Tiu lun sn xut du gc

Nhm IV

Danh sch thnh vin nhm IV Lp

08CDHH
STT

H V Tn

M S Sinh Vin

Nguyn Vn Ton ..............................................3004080042

V Th Phng Trang ........................................3004080136

inh Ngc Trn..................................................3004080043

Hong Th Thy Trinh........................................3004080044

Hu Trnh......................................................3004080045

Nguyn Thnh Trung..........................................3004080046

V Tin Trung.....................................................3004080048

Trn Thanh Trc...............................................3004080049

H Vn Tun.......................................................3004080137

10

L Thanh Tun....................................................3004080050

11

Nguyn Trn Tuyn............................................3004080051

12

Nguyn Trn i Vit.........................................3004080053

13

Hong Th Vinh..................................................3004080054

14

Trn Th Hng Yn.............................................3004080055

15

Trng Th Hi Yn............................................3004080056

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thanh Hin

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Tiu lun sn xut du gc

Nhm IV

Mc lc
Gii thiu chung..................................................................................................3
I. Mc ch chnh ca du gc:............................................................................4
II. Thnh phn ha hc ca du gc:.....................................................................4
II.1 Cc Hydrocacbon Naphten v Parafin:..............................................................4
II.2 Nhm hydrocacbon thm v hydrocacbon naphten thm:................................5
II.3 Hydrocacbon rn:...............................................................................................7
III. Phn loi du gc:..............................................................................................7
III.1 Phn loi theo nht:.....................................................................................7
III.2 Phn loi theo ch s nht (VI):....................................................................8
III.3 Phn loi theo nhm:........................................................................................ 8
IV. Cng ngh sn xut du gc:...........................................................................8
IV.1 S h thng sn xut du gc chung :...........................................................8
IV.2 Qu trnh trch ly chit bng dung mi:............................................................10
IV.3 Qu trnh tch sp:...........................................................................................10
IV.4 Lm sch bng axit sunfuric v t st:............................................................11
IV.5 Qu trnh tch atphan bng propan:.................................................................11
IV.6 Lm sch bng hydro:......................................................................................12

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Tiu lun sn xut du gc

Nhm IV

Gii thiu chung

Du gc cn gi l du nhn gc, c chng ct t sn phm ca phn on

mazut(du FO) trong qu trnh chng ct s khi du m. Phn on mazut l phn on
cn chng ct kh quyn, c dng lm nguyn liu t cho l cng nghip hay s dng
lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh chn khng. Nh bc hc Nga ni ting D.l.Mendeleep l
mt trong nhng ngi u tin t vn dng mazut sn xut du gc, nm 1867
ngi ta bt u ch bin du m thnh du gc.
Khng ging nh cc sn phm ha cht v ha du khc, khng c tiu chun
cng nghip cho du gc. Trong lnh vc s dng du ng c, ch s nht, im ng
c, n nh xy ha v thnh phn bay hi l cc ch tiu quan trng, nhng c
nhng tnh cht quan trng khc cho du gc s dng trong cc ng dng bi trn cng
nghip.
Hip hi du kh M (API American Petroleum Institute) phn chia ra cc nhm
du gc sau:
- Nhm I: Hydrocarbon no <> 0,03%; v Ch s nht theo Hip hi k s t
SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) = > 80 120. Ph bin trn th trng l cc
nhm 150SN, 500SN (solvent neutral) v 150BS (bright stock)
- Nhm II: Hydrocarbon no > 90% v lu hunh <> 80 120. Nhm ny c c tnh
chng xy ha tt hn.
- Nhm III: Hydrocarbon no > 90% v lu hunh <> 120. Nhm ny c sn xut
bng qui trnh c bit isohydromerization.
- Nhm IV: Cc Polyalphaolefins (PAO)
- Nhm V: Ngoi cc nhm trn nh esters, naphthenic, PAG
Bc M, nhm 3, 4 v 5 c gi l du tng hp (synthetic lubricants), nhm 3
thng gi l hydrocarbon tng hp hay SHC Synthesised Hydrocarbons. Ti Chu u,
ch nhm 4, 5 mi c xp vo hydrocarbon tng hp.
Bn cnh , trong cng nghip du nht ngi ta b sung thm cc nhm cng
ngh bao gm:

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Tiu lun sn xut du gc

Nhm IV

- Group I+ c Ch s nht t 103 108

- Group II+ c Ch s nht t 113 119
- Group III+ c Ch s nht > 140
I.

