Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Co So Du Lieu
Co So Du Lieu
C S D LIU
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2006
C S D LIU
Bin son :
Ts. PHM TH QU
LI NI U
Ti liu C s d liu l sch hng dn hc tp dng cho sinh vin h o to t xa
ngnh cng ngh thng tin v ngnh k thut vin thng.
Ni dung ca ti liu bao gm:
Chng I gii thiu s cn thit t chc d liu theo m hnh h c s d liu, mc tiu v
tnh c lp ca d liu. Kin trc m hnh tng qut 3 lp v tnh n nh trong m hnh
quan nim. Cc m hnh truy xut thng dng hin nay.
Chng II gii thiu tng qut v cc m hnh c s d liu kinh in v truyn thng.
l cc khi nim c bn v m hnh d liu mng, m hnh phn cp, m hnh quan h v
m hnh thc th lin h. Mt m hnh CSDL phi c kh nng biu din thc th v lin
kt gia cc thc th, l cch nhn v cch biu din cc lin kt ca ngi s dng.
Chng III trnh by nhng khi nim c bn v l thuyt c s d liu quan h do E.F
Codd xut. M hnh c s d liu quan h c xy dng trn c s ton hc cht ch
v logic, c tnh c lp d liu cao v c cu trc biu din n gin.
Chng IV gii thiu qu trnh chun ho d liu, l qu trnh tch khng tn tht thng tin
cc quan h cha chun ho v cc quan h c dng chun 3NF v Boye Codd theo ngha
cc quan h gc c khi phc chnh xc t cc php kt ni t nhin cc quan h chiu,
vi gi thit cc ph thuc d liu l cc ph thuc hm.
Chng V cp n cc ngn ng con thao tc d liu: ngn ng con d liu da trn i
s quan h, ngn ng c cu trc SQL truy vn d liu.
Chng VI cp ti mt s phng php ti u ho cu hi, sao cho tng tc thc hin
v ti u ho b nh.
Cui cng l chng VII, ni dung ca chng ny trnh by s cn thit phi bo v an
ton c s d liu. An ton d liu ngha l cc h c s d liu cn phi c bo v
chng truy nhp tri php sa i hay ph hoi d liu. Cc h thng d liu cn thit phi
bo m tnh ton vn v an ton d liu.
Ti liuC s d liu khng ch cp n nhng vn c s l thuyt m cn trnh
by mt s k nng cn thit thit k v ci t cc h c s d liu c th. Hy vng s
c ch cho sinh vin v nhng ngi mun xy dng cc h thng tin hc ng dng phc v
cho sn xut, qun l trong cc doanh nghip. C th cn nhiu thiu st trong bin son,
ti vn mnh dn gii thiu ti liu ny v mong nhn c s gp ca bn c.
Tc gi
KHI NIM C BN V
CC H C S D LIU
1.1 C s d liu l g
C s d liu l mt b su tp rt ln v cc loi d liu tc nghip, bao gm cc loi d
liu m thanh, ting ni, ch vit, vn bn, ho, hnh nh tnh hay hnh nh ng....c
m ho di dng cc chui bit v c lu tr di dng File d liu trong cc b nh ca
my tnh. Cu trc lu tr d liu tun theo cc quy tc da trn l thuyt ton hc. C s
d liu phn nh trung thc th gii d liu hin thc khch quan.
C s d liu l ti nguyn thng tin dng chung cho nhiu ngi: C s d liu (CSDL) l
ti nguyn thng tin chung cho nhiu ngi cng s dng. Bt k ngi s dng no trn
mng my tnh, ti cc thit b u cui, v nguyn tc c quyn truy nhp khai thc ton
b hay mt phn d liu theo ch trc tuyn hay tng tc m khng ph thuc vo v
tr a l ca ngi s dng vi cc ti nguyn .
C s d liu c cc h ng dng khai thc bng ngn ng con d liu hoc bng cc
chng trnh ng dng x l, tm kim, tra c, sa i, b sung hay loi b d liu.
Tm kim v tra cu thng tin l mt trong nhng chc nng qua trng v ph bin nht ca
cc dch v c s d liu. H qun tr CSDL HQTCSDL (DataBase Management System
- DBMS) l phn mm iu khin cc chin lc truy nhp CSDL. Khi ngi s dng a
ra yu cu truy nhp bng mt ngn ng con d liu no , HQTCSDL tip nhn v thc
hin cc thao tc trn CSDL lu tr.
i tng nghin cu ca CSDL l cc thc th v mi quan h gia cc thc th. Thc th
v mi quan h gia cc thc th l hai i tng khc nhau v cn bn. Mi quan h gia
cc thc th cng l mt loi thc th c bit. Trong cch tip cn CSDL quan h, ngi ta
2
End User 1
Application
Programmer
End User n
M hnh ngoi
S ngoi
Application
Programmer
M hnh ngoi
S ngoi
M hnh d liu
S quan nim
H
Qun tr
CSDL
nh x trong
Lp trnh
ng dng
Nh phn
tch
Giao din
ng dng
Chng trnh
ng dng
B cng c
Cu hi
B cng c
qun tr
Bin dch v
Lin kt
DML
Truy vn
DDL
Din xut
Code
Chng trnh
ng dng
Qun tr
CSDL
X l cu hi
Qun l b m
Qun l
cp quyn v
ton vn
Qun l File
Qun l
Giao tc
Qun l b nh
T in d liu
D liu
Ch s
Qun l b nh
D liu thng k
Quyt nh cu trc lu tr & chin lc truy nhp: Ngi qun tr CSDL phi xc
nh cch thc biu din d liu nh m t cu trc lu tr trong, m t cu trc
lu tr vt l. Xc nh m hnh d liu, nh ngha nh x gia cu trc lu tr v
s ngoi..Thc hin cc chin lc lu tr, qun l h thng.
Ngi qun tr CSDL phi to mi trng giao tip gia ngi s dng vi cc h
CSDL, v s ngoi cho ngi s dng l cch nhn d liu tng ng vi ngn
ng con d liu thch hp, nn ngi qun tr CSDL phi cung cp s quan
nim, cc nh x, v cu trc lu tr. Kim sot thm quyn truy nhp ca ngi
s dng v bo m quyn truy nhp ca h.
Duy tr cc tiu chun thng nht v cc th tc lu tr v cu trc lu tr, biu
din thng tin v cc chin lc truy nhp. Kim sot v kim tra tnh ng n
ca d liu. p dng cc bin php an ton, an ninh d liu.
