Nguyn Quang Ngc

Chng 1 : Thut ton

1.1 Mn hc lp trnh :

Gii mt bi ton bng my tnh.

- my tnh gii c mt bi ton cn c cc ch

dn.

- Mi ch dn c vit bng mt chui k hiu m

my tnh thc hin c.

- Mi ch dn c gi l mt thao tc.
- Ngi a ra mt dy cc thao tc my tnh gii
mt bi ton (ngi hng dn my tnh) c
gi l ngi lp trnh.

1.2 Thut ton :

- L cc ch dn cho my tnh my tnh gii quyt
mt bi ton no .
- Cc ch dn c th c vit bng m gi, lu ,
bng ngn ng t nhin. Sau cc ch dn ny s
c vit li di dng ngn ng m my tnh thc
hin c, gi l ngn ng lp trnh.
Cc ngn ng lp trnh thng dng: VB, C, C++,
Java, ...

Thut ton c trnh by nh sau :

Thut ton :
B1. Ch dn 1
B2. Ch dn 2
...
Bn Ch dn n
Kt thc .

Cc ch dn s c my tnh thc hin theo th t B1,

B2, . . , Bn

1.3 Biu thc i s trong ton (nhc li) :

1.3.1 Mt biu thc i s (trong ton hc) c xy
dng t :
a) cc s nguyn ,hu t ,thc . . . m ta gi l hng s.
b) cc bin x, y, . . . c th ly gi tr l cc hng s.
c) cc php ton (+, -, * (nhn) , / ,
, logab, . . .) thao
tc trn cc hng s v cc bin theo mt th t nht nh.
V d :
a) 5 l mt biu thc i s.
b) x l mt biu thc i s.
c) x + 5 l mt biu thc i s.

d) x2 + 3y - || - 2 l mt biu thc i s.

1.3.2 Gi tr ca mt biu thc i s (trong ton hc)

c xy dng t :
Khi thay th cc bin trong mt biu thc i s bi cc
hng s th kt qu thc hin cc php ton trong biu thc
s l mt hng s no , c gi l gi tr ca biu thc.
V d : Khi thay x bi 7, y bi 2 ta c :
a) gi tr biu thc 5 l 5.
b) gi tr biu thc x l 7.
c) gi tr biu thc x + 5 l 7 + 5=12.
d) gi tr biu thc x2 + 3y - || - 2 l 72 + 3*2 - |7| - 2.

Ta cng ni biu thc x + 5 cho gi tr l 7 + 5=12.

1.4 Bin trong Visual basic:

Khi ni bin x, y , ... Ta hiu bin nh trong 1.3.
1.4.1 Kiu gi tr :
- Double , Single : s thc (R). Cch vit s thc trong
VB : 3,14 3.14
- Integer, Long : s nguyn (Z).
- Byte : 0, 1, 2, . . . , 255.

1.4.2 Khai bo bin : Dng qui nh kiu gi tr cho

bin.
Dim x As Kiu gi tr
Dim y As Kiu gi tr
Dim z As Kiu gi tr
- x, y, z : bin.
- Kiu gi tr : Double, Byte, . . .
Gi tr ban u ca x, y , z l 0.

1.5 Biu thc i s trong VB :

1.5.1 Mt biu thc i s c xy dng t :
a) cc s nguyn ,hu t ,thc . . . m ta gi l hng s.
b) cc bin x, y, . . . c th ly gi tr l cc hng s.
c) cc php ton
c1) +, -, *, /
c2) \ , mod
c3) cc biu thc :
, logab, . . . c trnh by
1.5.2.
Cc php ton ny thao tc trn cc hng s v cc bin
theo mt th t nht nh.

1.5.2 Biu thc (VB) :

1) Sqr(x)
2) Log(x) Lnx
3) Abs(x) |x|
4) Exp(x) ex
5) x^y
xy
6) -x
-x
7) Sin(x), Cos(x) Sinx, Cosx , x tnh theo radiant.
8) Int(x), Fix(x)
9) Round(x, n)
(v nh)
10) Rnd

V d 1:
Trong ton ta vit
2 + .
Trong VB ta vit
Sqr(x^2 + Exp(x)).

Bi tp ti lp: Cc bin ly gi tr s thc. Vit cc biu

thc sau bng VB :
1.
2 + + xy
2. sin(x+y) + lnx
3. logab + 3x + cos(z)

1.6 Thao tc gn (php gn / lnh gn) trong trong VB :

x=v

ngha : bin x ly gi tr v. Nu v l biu thc th bin x

ly gi tr ca biu thc v.

