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1.
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3.
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5.
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Alternative medicine
Reiki
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese
Simplified Chinese
[show]Transliterations
Japanese name
Hiragana
Kyjitai
Shinjitai
[show]Transliterations
Korean name
Hangul
Hanja
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Vietnamese name
Quc ng
linh kh
Reiki (?, English pronunciation: /reki/) is a spiritual practice[1] developed in 1922 by Japanese
Buddhist Mikao Usui. It uses a technique commonly called palm healing as a form of complementary
and alternative medicine and is sometimes classified as oriental medicine by some professional bodies.
[2]
Through the use of this technique, practitioners claim to transfer healing energy in the form of ki
through the palms.[3]
There are two main branches of Reiki, commonly referred to as Traditional Japanese Reiki and
Western Reiki. Within both Traditional and Westernised forms of Reiki, there are three forms of
degrees, commonly referred to as the First, Second, and Master/Teacher degree. According to Reiki
practitioners and Masters, at First Degree, a Reiki practitioner is able to heal himself and others, at
Second Degree is able to heal others distantly (commonly called distant healing) with the use of
specialised symbols, and at Master level (specifically Master/Teacher level) is able to teach and attune
others to Reiki.
A 2008 systematic review of randomised clinical trials[4] concluded that "the evidence is insufficient to
suggest that reiki is an effective treatment for any condition."
Contents
[hide]
1 History
o 1.1 Derivation of name
o 1.2 Origins
o 1.3 Early development
o 1.4 Five Principles
2 Traditions
o 2.1 Traditional Japanese Reiki
o 2.2 Western Reiki
3 Teachings
o 3.1 Training
4 Practice
o 4.1 Healing
o 4.2 Whole body treatment
o 4.3 Localised treatment
o 4.4 Breathing
o 4.5 Three Pillars of Reiki
4.5.1 Gassh
4.5.2 Reiji-h
4.5.3 Chiry
5 Research, critical evaluation, and controversy
o 5.1 Scientific research
o 5.2 Safety and effectiveness
o 5.3 Internal controversies
o 5.4 Catholic Church concerns
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
[edit] History
[edit] Derivation of name
Reiki, n. Alternative Med. Brit. /reki/, U.S. /reki/. Forms: also with capital initial.
[ Japanese reiki, specialised use of a term usually meaning 'mysterious atmosphere, miraculous sign'
(1001; compare Chinese lngq numinous atmosphere) rei soul, spirit ( Middle Chinese) + ki vital
energy ( the Middle Chinese base of Chinese q chi n.2).]
The spiritual life force, or vital spiritual energy, said to reside in all living things (cf. chi n.2). Hence: a
therapy, apparently based on an ancient Tibetan Buddhist technique, developed in Japan in the late 19th
or early 20th cent. by Dr Mikao Usui (18651926), in which the therapist channels this energy from
him- or herself into the patient by the gentle laying on of hands, to activate the natural healing
processes of the patient's body and restore physical and emotional well-being. [5]
The OED lists 1975 as the earliest recorded usage of the word reiki.[6] Instead of the usual
transliteration, some English-language authors loosely translate reiki as "universal life energy", [7] which
is different from the Japanese meaning.
