GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

CHNG 6.
MCH O V X L KT QU O

(3 LT)

6.1. Khi nim chung.

a) nh ngha: mch o l thit b k thut lm nhim v bin i, gia cng
thng tin tnh ton, phi hp cc tin tc vi nhau trong mt h vt l thng nht.
b) Phn loi: theo chc nng c cc loi mch o:
- Mch t l: thc hin mt php nhn (hoc chia) vi mt h s k, i lng
vo l x th i lng ra l k.x. V d: sun, phn p, bin dng, bin p
- Mch khuch i: thc hin mt php nhn (hoc chia) vi mt h s k (gi
l h s khuch i) nhng c cng suat tn hiu ra ln hn cng sut tn hiu vo
(i lng vo iu khin i lng ra).
- Mch gia cng v tnh ton: thc hin cc php tnh: cng, tr, nhn, chia,
tch phn, vi phn, lgarit, hm m
- Mch so snh: thc hin so snh gia hai tn hiu (thng l hai in p),
thng c s dng trong cc thit b o dng phng php so snh.
- Mch to hm: to ra nhng hm s theo yu cu ca php o, nhm mc
ch tuyn tnh ha cc c tnh ca tn hiu o u ra cc b cm bin.
- Mch bin i A/D, D/A: bin i tn hiu t dng tng t sang dng s v
ngc li, s dng cho k thut o s v ch to cc mch ghp ni vi my tnh.
- Mch o s dng k thut vi x l: mch o c ci t vi x l to ra cc
cm bin thng minh, khc bng my tnh, nh v gia cng s b s liu o
Mch o cng phc tp khi thit b o cng hin i, chc nng cng chnh xc.
Mch o c tc dng lm tng nhy v chnh xc ca thit b o v h thng
o.
6.2. Cc c tnh c bn ca mch o.
Mi mch o u c nhng c tnh k thut c th quyt nh tnh cht, tc
dng ca mch o , ty tng mch o s c nhng c tnh ring bit, tuy nhin
c th xt nhng c tnh c bn chung ca cc loi mch o khc nhau.
6.2.1. Chc nng v phm vi lm vic:
- Chc nng ca mch o: chc nng c bn ca mch o l thc hin cc
php tnh. Phng trnh quan h gia u vo v u ra ca mch o trong trng
hp n gin l t s W=Y/X vi X l tp cc u vo v Y l tp cc u ra.
Trong trng hp phc tp th W l mt hm ca thi gian W(t) gi l hm truyn
t tng h.
Da vo hm truyn t W xc nh c chc nng ca mch o.
- Phm vi ca mch o: hm truyn t W c xc nh trong mt phm vi
no ca i lng vo v i lng ra gi l phm vi lm vic ca mch o, vt
ra ngoi phm vi th W khng cn m bo sai s cho php.
6.2.2. Sai s:
Sai s trong mch o c th chia lm hai loi:
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GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

- Sai s ca chnh bn thn mch o gy ra bi nhng s bin ng v quan h

tng h (hm truyn t):
- Sai s do s kt hp cc i lng vo
a) Sai s ca chnh bn thn mch o gy ra bi nhng s bin ng v quan
h tng h (hm truyn t):
Hm truyn t ca mch o l:
W=

Y
X

Gi s khi i lng vo X khng mc sai s nhng u ra Y mc phi sai s

Y, nguyn nhn l do sai s ca hm truyn t W gy ra do nh hng ca s
bin ng cc yu t ngoi lai hay ni ti n mch o i.
Sai s ny c nh gi bng:
K=

W / W w
=

w : sai s tng i ca hm truyn t.

: bin ng tng i ca cc yu t ngoi lai hay ni ti tc ng n
mch o.
Tng ng c sai s u ra l:
vi:

Y = w.W.X
b) Sai s do s kt hp cc i lng vo: nu mt mch o c nhiu i lng
vo th c s kt hp vi nhau v vy m sai s s bng tng cc sai s:
(x1 x2) = x1 x2
Sai s tng i ca tch hai i lng bng tng sai s tng i ca chng:
xx =
1 2

x1 x 2
+
= x1 + x2
x1
x2

6.2.3. c tnh ng:

Khi o cc i lng bin thin theo thi gian yu cu mch o phi p ng
c cc c tnh ng yu cu.
c tnh ng ca mch o phi m bo cho sai s ca mch o khng vt
qu sai s cho php ca c thit b o. Do khi xt c tnh ng hc ta phi xt
n hm truyn t ca mch o ph thuc vo tn s W(p) nh khi xt mt mng
bn ca.
6.2.4. Cng sut tiu th: .
Ngoi nhim v thc hin cc php gia cng, mch o cn c nhim v ni cc
khu vi nhau, hay ni cch khc l c nhim v phi hp tr khng u vo v u
ra ca cc khu.
Thng th c gng lm cho tr khng u vo ca mch o rt ln so vi tr
khng u ra ca khu trc , tc l cng sut tiu th ca mch o nh hn so
vi cng sut ra ca khu trc.
Sai s do cng sut tiu th ca mch o gy nn khi mc vo vi khu trc l:

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GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

P =

P
Pmax

vi:

P: cng sut tiu th u vo ca mch o.

Pmax: cng sut u ra cc i ca khu trc.
Khi tnh ton, sai s ny c cng thm sai s ca khu trc n.
Ngc li u ra ca mch o phi lm th no cho cng sut ra ln nht, tc
l: Pra = Pt, vi Pt l cng sut ca ti. Sai s c tnh theo cng thc:
ra =

Pra Pt
Pra

(nu ti bin thin th Pt c thay bng cng sut ti nh mc PtN)

6.3. Mch t l.
Mch t l l mch thng dng nht trong cc mch o lng. C th chia thnh
mch t l v dng v mch t l v p.
6.3.1. Mch t l v dng:
L loi mch thng dng nht. i vi mch mt chiu thng dng mch sun, i
vi mch xoay chiu thng dng bin dng in (BI).
a) Sun: l mt in tr mc song song vi c cu ch th (nh hnh 6.1):

Hnh 6.1. Cch mc in tr sun

Cc dng in chy trong mch gm:

- Dng chy trong mch chnh l I
- Dng chy trong mch ch th l ICT
- Dng chy qua sun l Is
Cc dng in ny c cc mi quan h:
I = I CT + I S v

I
I CT

=n

n gi l h s chia dng din, thng n>1.

in tr sun RS c tnh bng:
RS =

rCT
n 1

(6.1)

Cu to ca sun: c cu to nh in tr 4 u, bao gm 2 u dng v 2 u p

nh hnh 6.2:
- 2 u dng: a dng IS vo.
- 2 u p: ly in p ra a vo c cu ch th.
Trn sun thng c ghi dng IS c th i qua v in p u ra:
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GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

US = IS.RS = (I - ICT).RS
t chnh xc cao mt sun thng ch lm vic vi mt ch th nht nh
v phi c dy ni xc nh trc in tr.
iu chnh in tr sun c th x rnh khc nhau.