Xc nh chin lc lu tr, sao chp, phc hi...trong cc trng hp h hng do
sai st, hoc trc trc k thut.
Network
Data base
Tow er System
M hnh Client-Server 2 lp
Clients
Lp giao dch (Business Tier) cung cp cc dch v qun tr, t chc v khai thc CSDL.
Cc componenet trc y c ci t trn lp khch, nay c ci t trn lp giao dch.
V d, mt ngi s dng trn my khch t mua hng, lp giao dch kim tra m hng
cn na hay khng mi quyt nh tip tc bn hay khng bn. Thnh phn ca lp giao
dch trong m hnh Internet l Web Server v COM+/MTS. Cng ngh ca Microsoft vi
Web Server l IIS (Internet Information Services) s dng ASP kt ni Client vi COM.
Web Server giao tip vi COM+/MTS component qua COM. COM+/MTS component
iu khin tt c giao tip vi lp d liu ngun thng qua ODBC hoc OLE - DB.
Network
Network
Database
Tow er System
Tow er System
Database
Server
Middleware
Server
Network
Network
Tow er System
Tow er System
Database
Server
Application
Server
Database
Tow er System
Application Server
Network
Network
Tow er System
Tow er System
Middleware Server
Database
Server
Tow er System
Application
Hnh 1.5 M hnh Client-Server nhiu lp
CGI (Common Gateway Interface) h tr to ra nhng trang Web tu bin theo yu
cu t my khch gi n.
ISAPI (Internet Server Application Progamming Interface) cho php lp trnh ng dng
trn my ngi s dng Web di dng mt th vin lin kt ng n (Dynamic Link
Library) c np cng lc vo b nh. Cc ng dng ca ISAPI thc hin nhanh hn
cc ng dng ca CGI.
IDC (Internet Database Connector) l mt ng dng ISAPI, h tr ca IIS (Internet
Information Server) truy nhp CSDL qua ODBC kt ni CSDL trn Internet. Vi cng
ngh ASP (Active Server Pages) cho php lp trnh theo dng kch bn to nhng ng
dng c tnh tng tc v hiu sut cao khi truy xut c s d liu trn my ch.
JDBC (Java DataBase Connectivity) h tr lp trnh mng truy xut CSDL bng ngn
ng Java. Cho php ngi s dng u cui truy nhp vo cc h CSDL bng MS SQL
Server, MS Access, Oracle, hay bng ngn ng truy vn SQL...
1.7.4 Kin trc h thng Server (Server System Architecture)
H thng kin trc Server bao gm Server giao tc (Transaction Server ) v Data Server .
Giao tc Server: Cng c gi l Query Server, cung cp giao din cho cc trm khch
(Clients) c th gi cu hi v yu cu thc hin v gi tr li kt qu. Yu cu c th biu
din bng ngn ng SQL hoc bng giao tip trong trnh ng dng.
Tin trnh Server (Serverprocess): Tin trnh nhn cc yu cu t cc my trm clients,
thc hin yu cu v tr li kt qu cho cc my trm. Cc yu cu ca my trm c
14
8 Hin th
kt qu
Tow er System
Tr v
trang Web
Web Server
yu cu x l
CGI
4
Kt qu
Truy xut
Truy xut
& x l
Database
15
Ngi
s dng
Ngi
s dng
ODBC
Ngi
s dng
JDBC
My
ch
My
ch
My
ch
Tin trnh
Monitor
Tin trnh
B nh chung
Chia s
b nh
chung
Cache truy vn
Buffer nht k
Tin trnh
Ghi
D liu
Tin trnh
Kho
quh tr
Kho bng
Tin trnh
Ghi
D liu
Tin trnh
Ghi
D liu
a nht k
Database
Client
Cc ng dng
NS
Cc ng dng
Network
Network
Server
Database
Applications
Database
a. Kin trc 2 lp
b. Kin trc 3 lp
16
17
18
CC M HNH C S D LIU
M02
M03
M04
Loi 10 i
Loi 20 i
Cp ng trc
Cp si quang
VNA
Vit nam
T1
10
21/10/1996
T2
29
31/12/1999
1.5
HAQ
T1
10
15/07/1982
T2
T4
18
4
15/09/1998
01/05/1980
NGA
Hn quc
Nga
T1
15
20/01/1981
T4
27/09/2000
LDA
T3
10
VN-HQ
03/09/1999
Deleted:
Deleted: P
Deleted: P
Deleted:
Deleted:
Deleted: S
Deleted: S
Deleted:
Deleted: S
Deleted: P
Deleted: Goto Nex
Deleted:
Loi 10 i
VNA
Vit Nam
M02
Loi 20 i
1.5
HAQ
Hn Quc
M03
Cp ng trc
NGA
Nga
M04
Cp Si
LDA
Lin Doanh
M05
VinaSung
LDA
Lin Doanh
10
T1
10
21/10/1996
18
15
T2
T3
31/12/1999
15
20
03/09/1999
20
21
T4
01/05/1980
T5
01/05/2002
20
Tuyn
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
S lng
10
15
18
20
21
Loi cp
M01
Hnh 2.2
M02
M03
M04
M05
Bn kt ni:
TC#='T02'
Khng c kt ni:
Thot
Thot
In MC#
Deleted: P
Deleted: P
Deleted: S
Deleted: S
Deleted:
Deleted:
Deleted: S
Deleted: P
Deleted:
MC# SL
M01 10
M02 20
M03 15
M01 29
M02 18
M04 10
M02
4
M03
8
NG
21/10/1996
15/7/1982
20/1/1981
31/12/1999
15/9/1998
3/9/1999
1/5/1980
27/9/2000
TC
H Ni- Hi Phng
H Ni- Qung Ninh
Hi Phng-Qung Ninh
T04
H Ni- H Ty
26
DAI
120 Km
170 Km
60 Km
NGHT
1/2/1980
31/12/1985
30/6/1990
15 Km
31/12/1979
MC
Loi 10 i
Loi 20 i
Cp ng trc
Cp si quang
GIA
1,0
1,5
3,0
4,0
N#
VNA
HAQ
NGA
LDA
NSX
Vit Nam
Hn Quc
Nga
Lin Doanh VN-HQ
27
Nhn vin
Khch hng
Ho n
Khch hng
S chng minh
Ho n
N-N
Tuyn cp
Loi cp
Loi cp
Nht k lp t
Thuc tnh (Attribute) l cc tnh cht c trng ca thc th, ch ra cc chi tit cn m t
v thc th. Mt xut hin c th ca mt thuc tnh trong mt thc th hoc mt mi quan
h c gi l gi tr thuc tnh (Attribute Value). Thuc tnh ca thc th nhn vin l m
29
Mn
Mn
Phng
Lp
2.6.4 kt ni cc mi quan h
kt ni (Connectivity) ca mt mi quan h m t mt rng buc trn nh x gia cc
xut hin thc th trong mi quan h. Gi tr ca kt ni l "mt" hoc "nhiu". Vi mt
mi quan h gia cc thc th Phng v Nhn vin, kt ni "mt" cho Phng v
"nhiu" cho Nhn vin mun ni rng c ti a "mt" xut hin thc th Phng c
lin kt vi "nhiu" xut hin ca Nhn vin.