Japanese reiki, meaning "mysterious atmosphere", is commonly written either in shinjitai kanji
(new Chinese character forms) or as in katakana syllabary (typically used for transcribing
foreign words). It compounds the words rei meaning "departed spirit, ghost; spirit, soul; miraculous,
sacred, divine" and ki "gas, vapor; atmosphere; vital energy, spirit, breath of life, vitality; energy,
force; natural phenomenon; spirit, mind, consciousness"[8] This ki (namely, Chinese qi or chi) in reiki
is understood as meaning "spiritual energy; vital energy; life force; energy of life".[9] Some reiki
translation equivalents from Japanese-English dictionaries are: "feeling of mystery", [10] "an atmosphere
(feeling) of mystery", [11] and "an ethereal atmosphere (that prevails in the sacred precincts of a shrine);
(feel, sense) a spiritual (divine) presence."[12] Besides the usual Sino-Japanese pronunciation reiki, these
kanji have an alternate Japanese reading, namely ryge, meaning "demon; ghost" (especially in
spirit possession).[13]
Chinese lingqi was first recorded in the (ca. 320 BCE) Neiye "Inward Training" section of the
Guanzi, describing early Daoist meditation techniques. "That mysterious vital energy within the mind:
One moment it arrives, the next it departs. So fine, there is nothing within it; so vast, there is nothing
outside it. We lose it because of the harm caused by mental agitation." [14] Modern Standard Chinese
lingqi is translated by Chinese-English dictionaries as: "(of beautiful mountains) spiritual influence or
atmosphere";[15] "1. intelligence; power of understanding; 2. supernatural power or force in fairy tales;
miraculous power or force";[16] and "1. spiritual influence (of mountains/etc.); 2. ingeniousness;
cleverness".[17]
[edit] Origins
See also Five Precepts and Timeline of Reiki history
The system of Reiki was developed by Mikao Usui () in 1922 whilst performing Isyu Guo, a
twenty-one day Buddhist training course held on Mount Kurama.[18] It is not known for certain what
Usui was required to do during this training, though it most likely involved meditation, fasting,
chanting, and prayer.[19][20] It is claimed that by a mystical revelation, Usui had gained the knowledge
and spiritual power to apply and attune others to what he called Reiki, which entered his body through
his crown Chakra.[19] In April 1922, Usui moved to Tokyo and founded the Usui Reiki Ryh Gakkai
("" in Traditional Mandarin, meaning Usui's Spiritual Energy Therapy Method
Society) in order to continue treating people on a large scale with Reiki.[19][21]
According to the inscription on his memorial stone,[22] Usui taught his system of Reiki to over 2000
people during his lifetime, and sixteen of these students continued their training to reach the Shinpiden
level, a level equivalent to the Western third, or Master/Teacher, degree. [22][23] While teaching Reiki in
Fukuyama (, Fukuyama-shi), Usui suffered a stroke and died on 9 March 1926.[22]
After Usui's death, Mr. J. Ushida, a student of Usui, took over as president of the Gakkai. [24] He was
also responsible for creating and erecting Usui's memorial stone and ensuring that the grave site would
be maintained.[24] Mr. Ushida was followed by Mr. Iichi Taketomi, Mr. Yoshiharu Watanabe, Mr.
Kimiko Koyama and the current successor to Usui, Mr. Kondo, who became president in 1998.[24] The
sixteen Masters initiated by Usui include Toshihiro Eguchi, Jusaburo Guida, Ilichi Taketomi, Toyoichi
Wanami, Yoshihiru Watanabe, Keizo Ogawa, J. Ushida, and Chujiro Hayashi.[24][25] Chujiro Hayashi (
Hayashi Chjir) left the Usui Reiki Ryh Gakkai and formed his own clinic where he gave
Reiki treatments, taught, and attuned people to Reiki, and it was to this clinic that Hawayo Takata was
directed.[24] Hayashi simplified the Reiki teachings, stressing physical healing and using a more
codified and simpler set of Reiki techniques.[26]
After multiple Reiki sessions from Hayashi's trainees at his clinic for illnesses including abdominal
pain and asthma, Hayashi initiated and trained Takata to use Reiki,[27][28] and was made a Reiki Master
on 21 February 1938.[27][29] Takata established several Reiki clinics throughout Hawaii, one of which
was located in Hilo,[27] and then went on to travel throughout the United States, practising Reiki and
teaching the first two levels to others,[30] and it was not until 1970 that Takata began initiating Reiki
Masters.[31] At this stage, Takata also introduced the term Reiki Master for the Shinpiden level.[32] She
stressed the importance of charging money for Reiki treatments and teachings, and fixed a price of
$10,000 (roughly 6,500 or 7,400) for the Master training.[31]
Takata died on 11 December 1980,[31][33] by which time she had trained 22 Reiki masters,[34][35] and
almost all Reiki taught outside Japan can be attributed to her work.[36]
Rmaji
,
.
Shfuku no hih,
Manby no
reiyaku.
:
Ky dake wa:
,
,
,
,
.
,
.
Okoru
na,
Shinpai
The five concepts of Mikao Usui, contained within the
su na,
whole text (Japanese writing is read from top to bottom,
Kansha
moving from right to left). Note: Commonly called the Five
shite,
Precepts or Five Principles, they start in the third column
Gy wo
from the right below the space, and continue in the fourth
hakeme,
and fifth columns from the right.
Hito ni
shinsets
English
u ni.
.
.
,
.
Asay gassh
shite kokoro ni
nenji,
Kuchi ni tonae
yo.
Do not worry,
Be grateful,
Work with diligence,
Be kind to people.
Shinshin kaizen.
Usui Reiki
Ryh.
Chso,
Usui Mikao.