Mc ch chnh ca du gc:

Mc ch s dng chnh ca du gc l sn xut du bi trn nhng ch yu l

sn xut du bi trn, c hng ngn loi du bi trn khc nhau. Ph bin nht l du
ng c, nhng cng c nhiu p dng du bi trn cng nghip, trong c mt s du
bi trn chuyn dng. Mt lt du bi trn gm t 30 50 % du gc, phn cn li l ph
gia.
II.

Thnh phn ha hc ca du gc:

Du gc c s dng pha ch du bi trn thch hp ch yu thu c t qu

trnh chng ct chn khng sn phm y ca thp chng ct kh quyn.
-

Du gc thng cha cc loi hydrocacbon sau y:

Parafin mch thng v mch nhnh.
Hydrocacbon no n v a vng (naphten) c cu trc vng xyclohexan gn vi
mch nhnh parafin.
Hydrocacbon thm n vng v a vng ch yu cha cc mch nhnh ankyl.
Cc hp cht cha vng naphten, vng thm v mch nhnh ankyl trong cng mt
phn t.
Cc hp cht hu c cha cc d nguyn t, ch yu l cc hp cht cha lu
hunh, oxi v nit.

p ng yu cu v nng cao cht lng ca du gc, du gc cn c ch

bin su khi thu c t cc phn on ca thp chng ct chn khng nh cc qu trnh:
chit, tch, hydrotreating.... nhm loi b cc cu t khng mong mun khi du gc.
Vic la chn du gc pha ch du bi trn ph thuc vo nht, mc tinh ch,
n nh nhit v kh nng tng hp vi cc cht khc nhau (cht ph gia) hoc vt
liu m du bi trn s tip xc trong qu trnh s dng.
II.1 Cc Hydrocacbon Naphten v Parafin:
Cc hydrocacbon ny c gi chung l nhm hydrocacbon naphten-Parafin l
thnh phn ch yu c trong du gc. Hm lng nhm ny ty thuc vo bn cht

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Tiu lun sn xut du gc

Nhm IV

ca du m v khong nhit si m chng chim t 41%- 68% trong thnh phn

ha hc ca du nh gc.
Cc hp cht n-parafin thng c khong 20 cacbon, nhng hp cht n-parafin c
phn t lng ln thng l nhng Parafin rn (gi l sp), nn hm lng chng
trong du bi trn phi gim ti mc ti thiu, c bit l i vi du bi trn s dng
nhit thp. Trong khi , cc parafin mch nhnh li l thnh phn rt tt cho du
bi trn v chng c n nh nhit v tnh nhit nht tt. Mch nhnh cng di th
c tnh ny cc th hin r rng hn i vi cc parafin mch nhnh. T bng (1) ta
thy rng nu mch cng di, nhnh ph v tr u mch v c nhnh th chng c
tr s nht c bit cao v l nhng cu t thch hp cho du nhn gc c cht lng
cao.
Bng (1): Ch s nht ca Iso-Parafin C21-24
Hydrocacbon
2-metyl-eicozan

S nguyn t cacbon trong phn Ch s nht

t
21
165

3-metyl- eicozan

21

146

4-metyl- eicozan

21

145

5-metyl- eicozan

21

140

2-metyl-tricozan

24

170

2,2-dimetyl-docozan

24

163

2,4- dimetyl-docozan

24

144

2,4,6-trimetyl-heiecozan

24

118

Thnh phn hydrocacbon napten trong nhm hydrocacbon napten-parafin ny c

cu trc ch yu l cc hp cht vng naphten, c kt hp cc nhnh alkyl hoc iso alkyl
v c nguyn t cacbon trong phn t c th t 20 40, hoc c khi ln n 60, s vng
c th t 1 n 5 vng (cng c loi du pht hin c s vng n 7 hoc 9). Cu trc
c th 2 dng : cu trc khng ngng t (phn t c th cha t 1 n 6 vng )v cu
trc ngng t (phn t c th 2-4 vng ngng t). Cu trc nhnh ca cc vng napten
cng rt a dng, chng khc nhau bi s nhnh, chiu di mch,mc phn nhnh ca
mch v v tr phn nhnh ca mch trong vng.
II.2 Nhm hydrocacbon thm v hydrocacbon naphten thm:

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Tiu lun sn xut du gc

Nhm IV

Thnh phn v cu trc ca nhm ny c ngha quan trng i vi du nhn gc.