Hnh 6.2. Cu to sun

Dng sun c h s chia dng khc nhau: mun dng sun vi h s chia dng
khc nhau c th dng sun vi nhiu cp khc nhau nh hnh 6.3.
Hnh thc ny thng c ng dng m rng thang o trong ampemt mt
chiu.

Hnh 6.3. Mc sun nhiu cp

tnh cc in tr R1, R2, R3, R4 c th da vo biu thc (6.1), bng cch lp

h phng trnh ng vi cc dng khc nhau:
RS 4 =

rCT
= R1 + R2 + R3 + R4 ;
n4 1

n4 =

I4
I CT

RS 3 =

rCT + R4
= R1 + R2 + R3 ;
n3 1

n3 =

I3
I CT

RS 2 =

rCT + R4 + R3
= R1 + R2 ;
n2 1

n2 =

I2
I CT

RS 1 =

rCT + R4 + R3 + R2
= R1 ;
n1 1

n1 =

I1
I CT

Ta c 4 phng trnh vi 4 n s, gii ra tm c R1, R2, R3, R4.

Trong cng nghip sun c lm bng vt liu c in tr khng ph thuc nhit
nh manganin. Thng sun c ch to vi dng t vi mA n 104A; in p
sun c 60, 75, 100, 150 v 300mV.
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GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

ng dng ca sun: sun c dng ch yu trong mch mt chiu, m rng

thang o cho cc ampemt mt chiu. Trong mch xoay chiu ch dng sun khi ti
l thun tr cn khi ti l in khng th mc phi sai s v gc pha.
b) Bin dng in (BI): c s dng trong mch xoay chiu bin i dng
in trong phm vi rng. Bin dng in l mt bin p m th cp ngn mch, s
cp ni tip vi mch c dng in chy qua.
Nu bin dng lm vic l tng (khng c tn hao) th:
KI =

I 1 W2
=
I 2 W1

vi:

KI l h s bin dng, c th ln hn 1 (nhn dng) hoc b hn 1 (chia

dng);
I1, I2 l dng in s cp v th cp;
W1, W2: s vng dy qun ca cun s cp v th cp.
Cu to: ging bin p: thng lm bng li thp silic, ch khc l tit din dy
qun ln hn v s vng b hn bin p ng lc.
Yu cu: phi c tn hao li thp nh, in tr ti cng nh cng tt.
c tnh c bn cu bin dng BI:
- Ch lm vic bnh thng l ngn mch th cp. Khi th cp b h mch s
lm in p th cp tng vt t hng chc vn n vi kilvn rt nguy him cho
ngi s dng, lm chy bin dng, nh thng cch in. V vy cun th cp phi
ni t phng nh thng cch in, khng tip xc vi mch cao p (nh
hnh 6.4):

Hnh 6.4. S ni bin dng vi ampemt

Trong hng dn s dng ca bin dng thng ghi r gi tr in tr ti hn

ngn mch th cp
- Trong thc t khi dng s cp I1 thay i th h s bin dng KI cng thay i,
v vy thng ly h s KIN - l h s bin dng nh mc lm h s bin dng in,
khi mc phi sai s v mun l:
I =

K IN K I
.100%
K IN

- C tn hao trong li thp v ngoi ti thun tr cn c ti in cm, v vy cn

sai s v gc pha. Li thp cng tn hao nhiu th sai s gc pha cng ln (bin
thin t 2 pht n 120 pht).
Bin dng o lng thng c ch to vi in p nh mc t 0,535 kV.
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GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

Dng s cp nh mc t 0,125000A. Dng th cp nh mc l 1A hoc 5A.

Cp chnh xc ca bin dng thng l: 0,05; 0,1; 0,2; 0,5.
6.3.1. Mch t l v p:
Thng dng nht l mch phn p v mch bin p.
a) Mch phn p: l mch phn in p, thng c U2 nh hn U1 tc l cng
sut ra nh hn cng sut vo.
C mt s mch nh sau:
- Mch phn p in tr: cc in tr c ni nh hnh 6.5:

Hnh 6.5. Mch phn p in tr

H s phn p c tnh l:
m=

U1
U2

C hai trng hp xy ra:

Khi khng c ti (hay RL ) c:
mo =

U1 I ( R1 + R2 )
R
=
= 1+ 1
U2
I .R2
R2

mL =

U 1 I .R1 + I .( R2 // R L )
=
U2
I .( R2 // R L )

Khi c ti RL ta c:

= 1+

R1 R1
R
+
= m0 + 1
R2 R L
RL

Khi ti l nhng c cu ch th c in tr khng i: thng R2 l in tr ca

bn thn ch th, phn p ch c R1 (gi l in tr ph)-hnh 6.6 .
in tr ph c tnh nh sau:
RP = rCT .(m 1)

vi m = U X / U CT l t s gia in p cn o v in p trn c cu ch th.

Nu mt vnmt c nhiu thang o th cch tnh cc in tr ph nh sau:
RP1 = R1 = rCT .(m1 1) ;

m1 =

U1
U CT

RP 2 = R1 + R2 = rCT .(m2 1) ;

m2 =

U2
U CT

R P 3 = R1 + R2 + R3 = rCT .(m3 1) ;

m3 =

U3
U CT

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GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

Vi 3 phng trnh 3 n s, gii ra tm c cc gi tr R1, R2, R3.

Hnh 6.6. M rng thang o ca vnmt.