[edit] Traditions
Today many branches of Reiki exist, though there exist two major traditions, respectively called
Traditional Japanese Reiki and Western Reiki.
Society") is the name given to the system that derives from the masters of the Ryh Gakkai,
and is led by Fuminori Aoki, who added to the teaching of the Gakkai, though differences in
teaching are minimal. In this system, the Koriki (meaning "the force of happiness") symbol
that inspired Fuminori Aoki has been adopted.[41][42]
Jikiden Reiki (, meaning "The Direct Teaching [of] Spiritual Energy") is the name
given to the original system that was taught by Dr. Hayashi, and was founded by Mrs.
Yamaguchi and her son, Tadao Yamaguchi ( ).[43]
The Japanese Reiki hand positions presented in the Usui Reiki Ryh Hikkei (,
Usui Reiki Treatment Handbook) as used and compiled by Usui are considerably more extensive than
the hand positions used in Western Reiki.[44]
After being trained by Hayashi, Takata went back to Hawaii, taking Reiki with her. After setting up
clinics there, Reiki then spread to the rest of the Western world. As a result of the second world war,
Takata decided to modify the Traditional Japanese Reiki system in order to make it more
understandable and credible to the mentality of the West.
Usui/Tibetan Reiki is the name given to the system that was developed by Arthur Robertson
and later popularised by William Lee Rand and Diane Stein.[48][49] This system is derived from
Usui Reiki as taught by Takata and includes techniques from the Usui Reiki Ryh Gakkai,
such as Bysen-h (, Scanning Method), Gyshi-h (, Healing Eyes Method),
and Kenyoku-h (, Dry Bathing Method). There have been a few additions to this
system in comparison with Usui Shiki Ryh by Rand, such as a modified attunement method
that incorporates the Violet Breath,[48] the use of the Tibetan Master and kundalini fire symbols
along with the four traditional Usui symbols, the hui yin position (located in the perineum),
and also the microcosmic orbit.[48] Along with introducing the above, Usui/Tibetan Reiki can
sometimes incorporate psychic surgery. Unlike Usui Reiki Shiki Ryh, it has four levels,
commonly called First Degree, Second Degree, Advanced Reiki Training (commonly 3A or
[edit] Teachings
Reiki teachings claim that Reiki is inexhaustible[52][53] and that it can be used to induce a healing effect.
[54]
Practitioners claim that anyone can gain access to this energy [55] by means of an attunement
process[56] carried out by a Reiki Master.[57]
Reiki is described by adherents as a holistic therapy which brings about healing on physical, mental,
emotional and spiritual levels.[58] The belief is that the energy will flow through the practitioner's hands
whenever the hands are placed on, or held near a potential recipient. Some teachings stress the
importance of the practitioner's intention or presence in this process, while others claim that the energy
is drawn by the recipient's injury to activate or enhance the natural healing processes. [59] Further to this
notion, the belief is that the energy is "intelligent", [60] meaning that the Reiki knows where to heal, even
if a practitioner's hands are not present in the specific area.
[edit] Training
The teaching of Reiki outside of Japan is commonly divided into three levels,[61] or degrees, the most
common of which are described below. Traditional Japanese Reiki was taught intensively under Usui's
guidance, with weekly meditation meetings where Reiki was given and used to scan the body in order
to supply an energetic diagnosis,[62] which is known in Japanese as Byosen-h, as a Japanese Reiki
treatment is intuitive and specifically directed in comparison to a Western Reiki treatment, which tends
to generally treat the whole body instead of specific areas.
("" in Japanese, meaning "Mystery Teachings"), [77] the student becomes a Reiki Master. In Reiki
terminology, the word "master" does not imply spiritual enlightenment, and is sometimes changed to
"Master/Teacher" in order to avoid this confusion. According to the specific branch of Reiki, either one
or more attunements can be carried out and the student learns a further symbol. [78] Having completed
the master training, the new Reiki Master can attune other people to Reiki and teach the three degrees.
The duration of the master training can be anything from a day to a year or more, depending on the
school and philosophy of the Reiki Master giving the training. There are commonly two types of
Master: Master Teacher and Master Practitioner; a Master Teacher is a Master of Reiki and also has
the ability teach Reiki (i.e., attune others), though a Master Practitioner is a Master of Reiki but does
not teach Reiki.