Mt lot cc tnh cht s dng ca du nhn nh tnh n nh chng oxy ha, tnh bn
nhit, tnh chng mi mn, hp th ph gia ph thuc ch yu vo tnh cht v hm
lng ca nhm hydrocacbon ny.
Cc hydrocacbon thm l nhng loi c 1,2,3 vng thm, cn loi c 5 vng thm
tr ln rt t. Ngoi s khc nhau v s vng thm cc hydrocacbon thm cn khac
nhau bi s nguyn t cacbon, mch nhnh v v tr nhnh. Trong nhm ny, ngi ta cn
pht hin thy s c mt ca cc vng thm ngng t a vng. Mt phn l do chng c
mt trong ngun du nguyn liu ban u c t l thay di theo ngun gc du m, mt
phn khc th chng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh chng ct do phn ng trng ngng,
trng hp di tc dng ca nhit . Tuy nhin i b phn hp cht trong du nhn l
loi lai hp, lai hp naphten v hydrocacbon thm hay prafin.
Nhn chung cc hydrocacbon naphten hay hydrocacbon thm 1 vng hoc 2 vng
vi mch nhnh parafin di c cng nhit si th nht ca chng cng xp s nhau.
Khi tng chiu di mch nhnh th nht tng ln r rt v ch s nht tt, c bit
nhnh ankyl li phn nhnh. Cn naphten v hydrocacbon cacbon nhiu vng hoc dng
lai hp naphten hydrocacbon thm thng c nht rt cao song ch s nht li
thp.
Nh vy nhng hp cht ny khng phi l nhng cu t cn thit cho du gc
ch to du bi trn c cht lng tt , mc khc trong qu trnh lm vic cc hp cht
ny c xu hng to nha mnh lm gim nhanh chng tnh nng s dng ca du nhn.

n-Parafin

Tch sp

Sp

izo-Parafin

Du
Gc

Naphten mt vng v alkylbenzen

Naphten v hydrocacbon thm hai vng

Naphten v hydrocacbon thm a vngTrch ly bng dung mi

Cc hp cht phi hydrocacbon

Phn chit thu c

Hnh 3 : thnh phn ca phn on ct chn khng

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Tiu lun sn xut du gc

Nhm IV

Hnh 3: cho bit nhng thnh phn no c trong phn ct chn khng t du th l cc
cu t c li v nhng cu t c hi cn phi loi b khi sn xut du nhn gc.
Tm li nhng hp cht hydrocacbon c cu trc gm naphten hay hydrocacbon thm
mt vng c nhnh iso-Parafin di, cc hp cht iso-parafin l nhng cu t tt cho du
nhn v chng khng ch c nht m bo m chng cn c ch s nht cao lm
cho du nhn c cht lng tt.
II.3 Hydrocacbon rn:
Ngoi cc hydrocacbon trn th cn c nhm hydrocacbon rn gm dy cc
paraffin c cu trc phn t khc nhau, cc hydrocacbon napten cha t 1 n 3 vng
trong phn t v c mch nhnh di c cu trc dng thng hoc iso, cc hydrocacbon
thm c s vng v s mch nhnh khc nhau . Cc hydrocacbon c tch ra trong qu
trnh sn xut du nhn gc cho nn hm lng ca chng trong du nhn l rt t. C hai
loi hydrocacbon rn:
Parafin l hn hp ch yu ca cc phn t n-alkan vi khi lng kh cao (ln
hn 20 cacbon).
Xerexin l hn hp ch yu ca hydrocacbon naphten rn c mch nhnh dng
thng hoc dng iso, trong iso l ch yu.
Cc thnh phn khc:
Ngoi ra cn c cc thnh phn nh l : nha, asphanten, hp cht phi
hydrocacbon.
III. Phn loi du gc:
Phn loi theo thnh phn: Cn c v thnh phn ca cc loi Hydrocacbon no
chim u th trong du gc m c th phn du gc thnh cc loi nh: du khong
farafin, du gc khong naphten, du gc khong aromatic.
III.1 Phn loi theo nht:
Phn chng ct c s dng lm nguyn liu cho qu trnh sn xut du gc
thng nm trong khong 11 n 150 cSt 40oC. nht ca cc phn on cn
khong 140 n 1200 cSt. Du gc khong c cch gi tn to s khc bit gia cc phn
on u chng ct vi du cn theo nht:
Cc phn on du gc trung tnh SN (Sovent Neutral) c phn loi theo nht
Saybolt (SUS) 100oF: SN 70, SN 150, SN 500 Chng hn, du gc SN 150 l phn
on du chng ct c nht 150 SUS 100oF (29 cSt 40oC).
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Tiu lun sn xut du gc

Nhm IV

Cc phn on cn BS (Bright Stock) c phn loi theo nht Saybolt 2100F:

BS 150, BS 250 Chng hn, du BS 150 l phn on du cn c nht 150 SUS
2100F (30,6 cSt 10oC).
III.2 Phn loi theo ch s nht (VI):
-

Du c ch s nht cao (HVI): VI > 85, c sn xut t du gc parafin qua cng

on tch chit bng dung mi v tch sp.

