lkekftd ifjorZu esa n'kZu

dh Hkwfedk

MkW- jesUnz

lkekftd ifjorZu esa n'kZu dh

Hkwfedk
(fcgkj n'kZu ifj"kn ds fnlEcj] 2014] esa iVuk fo'ofo|ky;
ds ex/ efgyk dkWyst esa vk;ksftr 37osa okf"kZd vf/os'ku esa
izLrqr 'kks/&vkys[k)

MkW- jesUnz
v;{k] n'kZu'kkL=k foHkkx
iVuk dkWyst] iVuk fo'ofo|ky;

cqfoknh iQkamMs'ku
iVuk

lkekftd ifjorZu esa n'kZu dh Hkwfedk

n'kZu'kkL=k dk v;;u&v;kiu dbZ rjhdksa ls lekt dks
csgrj fn'kk esa ys tkus esa lgk;d gSA lcls igys n'kZu'kkL=k]
lkekU; rkSj ij] rdZcqf ij vk/kfjr gksus ds dkj.k gesa
va/fo'oklh ekufldrk ls rkfdZd vkSj oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dh
vksj ys tk dj] csgrj fn'kk esa lkekftd ifjorZu dks izksRlkfgr
djrk gSA blds vykok] rdZ'kkL=k] uhfr'kkL=k] lekt vkSj jktuhfr
n'kZu rFkk /eZ&n'kZu tSlh n'kZu'kkL=k dh 'kk[kkvksa dk
v;;u&v;kiu] fo'ks"k rkSj ls] lkekftd ifjorZu esa lgk;d
gSA
lekt nk'kZfud ds :i esa nk'kZfud lekftd ifjorZu dks
csgrj fn'kk esa ys tkus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gaSA ekud
uhfr'kkL=k ds fu"d"kksZa ds izdk'k esa lkekftd vkn'kksZa dk fu/kZj.k
(mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij] Lora=krk vkSj lekurk)] vkSj fiQj bu
vkn'kksZa ds izdk'k esa fdlh fo'ks"k lekt esa vk jgs ifjorZuksa dk
ewY;kdau] lekt nk'kZfud dh lcls egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA
mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij] Hkkjrh; lekt esa tks ifjorZu] tkfr&O;oLFkk
dks rksM+us] NqvkNwr vkSj vkSjr&enZ xSjcjkcjh dks feVkus rFkk
va/fo'oklh ekufldrk ls rkfdZd&oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dh vksj ys
tkus ds fn'kk esa gksa] mls ge csgrj fn'kk esa ifjorZu ekusaxsA nwljh
vksj] tks ifjorZu lkekftd&vkfFkZd xSjcjkcjh dks c<+kus] ;k
/kfeZd lewgksa ds chp ui+Qjr vkSj vlfg".kqrk c<+kus dh fn'kk esa
gksa] mls ge cnrj fn'kk esa ifjorZu ekusaxsA

uhfr'kkL=k dh uohure 'kk[kk O;kogkfjd uhfr'kkL=k ds

varxZr fdlh rkRdkfyd egRo ds O;kogkfjd iz'u ij uhfr'kkL=k
dks ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA O;kogkfjd uhfr'kkL=k ds tfj,] ftldk
lekt n'kZu ds ekud i{k ls fudV lEca/ gS] nk'kZfud csgrj
fn'kk esa lkekftd ifjorZu ds i{k esa ,d dkjxj gLr{ksi dj
ldrs gSaA

lkekftd ifjorZu dk vFkZ%

International Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences ds

vuqlkj] lkekftd ifjorZu lkekftd lajpuk esa vk, fdlh

egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu dks dgrs gSaA blds varxZr mu lkekftd
izfrekuksa (vkpj.k ds fu;eksa)] ewY;ksa vkSj lkaLfrd izrhdksa esa
ifjorZu Hkh 'kkfey gaS] ftuds ek;e ls lkekftd lajpuk dh
vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA
gSjh ,e- tkWulu us viuh iqLrd Sociology: A
Systematic Introduction esa ^^lkekftd ifjorZu** dks
^^lkekftd lajpuk esa ifjorZu** ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq,
lkekftd ifjorZu ds fuEufyf[kr izdkj cryk, gSa %
(1) lkekftd ewY;ksa esa ifjorZu
(2) lkekftd laLFkkvksa esa ifjorZu
(3) lkekftd ykHkksa (social rewards) ds LokfeRo vkSj
forj.k esa ifjorZu