[edit] Variations
There is much variation in training methods, speed of completion (i.e., attunment), and costs. Though
there is no accreditation and central body for Reiki, nor any regulation of its practice, there exists such
organisations within the United Kingdom that seeks to standardise Reiki and Reiki practises, such as
the UK Reiki Federation[79] and the Reiki Council (UK).[80] Reiki courses are also available online,
although traditionalists state that attunement must be done in person in order to take effect, as the Reiki
Master/Teacher doing the attunement must be able to actually touch the energy field of the person
being attuned. A distance Reiki attument is not always recognised by certain Reiki federations, such as
with the UK Reiki Federation, who state, "[a]ll training must have been "in-person" or "face to face"
(distant attunements are not accepted)."[81] Some traditionalists also hold the ideal that methods that
teach Reiki "quickly" cannot yield as strong an effect, because there is no substitute for experience and
patience when mastering Reiki.
[edit] Practice
[edit] Healing
Usui Reiki Ryh does not use any medication or instruments, but uses looking, blowing, light tapping,
and touching.[83] According to Frank Arjava Petter, Usui touched the diseased parts of the body, he
massaged them, tapped them lightly, stroked them, blew on them, fixed his gaze upon them for two to
three minutes, and specifically gave them energy,[84] and used a technique commonly referred to as
palm healing as a form of complementary and alternative medicine. Through the use of this palm
healing (sometimes referred to as "tenohira" (, meaning "the palm"), practitioners transfer healing
energy in the form of qi through the palms.[3]
However, practitioners may use a non-touching technique, where the hands are held a few centimetres
away from the recipient's body for some or all of the positions. The hands are usually kept in a position
for three to five minutes before moving to the next position. Overall, the hand positions usually give a
general coverage of the head, the front and back of the torso, the knees, and feet. Between 12 and 20
positions are used, with the whole treatment lasting anywhere from 45 to 90 minutes.[88]
Many Western practitioners use a common fixed set of 12 hand positions,[62] while others use their
intuition to guide them as to where treatment is needed[89] as is the practise in Traditional Japanese
Reiki, sometimes starting the treatment with a "scan" of the recipient to find such areas. The intuitive
approach might also lead to individual positions being treated for much shorter or longer periods. A
Western Reiki treatment is considered a type of large-scale treatment in comparison to the more
localised-style treatment of Traditional Japanese Reiki.[75]
The use of the 12 hand positions energise on many levels,[75] by,
It is reported that the recipient often feels warmth or tingling in the area being treated, even when a
non-touching approach is being used. A state of deep relaxation, combined with a general feeling of
well-being, is usually the most noticeable immediate effect of the treatment, although emotional
releases can also occur.[90] As the Reiki treatment is said to stimulate the body's natural healing
processes, instantaneous "cures" of specific health problems are not normally observed. A series of
three or more treatments, typically at intervals of one to seven days, is usually recommended if a
chronic condition is being addressed,[88] and regular treatments on an on-going basis can be used with
the aim of maintaining well-being. The interval between such treatments is typically in the range of one
to four weeks, except in the case of self-treatment where daily practice is common.[88]
give a whole body treatment first, followed by a localised treatment for any specific ailments. [96]
Usui used specific hand positions to treat specific ailments and dis-eases (discomfort), [97] which
included disorders of the nervous system (such as hysteria),[98] respiratory disorders (such as
inflammation of the trachea),[99] digestive disorders (such as gastric ulcers),[100] circulatory disorders
(such as chronic high blood pressure),[101] metabolism and blood disorders (such as anaemia),[102]
urogenital tract disorders (such as nephritis),[103] skin disorders (such as inflammation of the lymph
nodes),[104] childhood disorders (such as measles),[105] womens health disorders (such as morning
sickness),[106] and contagious disorders (such as typhoid fever).[107]
[edit] Breathing
Though the specific use of breath and breathing is central to many styles of Japanese Reiki, it is often a
neglected topic in Western Reiki.[108] Usui taught a technique called Joshin Koky-h (),
which roughly translates as "the breathing method for cleansing the spirit," though literally translates as
"Goddess Breath Method".[84] Joshin Koky-h is performed by sitting straight, with the back aligned,
breathing in slowly through the nose. As the practitioner inhales, s/he also breathes the Reiki energy in
through the crown Chakra in order to purify the body and make it fit for the flow of Reiki, and is drawn
down into the tanden.[84]
[edit] Gassh
Gassh ("" in Japanese, meaning "two hands coming together") is a meditative state where both
palms of the hands are placed together, and was practised each time at the beginning of Usui's Reiki
workshops/meetings. One technique of Gassh is to concentrate on the pads where the two middle
fingers meet.[109]
[edit] Reiji-h
Reiji-h (, meaning "indication of the Reiki power method") is a means of connecting with the
Reiki power by asking it to flow through the practitioner three times, and is commonly split into three
parts. The first part is to ask the Reiki power to flow through the practitioner. It will either enter
through the crown chakra (as this is the highest ascension), the heart chakra (as indicated by the pure
love of Reiki), or the hands (as the palms are attuned with specific Reiki symbols). A student of the
Second Degree can use the third/distance symbol to connect with the Reiki along with the first/power
symbol; the distance symbol is sent first and is then sealed with the power symbol. [110]
The second part is to pray for the recovery of the person if a specific ailment is being healed, or for the
general health of the person if otherwise.[110]
The third part is to place both hands, palms facing each other, to the third eye (the area in between the
two eyebrows), and ask the Reiki power to guide the hands to where energy is needed. [110] Though
similar to the practice of Byosen-h, Reiji-h relies specifically on intuition of where to heal, whereas
Byosen-h scans for areas with the hands, feeling for subtle changes in the aura of the practitioner's
hands and the aura of the recipient.