Du c ch s nht trung bnh (MVI): 30 < VI < 85, c sn sut t c hai phn
ct naphten v parafin.

Du c ch s nht thp (LVI): VI < 30, c sn sut t phn on du gc

naphten v c dng khi ch s nht v oxy ha khng cn thit ch trng lm.
Cng ngh hydrocracking c th to du gc c ch s nht cao hn 140, l cc
loi du c ch s nht rt cao (VHVI) hoc siu cao (SHVI) hay cn gi l du gc
bn tng hp. Du gc bn tng hp l dng trung gian gi du gc khong tiu biu
v cc hydrocacbon tng hp, chng to ra du gc c tnh cht tt hn.

III.3 Phn loi theo nhm:

Ngoi cc h thng phn loi bit, ngi ta cng phn loi du gc theo nhm
da v ch tiu v hm lng lu hunh (S) v ch s nht theo tiu chun API.
IV.Cng ngh sn xut du gc:
IV.1 S h thng sn xut du gc chung :
p ng yu cu v thnh phn ca du gc cn c, th du gc cn c phi
sn xut t du th qua cc qu trnh chng ct, chic bng dung mi ,dng dung mi
tch sp v s l tinh ch. Vic la chn du gc pha ch thnh du nhn thng
phm ph thuc vo nht, mc tinh ch, n nh nhit v kh nng tng hp ca
cc hp cht khc (ph gia) hoc cc vt liu m du tip xc trong qu trnh s dng.
Thng thng th du gc c pha t du chng ct v phn on thu c t du
chng ct phn cn.
Trong thnh phn ha hc ca du nhn ta cp n thnh phn mong mun
ca du gc. Chng bao gm c iso Parafin v cc phn t c mt hoc hai vng gn
vi mch nhnh Parafin. Cc hp cht khc nh cc hydrocacbon c cu trc vng
naphten, vng aromat hoc cc d vng l nhng thnh phn khng mong mun ( v
chng c tnh nht nhit km ). V vy cn phi tch nhng cu t ny ra trong qu
trnh lc du.
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Tiu lun sn xut du gc

Nhm IV

Vic tch cc thnh phn khng mong mun trong qu trnh sn xut du nhn gc
nh cc qu trnh lc du s cho php c th sn xut du gc c cht lng cao, ngay c
vi thnh phn phn on ca du th thch hp cho mc ch ny.
S cng ngh chung sn xut du nhn gc t du m thng, bao gm cc
cng on c ch ra hnh VI.2, cc qu trnh chnh nh sau:
Chng ct chn khng nguyn liu .
Chit, tch, trch ly bng dung mi.
Tch cc hydrocacbon rn ( sp hay petrolactum).
Lm sch ln cui bng hydro ha.
Qu trnh tch asphenten bng dung mi propan thng p dng sn xut du
nhn c nht cao t nguyn liu cn gudron cng c xp vo qu trnh chit, trch
ly bng dung mi.

Nguyn liu (phn cn rng)

Du ct nh

Phn chit

Chng ct chn khng

Du ct trung

Chit bng dung mi

Du ct trung

Du ct nng

Cn gudron

Tch asphan bng propan

Du ct nng

Du cn

Du ct nh
Tch sp

Lm sch bng hydro

GVHD: Nguyn Th Thanh Hin

Du gc

Hnh IV.2: S cng ngh sn xut du gc

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Tiu lun sn xut du gc

Nhm IV

IV.2 Qu trnh trch ly chit bng dung mi:

Khi tin hnh chng ct khng th no loi ra ht c cc cu t khng mong
mun. Chng c trong du nhn gc sau mt thi gian bo qun hay s dng th b bin
i mu sc, tng nht, xut hin cc hp cht c tnh axit khng tan trong du to
thnh cn nha hoc cn bn tan trong du nhn. V vy dung dung mi iu kin thch
hp th cc cu t s b phn thnh hai nhm: nhm cu t ha tan tt trong dung mi to
thnh pha ring vi tn gi l pha chit (extract), phn cn li khng ha tan hoc ha tan
rt t vo trong dung mi gi l Raffinat. Sn phm c ch c th nm trong pha chit hay
nm trong pha Raffinat. Nhng trong thc t ngi ta quen gi pha cha sn phm l pha
Raffinat cn pha cn loi l Extract.
Da vo bng cht ca dung mi m ta chia thnh dung mi c cc v dung mi
khng c cc hay dung mi hn hp. Nhng d cho loi no th dung mi c chn
cng phi thon mn cc yu cu sau :
Phi c tnh ha tan chn lc , tc l phi c kh nng phn tch chng thnh hai nhm
cu t: nhm c li cho du nhn gc. Tnh cht ny cn gi l chn lc ca dung
mi.
Phi bn b mt ha hc, khng phn ng vi cc cu t ca nguyn liu khng gy n
mn v d s dng.
C gi thnh r v d kim.
C nhit si khc xa vi cc cu t cn tch d dng thu hi dung mi, tit kim
c nng lng.
Ba loi dung mi c cc thch hp cho vic tch hydrocacbon thm v cc nha ra
khi du nhn ct hin c s dng ph bin l: phenol, furfurol, Nmetylpirolydon. Cn tch nha asphanten trong phn on gudron ngi ta dng
ph bin l propan lng.
IV.3 Qu trnh tch sp:
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Tiu lun sn xut du gc