(4) lkekftd dfeZ;ksa (personnel) esa ifjorZu

(5) lekt ds dfeZ;ksa dh ;ksX;rk vkSj eukso`fk es ifjorZu
(Harry M. Johnson, 1978)
la{ksi esa] ^^lkekftd ifjorZu** dk vFkZ gS ^^lkekftd
lajpuk esa ifjorZu**A vkSj ^^lkekftd lajpuk** dk vFkZ gS
^^lekt ds orZeku lkekftd lEca/ksa dk ,slk varjca/u ftlesa
dqN LFkkf;Ro gks**A (MacIver and Page, 1981)

rdZ'kkL=k%
rdZ'kkL=k esa vuqeku ;k ;qfDr;ksa dk v;;u fd;k tkrk gSA
dSls ge lgh vkSj xyr ;qfDr;ksa ds chp varj dj ldrs gSa] ;g
rdZ'kkL=k dk eq[; fo"k; gSA rdZ'kkL=k ds varxZr oSKkfud fof/
dk v;;u Hkh 'kkfey gSA fcuk lR;kiu (verification) ds
fdlh Hkh izkd~dYiuk (hypothesis) dks lR; Lohdkj ugha
djuk gS] ;g oSKkfud fof/ dk lkj rRo gSA
rdZ'kkL=k dk v;;u vkSj v;kiu vxj lgh <a+x ls gks]
rks ;g gesa va/fo'oklh ekufldrk ls rkfdZd&oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k
dh vksj ys tk ldrk gSA ;g vius&vki esa lkekftd ifjorZu
dk egRoiw.kZ L=kksr gSA leh{kkRed n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl gksus ij
ge viuh ijEijk ;k lkaLfrd fojklr dk va/kuqdj.k djus dh
ctk; mldh leh{kk djrs gq,] mlesa tks dqN rdZlaxr vkSj
uSfrd gS] mls lajf{kr j[krs gq,] vkSj vf/d fodflr dj ldrs
gSa_ tcfd tks dqN vrdZlaxr vkSj vuSfrd gS] mldk R;kx dj

ldrs gSaA (lkaLfrd fojklr ds varxZr Hkk"kk] [kku&iku]

Hks"k&Hkw"kk] jgu&lgu ds vykok fopkj vkSj uSfrd ewY; Hkh
'kkfey gSa] ftuesa nk'kZfudksa dks fo'ks"k #fp jgrh gSA) blh rjg]
fons'kh izHkko ds izfr Hkh ge ,slk gh leh{kkRed n`f"Vdks.k
viuk ldrs gSaA mlesa tks dqN rkfdZd vkSj uSfrd gS] mls ge
xzg.k dj ldrs gSa] vkSj tks dqN vrkfdZd vkSj vuSfrd gks] mls
ge vLohdkj dj ldrs gSaA bl rjg] ;g leh{kkRed n`f"Vdks.k
lekt dks csgrj fn'kk esa ys tkus esa lgk;d gSA