2.6.5 Phn cp ISA
Ni rng A isa B (A l mt B) nu tp thc th B l s tng qut ha ca tp thc th A,
hoc A l loi c bit ca B. iu ny c ngha l A c th k tha cc thuc tnh ca B.
Ni cch khc, mi thc th a thuc A c quan h vi ng mt phn t b trong B v nh
vy a v b thc s ch l mt thc th. Khng cn c phn t b trong B c quan h nh th
vi hai phn t khc nhau trong A, nhng c mt vi phn t trong B c th khng c quan
h g vi mi phn t trong A. Cc thuc tnh kha ca A thc s l thuc tnh kha ca tp
B v gi tr ca nhng thuc tnh trong A c ly tng ng t cc thc th trong B.
2.6.6 S thc th quan h
Thit k CSDL logic c th thc hin bng phng php tip cn t trn xung, t di ln,
v t hp c hai. Cch tip cn truyn thng i vi cc CSDL quan h, l mt qu trnh t
di ln, tng hp cc phn t d liu ring bit vo cc quan h c chun ha sau khi
phn tch s ph thuc qua li gia cc thc th. Vic a m hnh quan h thc th vo
qu trnh thit k, l cch tip cn t trn xung, mt hnh thi t hp mi tr nn ph bin
nh c s dng cc khi nim tru tng ha. Mt c s d liu thc th quan h c th
biu din ton b cu trc logic ca n bng s . S thc th quan h thng n gin
v c c tnh r rng nn d khi qut ha. .
Mt s thc th quan h bao gm cc thnh phn chnh di y:
Hnh ch nht biu din cc tp thc th.
Cc hnh elip biu din cc thuc tnh, chng c lin kt vi tp cc thc th bng
cc cnh v hng. Cc thuc tnh l kha s c gch chn.
30
Dch v
Hp ng
Nh
cung cp
Thu bao
Bc I I: M hnh ha ER
N
Thu bao
Hp ng
Dch v
K vi
Cung cp
bi
1
1
Thu bao
Nh cung
Hp ng
Bc III: Tch hp cc yu cu
Thu bao
N Hp ng
N
K
vi
1 Nh
cung cp
31
Yu
cu
Vi
Thu bao
THUEBAO
M H v tn ......
DICHVU
MADV Dch v ......
NHACCDV
MACC Tn c quan a ch
......
1
Bao gm
N
Nhm
1
Bao gm
1
Ph trch
Bao gm
Nhn vin
Hnh 2.5 M hnh ha thc th theo quan im qun l
32
Nhn vin
N
Ngi qun l
Tr l
c
s dng
c
s dng
N
c
tham gia
c
s dng
Computer
Desktop
Hnh 2.6
K thut vin
K s
D n
D n
N
1
K nng
S dng
N
Nhn vin
K nng
S dng
N
N
Ni lm vic
Hnh 2.7
Phn
1
Gm
N
Nhm
Qun l
bi
Qun l
bi
Qun l
d n
D n
K nng
N
K nng
S dng
Nhn vin
Lm vic
Qun l
Qun l
nhn s
N
V tr
Qun l
Tr l
S dng
S dng
Desktop
K s
S dng
Tham gia
Computer
35
K thut
D n
Dung
l
Tn
ISA
Tng i
HOST
Thuc
M
Mu
Tn
Thc
hin
SD
T
SD
T
Tn
n v
Cp
s
Thu bao
a ch
a ch
S n
Ngy
gi
T.gian
Lng
Nhn vin
Trng
ISA
Lnh
o
Thuc
SD
T
Tn
Tn
Nh cung cp
Phng
a ch
Cung
Cp
Nhp
Tn MH
Mt hng
MH#
Ho n
Gm
SL
Gi
M
Ngy
Tn
T.kho
Gi tr
Ca
Khch hng
37
a ch
Phn 2
A. ph thuc ln nhau v cc ph thuc
cng l cc thc th c bi
2 C s d liu quan h c ..........
B. l mi lin kt gia cc b c biu
din duy nht bng cc gi tr d liu .
3 Cu trc d liu quan h......
C. biu din di dng cc bng
4 Gia cc thuc tnh c mi quan h rng D. l mt cu trc quan h ton hc.
buc......
a. 1- D; 2- C ; 3 B ; 4 A .
b. 1- C; 2- B; 3 A; 4 D
c. 1- A; 2- B; 3 C; 4 D.
d. 1- D; 2- B; 3 A; 4 C.
12. Hy so khp thng tin 2 phn di y vi nhau:
Phn 1
1 Kt qu ca cc php tm kim trong
CSDL quan h d liu .....
2 Cc cu hi tm kim trong c s d liu
..........
3 Cc php ton lu tr trong CSDL quan h
c kh nng ......
39
Phn 2
A. l i xng nhau.
B. cng l mt quan h.
C. xy dng trn i s quan h.
5.
5.
6.
6.
a) Thng tin v tt c khch hng t mua bo NDA (Nhn Dn) trong qu I/2000.
b) Thng tin v cc loi bo m khch hng t mua trong qu I/2000.
Hy thc hin cc php tm kim trn CSDL quan h:
a) Tng s lng v tin cc loi bo (tp ch) khch t mua trong thng nm 1999.
b) Thng tin v tt c khch hng t mua tt c cc loi bo c trong danh mc.
c) Lp bng k tnh tng tin cc loi bo m khch t mua trong tng thng?
d) Thng tin v cc loi bo khch t mua c s lng v tin cao hn s lng v
tin khch t mua bo VHT vn ho & th thao?