Phn p c h s phn p thay i ty : thng l mt bin tr trt c gn

thm mt thang chia trn c khc h s phn p tng ng vi v tr ca n,
mch ny c chnh xc khng cao (thng t 15%).
Cc phn p c cp chnh xc cao (0,050,1): c ch to theo kiu nhy cp
hoc b tr thnh tng cp thp phn (hnh 6.7), thng lm bng dy in tr
maganin c h s nhit in tr thp. in p vo U1 c nh, in p ra bin thin
t 0,0001U1 n 0,9999U1.

Hnh 6.7. B phn p c chnh xc cao.

ng dng ca mch phn p in tr: thng c s dng ch to cc hp

in tr mu, cc in th k, cc cu o
- Mch phn p in dung: c th dng trong mch xoay chiu, gm cc t
in C1, C2 ghp ni tip v c biu din trong s bng in dung C1, C2 cng
vi cc in tr r R1, R2 (hnh 6.8):

Hnh 6.8. Mch phn p in dung

H s phn p l:
m=

U 1 Z1 + Z 2
=
U2
Z2

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GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

1
)
j C 2 R 2
= 1+
= f ( )
1
)
C1 (1 +
jC1 R1

C 2 (1 +

(6.2)

Nh vy h s phn p m ca mch phn p in dung ph thuc vo tn s .

Nu ln th:
C
1
1
v
<< 1 m = 1 + 2
C1
C 2 R2 C1 R1

(6.3)

Tc l m khng ph thuc tn s, v vy mch phn p in dung thng c s

dng trong mch c tn s cao.
S dng mch phn p in dung trong mch c di tn rng: phi mc song
song thm vi nhng t in cc in tr sao cho:
R1 C1
=
R1C1 = R2 C 2
R2 C 2

Khi h s phn p c tnh:

m = 1+

C2
C1

khng ph thuc tn s.

ng dng: mch phn p in dung thng dc s dng gim p trong cc

mch xoay chiu u vo cc vnmt in t xoay chiu hay cc dao ng k in
t.
- Mch phn p in cm: c c im l u vo v u ra c lin h vi
nhau bng in v bng t, c th coi nh mt bin p t ngu nh hnh 6.9:

Hnh 6.9. Mch phn p in cm.

Mun phn p c chnh xc cao th bin p phi gn iu kin l tng, khi :

Ku =

U1
W1
=
1
U2
W2

vi W1, W2 l s vng dy ly cc in p tng ng U1, U2.

m bo iu kin trn, li thp phi ch to m bo: tn hao t thng nh, t
thng mc vng u trn ton cun dy phn p, t thng tn va nh v u.
Cun dy c chia thnh nhiu phn on ng vi s cp ca phn p.
u im: h s phn p Ku t thay i lc ti u ra thay i.
Nhc im: c sai s tn s khi tn s thay i.
b) Mch bin in p o lng (BU): cng l hnh thc ca mch phn p in
cm, ch khc l Ku c th ln hay nh hn 1. in p vo v ra c th lin h vi
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GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

nhau c bng in v t (bin p t ngu) hoc ch lin h vi nhau v t.

H s bin p:
Ku =

U1
W1
=
U2
W2

Trong hng dn s dng ca bin in p o lng thng ch r: cng sut

nh mc, in p vo U1, in p ra U2, h s bin in p Ku.
Ngc vi bin dng in o lng, bin in p o lng s dng ch h
mch cu th cp, v th cun th cp thng c ni vi vnmt c in tr vo
ln o in p U2 sau nhn vi h s Ku c c U1

Hnh 6.10. Mc vnmt vo bin p o lng

c im: in p nh mc ca cun th cp thng l 100V, in p nh

mc ca cun s cp chnh l in p cn o hay kim tra.
Sai s ca bin in p: ging bin dng, gm sai s v mun v sai s gc
pha lc in p o v ti thay i.
Cp chnh xc ca bin p o lng l: 0,05; 0,1; 0,2; 0,5.
ng dng: bin p o lng thng c s dng trong mch xoay chiu khi
phi o in p rt ln m khng th o trc tip bng vnmt c.
6.4. Mch khuch i (Amplifier).
a) c im ca mch khuch i: v phng din gia cng tin tc, mch
khuch i cng c xem nh mt mch t l, ngha l:
X r = K.X v

Tuy nhin mch khuch i c c im ngc vi mch t l l c cng sut

u ra ln hn cng sut u vo, c th coi i lng vo iu khin i lng ra,
y l c im u vit ca mch in t. Nh c mch khuch i, nhy ca
thit b o c tng ln rt nhiu, cho php o nhng i lng o rt nh.
Mch khuch i o lng cn c kh nng m rng c tnh tn s ca thit b
o v c bit l gim rt nhiu cng st tiu th ca thit b o ly t i tng o.
Mch khuch i c thc hin bng n in t, n bn dn v ngy nay ch
yu s dng vi in t.
6.4.1. Mch khuch i lp li:
a) Tc dng:
- Trong cc thit b o, tn hiu o c ly ra t cc b cm bin (sensor) c
cng sut u ra rt nh, mun khuch i c nhng tn hiu nh vy i hi in
tr vo ca b khuch i phi rt ln. to c iu kin thng s dng
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GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

cc mch lp li u vo.
- Phi hp ti gia cc tng vi nhau (impedance matching).
b) Mch lp s dng BJT: c in tr vo ln, in tr ra nh. Nh c phn hi
m su nn h s khuch i v p Ku 1, h s khuch i v dng kh ln:
KI =

I e
= 1+
I b

vi l h s khuch i dng ca BJT.

c) Mch lp s dng JFET: c tr vo ln hn so vi mch lp dng BJT.

a)
b)
Hnh 6.11a,b: Mch lp li:
a) Dng BJT;
b) Dng FET;

d) Mch lp s dng KTT c phn hi m su: c tr vo ln.

e) Mch lp c tr vo rt ln: s dng kt hp gia JFET v KTT mc theo
mch cu c phn hi m su.

c)
d)
Hnh 6.11c,d: Mch lp li:
c) Dng KTT;
d) Dng FET kt hp KTT

6.4.2. Mch khuch i o lng (Instrumentation Amplifier):

Trong cc mch o lng thng s dng b K o lng, l mch kt hp cc b
lp li v cc b khuch i in p.
Mch khuch i o lng gm c hai tng:
- Tng 1: l hai b lp li dng KTT c tr vo ln do tn hiu vo c a
n u vo khng o. H s khuch i tng 1 l:
K1 = 1 +

R1 + R3
: c th thay i bng cch thay i R2
R2

- Tng 2: mch khuch i p s dng KTT, c h s khuch i l:

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GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

K2 =

R5
R4

Nh vy h s khuch i ca c mch l:
K = K 1 .K 2 =

R5
R + R3
.(1 + 1
)
R4
R2

Hnh 6.12. Mch khuch i o lng.