uhfr'kkL=k%
vkt ds le; uhfr'kkL=k dh rhu mi'kk[kk,a ekuh tkrh gSa%
vf/uhfr'kkL=k] ekud uhfr'kkL=k vkSj O;kogkfjd uhfr'kkL=kA oSls
rks ,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls vf/uhfr'kkL=k vkSj O;kogkfjd uhfr'kkL=k
dk mn; chloha lnh ds iwokZ vkSj mkjk/Z esa ekud uhfr'kkL=k
ds dki+Qh ckn gqvk gS] ysfdu rkfdZd n`f"V ls mQij fn;k x;k
e gh Bhd gSA vf/uhfr'kkL=k ekud uhfr'kkL=k ds v;;u dh
igyh lh<+h gSA
ekud uhfr'kkL=k ds varxZr eq[;r% ,d rdZlaxr uSfrd
ekin.M dh ryk'k dh tkrh gS] ftuds vk/kj ij mfpr vkSj
vuqfpr deksZa vkSj uSfrdrk ds fu;eksa ds chp varj fd;k tk
ldsA ekud uhfr'kkL=k ds fu"d"kksZa ds vk/kj ij fdlh lekt dh
izpyukRed uSfrdrk (customary morality) dh leh{kk Hkh
dh tk ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij] vxj ge Lora=krk vkSj

lerk ds ewY;ksa dh n`f"V ls ns[ksa rks tkfr] fyax] jax ;k /kfeZd

fo'okl ds vk/kj ij HksnHkko dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha gSA bl
rjg] ekud uhfr'kkL=k dk v;;u&v;kiu uSfrd ewY;ksa]
izfrekuksa (vkpj.k ds fu;eksa) vkSj izpyuksa dks vf/d ifj"r
cuk dj csgrj fn'kk esa uSfrd ifjorZu esa lgk;d gks ldrk gSA
tSlk fd igys Hkh mYys[k fd;k x;k gS] uhfr'kkL=k dh
uohure 'kk[kk O;kogkfjd uhfr'kkL=k ds varxZr fdlh rkRdkfyd
egRo dh O;kogkfjd leL;k ij uhfr'kkL=k dks ykxw fd;k tkrk
gSA vkt Hkkjrh;] vkSj varjjk"Vh; lanHkZ esa Hkh] fyax] tkfr] oxZ
vkSj jax (uLy) vkSj /kfeZd fo'okl ij vk/kfjr HksnHkko]
vehjksa dk xjhcksa ds izfr nkf;Ro] f'k'kq vkSj ekr` e`R;q&nj]
jktuhfrd uSfrdrk] ehfM;k vkSj jktuhfr ij dkWjiksjsV txr dk
c<+rk izHkko] isM U;wt+ lfgr ehfM;k uhfr'kkL=k] i;kZoj.k] ;q
vkSj vkradokn tSlh leL;k,a rkRdkfyd vkSj O;kogkfjd egRo
dh gSaA bu leL;kvksa ij uhfr'kkL=k dks ykxw dj nk'kZfud csgrj
fn'kk esa lkekftd ifjorZu ds i{k esa dkjxj gLr{ksi dj ldrs
gSaA
njvly] lekt vkSj jktuhfr n'kZu vkSj O;kogkfjd
uhfr'kkL=k ds fo"k;&oLrq ds chp dqN ijLij esy
(overlapping) Hkh gSA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij] lkekftd ifjorZu]
fyax lekurk] lkekftd Lrjhdj.k% tkfr vkSj oxZ] uLyokn
(racism)] jktuhfrd uSfrdrk] i;kZoj.k] ;q vkSj vkradokn
tSlh leL;kvksa dk v;;u lekt vkSj jktuhfr n'kZu esa Hkh gksrk