Hy s dng m hnh thc th quan h m t d liu v Hc vin (bao gm v m
hnh t chc, cc phng ban, cc khoa, qun l sinh vin qun l o to, hc bng, cc
danh hiu thi ua...).
Hy v s mmo hnh thc th quan h v mi quan h trong gia nh: b m, v
chng, con ci... v chuyn v cc m hnh:
a) M hnh quan h.
b) M hnh phn cp.
c) M hnh mng.
Gi s c s d liu qun l sinh vin gm cc thc th sinh vin (students), kho hc
(courses) v im hc tp (grade) ca sinh vin trong mi kho hc. Thc th sinh vin
bao gm cc thuc tnh nh h v tn, a ch, ngy sinh, qu qun...Thng tin v cc
kho hc bao gm tn kho hc, khoa no t chc, thi gian, s tit, ni hc, thy dy...
C th biu din lc quan h trn bng nhiu m hnh khc nhau. Tuy nhin c th
c mt s s c mt s c im khng mong mun. V d nh:
a) Cho trc mt SV, khng th xc nh nhng kho hc m sinh vin hc
qua m khng cn phi duyt nhiu phn ca CSDL.
b) Khng th xc nh nhng ng k mt lp hc m khng cn phi duyt
nhiu phn ca CSDL.
c) Khng th xc nh im ca mt SV trong mt kho hc.
d) To d tha: kho hc lp li nhiu ln, tn lp li.....
Hy ch ra cc hn ch khi chuyn i CSDL trn v :
a) Quan h
b) Phn cp
c) Mng
41
C S D LIU QUAN H
nh ngha quan h
Lc quan h
Kha ca lc quan h
Mt s tnh cht ca kho trong lc quan h
Cc thut ton xc nh kho ca lc quan h
Cc php ton trn c s d liu quan h
3.1 Quan h
3.1.1 nh ngha quan h
Cho := {A1 , A2 ,.. , An} mt tp hu hn cc thuc tnh, khc rng v cc phn t khng
nht thit phn bit nhau. Mi mt thuc tnh Ai , i =1n c mt min gi tr xc nh,
(Domain), k hiu D(Ai) = Dom(Ai). V d, tp cc k t s c chiu di chnh xc l 7,
l min ca ca thuc tnh s in thoi. Tch cc ca cc min Dom(A1), Dom(A2)..
Dom(An ) c biu din nh sau:
Dom(A1) x Dom(A2) x ..x Dom(An ) : = { (a1, a2,.., an) ai Ai, i = 1 n }.
Ni rng R l mt quan h trn tp khi v ch khi n l mt tp con ca tch cc
ca: D(a1) x D(a2) x... x D(an). K hiu R() = R(A1 , A2 , .. , An). Tc l
R() D(a1) x D(a2) x...x D(an).
Nh vy quan h R() trn tp l tp cc cc hm:
R() := { rr : D(A), A }
Mi mt hm trong quan h c gi l mt dng ca quan h. V vy trong cch tip cn
m hnh CSDL quan h, ngi ta thng biu din mt quan h trn tp cc thuc tnh
bng mt bng 2 chiu. Cc thuc tnh (Attributes) ca quan h l cc ct A1 , A2 ,.. , An ,
khng nht thit phn bit nhau v cc hng ca quan h c gi l cc b (tuple), hay cn
c gi l cc bn ghi ca quan h, k hiu l r R(). Gi tr ca mi mt b gm n
thnh phn gi tr r = (d1, d2,.., dn) c rt ra gi tr t cc min xc nh tng ng, tc l
r(A1) = d1 D(A1), r(A2) = d2 D(A2), ... , r(An) = dn D(An), trong cc k hiu
D(Ai) := Dom(Ai) l min xc nh ca Ai , i = 1 n.
42
A1
r1
r2
rn
A2
............
An
r1 (A1)
r1 (A2)
...........
r1 (An)
r2 (A1)
r2 (A2)
...........
r2 (An)
.............. ............... ................ ................
rn (A1)
rn (A2) ................
rn (An)
M#
M01
M02
M12
M13
TK
DC
SDT
MB#
A01
A02
A01
A02
A01
A03
B01
A02
NG
1/2/2000
4/2/2000
1/3/2000
1/4/2000
1/6/2000
1/5/2000
1/4/2000
1/4/2000
SL
100
150
300
120
230
50
90
150
Nu A B v B C
Nu A B v A C
khi
AC BC.
khi
A C.
khi A BC.
khi A C.
b)
Cho F = {A B, B C, A D, B D }.
Khi
2.
A C F+ , B DC F+ v A BC F+.
V B C v B D, suy ra B DC F+.
V A B AX BX.
T AX BX , kt hp BX Z, suy ra AX Z.
T C X AC AX.
3.
T A B v B C suy ra A C.
T A C v C D suy ra A D F+.
Mt s tnh cht bao ng ph thuc hm:
Tnh phn x:
F F+
Tnh n iu: nu
F G F+ G+
Tnh ly ng:
F + = F ++
Khi :
Cc ph thuc hm y :
(TC#, MC#) SL ,
(TC#, MC# ) GT,
TC# TTC ,
(TC#, MC#) NG ,
(C#, MC#) DV,
TC# DAI ,
NG DV ,
TC# TTC .
Cc ph thuc hm khng y :
{TC#, MC# } TTC, {TC#, MC##} DAI.
SL
TTC
DAI
TC#
GT
MC#
NG
DV
Hnh 3.3 Cc ph thuc hm trong quan h qun l mng cp
3.4 Bao ng & thut ton xc nh bao ng cc thuc tnh
3.4.1 Bao ng tp cc thuc tnh (Closure of a set attributes)
Nh trong cc phn trc nghin cu, lc lng ca F+ tp cc ph thuc hm c suy
dn logic t F bng cch p dng cc h tin Armstrongs l qu ln, trong khi c th
lc lng ca F rt nh. Tp F ch l tp con ca F+. R rng vic tnh ton to ra tp
ng F+ tn rt kh nhiu thi gian v chi ph qu cao. V d ph thuc hm m v phi
gm nhiu thuc tnh {X A2,.., X An}, khi cc phn t ca F+ cha tt c cc ph
thuc X Y, trong Y {A1A2.. An}. Nh vy c th c 2n tp Y, s lng cc ph
thuc ca F+ s rt ln, khng hy vng c th lit k ht c cc phn t ca tp F+.