[edit] Chiry
Chiry ("" in Japanese, meaning "(medical) treatment") requires the practitioner to place his/her
dominant hand on the crown chakra and wait for hibiki (, "feedback") in the form of an impulse or
inspiration, which the hand then follows. During Chiry, the practitioner gives free rein to the hand,
touching painful areas of the body until the area no longer hurts or until the hands move on their own to
another area.[111]
In March 2009, the Committee on Doctrine of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops issued
a decree (Guidelines for Evaluating Reiki as an Alternative Therapy)[122] halting the practice of Reiki by
Catholics used in some Catholic retreat centres and hospitals. The conclusion of the decree stated that
"since Reiki therapy is not compatible with either Christian teaching or scientific evidence, it would be
inappropriate for Catholic institutions, such as Catholic health care facilities and retreat centres, or
persons representing the Church, such as Catholic chaplains, to promote or to provide support for
Reiki therapy."
Complementary medicine
Energy medicine
Glossary of alternative medicine
Laying on of hands
Reiki history
US National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Vibrational medicine
[edit] References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
^ Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Chapter 14, pages 108 to 110; Ellyard (2004). Page 79;
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Veltheim (1995). Page 72
^ Institute for Complementary and Natural Medicine. "BRCP Divisions & Practises".
http://www.i-c-m.org.uk/practitioners/divisions. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
^ a b Reiki flows through hands: (McKenzie (1998). Page 18); (Ellyard (2004). Page 27);
(Borng (1997). Page 9); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 33)
^ a b c d e f g Lee, MS; Pittler, MH; Ernst, E (2008). "Effects of Reiki in clinical practice: a
systematic review of randomized clinical trials". International Journal of Clinical Practice 62 (6): 947
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^ J. Simpson, E. Weiner, M. Proffitt, et al., 1989, Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed.
^ The San Mateo Times, 2 May 1975, 32/1.
^ Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Page 302; McKenzie (1998). Page 18; Shuffrey (1998).
Page 1.
^ Jack Halpern, New Japanese-English Character Dictionary (), Kenkysha,
1990, NTC reprint, 1993. Ki is additionally defined as " spirits; one's feelings, mood, frame of mind;
temperament, temper, disposition, one's nature, character; mind to do something, intention, will; care,
attention, precaution".
^ Derivation of name: Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Chapter 6)
^ M. Spahn and W. Hadamidtzy (1989), Japanese Character Dictionary With Compound
Lookup via Any Kanji, Nichigai.
^ J. H. Haig (1997 edition), The New Nelson Japanese-English Character Dictionary, Tuttle.
^ T. Watanabe, E., R. Skrzypczak, and P. Snowden (2003). Kenkysha's New JapaneseEnglish Dictionary.
^ Morohashi Tetsuji, 1960, Dai Kan-Wa jiten , Taishukan; Todo Akiyasu, 1978,
Kan-Wa Daijiten , Gakken. Both dictionaries define ryge as a mononoke ,
meaning "ghost; demon; evil spirit" that possesses people. Ry means "evil spirit who possesses a
human", J. H. Haig 1997.
^ Roth, Harold D. 2004. Original Tao: Inward Training (Nei-yeh) and the Foundations of
Taoist Mysticism, Columbia University Press, p. 97. Compare translating as "The magical qi
within the heart"; R. Eno, 2005, Guanzi: "The Inner Enterprise" (Section 18: Moderation).