Ch : bin x ly gi tr v cn c ni l :
-

gn gi tr v cho bin x;

gi tr v c gn cho bin x;

x c gi tr v;

V d 2: Cc bin x , y ly gi tr l s nguyn. Cc ch
dn c cho:
Thut ton:
B1. x = 5
B2. y = x2 + 1
Kt thc thut ton.
Duyt thut ton :
- B1 ga tr 5 c gn cho bin x (x ly gi tr 5).
- B2 gi tr 52 + 1 = 26 c gn cho bin y (y ly gi
tr 26).

Qui c trnh by duyt thut ton nh sau :

Thut ton:
B1. x = 5
B2. y = x2 + 1
Kt thc thut ton.
Duyt thut ton :
B1. x 5.
B2. y 52 + 1 (= 26)

Vit V d 2 bng ngn ng VB:

A1. Dim x As Long ( hoc Integer)
A2. Dim y As Long ( hoc Integer)
B1. x = 5
B2. y = x^2 + 1 (Hoc y = x*x+1)
Duyt chng trnh :
A1. x 0 , bin kiu s nguyn
A2. y 0 , bin kiu s nguyn
B1. x 5.
B2. y 52 + 1 (= 26)

V d 3:
Thut ton:
B1. x = 5
B2. x = x2 + 1
B3. y = x + 1
Kt thc thut ton.
Duyt thut ton:
B1. x 5
B2. x 52 + 1 (= 26)
B3. y 26+1 (=27)

BT ti lp :
1. Vit V d 3 bng ngn ng VB. Duyt chng trnh.
2. Hy vit thut ton sau bng VB. Duyt chng trnh.
Cc bin kiu nguyn.
Thut ton:
B1. x = 5
B2. y = 2
B3. x = x2 + x + 1
B4. y = y + x + 1
Kt thc thut ton.

1.7 Cc ch dn c bn cho my tnh :

(Cc thut ton c bn)

Ch dn 1: (Ch dn cho my tnh)

Nhn n gi tr v gn n gi tr ny cho n
bin x1, x2, . . ., xn .
( Nhp x1, x2, . . ., xn )
Ch dn 1 c vit trong VB:
x1 = InputBox()
x2 = InputBox()
...
xn = InputBox()

Ch dn 2:
Vit cc gi tr v1, v2, . . ., vn ra mn hnh.
( Vit v1, v2, . . ., vn )
Vi : vi l cc biu thc.
Ch dn 2 c vit trong VB:
MsgBox v1
MsgBox v2
...
MsgBox vn

Ch : Nu cn vit mt cu thng bo ta
thc hin :
MsgBox Cu thng bo
V d : MsgBox Chao cc ban !

V d 4: Tnh tng 2 s thc.

Thut ton:
B1. Nhn 2 gi tr v gn vo 2 bin a, b
B2. Tnh tng a+b v gn vo T
B3. Vit T ra mn hnh
Kt thc.
Trong VB ta vit :
B1. a = InputBox()
b = InputBox()
B2. T = a + b
B3. MsgBox T

Bi tp ti lp:
1) Hy vit cc thut ton sau bng VB v cho bit kt qu
c vit ra mn hnh khi my tnh thc hin chng
trnh , gii thch tng lnh (Duyt chng trnh). Cc bin
c kiu s nguyn. Gi s B1 a v b c nhp l 9 v
4.
a) Thut ton:
B1. Nhn 2 gi tr v gn vo 2 bin a, b
B2. T= a mod b
B3. Vit T ra mn hnh
Kt thc.
b) Thut ton:
B1. Nhn 2 gi tr v gn vo 2 bin a, b
B2. T= a \ b
B3. Vit T ra mn hnh
Kt thc.

Bi tp ti lp:
2) Vit chng trnh (bng VB) cho cc bi ton sau :
a) Tnh din tch ca mt hnh ch nht.
b) Tnh din tch hnh trn.
c) Tnh modul ca vetor v=(x, y). Modul ca v l
2 + 2

Kim tra qu trnh (1):

a) Cc bi tp : 1 5 (10 im, h s 1).
b) Yu cu duyt chng trnh. Gi tr cc bin sinh
vin t cho.
c) Thi gian : 15.
d) c xem ti liu.