48
START
Y:=X
Y
N
BY
AY
Y:= Y Z
Y
Z=
Z:= Z B
End
X+ = Y
4)
5)
G = G {B C} = {BC D , AD B}
Xt BC D G : BC T3 = ABC, D T3 .
T4 = T3 D = ABCD.
G = G {BC D} = {AD B}
Xt AD B G : AD T4 = ABCD, B T3 .
T5 = T4 = ABCD.
G = G {AD B} =
Nh vy T5 = X+ = ABCD.
Output : Khng nh XY F
Begin
52
V d 7:
53
II:
T4 =T3 D = ABCD.
G = G {C D} = .
Nh vy T4 = (A)+ = ABCD.
A D F + D ABCD.
CG B
CG D
CE A
2. Xa cc ph thuc d tha:
CE A v c suy dn t C A.
CG B v c suy dn t CG D, C A, ACD B.
3. Thuc tnh d tha v tri:
Thay ACD B bng CD B, v C A, ACD B
c th suy ra CD B.
Kt qu:
56
CE G
CD B
CG D
l tp cc thuc tnh .
F = { A BA,B }.
Output : Xc nh tp ph ti tiu G t F
M t phng php
1. Tch v phi ca tt c cc ph thuc hm sao cho ch cha duy nht mt thuc
tnh. p dng b 4.2.
2. Loi b nhng ph thuc d tha dng X A F ra khi tp ph thuc F
nu ph thuc ny c suy dn logic t F { X A}.
3. Xo cc thuc tnh d tha trong v tri ca ph thuc X A F sao cho nu
Z X th G = F {X A} {Z A} tng ng vi F.
V d 11: Cho F = {X Z, XY WP, XY ZWQ, XZ R}.
Xc nh tp ph ti tiu t tp F.
1. Tch cc v phi ca cc ph thuc sao cho ch cha duy nht mt thuc tnh,
p dng tnh cht hp/tch:
G: = {XZ, XYW, XY P, XYZ, XY W, XY Q, XZ R}.
2. Loi b cc ph thuc d tha:
G: = {XZ, XY W, XY P, XYZ, XY Q, X R}
3. Loi b cc thuc tnh v tri d tha:
G: = {XZ, XY W, XY P, XY Q, X R}.
3.6 Kha ca lc quan h
Trong mt lc quan h lun lun tn ti mt thuc tnh hay mt tp cc thuc tnh c
kh nng biu din duy nht cc thuc tnh cn li. Ni cch khc gi tr ca mt hay nhiu
thuc tnh c th xc nh duy nht gi tr cc thuc tnh khc. S chng minh th s xc
nh c tt c thng tin v ngi mang chng minh th . Ngy gi, thi gian bt u,
thi gian kt thc, s my gi i, s my gi n xc nh duy nht thng tin v cc m
thoi, s thu bao in thoi...Tp thuc tnh c tnh cht nh trn c gi l kho ca
lc quan h. Thng thng trong mt lc quan h c th tn ti nhiu kho. Trong
s s chn mt kho lm kho chnh sao cho n gin v khng nhp nhng thng tin.
3.6.1 nh ngha
Cho s = < , F > l mt lc quan h , l tp cc thuc tnh khc rng v tp cc
ph thuc hm (tp ph ti tiu) F := {A B A, B }. Cho tp con bt k X .
Ni rng X l kho (Key) ca lc quan h s khi v ch khi:
57
M tuyn cp
Tn gi cp
S lng
MC#
GIA
GTR
M cp
n gi cp
Gi tr
Bit rng:
GIA
MC#
TC#
GIA
K K
F1 = {(Lj \ G ) (Rj \ G )( Lj Rj ) F }
Mt s khng nh sau
Nu K 1 S l tp phn kha ca s = <, F >
Khi K 1 S1 = {K-1 \ G K-1 K 1 S } l phn kha ca s1:= <1, F1>.
Nu K 1 S1
Khi
K = \ K-1
KK
TC#
MC#
DAI
GTR
V d.14:
K-1 K
Trong quan h R (TC#, TTC, MC#, MC, DAI, NG, GTR, SL)
M tuyn cp
M cp
di tuyn cp
Gi tr mt loi cp trn tuyn cp
TTC
MC
NG
SL
Tn gi tuyn cp
Tn gi loi cp
Ngy lp t cp trn tuyn
S lng cp trn tuyn
Phn kho
TTC
GT
TC#
SL
DAI
MC#
MC
NG
H = K
Lj Rj F
G = K
K K
K K
Vi K K , khi : \ R K ( \ R ) ( L R ).
Cc kho ca lc quan h s= < , F > ch khc nhau trn cc thuc tnh
ca (L R ).
Nu (L R ) = khi ( \ R ) l kho duy nht ca quan h s = <, F >.
Nu (R \ L) th tn ti kho K sao cho K l kho khng tm thng
Nu i: (Ri L Li R = )
Khi
\ R l kha duy nht s = < , F >
t L R = {A1, A2,...,Ak } v K1 : = ( \ R) (L R ).
K(i+1) :=
Ki \ Ai
Nu ( Ki \ Ai ) Ai F +
Ki
Nu ( Ki \ Ai) Ai F +
Vi i = 1 k
Khi
V d 15
={ A, B, H, G, Q, M, N, V, W }
F := { A B, B H, G Q, V W, W V }
61
L = {ABGVW} ,
R = {BHQWV},
L R ={BVW},
( \ R) = A G M N
( \ R K ( \ R ) (L R)
{A G M N} K {A G M N} {BVW}
Nh vy kha lc quan h ch khc nhau trn cc thuc tnh B, V v W
3.8 Cc thut ton xc nh kho ca lc quan h.
Thut ton 3.6: Xc nh mt kho lc quan h
Input: :
:={ A1 , A2 ,.. , An }
F := { f : Lj Rj Lj, Rj }
L = Lj v
R = Rj
Lj
Rj
62
Start
X=(\ R)
Y
X+ =
N
X = ( \ R ) (L R )
i =1
X = X \ Ai
X+ =
Y
N
X = X Ai
i =i+1
N
i > k
Y
X l kha
( \ R ) l kha
End
Hnh 3.7 S thut ton xc nh kha lc quan h
={A, B, C, D, E, G }, F = {B C, C B, A GD }
L = ABC, R = BCDG , L R = BC.