gSA buesa ls dkSu ls eqs dc fdlh lekt esa rkRdkfyd egRo ds

eqs cu tk,axs] ;g dgk ugha tk ldrk gSA

lekt vkSj jktuhfr n'kZu%

lekt vkSj jktuhfr n'kZu ds varxZr nk'kZfud fof/ ls
lekt vkSj jktuhfr dk v;;u fd;k tkrk gSA rdZ'kkL=k ds
vykok uhfr'kkL=k dk Hkh lekt vkSj jktuhfr n'kZu ls fudV
lEca/ gSA lekt vkSj jktuhfr n'kZu ds ekud i{k ds varxZr
ekud uhfr'kkL=k ds fu"d"kksZa dks lekt vkSj jktuhfr ij ykxw
fd;k tkrk gSA ekud uhfr'kkL=k ds fu"d"kksZa ds izdk'k esa
lkekftd vkn'kksZa dk fu/kZj.k] vkSj fiQj muds vkyksd esa fdlh
fo'ks"k lekt esa vk jgs ifjorZuksa dk ewY;kadu lekt nk'kZfud
dh lcls egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA
esjs fopkj esa dqN la'kks/uksa ds lkFk mi;ksfxrkokn gh
uSfrdrk dk loZJs"B ekin.M gSA ;gka ij blds foLrkj esa tkuk
izklafxd ughaA (Ramendra, 2012) blds vykok] esjs vuqlkj
Lora=krk] lerk vkSj ca/qrk ds lkekftd vkn'kksZa dk
mi;kfxrkoknh n`f"V ls leFkZu fd;k tk ldrk gSA (jesUn]
2005z)
fiQj] bu ewY;ksa ds vkyksd esa fdlh lekt esa vk jgs
ifjorZuksa dk ewY;kadu fd;k tk ldrk gSA tkfr] oxZ] fyax Hksn]

uLyokn] fookg] ifjokj] rykd vkSj lEifk tSls fo"k;ksa ij

ekud n`f"V ls fopkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
blh rjg] jktuhfrd thou ij] vU; ckrksa ds vykok]
jktuhfrd fopkj/kjkvksa dk Hkh dki+Qh izHkko gksrk gS] tSls]
Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa yksdra=k (mnkjokn)] /eZfujis{krkokn] lektokn]
lkE;okn] lEiw.kZ kfUr] vEcsMdjokn] fgUnqRookn vkSj
ekuorkokn tSlh fopkj/kjkvksa dk jktuhfr ij izHkko gSA bu
fopkj/kjkvksa dh nk'kZfud leh{kk (vo/kj.kkvksa dk Li"Vhdj.k
vkSj fo'oklksa dk leh{kkRed ewY;kadu) }kjk jktuhfrd nk'kZfud
,d csgrj jktuhfr n'kZu dh vksj c<+us esa lgk;d gks ldrs gSaA
;g jktuhfr ds {ks=k esa mudk eq[; ;ksxnku gks ldrk gSA
eksVs rkSj ij] ge dg ldrs gSa fd tks ifjorZu va/fo'okl
ls rkfdZd&oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dh fn'kk esa] /eZ ij vk/kfjr
ijEijjkxr uSfrdrk ls rdZlaxr] /eZfujis{k uSfrdrk dh fn'kk esa]
tkfrfoghu] oxZfoghu lekt dh fn'kk esa] yksdra=k] /eZfujis{krk]
ekuorkokn vkSj yksdrkaf=kd lektokn dh fn'kk esa gksa] os csgrj
fn'kk esa lkekftd ifjorZu gSa_ vkSj tks buds foijhr fn'kk esa gksa]
os cnrj fn'kk esa ifjorZu gSaA nk'kZfud viuh ys[kuh] dFkuh
vkSj djuh }kjk csgrj fn'kk esa vk jgs ifjorZuksa dk leFkZu
dj ldrs gSa] vkSj cnrj fn'kk esa vk jgs ifjorZuksa dk
fojks/ dj ldrs gSaA vkt ds le; esa Hkkjr dks vkfFkZd
xSjcjkcjh dks c<+kus okys iwathokn dh vksj /dsyus ds iz;kl dk]