^ Lin Yutang, 1972, Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage, Chinese
University of Hong Kong Press.
^ Ling Yuan, 2002, The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary, Chinese-English Edition, Foreign
Language Teaching and Research Press.
^ DeFrancis, John, 2003, ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary, University of
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^ Rand, William L. (March 1998) [1991]. Reiki: The Healing Touch, First and Second Degree
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^ a b c Rand, William L. (March 1998) [1991]. Reiki: The Healing Touch, First and Second
Degree Manual (Expanded and Revised ed.). Michigan, USA: Vision Publications. p. I-14.
ISBN 1886785031.
^ Usui's 21 day retreat: (Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Page 14); What is the History of
Reiki?
^ Founding of Usui Reiki Ryh Gakkai: (Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Page 14)
^ a b c Inscription on Usui's memorial
^ Number of people taught by Usui: (Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Page 16)
^ a b c d e Rand, William L. (March 1998) [1991]. Reiki: The Healing Touch, First and Second
Degree Manual (Expanded and Revised ed.). Michigan, USA: Vision Publications. p. I-15.
ISBN 1886785031.
^ From original research conducted by Frank Arjava Petter and Dave King
^ Hayashi's teachings: (Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Chapter 19, Page 17)
^ a b c Rand, William L. (March 1998) [1991]. Reiki: The Healing Touch, First and Second
Degree Manual (Expanded and Revised ed.). Michigan, USA: Vision Publications. p. I-16.
ISBN 1886785031.
^ Hayashi trained Takata: (Ellyard (2004). Page 13)
^ A copy of her original certificate is available at Aetw.org
^ Takata's Reiki practice and teaching in the US: (Ellyard (2004). Page 15)
^ a b c Rand, William L. (March 1998) [1991]. Reiki: The Healing Touch, First and Second
Degree Manual (Expanded and Revised ed.). Michigan, USA: Vision Publications. p. I-17.
ISBN 1886785031.
^ Start of Takata's teaching of Reiki Masters: (Ellyard (2004). Page 15)
^ (Petter (1997). Page 21) and (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 26)
^ UK Reiki Federation. "UK Reiki Federation - About Lineages".
http://www.reikifed.co.uk/pub/about/fed/join/lineages.shtml. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
^ Takata trained 22 Reiki Masters: (Ellyard (2004). Page 14), (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995).
Page 26) and (Petter (1997). Page20)
^ Significance of Takata in bringing Reiki out of Japan: (Ellyard (2004). Pages 14 to 16) and
(Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Page 26)
^ Quest, Penelope (2008). Living the Reiki Way. London: Piatkus. pp. 1718.
ISBN 0749928328.
^ Stein, Diane (1998). Essential Reiki: A Complete Guide to an Ancient Healing Art. Australia:
Crossing Press. ISBN 0895947366.
^ a b c Master-Reiki.com (2009). "Master Reiki - Become a Reiki Master". http://www.masterreiki.com/. Retrieved April 27, 2010.
^ James Deacon (2003). "Usui Reiki Ryoho Gakkai". http://www.aetw.org/.
http://www.aetw.org/reiki_gakkai.html. Retrieved 5 June 2010.
^ Tomaqui. "KORIKI - Un primer smbolo [Koriki - The First Symbol]" (in Spanish).
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^ James Deacon. "Reido Reiki". http://www.aetw.org/. http://www.aetw.org/reiki_reido.html.
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^ Tadao Yamaguchi. "Jikiden Reiki History". http://www.jikidenreiki.co.uk/.
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^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui:
The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryh Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and
Well-being. Lotus Press. p. 7. ISBN 0914955578.
^ Streich, Marianne; William, Rand L. (Spring 2007). How Hawayo Takata Practised and
Taught Reiki. Reiki News Magazine. p. 1.
http://www.centerforreikiresearch.org/Downloads/TakataArticle.pdf. Retrieved 27 April 2010. "All
Western Reiki practitioners have a lineage going back through Mrs. Takata. It was she who brought
Reiki to the west."
^ The Reiki Alliance (2006). "What is the Reiki Alliance?". http://www.reikialliance.com/thereiki-alliance. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
^ Complementary Therapists Association. "Complementary Therapists Association - Accepted
Qualifications - Reiki". http://www.ctha.com/Quals/?QC=16. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
^ a b c d International Reiki Federation. "Explanation of Reiki". http://www.reikifederation.co.uk/glossary.asp. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
^ Vincent Amador. "Usui Tibetan Reiki - Introduction".
http://web.archive.org/web/20020414093724/angelreiki.nu/level3/tibetan.htm. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
^ a b Lila Desy, Phylameana (1 March 2004). The Everything Reiki Book: Channel Your
Positive Energy to Reduce Stress (Everything (New Age)). Adams Media Corporation. p. 232.