( \ R) = AE khng l kha ca < , F >
v ( \ R)+ = (AE)+ = AEDG .
t X= ( \ R) (L R) = ABCE.
a) Theo th t L R = BC
Xt (X- B)+ = (ACE)+ = ABCDEG = X = ACE
(X- C)+ = (AE)+ = ADEG .
V d 16:
63
:={ A1 , A2 ,.. , An }
F := {Lj Rj Lj, Rj }
L = Lj v
R = Rj
Lj
Rj
64
Start
Y
X=\R
N
X = ( \ R ) (X (L R ))
X (L R ) ={A1,A2,..Ak}
i =1
X = X \ Ai
X+ =
X = X Ai
i =i+1
N
i > k
Y
X l kha cha
trong siu kha
( \ R ) l siu kha
cng l kha
End
Start
Hnh 3.8 S thut ton xc nh kha t siu kha cho trc
V d 16:
={A, B, C, D, E, G }
F = {B C, C B, A GD }
L = ABC , R = BCD , ( \ R ) = AE , L R = BC
Cho trc siu kha X = ABCEG
65
Rj
X ={ A1 , A2... Ak}
Output: : X l siu kha (kha) ca lc quan h.
Phng php:
Nu ( \ R ) X ( \ R ) (L R) khi X l siu kha.
Nu X+ khi X khng l siu kha.
Nu X l siu kha, s dng thut ton xc nh kha t siu kha.
V d 17: Cho F = {B C, C B, A GD}.
Xc nh X = ABEG c l kho khng ?.
L = ABC , R = BCD , ( \ R ) = AE , L R = BC .
Khi AE= ( \ R ) ABEG ( \ R ) (L R ) = AEBC.
X+ = (ABEG)+ = ={A, B, C, D, E, G }, l mt siu kho.
p dng thut ton xc inh kho t siu kho X = ABEG .
Nh vy kha ca lc quan h l K1 = ABE .
66
Start
X = {A1,A2,..Ak}
Q=\ R
W= ( \ R ) (L R)
Y
QXW
N
X+ =
Y
Thut ton xc nh
kha t siu kha
X l kha ca quan
h s = < , F >
X khng l kha ca
lc < , F >
End
Hnh 3.9 S thut ton on nhn kha
Cu hi trc nghim
1. R l mt quan h trn tp khi v ch khi:
A. R D(a1) x D(a2) x...x D(an).
B. R = D(a1) x D(a2) x...x D(an).
C. R = D(a1) D(a2) .. D(an).
D. R D(a1) D(a2) .. D(an).
2. f : X Y, khi v ch khi nu
A. ( r, s R ) (r(X) s(X)) th suy ra r(Y) s(Y),
B. ( r, s R ) ((a X) (r(a) s(a)) suy ra (b Y) (r(b) s(b))).
C. Khi i s trng nhau th hm c nhiu gi tr.
D. Mt gi tr ca Y c xc nh bi nhiu gi tr ca X.
67
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
F+ G+
Cc ph thuc ca F c suy dn logic t G
Cc ph thuc ca G c suy dn logic t F
F G
10. Hy chn t/cm t tng ng hon thin khng nh sau: Trong mt lc quan
h lun lun tn ti mt ..... ..c kh nng biu din duy nht cc thuc tnh cn li.
Ni cch khc gi tr ca mt hay nhiu thuc tnh c th xc nh duy nht gi tr cc
thuc tnh khc.
A. Thuc tnh hay mt tp cc thuc tnh
B. Ph thuc hm.
C. Bao ng ca tp thuc tnh
D. Ph thuc d tha
11. Hy chn t/cm t tng ng hon thin khng nh sau: Gi tr cc thnh phn
ca kho khng th nhn .......
A. Gi tr null .
B. Gi tr xc nh.
C. Gi tr ca cc ph thuc hm.
D. Gi tr ca cc thuc tnh tng ng
12. Hy chn t/cm t tng ng hon thin khng nh sau: Mi mt gi tr ca kho
xc nh....... ..ca cc thuc tnh khng kho. Gi tr kho khc nhau th gi tr cc b
c cha gi tr kho cng khc nhau. Nu loi b mt phn thng tin v kha th thng
tin ca cc thuc tnh cn li khng th xc nh c.
A. a tr.
B. Gi tr null .
C. Bao ng
D. Duy nht.gi tr
13. Hy so khp thng tin 2 phn di y vi nhau:
Phn 1
1 .Phn x: Nu vi mi B A...
2 Gia tng: Nu A B..........
3 Bc cu: Nu A B v B C ....
4 Hp v tch: Nu A B v B=CD......
a. 1- D; 2- C ; 3 B ; 4 A .
b. 1- C; 2- B; 3 A; 4 D
c. 1- C; 2- D ; 3 A; 4 B .
d. 1- D; 2- B; 3 A; 4 C.
69
Phn 2
A. A C
B. A B v A C
C. A B.
D. AC B , AC BC.
Phn 2
A. cc ph thuc hm l nh nhau
B. l ng v y
C. tha trn quan h R th n cng tha
trn mi quan h trn tp
D. khng ph thuc vo quan h c th
Phn 2
A. tp cn li s tng ng vi tp u
tin.
B. tp cn li khng tng ng vi tp
u tin.
C. khng c suy dn logic t
G := F {X Y}
D. c suy dn logic t
G := F {X Y}
Cu hi v bi tp
Cu hi
1. nh ngha quan h l g, s khc bit gia quan h vi File truyn thng.
2. Hiu th no l trng nhau, khc nhau ca 2 b ca mt quan h.
3. Trnh by vai tr ca khi nim ph thuc hm trong l thuyt c s d liu ?.
4. nh ngha ph thuc hm v v d minh ho.
5. Ph thuc i ngu, ph thuc mnh, ph thuc yu.
6. Cc h tin cc ph thuc hm v cc php suy dn.
7. Chng minh rng nu F R:= {Lj Rj Lj, Rj } l tp cc ph thuc hm tha
trn mt quan h R trn th n cng tha trn mi quan h trn .
70
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
K-1 K
71
M t mt cch hnh thc thut ton xc nh kho t mt siu kho cho trc.
Lp trnh xc nh kho t mt siu kho cho trc.
Thut ton xc nh mt kho lc quan h.
Lp trnh xc nh mt kho lc quan h.
Chng minh rng X siu kho X+ = .