Nhm IV

Sp du m l hn hp parafin mch thng v cc hydrocacbon khc c nhit

nng chy kh cao v hon tan km trong du nhit thp. V th chng khng c
php c mt trong du nhn thnh phn, ngoi tr khi hm lng thp, hoc cc loi
du c s dng iu kin khng phi nhit thp ( v d nh iu kin nhit
phng, hoc iu kin kh hu nhit i). Tern thc t tr mt s loi du gc tch t
mt s loi du th c hm lng parafin thp, cn tt c cc loi du bi trn u phi
tri qua tch parafin, nu khng chng khng c linh ng hp l nhit mi
trng.
Tch sp l mt trong nhng khu quan trng nht v kh khn nht trong qu
trnh ch bin du nhn gc. C hai quy trnh hin ang c s dng tch sp,
l:
Qui trnh th nht : lm lnh kt tinh sp v dng dung mi ha tan thnh phn
du cho php lc nhanh tch sp khi du.
Qui trnh th hai: dng cracking chn lc b gy phn t parafin to thnh nhng
sn phm nh. Phng php ny cn c gi l phng php tch parafin dung xc
tc. Qu trnh ny cn c gi l tch parafin xc tc. Tuy nhin qu trnh tch sp
bng xc tc cha c p dng rng ri m cn giai on nghin cu v th ngim
bn cng nghip.
IV.4 Lm sch bng axit sunfuric v t st:
Tinh ch bng axit l mt trong nhng tinh ch c in nht trong cng nghip du
m. Ni mt cch s lc th qu trinh ny gm giai on khy trn du vi axit
sunfuric m c, tch du khi cn bn axit bng lng gn hoc ly tm v cui
cng tch cht c tnh axit tan trong du bng cch dng xt ra hoc dng mt
loi t st thch hp x l.
Vic x l axit trong thi gian di l qu trnh tinh ch du khon quan trng nht.
Tuy nhin trong qu trnh ny c mt s nhc im do vy m n cn c thay
th bng cc qu trnh x l hydro.
IV.5 Qu trnh tch atphan bng propan:
Thng thng, sn xut du nhn gc c th a thng cc phn on du ct
nh sang thit b chit tch bng dung mi, nhng cc phn on du cn thp
chng ct chn khng th li i hi phi tch atphan tch cc hp cht nha,
atphan v mt s hydrocacbon thm a vng. Nh qu trnh ny m du thu c c
nht thp v gim xu hng to dng cn, dng cc. Bnh thng c th dng
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Tiu lun sn xut du gc

Nhm IV

dung mi l propan cho qu trnh tch atphan nhng cng c th dng etan hat
butan.

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Tiu lun sn xut du gc

Nhm IV

IV.6 Lm sch bng hydro:

Cn phi c khu x l hydro cui cng ny l do qu trnh lm sch du gc bng
axit v t st c nhiu yu im. Qu trnh rt tn kim, mc tiu tn ha
cht cao v mc tiu tn chn tay kh ln. Qu trnh tinh ch sn phm du
tch parafin l cn thit loi b cc hp cht hot ng b mt ha hc c nh
hng n mu ca du gc. dim ny cn phi nhn mnh rng vic x l
cn axit v t st l mt vn rt phc tp. Cc hp cht cha nit nh hng
n mu sc v bn mu ca du gc v loi b chng l yu cu chnh ca qu
trnh tinh ch cui cng ny.
Sau khi qua cc bc x l tinh ch th ta thu c du nhn gc.

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Tiu lun sn xut du gc

Nhm IV

Ti Liu Tham Kho

Ti liu tham kho:

1. Cng ngh ch bin du m - L Vn Hiu NXB KHKT

2.
Tham kho mt s website:
1. www.sinhviencnhh.net
2.

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