ISBN 159337030X.
^ a b Richard R. Rivard (23 October 2009). "What is Gendai Reiki Ho?". The Reiki Threshold
(http://www.threshold.ca/reiki/, direct link to source: http://www.threshold.ca/reiki/Gendai.html).
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
http://www.threshold.ca/reiki/Gendai.html. Retrieved 11 June 2010. "See section entitled Mr. Doi's Reiki
Training"
^ Reiki is inexhaustible. McKenzie (1998). Page 18; Borng (1997). Page 9
^ Reiki as universal life force energy: Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Page 62; McKenzie
(1998). Page 18; Ellyard (2004). Page 75; Lbeck (1994). Page 13; Borng (1997). Page 8
^ McKenzie (1998). Page 18; Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Pages 14 and 68; Veltheim and
Veltheim (1995). Page 30; Ellyard (2004). Page 27
^ Anyone can be attuned to Reiki: (Lbeck, Petter, and Rand (2001). Page 8); (Veltheim and
Veltheim (1995). Page 35); (Ellyard (2004). Page 77)
^ Note: The terms attunement and "initiation" are usually used interchangeably with regard to
Reiki. Occasionally there is a slight difference of emphasis implied, with attunement used when
discussing the gaining of access to the Reiki energy and "initiation" when discussing the personal (or
spiritual) growth aspect. Both these aspects relate to the same physical procedure.
^ Access is by means of attunement: (Ellyard (2004). Page 27 and 31); (Lbeck, Petter, and
Rand (2001). Page 22); (McKenzie (1998). Pages 18 and 19); (Gollagher (1998). Page 26); (Borng
(1997). Page 12)
^ Reiki is holistic, bringing healing on physical, mental, emotional and spiritual levels:
(Baginski and Sharamon (1988). Page 35); (Gollagher (1998). Page 44); (Borng (1997). Page 10);
(McKenzie (1998). Page 81)
^ Reiki activates or enhances natural healing: (McKenzie (1998). Page 18); (Veltheim and
Veltheim (1995). Pages 78 and 93); (Gollagher (1998). Page 24)
^ Reiki is "intelligent": (Ellyard (2004). Pages 28 and 29); (Borng (1997). Page 10)
^ Reiki is taught in 3 levels: (McKenzie (1998). Page 54); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995).
Page 117); (Petter (1997). Page 38)
^ a b Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao
Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health
and Well-being. Lotus Press. p. 7. ISBN 0914955578.
^ First degree course content: (McKenzie (1998). Page 54); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995).
Page 118); (Petter (1997). Page 38)
^ James Deacon (2002), Reiki Glossary: S - Z (online). Accessed: 20 March 2011 (available:
http://www.aetw.org/reiki_glossary_s.html)
^ Effect of attunements in 1st level: (Ellyard (2004). Page 37)
^ Teaching of hand positions during First degree course: (Baginski and Sharamon (1988). Page
48), (Petter (1997). Page 39)
^ Duration of First degree course: (Baginski and Sharamon (1988). Page 46), (Petter (1997).
Page 38)
^ Second degree course content: (McKenzie (1998). Page 56); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995).
Page 119); (Petter (1997). Page 43)
^ James Deacon (2002), Reiki Glossary: M - R (online). Accessed: 23 February 2010
(available: http://www.aetw.org/reiki_glossary_m.html#o)
^ Teaching of symbols in Second Degree: (Ellyard (2004). Page 81)
^ Reiki can be sent to past or future: (McKenzie (1998). Page 39), in Western Reiki; (Ellyard
(2004). Page 115); (Lbeck (1994). Page 155)
^ Use of symbols for connection during distant healing: (McKenzie (1998). Page 39); (Ellyard
(2004). Page 110)
^ Effect of 2nd level attunement: (Ellyard (2004). Page 81)
^ Healing at a distance taught during Second Degree course: (Petter (1997). Page 43)
^ a b c d Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao
Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health
and Well-being. Lotus Press. p. 8. ISBN 0914955578.