Chng minh rng nu X l kho ca lc quan h khi v ch khi X+ = v
khng tn ti Y X sao cho Y+ = .
43. Chng minh rng rng gi tr ca cc thnh phn ca kho khng th nhn cc gi tr
khng xc nh.
44. Hy biu din cc ph thuc hm bng s v xc ng kho ca lc quan h.
Xc nh mt s siu kho ca n.
45. Cho v d v tp cc ph thuc hm, kho, siu khoa, nh thuc v phn kho ca
lc quan h.
46. Cho lc quan h s=< , F > . Vi K K , khi :
\ R K ( \ R ) ( L R ).
47. Nu K1 v K2 l hai kho khc nhau ca lc quan h s= < , F >. Khi :
(K1 \ K2 ) L R v (K2 \ K1) L R.
48. Chng minh rng: Vi K K , khi :
( \ R ) b ( L,R ) K ( \ R ) ( L R ) \ a ( L,R )
49. Chng minh rng: X Y F khi X ( \ XY) l mt siu kho.
50. Cho := { a1 , a2 ,.. , an } , hy xy dng mt lc quan h s = < , F > c s
kho ti a l s phn t t hp chp [n/2] ca n phn t trn .
Bi tp
1. Chng minh tnh bng nh ngha ph thuc hm:
a. Nu A B v C khi AC BC.
b. Nu {A1, A2,..,An} B khi v ch khi Ai B , i=1,2,..,n.
c. X Y F + khi v ch khi Y X+.
2. Cho F = {AB E, AG I, E G, GI H}.
Chng minh rng AB GH F + ?
3. Cho F = {AB C, B D, CD E, CE GH, G A }.
Chng minh rng AB E F + v AB G F + ?
4. Cho F = {XY W, Y Z, WZ P, WP QR, Q X }.
Chng minh rng XY P F + s dng cc h tin .
5. Cho F = {XY W, Y Z, WZ P, WP QR, Q X }.
Chng minh rng XY P F + s dng nh ngha bao ng {XY}+.
6. Cho l tp cc thuc tnh v F l tp cc ph thuc hm tho trn .
Chng minh X v A X, th X A F +. Tc l A X Suy ra
X A F +.
72
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
40.
41.
42.
75
K THUT THIT K CC
H C S D LIU QUAN H
b)
m (s):=1 (s) >< 2 (s) >< ... >< p (s) = s1 >< s2 ><.. ...... >< sp.
Ngha l vi mi quan h R s= <, F >, khi m(R ) l kt qu php kt ni t nhin
ca cc quan h chiu tng ng Ri := Ri := i (R), i =1 p, c biu din nh sau:
R m (R):= 1 (R) >< 2 (R) >< ... >< p (R).
T nh ngha trn c th suy ra, nu mt th hin I m (s)khi :
p
i =1
1 ={M#, TK,DC } ,
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
Z
z1
z2
z3
z4
X
x1
x2
x3
x4
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
R2
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
Z
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
Z
z1
z2
z3
z4
X
x1
x2
x3
x4
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
Z
z1
z2
z3
z4
X
x1
x2
x3
x4
R R1 x R2
R2
R1
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
Z
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
R2
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
X
x1
x2
x2
x3
x3
x4
Y
y1
y2
y2
y2
y3
y4
Z
z1
z2
z3
z2
z3
z4
R = R1 x R2
Z
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
X
x1
x2
x2
x3
x3
x4
Y
y1
y2
y2
y2
y3
y4
Z
z1
z2
z3
z2
z3
z4
Hnh 4.1 Tch kt ni tn tht thng tin v khng tn tht thng tin
78
Input:
Ct
: A1 , A2 , .. , An
Hng: Ri , R2 , ...., Rp
Cc phn t ca bng:
(i,j) =
ai nu Ai i
bij nu Ai i
i = 1 n, j = 1 p.
p dng cc ph thuc X Y F thay i cc gi tr ca bng nh sau: tm
cc hng ging nhau trn trong cc ct thuc tnh ca X, trong cc ct thuc tnh
Y nu c gi tr l a s thay gi tr cc ct trong Y l ai , nu khng c ai ,
thay th bng bij .
Xt lp cc ph thuc trong F cho n khi khng c s thay i trong bng.
Vic duyt bng bao gm sp xp bng theo ct c tnh cc thuc tnh xut hin
v tri ca ph thuc hm. Nu c k thuc tnh nh vy th vic thc hin sp
xp cn thc hin trong n * k bc.
in cc k hiu trong cc ct c thuc tnh xut hin v phi ca ph thuc hm
nu cc hng bng nhau trn v tri. Cng vic ny cnO(k) thi gian cho mi ph
thuc. Tng tt c di v tri ca tt c cc ph thuc hm trong mt ln duyt
khng qu n, nn ton b thi gian cho mt ln duyt nhiu nht l k*n.
Khi khng cn mt k hiu no c lm bng nhau trong mt ln duyt th c th
kt thc vic lp cc bc duyt v bng thu c tho mi ph thuc.
Kim tra c tn ti mt hng Ri sao cho gi tr ca cha cc k hiu a1, a2,..., an
hay khng. Nu c, tch - kt ni khng tn tht thng tin. Ngc li, khng tn
ti dng no nh vy, ngha l cc lc quan h chiu khi kt ni b tn tht
thng tin. iu ny c th suy ra t nh ngha ca php tch kt ni t nhin.
Do thi gian tiu dng ton b cho thut ton nhiu nht l k*n2*p, Nu k n
v p n hin nhin thut ton c thi gian chi ph nhiu nht l n4.
V d:
R1
R2
R3
Bc 2:
B
a2
b22
a2
C
b13
a3
a3
D
a4
a4
b34
E
a5
b25
a5
F
b16
a6
a6
E
a5
b25
a5
F
b16
a6
a6
R1
R2
R3
Bc 3:
A
a1
a1
b31
p dng
A
a1
a1
b31
B
a2
a2
a2
F E
C
b13
a3
a3
D
a4
a4
b34
suy ra b25 = a5
R1
A
a1
B
a2
C
b13
D
a4
E
a5
F
b16
R2
a1
a2
a3
a4
a5
a6
R3
b31
a2
a3
b34
a5
a6
Nh vy tn ti hng th 2 R2 cha cc k t {a1 , a2, a3, a4, a5, a6}. Suy ra php
tch c kt ni khng tn tht thng tin.
