling and Timmons, 2006). Khi vi khun c
cung cp c cht cha carbon khng c hoc c rt
t nitrogen (nh cc loi ng, bt, r ng

to thnh sinh khi th ngoi vic ng ho

nit, vi khun d dng cn phi s dng trc tip
ngun carbon t mi trng. Hm lng TN (Hnh
2) v TOC (Hnh 3) trong th nghim ny ( phm
vi mn nghin cu) duy tr n nh, c th l do
s pht trin ca vi khun s dng carbon v
nit trong mi trng to nn sinh khi ca
chng nn hm lng tng carbon v m khng
c xu hng tng cao, mc d ngun nguyn liu
vn c b sung thng xuyn (1 ln/3 ngy).
Kt qu cng ch ra rng hm lng TN v TOC
mn thp (35 ppt) thp hn cc mn cao
(60, 80, 100 ppt). Trong mt nghin cu ca Crab
et al. (2009) s dng thc n vin c hm lng
protein l 30% v 23% c b sung v khng b
sung tinh bt bp m bo t l C:N l 20, kt
qu cho thy TN tng nh nhau tt c cc NT
(dao ng t 10-32 mgN/L). c bit NT c b
sung tinh bt t l C:N tng ln 20 th ton b

59

Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th

Phn B: Nng nghip, Thy sn v Cng ngh Sinh hc: 30 (2014): 53-63

nitrogen thm vo c chuyn sang dng nitrogen

hu c l lng (nitrogen trong biofloc).

nh (Del Giorgio and Cole, 1998;. Nielsen et al.,

2003).

Theo Rittman and McCarty (2001) th lng

biofloc c th c c tnh da trn hm lng
TSS v VSS. Hm lng VSS c s dng nh
thc o sinh khi ca vi khun (Rittmann and
McCarty, 2001; Ebeling et al., 2006). Kt qu
thng k Bng 2 cho thy hm lng TSS v
VSS trong th nghim khng c s khc bit ln
gia cc NT, mn 80 v 100 ppt cho thy
khng c khc bit thng k (p>0,05) vi 35 v 60
ppt, iu ny ch ra rng mn trong phm vi
nghin cu khng nh hng n thng s TSS v
VSS. Bn cnh , Kuhn et al. (2008) cho rng b
sung ngun carbon lm gia tng tc hnh
thnh ca biofloc (vi khun d dng l thnh phn
vi sinh chnh trong biofloc). S pht trin ca vi
khun d dng cng c th c nh gi thng
qua biofloc. Tng t nh TSS v VSS, tng vi
khun (Hnh 4) v th tch biofloc (Hnh 5) cng
cho thy khng c khc bit ln gia cc NT v
thp hn cc nghin cu ca Nguyn Th Thu Hin
(2011) v Trn Nguyn Hi Nam (2012). Nguyn
nhn c th do thi gian th nghim qu ngn (21
ngy) trong khi cc nghin cu khc l trn 30
ngy, t l C:N trong th nghim ch dao ng trong
khong 5-9<10, lm chm qu trnh pht trin ca
vi khun d dng cng nh s hnh thnh biofloc.
Ngoi ra cng c th do ngun cp u vo (ngun
nc, phn bn, bt khoai m,) khc nhau (c b
sung N v C), thi gian bn nguyn liu v thu
mu khc nhau hoc do nh hng thi tit cng
c th dn n s khc bit ny.

De Schryver et al. (2008) cho rng vi khun c

kch thc rt nh (khong 1 m). Tuy nhin,
mt cao, vi khun c khuynh hng kt dnh vi
nhau v to thnh ht biofloc c ng knh
khong 0,1 mm n vi mm. Kch thc ca ht
biofloc trng thi n nh trong cc h thng
biofloc l mt ch tiu quan trng v trong nui
trng thy sn, kch thc ca ht thc n cng l
mt trong nhng tiu ch th hin cht lng thc
n (De Schryver et al., 2008). Do vy, qui trnh vn
hnh cng ngh biofloc c th c iu chnh
cn i kch thc ca ht biofloc theo yu cu ca
i tng nui tng giai on sinh trng khc
nhau. Nu cng khuy o v lu tc dng
chy cao, kch thc trung bnh ca ht biofloc s
gim do chng b v ra (De Schryver et al., 2008).
Biggs and Lant (2000) cho bit khi s dng bn
hot tnh x l nc, vi bin thin lu tc
trung bnh (G) l 19,4/s (0,5 W/m3) th kch thc
trung bnh ca t bo l 130 m. Kch thc t bo
gim xung ch cn khong 20 m khi bin thin
lu tc tng ln n 346/s (125 W/m3). Trong th
nghim ny, ba trc 2 ln/ngy l phng php
c s dng nhm khuy o dng nc tc
ng lm v ht biofloc v lm chng c kch
thc nh hn ph hp cho i tng nui. Mt
khc, kt qu trong th nghim cho thy mn
cao 80 v 100 ppt kch thc ht biofloc nh hn
mn thp (35 v 60 ppt) (Bng 4 v Hnh 6). De
Schryver et al. (2008) cho rng c nhiu c ch kt
hp nh hng n s hnh thnh, hnh dng v s
bn vng ca biofloc. Nhiu sinh vt c kh nng
to cc hp cht cao phn t ngoi bo (t cc
polysaccharide, protein, hp cht mn). Cc hp
cht ny c xem nh cht keo gn kt t bo v
cc phn t khc li vi nhau. Ngoi ra cn mt c
ch kt dnh khc l s cn bng gia lc ht
khong cch ngn (tng tc phn t, lng cc,
lin kt hydrogen) v lc y tnh in. Hin nay
vn rt t ti liu nghin cu v kh nng kt dnh
ht biofloc mn khc nhau mc d hu ht
sinh vt mang in tch m v to ra lc y tnh
in, khi mn cao (lc ion cao) hoc ion a ha
tr chim u th, vic b sung Ca2+ hoc Al3+ to
nn s kt dnh bn vng (De Schryver et al.,
2008). Do c th khi mn cao th s kt
dnh km bn, d b ph v nn kch thc ht
biofloc mn cao nh hn. Ngoi ra,
mn cao vi khun pht trin chm hn mn
thp (cng thi im) dn n kch thc cng
khc nhau.