vkSj /eZ ds vk/kj ij ui+Qjr vkSj vlgu'khyrk iQSykus dk

lf; fojks/ t+:jh gSA

/eZ&n'kZu%
/eZ&n'kZu esa nk'kZfud fof/ ls /eZ dk v;;u fd;k tkrk
gSA /eZ dk Lo:i D;k gS\ /kfeZd fo'okl dk vk/kj Jqfr]
vkLFkk vkSj jgL;kuqHkwfr gS ;k rdZcqf\ bZ'oj dk vfLrRo gS
ugha\ vkRek vkSj e`R;q ds ckn thou dk vfLrRo gS ;k ugha\
/eZ&n'kZu esa nk'kZfud n`f"V ls bu iz'uksa ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA
/eZ&n'kZu dk /eksZa ds rqyukRed v;;u ls Hkh fudV
lEca/ gSA vke rkSj ls ,d vkSlr O;fDr vius tUe ds /eZ dks
gh loZJs"B /eZ le>rk gS] vkSj ckdh /eksZa dks ghu n`f"V ls
ns[krk gS_ pkgs mls vU; /eksZa ds ckjs esa dksbZ tkudkjh gks ;k u
gksA fofHkUu /eksZa ds v;;u ls bl fdLe dh ladh.kZ ekufldrk
vkSj /kfeZd iwokZxzgksa ls eqfDr fey ldrh gSA yksx vU;
/ekZoyfEc;ksa ds izfr ,d vf/d lgu'khy joS;k viuk ldrs
gSaA
nk'kZfud n`f"V ls /eksZa vkSj mudh cqfu;knh ekU;rkvksa dk
v;;u blfy, Hkh t:jh gS] D;ksafd vkt Hkh fofHkUu /eksZa dk
lekt ij dki+Qh izHkko gSA vke rkSj ls fofHkUu /ekZoyfEc;ksa dh
vius&vius /eZ esa vkLFkk (izek.k ds vHkko esa ;k fojks/h izek.k
ds jgus ij Hkh n`<+ fo'okl) jgrh gSA os vius /eZ dh cqfu;knh

ekU;rkvksa ds ckjs esa rkfdZd n`f"V ls lksp Hkh ugha ikrs gSa]
cfYd dbZ ckj ,slk djuk mudh dYiuk ls Hkh ijs gksrk gSA
nk'kZfud fof/ ls /eksZa dk v;;u&v;kiu bl n`f"V ls cgqr
mi;ksxh gS fd ;g /kfeZd va/fo'oklksa ls eqfDr fnyk dj lekt
ds /eZfujis{khdj.k (secularization) esa lgk;d gks ldrk gSA
bl rjg] lgh rjhds ls /eZ&n'kZu dk v;;u&v;kiu csgrj
fn'kk esa lkekftd ifjorZu esa lgk;d gks ldrk gSA
fu"d"kZ ds rkSj ij] ge ;g dg ldrs gSa fd lkekU; rkSj
ij n'kZu'kkL=k dk v;;u&v;kiu] vkSj fo'ks"k rkSj ls rdZ'kkL=k]
uhfr'kkL=k] lekt vkSj jktuhfr n'kZu rFkk /eZ&n'kZu dk
v;;u&v;kiu csgrj fn'kk esa lkekftd ifjorZu esa lgk;d
gSA n'kZu'kkL=k ds fo|kFkhZ] f'k{kd ;k nk'kZfud oSpkfjd vkSj
uSfrd kfUr ;k] nwljs 'kCnksa esa] nk'kZfud kfUr ds vykok
lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd kfUr esa Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkk ldrs gSaA

lanHkZ
1- jesUnz] 2005] lekt vkSj jktuhfr n'kZu (fnYyh%
eksrhyky cukjlhnkl)] i`"B & 25&262- Harry M Johnson, 1978, Sociology: A Systematic
Introduction (New Delhi: Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd) p.
626.
3. MavIver and Page, 1981, Society: An Introductory
Analysis (New Delhi: Macmillan India Ltd.) p. 5.

4. Ramendra, 2012, Some Reflections on Ethics

(Patna: Buddhiwadi Foundation) Also available at
smashwords.com as a free e-book. See chapters titled,
"On John Stuart Mill" and "Some False Dichotomies".

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lkekftd ifjorZu esa n'kZu dh Hkwfedk
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