^ Master training: (McKenzie (1998). Page 58); (Veltheim and Veltheim (1995). Pages 120 to
124); (Petter (1997). Pages to 47 and 49)
^ James Deacon (2002), Reiki Glossary: S - Z (online). Accessed: 23 February 2010 (available:
http://www.aetw.org/reiki_glossary_s.html)
^ Content of master training: (Ellyard (2004). Chapters 16 and 17)
^ UK Reiki Federation website link: http://www.reikifed.co.uk/
^ The Reiki Council website link: http://www.reikicouncil.org.uk/
^ UK Reiki Federation (2009), Membership Form. Accessed 23 February 2010 (available:
http://www.reikifed.co.uk/pub/about/fed/join/reikifed_mem-app.pdf)
^ a b James Deacon (2006), Usui's Original Hand Positions (online). Available:
http://www.aetw.org/d_treatment_usui.htm (accessed 25 February 2010)
^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui:
The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and
Well-being. Lotus Press. p. 25. ISBN 0914955578.
^ a b c Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao
Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health
and Well-being. Lotus Press. p. 22. ISBN 0914955578.
85.
^ Whole body treatment: (Lbeck (1994). Chapters 4 and 5); (McKenzie (1998). Page 84);
(Ellyard (2004). Page 45); (Lbeck ,Petter, and Rand (2001). Chapter 20); (Veltheim and Veltheim
(1995). Page 79); (Petter (1997). Pages 50 to 55); (Borng (1997). Page 36)
86.
^ Mental preparation by practitioner at start of treatment: (Ellyard (2004). Page 46)
87.
^ Minimum talking during formal treatments: (Ellyard (2004). Page 45)
88.
^ a b c Duration of whole body treatment and others: (Ellyard (2004). Page 41)
89.
^ Use of intuition: (Usui and Petter (2003). Page 17)
90.
^ Immediate effects of treatment: (Ellyard (2004). Page 44)
91.
^ Treatment of injuries: (McKenzie (1998). Page 110); (Ellyard (2004). Page 70); (Veltheim
and Veltheim (1995). Page 77)
92.
^ James Deacon (2006), On CKR, SHK, and Absent Healing (online). Accessed: 23 February
2010 (available: http://www.aetw.org/reiki_takata_course2.htm)
93.
^ Reiki.nu (2009), Reiki hand positions photos - treating others, self and "quick version"
(online). Accessed 23 February 2010 (available: http://www.Reiki.nu/Treatmentguide2.pdf)
94.
^ Hand positions for specific ailments: (Usui and Petter (2003). Pages 49 and 67); (Lbeck
(1994). Pages 173 and 184)
95.
^ Whole body treatment for chronic conditions: (McKenzie (1998). Page 108); (Veltheim and
Veltheim (1995). Page 81)
96.
^ Localised treatment following on from whole body treatment: (McKenzie (1998). Page 105)
97.
^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui:
The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and
Well-being. Lotus Press. p. 28. ISBN 0914955578.
98.
^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui:
The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and
Well-being. Lotus Press. p. 49. ISBN 0914955578.
99.
^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui:
The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and
Well-being. Lotus Press. p. 52. ISBN 0914955578.
100.
^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui:
The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and
Well-being. Lotus Press. p. 54. ISBN 0914955578.
101.
^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui:
The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and
Well-being. Lotus Press. p. 56. ISBN 0914955578.
102.
^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui:
The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and
Well-being. Lotus Press. p. 57. ISBN 0914955578.
103.
^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui:
The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and
Well-being. Lotus Press. p. 59. ISBN 0914955578.
104.
^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui:
The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and
Well-being. Lotus Press. p. 60. ISBN 0914955578.
105.
^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui:
The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and
Well-being. Lotus Press. p. 63. ISBN 0914955578.
106.
^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui:
The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health and
Well-being. Lotus Press. p. 64. ISBN 0914955578.
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^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui:
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^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui:
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and Well-being. Lotus Press. p. 15. ISBN 0914955578.
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Usui: The Traditional Usui Reiki Ryoho Treatment Positions and Numerous Reiki Techniques for Health
and Well-being. Lotus Press. p. 17. ISBN 0914955578.
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^ Usui, Dr. Mikao; Frank Arjava Petter (31). The Original Reiki Handbook of Dr. Mikao Usui:
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Ellyard, Lawrence (2004). Reiki Healer: A Complete Guide to the Path and Practice of Reiki.
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McKenzie, Eleanor; et al. (1998). Healing Reiki (Hamlyn Health & Well Being). Hamlyn.
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Rand, William L. (March 1998) [1991]. Reiki: The Healing Touch, First and Second Degree
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