6.4.3. Mch khuch i iu ch (Chopping Amplifier):

trnh hin tng tri im khng v s lch in p ra do s tng gim ca
ngun cung cp K mt chiu, ngi ta dng bin php bin tn hiu mt chiu
u vo thnh xoay chiu, sau cho qua b K xoay chiu v cui cng bin i
li thnh in p mt chiu u ra, mch nh vy gi l mch khuch i iu
ch.

Hnh 6.13. S khi v s nguyn l ca b khuch i iu ch

B iu ch c tc dng bin i tn hiu mt chiu thnh xoay chiu. Ngc li

b gii iu ch c tc dng bin i tn hiu xoay chiu thnh mt chiu
Mt v d v b K ny l s dng mt my pht tn s ng m hai kha

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GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

in t u vo v u ra ca b K xoay chiu. My pht tn s thng l mt

b dao ng a hi.
6.4.4. Mch khuch i cch ly:
Trong k thut o cn phi o nhng in p ln c khi n vi kilvn, tc l
cao hn nhiu so vi in p cho php. gii quyt vn ny cn phi tch mch
o thnh hai phn cch ly nhau v in:
- Phn pht: lm vic di in p cn o.
- Phn thu: lm vic di in p thp cho php.
thc hin mt thit b nh vy yu cu m bo phn cho phn c ngun dng
ring dc cch ly so vi t.
Vic truyn kt qu o sang phn thu cch ly v in cng gp phi nhng kh
khn nht nh. C hai kh nng truyn:
- Ghp bin p: khng th truyn trc tip in p mt chiu. in p mt chiu
phi c iu ch thnh in p xoay chiu vi tn s mang cao (trong di tn
n 100kHz - iu ch tn s hoc bin ).
- Ghp quang hc: c th truyn trc tip in p mt chiu.
Khi i hi chnh xc cao: c th chuyn i tn hiu analog trn phn pht
thnh tn hiu s, sau truyn tn hiu s sang phn thu bng phng php quang
hc. Phng php ny khng b nh hng do phi tuyn ca vic ghp quang
hc.
Hnh 6.14 minh ha vic truyn tn hiu analog bng phng php quang hc.
b mo tuyn tnh do cc ptrn gy ra, dng ca pht it c iu chnh
bng b KTT IC1 sao cho dng quang ca ptron chun T1 bng mt tr s cho
trc.

Hnh 6.14.Truyn tn hiu o analog bng phng php quang hc.

Cc b khuch i cch ly ghp bin p hay ghp quang hc thng c ch

to di dng mun. phn pht b tr b khuch i o hoc b khuch i o
pha. a s cc mun cha b bin i in p mt chiu trong phn pht u l
loi ngun dng cch ly vi t, do t pha ngoi ch cn u thm mt ngun
dng ni t. Hiu in th cho php gia phn pht v phn thu c th vo khong
vi kilvn.
V d: cc loi K cch ly 3650, 3456 (hng Burr-Brown); 275 (hng Analog
Devices)
12
GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

6.5. Mch x l v tnh ton.

6.5.1. Mch cng:
L loi mch thc hin php cng (cng cc tn hiu vi nhau), thng l cng in
p.
a) Mch cng dng KTT mc theo s o du:

Hnh 6.15. Mch cng dng KTT mc theo s o du.

Tn hiu ra Ura t l vi tng i s ca cc tn hiu vo:

U ra =

Rf
R1

U1

Rf
R2

U 2 ...

Rf
Rn

Un =
i =1

R2
.U i
Ri

Nu Rf = R1 = R2 == Ri = Rn th:
n

U ra = U i
i =1

u im ca mch cng o du l khng b nh hng bi nhiu ca tn hiu

cn o v cc tn hiu ny c cng vi nhau ti mt im c th bng 0, cc tn
hiu vo c lp vi nhau do c ni vi im t o (u vo o). Cc h s
khuch i i vi tng tn hiu vo c th thay i c (bng cch thay i tr
vo tng ng) m khng nh hng n cc tn hiu vo khc.
b) Mch cng dng KTT mc theo s khng o du:

Hnh 6.16. Mch cng dng KTT mc theo s khng o du

Tn hiu ra Ura t l vi tng i s ca cc tn hiu vo:

n
R
R
1
1
U ra = .(1 + f ).(U1 + U 2 + ... + U n ) = .(1 + f ). U i
n
Rn
n
Rn i =1

13
GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

GIO N_K THUT O LNG

Nu n = (1 +

Rf
Rn

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

) th: U ra = U i
i =1

Nhc im ca mch cng khng o du l cc tn hiu vo khng c lp vi

nhau, vic thay i in tr vo ca bt k tn hiu vo no u nh hng n h
s khuch i ca tt c cc tn hiu cn li.
6.5.2. Mch tr:

in p ra Ura:

U ra

Hnh 6.17. Mch tr s dng KTT

= U ra (U 1 ) + U ra (U 2 )

Rp
=

t:

Rp
R2

= p;

Rf
R1

Rf
R1

U1 +

= N , c:

R p .( R1 + R f )
R1 .( R2 + R p )