Kt qu trong th nghim (TSS, VSS, tng vi

khun, th tch biofloc) gn nh khng khc bit
gia cc NT (p>0,05). Thnh phn chnh ca
biofloc l vi khun v to. Trong th nghim, ngoi
cc chng vi khun c xc nh nh Vibrio,
Bacillus, Nitrosomonas v Nitrobacter th cn cc
chng vi khun khc (Bng 3) chim t l rt cao
trong cc nghim thc. C th y l nhng vi
khun a mn. Deng et al. (2013), nghin cu
thnh phn vi khun a mn (Hallophilic bacteria)
trn rung mui Trung Quc cho thy phn ln vi
khun hot ng nng mui t 0-250 ppt,
nng mui ti u l 50 ppt. Phm vi mn
trong th nghim cng nm trong khong hot ng
ca vi khun. Mt khc, mt s nghin cu cho
thy mn khng c nh hng trc tip n s
tng trng ca vi khun, mn tng ln hoc h
xung s chn lc cc loi c chc nng sinh l
mi c kh nng chu ng cc nng mui nht
60

Tp ch Khoa hc Trng i hc Cn Th

a)

Phn B: Nng nghip, Thy sn v Cng ngh Sinh hc: 30 (2014): 53-63

2,6 m

b)

Hnh 6: Hnh dng v kch thc ca biofloc mn 100 ppt (a)) v 60 ppt (b)) ngy 21
n s pht trin ca vi khun d dng, tuy nhin
cc ti liu nghin cu c lin quan rt hn ch
c th so snh c th trong th nghim ny.

Kt qu phn tch dinh dng ca biofloc cho

thy khng c s khc bit ln cc mn khc
nhau. Hm lng protein trong ht biofloc cc
NT rt thp (8,5-17,4% khi lng kh), trong khi
cc nghin cu trc y (McIntosh et al., 2000;
Tacon et al., 2002; Soares, 2004; Wasielesky et al.,
2006; Ju et al., 2008, Kuhn et al., 2009; Maica et
al., 2011; Emerenciano et al., 2012) th hm lng
protein kh cao (12-49% khi lng kh). Ngc
li, hm lng tro trong th nghim li rt cao
chim 67,1-86,4% so vi cc kt qu khc l 1346%. McIntosh (2000) v Tacon (2002) u xc
nh hm lng tro ca ht biofloc mc cao
nhng trung bnh cng ch t 26,0 v 30,2%.
Thnh phn dinh dng ca biofloc khc bit ty
thuc vo iu kin mi trng, ngun carbon s
dng, hm lng TSS, mn, mt nui, cng
chiu sng, qun x thc vt ph du v vi
khun(Kuhn and Lawrence, 2012). De Schryver
et al. (2008) cng cho rng thnh phn dinh dng
ca biofloc c s khc bit ng k khi ngun
carbon b sung khc nhau. Vic b sung cc ngun
carbon khc nhau (nh glucose, tinh bt, glycerol
hoc acetate) to ra nhng khc bit ng k v
hm lng ca cc nhm acid bo (Crab et al.,
2010). Ngoi ra, trong biofloc cn c to, nm v
mt lng ng k cc sinh vt s dng chng lm
thc n nh ng vt nguyn sinh hoc ng vt
ph du. S hin din ca nhng tc nhn ny c th
nh hng n t l phn trm ca hm lng dinh
dng trong biofloc. Nhn chung, nh hng ca
mn ln s hnh thnh v pht trin ca biofloc
trong th nghim ny vn cha r rng. Mc d
Timmons et al. (2002) lu rng pH, kim,
nhit , oxy, amoniac, v mn cng nh hng

5 KT LUN V XUT
5.1 Kt Lun
T l C:N gim nhanh mn 35 v 60
ppt trong 3 ngy u, cc mn cao hn th t l
C:N n nh trong mc t 5-9; sau 2 tun t l C:N
gim khi mn tng ln.
Cc thng s nh gi cht lng biofloc
TSS, VSS, tng vi khun v th tch biofloc cho
thy: hm lng TSS v VSS tng dn theo thi
gian nui. Tng t, tng vi khun cng tng dn
v t cao nht vo ngy 15. Th tch biofloc gim
dn theo mn.
Vi khun vibrio chim t l rt thp v
mn cao (100 ppt) khng pht hin nhm vi
khun ny.
T l vi khun khc cha c nh danh
mn 60 ppt chim rt cao.
Kch thc ht biofloc cc mn 35 v
60 ppt ln hn mn 80 v 100 ppt.
Hm lng protein tng i thp (
mn cao hm lng protein thp hn). Trong khi
, hm lng tro li rt cao.
5.2 xut
Ko di thi gian th nghim v gia tng t
l C:N vi khun d dng pht trin tt hn.
C th ng dng cng ngh biofloc cho i
tng nui Artemia mn thch hp da vo
kch thc ht floc (80-100 ppt).
61