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Physics For Scientists & Engineers, With Modern Physics, 4 Edition
Physics For Scientists & Engineers, With Modern Physics, 4 Edition
Chapter 14-15-16
Oscillations, Wave Motion and Sound
Units of Chapter 14
Simple Harmonic Motion
Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
The Period and Sinusoidal Nature of SHM
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11
where
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where
The period and frequency are:
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HOMEWORK
Giancoli, Chapter 14
References
o Physics For Scientists &Engineers with Modern Physics Giancoli 4th edition,
Pearson International Edition
27
Units of Chapter 15
Wave Motion
Types of Waves: Transverse and Longitudinal
Energy Transported by Waves
Intensity Related to Amplitude and Frequency
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Wavelength,
Frequency f and period T
Wave velocity
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Then, assuming the entire medium has the same density, we find:
(11-17)
Therefore, the intensity is proportional to the square of the frequency and
to the square of the amplitude.
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15-10 Refraction
If the wave enters a medium where the wave speed is different, it will be
refracted its wave fronts and rays will change direction.
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15-10 Refraction
The law of refraction works both ways a wave going from a slower
medium to a faster one would follow the red line in the other direction.
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15-11 Diffraction
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15-11 Diffraction
The amount of diffraction depends on the size of the obstacle compared
to the wavelength. If the obstacle is much smaller than the wavelength,
the wave is barely affected (a). If the object is comparable to, or larger
than, the wavelength, diffraction is much more significant (b, c, d).
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Chapter 16
Sound
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Units of Chapter 16
Characteristics of Sound
Intensity of Sound: Decibels
The Ear and Its Response; Loudness
Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings and Air Columns
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Audible range: about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz; upper limit decreases with age
Ultrasound: above 20,000 Hz; see ultrasonic camera focusing below
Infrasound: below 20 Hz
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Outer ear: sound waves travel down the ear canal to the
eardrum, which vibrates in response
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Summary of Chapter 16
Sound is a longitudinal wave in a medium.
The pitch of the sound depends on the frequency.
The loudness of the sound depends on the intensity and also on the
sensitivity of the ear.
The strings on stringed instruments produce a fundamental tone whose
wavelength is twice the length of the string; there are also various
harmonics present.
Wind instruments have a vibrating column of air when played. If the tube
is open, the fundamental is twice its length; if it is closed the fundamental
is four times the tube length.
Sound waves exhibit interference; if two sounds are at slightly different
frequencies they produce beats.
The Doppler effect is the shift in frequency of a sound due to motion of
the source or the observer.
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HOMEWORK
Giancoli, Chapter 16
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