U2 =

U ra = N U 1 +

Rf
R1

U1 +

R2

.(1 +

1+

Rf
R1

Rp

)
U2

R2

1+N
. pU 2
1+ p

Trng hp c bit khi p= N =1, c: U ra = U 2 U 1

6.5.3. Mch nhn:
C nhiu trng hp phi s dng mch nhn nh khi o cng sut P=U.I.cos
hoc khi cn nhn hai in pv th mch nhn rt quan trng trong o lng.
Cc phn t nhn thng dng trong o lng l:
- Phn t in ng, phn t st in ng: c dng ch to cc wtmt o
cng sut.
- Chuyn i Hn (Hall): s dng o cng sut.
- Cc b nhn in t: php nhn tn hiu tng t c th thc hin bng nhiu
cch, y ch xt hai cch ph bin nht l nhn bng cc phn t lgarit v nhn
bng phng php iu khin dn ca tranzito.
a) B nhn s dng nguyn l ly lgarit v i lgarit:
- Cc mch (IC1, T1) v (IC2, T2) lm nhim v to hm lgarit:
U ra1 = U T . ln(

vi:

Ux
);
I ES .R1

U ra 2 = U T . ln(

Uy
I ES .R2

U T l th nhit ca tranzito: U T = K .T ; K = 1,38.10 23 J / K ; q = 1,6.10 19 C

q

IES l dng in ngc bo ha ca tip gip EC, h s ph thuc nhit .

14
GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

- IC3 l mch cng:

chn = .U T

Uy

Ux
U ra 3 = .(U ra1 + U ra 2 ) = .U T ln(
) + ln(
)
I ES .R2
I ES .R1
Uy
Ux
U ra 3 = ln (
)(
)
I ES .R1 I ES .R2

- Mch (IC4, T4) l mch i lgarit (mch hm m):

U x
U y
)(
)
U ra = exp(U ra 3 ) = expln (
I ES .R1 I ES .R2
= C.U x .U y

vi C = f ( R1 , R2 )

Hnh 6.18. S khi v s nguyn l mch nhn

dng mch khuch i lgarit v i lgarit s dng KTT.

u im ca mch nhn s dng mch logarit l c th s dng vi tn hiu vo

c khong ng ln.
Ngy nay cc mch nhn c tch hp trong mt IC, cc mch nhn s dng
nguyn l ny l: 755N (hng Analog Devices), 433 (hng Analog Devices), 4301
(hng Burr Brown)
b) B nhn bng phng php iu khin dn ca tranzito: s dng
phng php thay i h s khuch i ca K vi sai dng hai tranzito.
6.5.4. Mch chia:
Mch chia c s dng rng ri trong cc php o gin tip. Kt qu php o
c th l mt i lng hoc l mt gi tr khng c th nguyn ( thng c trng
cho phm cht).
Thng dng nht l c phng php: lgmt, mch cu, mch chia in t
a) Mch chia bng c cu ch th lgmt: c gc quay ca kim ch th t l vi
t s ca hai dng in.
15
GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

b) Mch chia da trn mch cu cn bng: nh hnh 6.19: l mch ly t s

gia hai in tr ca hai nhnh ca cu:

Hnh 6.19. Mch chia s dng mch cu cn bng

Khi cu cn bng c phng trnh:

R x .R4 = R y .R3

vi R3 thng l mt bin tr c gi tr ph thuc vo gc quay :

= f(R3)
R3 = R4 .

Rx
Ry

= f ( R3 ) = f (

Rx
)
Ry

c) B chia in t: ging b nhn in t, s dng hai b khuch i lgarit

(IC1, T1) v (IC2, T2), sau tn hiu c a vo mch tr bng IC3. Sau b tr
c:
U t = K 1 . lg(

Ix
)
Iy

Tn hiu ny sau khi qua b i lgarit ( IC4, T3) c:

U ra = K 2 (

Ix
)
Iy

Trong k thut s vic nhn chia c thc hin trong cc mch vi x l (P) v
cc vi mch tnh ton nh.

Hnh 6.20. Mch chia in t

6.5.5. Mch tch phn (Integrator):

Trong k thut o lng thng s dng cc khu tch phn. V d vic bin i
16
GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

cc tn hiu ri rc (discrete) thnh tn hiu lin tc (analog) a tn hiu vo

dng c o tng t hay trong mch o tn s
C nhiu loi mch tch phn nh: mch RC, mch LRnhng ph bin nht l
mch tch phn RC kt hp vi KTT.

Hnh 6.21. Mch tch phn RC v c tnh tn s.

a) Mch tch phn RC kt hp vi KTT: nh c mch KTT c th to ra

phn hi m su lm tng chnh xc ca mch tch phn.

Hnh 6.22. Mch tch phn RC kt hp vi KTT

Quan h gia in p vo v in p ra ca mch tch phn:

Vit phng trnh dng in nt cho cc vo o ca KTT :
u N = u P = 0 i1 + ic = 0

u1
du
+C r = 0
R
dt
T

ur =

1
1
u1 (t ).dt =
. u1 dt + u r (t = 0)

RC
RC 0

vi u r (t = 0) l iu kin u ca in p ra.
Trong mch ny tc thay i in p ra t l nghch vi hng s thi gian = R1C.
- Khi tn hiu vo thay i theo dng bc thang: tc thay i ca tn hiu ra
l:
U
U ra
= v
R1C
t

nh th u ra s c tn hiu tuyn tnh tng dn theo thi gian.

- Khi tn hiu vo l hnh sin: mch tch phn l mt b lc thng thp (lowpass filter) c h s khuch i t l nghch vi tn s.
- B tch phn l tng: tha mn iu kin khi tn hiu vo bng 0 th tn hiu
ra phi gi nguyn khng i. Mun a v gi tr ban u phi ngn mch t C.
c tnh ny c s dng lm b nh ng.
6.5.6. Mch vi phn (Differentiator):
Mch vi phn n gin c th thc hin bng in cm hay in dung.
a) Mch vi phn RL: nh hnh 6.23a:
17
GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

Phng trnh in p ra l:
uL = L

di L
dt

b) Mch vi phn RC: nh hnh 6.23b:

Phng trnh in p ra l:
ic = C

a)

du c
dt

b)
c)
Hnh 6.23. Mch vi phn

c) Mch vi phn kt hp mch RC vi KTT: trong thc t nng cao

chnh xc thng phi kt hp mch RC vi KTT nh hnh 6.23c: y l mch
khuch i c phn hi m su bng in tr, h s phn hi c th xem bng 1.
in p ra ca mch l:
u r = R1C

du v
dt

Khi tn hiu vo l hnh sin th b vi phn c tc dng nh b lc cao tn, c h

s khuch i t l thun vi tn s ca tn hiu vo.
Mch vi phn ny c nhng nhc im sau:
- V h s khuch i tng khi tn s tn hiu vo tng nn mch nhy vi tn
hiu n cao tn, n u ra c th ln t tn hiu.
- Tr khng vo ca mch Z v = 1 / jC gim khi tn s tng, do khi ngun
tn hiu c tr khng trong ln th ch mt phn tn hiu c vi phn, phn cn li
c khuch i. Ngoi ra tn s cao h s hi tip ca mch gim.
- Mch km n nh.
d) Mch vi phn thc: do cc nhc im ca cc mch vi phn trn nn trong
thc t thng dng mch vi phn thc nh hnh 6.24:

Hnh 6.24. Mch vi phn thc v c tnh bin -tn s

Mch ch hot ng ch vi phn khi tn hiu vo c tn s tha mn:

18
GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

f << f o =

1
2R1C1

khi c phng trnh in p ra:

u r = R N C1

du1
dt

6.6. Mch so snh (Comparator).

Mch so snh c s dng rt nhiu trong k thut o lng, mch c tc dng
pht hin thi im bng nhau ca hai i lng vt l no (thng l gi tr in
p). Trong phng php o kiu so snh thng s dng mch so snh pht hin
thi im khng ca in k.
Cc mch so snh ph bin l cc mch s dng KTT mc theo kiu mt u
vo hay hai u vo, hoc c thm phn hi dng nh to ra c tnh tr ca b
so snh. Cng c th s dng cc in tr mu nh: mch cu, mch in th k vi
thit b ch th lch khng vi in th k.
6.6.1. B so snh cc tn hiu khc du bng KTT mc theo mch mt u vo:
B so snh ny c s dng so snh hai in p vo khc du, KTT hot
ng ch khuch i vng h theo nguyn tc:
u = u P u N = 0 u ra = 0

u = u P u N > 0 u ra = E K+
u = u P u N < 0 u ra = E K

in p ra Ura ca mch so snh s chuyn trng thi ti thi im cn bng.

a)

b)
c)
Hnh 6.25: a) B so snh mt u vo;
b) Qu trnh xy ra b so snh;
c) Mch thc t

Vi s mch ny c uP =0. Qu trnh chuyn trng thi c biu din trn hnh
6.25b:
- Khi 0 < t < : u c < E sp u N > 0 u = u P u N = u N < 0 u ra = E K
- Khi t = : u c = E sp

R1
u N = 0 u = u P u N = u N = 0 u ra chuyn trng
R2

thi sang u ra = E K+ sau thi gian .

Mch so snh mt u vo c in tr vo khng ln, tuy nhin n cho php so
19
GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

snh cc in p cso bin ln m khng mc phi sai s ng pha.

cc khng o (cc P) ca KTT c mc thm in tr c gi tr bng R1//R2
kh in p tri (in p lch khng - offset voltage).
6.6.2. B so snh cc tn hiu cng du bng KTT mc theo mch hai u vo:
Mch ny c s dng so snh hai tn hiu cng du. ln ca in p vo
phi c gii hn trong phm vi cho php ca in p ng pha Ep ca KTT
chn.
Xt mch so snh s dng KTT A709 nh hnh 6.25a: KTT hot ng
ch khuch i vng h theo nguyn tc:
u = u P u N = 0 u ra = 0
u = u P u N > 0 u ra = E K+
u = u P u N < 0 u ra = E K

vi u = E sp u c (t ) .
Tn hiu chnh lch nh nht m mch pht hin c vi KTT c h s
khuch i vng h K 0 = 4.10 4 v U n = 2V l:
u = E sp u c (t )

min

Un
= 0,05mV
K0

i vi cc mch so snh s dng cc KTT tiu chun th thi gian in p

ra tng ln n 4V khi hiu u = E sp u c (t ) bng 10mV mt khong 0,5s, thi
gian tr ca tn hiu ra c 3-5s.
Bin in p ra c gii hn bi mch hn ch gm it VD1 (hn ch trn)
v VD2 (hn ch di), in p ra c th a thng vo u ca cc IC s.

a)
b)
Hnh 6.25. B so snh hai u vo v qu trnh xy ra b so snh

6.6.3. Mch so snh hai mc:

Trong cc h thng kim tra hay iu chnh t ng c lc cn phi iu chnh
mt thng s no o lun lun phi nm gia hai mc cho trc, khi phi s
dng mch so snh hai mc Ux1, Ux2 c to bi tng hp ca 2 ngun Esp1, Esp2.
20
GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

Xt mch v d nh hnh 6.26 vi Ux1< Ux2:

Hnh 6.26. Mch so snh hai mc.

Tn hiu u ra ura c hai trng thi tng ng vi gi tr ca tn hiu vo uc:

- Khi uc > Ux2: ura = Ura1, gi nguyn khi uc gim.
- Khi uc = Ux1 u ra thay i trng thi: ura = Ura2
Mch hot ng nh mt mch Trig Smit.
6.6.4. Mch so snh cc i:
ng dng khi cn so snh nhng tn hiu o khc nhau v ch th gi tr cc i
trong s cc gi tr o .
Mch nguyn l nh hnh 6.27:

Hnh 6.27. Mch so snh cc i

Cc in p vo cn so snh l uc1, uc2, uc3, cho in p nn -U (c gi tr tuyt

i ln hn cc uc), khi c in p cc u vo uc1, uc2, uc3 th cc it u thng
v u ra ch ura max ca cc in p u vo, lc ny ch c it tng ng vi
ucmax l thng cn cc it khc s b kha.
6.6.5. Mch cu o:
Mch cu c xem nh l mt mch so snh in tr, tuy nhin thc cht l
bin thnh s so snh hai in th.
Cu to ca mch nh hnh 6.28:
Cu cn bng khi uc = ud, khi c quan h:

21
GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

R1 .R4 = R2 .R3

t trng thi cn bng thng phi iu chnh mt trong cc in tr, qu trnh

tm cn bng l qu trnh iu chnh so snh hai in th uc v ud. Khi bng nhau
th in k ch 0 v h thc trn khng ph thuc vo in p ngun.

Hnh 6.28. Mch cu o

Nu s dng cc in tr chnh xc (bng vt liu mangani) th c th s dng

mch cu o o in tr vi chnh xc cao bng cch: thay mt in tr ca
cu (v d R1) bng in tr cn o Rx, trng thi cu cn bng c:
R x = R2 .

R3
R4

nu chn R3 = R4 th Rx = R2 vi R2 l in tr bit t bit c gi tr ca Rx.

y l php o in tr vi chnh xc cao da trn nguyn l so snh cn bng.
6.6.6. Mch in th k:
L mch o da trn phng php so snh cn bng gia hai in p: in p
cn o Ux v in p mu EN.
S khi v s nguyn l ca mch nh hnh 6.29:

Hnh 6.29. S khi v s nguyn l mch in th k.

in p cn o Ux c so snh vi in p mu EN, thi im bng nhau c

EN s bit c gi tr ca Ux.
Cch thc hin nh sau: bt cng tc K sang v tr 1, iu chnh R1 sao cho kim
in k ch 0, khi c:
E N = I N .R N hay I N =

EN
RN

l cc i lng chnh xc v EN l pin mu v RN l in tr mu.

Tip theo bt cng tc K sang v tr 2, iu chnh Rx sao cho in k ch 0, khi
c:
22
GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

U x = I N .R x =

nu ch to

EN
.R x
RN

EN
= 10 n th s c: U x = 10 n R x
RN

y l php o in p chnh xc v kt qu o ph thuc vo chnh xc ca

pin mu EN v ca cc in tr mu Rx, RN. chnh xc ca php o cn ph
thuc vo nhy ca in k ch 0, thng phi chn in k t in nhy
(trong khong t 10-6-10-9 A/vch).
6.7. Mch to hm.
Mch to hm c s rt nhiu khi gp trng hp c tnh ra ca cc chuyn
i s cp l phi tuyn, khi cn phi tuyn tnh ha c tnh ra bng cch s dng
cc hm ngc bng cc mch to hm. Mch to hm cn c s dng trong cc
chuyn i ngc to cc hm ging vi hm tnh ra ca chuyn i s cp.
6.7.1. Mch to hm bng bin tr:
Bin tr ca mch to hm c thit din c ch to theo hm s mong mun:

Hnh 6.30a. Mch to hm bng bin tr

Di chuyn ca con chy t l vi i lng vo:

l = k1 X

Li ca bin tr c hnh dng theo hm s yu cu.

Gi in tr ton b bin tr l Rbt, in p ton b t ln n l Ubt, in p ra
s l:
U ra =

U bt
.Rx = k .Rx
Rbt

nu R x = f (l ) th U ra = k . f (l )
Nu c tnh ra ca i lng cn o X qua CSC l hm phi tuyn th cn ch
to bin tr c hm c tnh l hm ngc li c u ra l hm tuyn tnh.

Hnh 6.30b. Mt s mch to hm bng bin tr thng dng

23
GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

6.7.2. Mch to hm bng it bn dn:

it l tng c xem nh ch dn in mt chiu, in tr ngc v cng ln,
in tr thun bng 0.
S mch to hm n gin nh hnh 6.31:

Hnh 6.31. Mch to hm bng it bn dn.

in p vo l Ux. Nh b phn p AB trn dy t in p nn U0 , cc catt

ca it c in p U01, U02
Khi thay i gi tr in p vo Ux c th phn tch nh sau:
- Khi 0 < Ux < Ux1 : tt c cc it u kha, khng c dng in i qua mch
phn p, in p Ux c t trn in tr R v RN ni tip nhau:
U N = U x.

RN
R + RN

- Khi Ux1 < Ux < Ux2 : it D1 m cn cc it khc vn kha, c:

RR
I = U x / R + 1 N
R1 + R N

RU x
vi
U N = U x IR = U x
R + RE

RE =

R1 R N
R1 + R N

Cng nh vy, khi Ux2 < Ux <Ux3, cc it D1, D2 u m, dng trong mch
chnh tng ln, in p ri trn ti gm nhng on thng c gc khc nhau ni li
vi nhau. Kt qu nhn c ng cong theo hm s mong mun.
hiu chnh cong c th thay i cc gi tr in tr R1, R2, R3, R4 cho ph
hp.
6.7.3. Mch to hm lgarit:
to hm lgarit ngi ta s dng c tnh vn-ampe ca tip gip p-n. i
vi dng c bn dn c cht lng cao c tnh c dng:
U D = N . lg

ID
IS
24

GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

vi:

UD: in p ri trn it;

ID: dng in qua it.
N: h s t l
IS: dng ngc ca it;
a) Mch to hm lgarit n gin: xt mch to hm lgarit n gin nh hnh
6.32a:

a)
b)
Hnh 6.32. Mch to hm lgarit n gin

in p v dng in tnh ton l:

ID =

Uc
R

U ra = U D = N . lg

Uc
R.I S

= N . lg U c + N . lg( R.I S )

do IS rt nh nn c th b qua thnh phn N . lg( RI S ) , suy ra:

U ra = N . lg U c

Ngoi ra c th s dng mch tranzito-it nh hnh 6.32b lm vic trong

khong 10-11-10-4A
b) Mch to hm lgarit s dng mun lgarit: trong thc t nng cao hiu
qu ca c tnh lgarit phi s dng mun lgarit bao gm 2 tranzito c chung
cc pht (emiter) VT1, VT2 mc vi 2 KTT loi A709 nh hnh 6.33:

Hnh 6.33. Mch to hm lgarit s dng mun lgarit

c tnh lgarit c to ra nh s dng in p ri trn tip gip p-n cn hiu

in p gc-pht xut hin nu VT1, VT2 lm vic vi dng gp (colector) khc
nhau Ic1, Ic2.
in p ra ca mch t l vi lgarit ca in p vo Uc v nhit :
U ra = (1 +

R U
R8
). T . ln 6 . +c
R7
R1 E k

th hm truyn t v s nguyn l ca mch nh hnh 6.33. Khong ng

25
GV: L Quc Huy_B mn T-L_Khoa in

GIO N_K THUT O LNG

CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

ca mch ny c 80dB, sai s nhit khong 0,3%/1oC, khong nhit lm vic

0-50oC.
6.8. Mch o s dng vi x l (P - MicroProcessor).
6.8.1. Gii thiu v mch vi x l:
Mch vi x l thc hin chc nng tnh ton nh, ghi nh, trao i thng tin vo/ra,
to nhp l b phn u no ca my vi tnh. N thc hin chc nng ca mt n
v x l trung tm (CPU) trong my tnh.
Trong k thut o lng ngy nay P ang c s dng rng ri kt hp vi
cc thit b ngoi vi v cc thit b ghp ni.
Thit b ghp ni: l h thng ghp ni cc b phn vi nhau ca h thng o
lng thng tin nh: h thu thp s liu, knh lin lc, x l v th hin kt qu
o
S ra i ca P m ra mt kh nng to ln trong cng nghip ch to my vi
tnh, trong o lng v iu khin cc qu trnh sn xut, qun l i sng x hi.
6.8.2. Cu trc ca b vi x l:
C rt nhiu loi P khc nhau t n gin n phc tp tuy nhin u c mt
cu trc chung gn ging nhau (nh hnh 6.34a):

Hnh 6.34a. Cu trc chung ca mt b vi x l

Gm c cc khi c bn:
- Khi x l trung tm: CPU
- Khi giao tip vo - ra: I/O interface
- Khi b nh: Memory
- Khi bus: gm bus iu khin (Control bus), bus d liu (Data bus) v bus a
ch (Address bus).
B vi x l 8 bit ca hng INTEL - P 8088: di y xt s cu trc ca b
vi x l rt ni ting v thng dng nht hin nay l b vi x l 8 bit ca hng
INTEL - P 8088 nh hnh 6.34b:
Cu trc ca P gm 4 b phn chnh:
- n v s hc v lgic (ALU): thc hin cc php tnh s hc, cc php lgic
vi cc d liu c a vo.
- Cc thanh ghi (Register): thc hin vic lu tr tm thi cc d liu v thng
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CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

s v trng thi ca P.
- B vi chng trnh: ghi tt c cc tp lnh ca h iu hnh nh ca P.
- B iu khin (CU): iu khin vic la chn cc lnh t b nh v thc hin
chng; thc hin vic vo/ra knh d liu v knh a ch.

Hnh 6.34b. Cu trc ca b vi x l P8088.

6.8.3. Hot ng ca P:
Qu trnh hot ng ca P l qu trnh thc hin cc cu lnh ca chng trnh
c lp trnh trc, cc cu lnh c thc hin tun t. bt u lm vic, ta
a lnh khi ng (RESET), lc n v iu khin CU gn gi tr 0 cho thanh
m chng trnh PC (Program Counter), l nh cha lnh u tin ca
chng trnh c a ra thc hin.

Hnh 6.35. Cc chu k lnh ca

a ch u c a ra knh a ch, n v iu khin thc hin lnh abng

cch gi ni dung ca thanh ghi PC ti thanh ghi a ch AR v bn thn PC t
ng tng ln 1 n v xc nh lnh tip theo ca chng trnh.
n v iu khin to ra xung c a ni dung nh c ch nh trn
AR vo b x l qua knh s liu vo thanh ghi lnh IR. Byte u tin ca lnh l

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CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

m lnh s c cha vo IR v lnh c chuyn vo chng trnh phn tch v

a ra cc vi lnh (cc ch dn) cn thc hin tng ng vi tng lnh, mi lnh yu
cu mt khong thi gian khc nhau thc hin.
Trong qu trnh thc hin vi lnh, P phi s dng n cc thanh ghi, n v x
l s hc ALUty theo ch dn cc php tnh hay cc vi lnh c ch nh
tng ng vi tng lnh.
Cc c (flag) s c s dng a ra cc iu kin thc hin php tnh.
Kt thc mt lnh, n v iu khin s pht xung lnh bt u mt chu trnh
tng t thc hin cu lnh tip theo.
6.8.4. ng dng ca P trong k thut o lng:
Ngy nay vi x l c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc cng nghip v
i sng, thng k cho thy t l s dng vi x l trong cc lnh vc nh hnh 6.36:

Hnh 6.36. Lnh vc ng dng vi x l

Qua cho thy lnh vc ng dng quan trng nht cu k thut vi x l l k

thut o lng v iu khin t ng.
Trong k thut o lng vic s dng vi x l v thit b ghp ni m ra
nhng tin b vt bc trong vic ch to cc dng c o t phc tp n n gin
v h thng thng tin o lng.
Cc mch vi x l thng c s dng trong cc vnmt s, cc dng c t
ghi, cc my pht tn hiu, cc dao ng k in t, cc my v th, cc dng c
o vn nng t ng, cc dng c o trong y t
Vi x l c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin o lng, trong cc thit b
o lng i hi cc angrit phc tp v tnh t ng ha cao nh:
- Cc h thng kim tra t ng cc thng s ca i tng, kim tra phn loi
sn phm.
- H thng chn on k thut
- H thng o lng t xa
- Cc vnmt tch phn, cc tng quan k, cc my phn tch ph, o cc
thng s ca in p xoay chiu, o cc i lng phc, cc ngun n p nhiu gi
tr
- Cc b chuyn i AD- DA v cc thit b o thng minh m t trc cha
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CHNG 6: MCH O V X L KT QU O

th thc hin c bng cc mch o thng thng.

Trong cc dng c s dng P th mi cng vic thu nhn, gia cng x l v cho
ra kt qu o u do P m nhn theo mt thut ton nh sn.

Hnh 6.37. S khi ca mt dng c o ch th c s s dng P.

Mt dng c o phc tp s tin dn n nh mt my tnh trong c s dng

cc knh chung (BUS) thc hin vic lin h vi nhau, qun l, ra lnh v lm vic
theo chng trnh. Cc thit b o cng ngy cng c xu hng tr thnh mt my
tnh thc s, vic o, gia cng x l s c thc hin bng phn mm mt cch
linh hot m bo qu trnh o lng, kim tra, lu gi v c iu khin qu
trnh sn xut.
Mt h thng thng tin o lng c s dung P c cu trc in hnh nh hnh
6.38:

Hnh 6.38. H thng thng tin o lng s dng P.

Hng dn SV c thm [1], trang 140-152.

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