V d:
2 := {A, B}
3 := {B, E} ,
4 := { C, D, E}
5 := {A, E}
Bc 1:
F := {A C, B C , C D, E C, CE D}.
Bng ban u gm 6 hng v 5 ct:
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
Bc 2:
p dng
A
a1
a1
b31
b41
a1
B
b12
a2
a2
b42
b53
C
b13
b23
b33
a3
b53
D
a4
b24
b34
a4
b54
E
b15
b25
a5
a5
a5
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
Bc 3:
p dng
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
Bc 4:
p dng
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
Bc 5:
p dng
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
A
a1
a1
b31
b41
a1
B
b12
a2
a2
b42
b53
C
b13
b13
b13
a3
b13
D
a4
b24
b34
a4
b54
E
b15
b25
a5
a5
a5
A
a1
a1
b31
b41
a1
B
b12
a2
a2
b42
b53
DE C
A
a1
a1
b31
b41
a1
CE A
A
a1
a1
a1
a1
a1
C
b13
b13
b13
a3
b13
D
a4
a4
a4
a4
a4
E
b15
b25
a5
a5
a5
suy ra a3 = b13
B
b12
a2
a2
b42
b53
C
a3
a3
a3
a3
a3
D
a4
a4
a4
a4
a4
E
b15
b25
a5
a5
a5
B
b12
a2
a2
b42
b53
C
a3
a3
a3
a3
a3
D
a4
a4
a4
a4
a4
E
b15
b25
a5
a5
a5
M nc xc nh tn nc sn xut
F = {(TC#,MC#) GTR, MC# NSX, MC# N#, N# NSX} tp cc ph thuc
hm. Cc thuc tnh kho: (TC#,MC# ) v cc thuc tnh khng kho: GTR, N#, NSX.
MC#
NSX
GTR
TC#
N#
GTR
200
250
220
500
400
100
400
450
MC#
C01
C02
C03
C01
C04
C05
C06
C03
N#
HAQ
HAQ
VTN
HAQ
JAN
RUS
CHN
VTN
NSX
Hn Quc
Hn Quc
Vit Nam
Hn Quc
Nht Bn
Nga
Trung Quc
Vit Nam
P#
100
200
300
100
200
300
100
S1
S2
S3
PRO
QTY
1
1
2
2
2
3
1
MC#
NSX
GTR
TC#
Hnh 4.6
N#
TUYEN
CAP_NSX
84
N#
N#
CAP(MC#,N#)
NSX
SX(N#,NSX)
MC#
GTR
TC#
N#
MC#
NSX
GTR
TC#
N#
86
N#
N#
CAP(MC#,N#)
NSX
SX(N#,NSX)
89
1
2
3
X
a
a
b
Y
a
b
a
Z
b
a
b
W
b
a
a
Q
b
b
a
1
2
3
X
a
a
b
Y
a
a
a
Z
b
a
b
W
b
a
a
Q
b
a
a
90
s2 = < 2, F2 >
1 = { C, S, G }
2 = { C, T, H, S, R }
F1 = {CS G }
F2 = {C T, HR C, HT R, HS R}.
Sau bc 1, s1 = < 1, F1 > dng Boyce Codd, s2 = < 2, F2 > dng 3NF nhng
vn cha dng Boyce Codd.
Bc2: Xt C T: T khng phi l thuc tnh kha, tch s2 = < 2, F2 > thnh 2
lc quan h sau:
S21 = < 21 , F21 >
21 = { C , T }
22 = { C, H, S, R }
F21 = { C T }
F 22 = {HR C, HS R }.
Bc 3:
Xt HR C: HR khng phi l thuc tnh kha, tch s22 = <22, F22 >
thnh 2 lc quan h sau:
S221 = < 221 , F221 >
221 = { C , H, R }
222 = { H, S, R }
F221= { HR C }
F222 = { HS R },
F1 = { CS G}
F 21 = {C T}
= {H, S , T, C, R, G }
F = {C T, HR C, HT R, CS G, HS R}
1 = {C, S, G}
F1 = {CS G}.
2 = {C, T, H, R, S}
F2 = {C T, HR C, HT R, HS R}
21 = {C , T}
F 21 = {C T}
22 = {C, H, S, R}
F22 = {HR C, HS R
221 = {C ,H, R }
F221 = {HR C}
222 = {H, S, R}
F 222 = {HS R}
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
93
Phn 2
A. vic tm kim, hi p thng tin.
B. d liu c th xy ra khi cp nht, b
sung hay sa i d liu
C. kh nng xut hin cc d thng thng
tin khi thc hin cc php lu tr
D. thng xut hin cc d thng thng
tin.
Phn 2
A. ph thuc hon ton vo tt c kho
khc
B. l kha ca lc quan h.
C. l kho ca lc quan h.
D. ph thuc hon ton vo kho.
Cu hi v bi tp:
Cu hi
1. S cn thit tch cc lc quan h.
2. Trnh by khi nim v nh ngha php tch.
3. Hiu nh th no v cc k hiu i (R ) v Fi = Fi .
4. nh ngha php tch - kt khng tn tht thng tin. V d minh ho.
5. Cho mt s th d v php tch- kt ni tn tht v khng tn tht thng tin.
6. Trnh by thut ton kim tra tch - kt ni khng tn tht thng tin.
7.
Cho [1, 2, . ,p ] l mt php tch ca lc quan h s= <, F >. Cho
mt quan h bt k R s trn . Chng minh rng:
a) R m (R ).
b) Nu P = m (R ) th Ri = i (P ) , vi i = 1 p.
c) m (m (R )) = m (R ) .
94
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
95
30.
Bi tp
1.
Cho tp cc thuc tnh qun l tng i- cc thu bao: TD# (M tng i), TD
(Tn tng i), DL(Dung lng), MC#(Mu cp), SDT(S in thoi thu bao ),
NSX(Nc sn xut), NG(Ngy lp t tng i), GTR(Gi tr tng i), VT(Ni
t tng i), TB(Tn thu bao), TB#(M thu bao), DC(a ch thu bao) ,
SDTD(S in thoi n/i), NGG(Ngy thc hin m thoi), GB(Gi bt u
m thoi),KT(Gi kt thc m thoi), DD(i/n).
a) Hy xc nh mt php tch khng tn tht v 3NF c bo ton ph thuc.
b) Hy xc nh mt php tch kt ni khng tn tht v BCNF.
2.
Cho tp cc thuc tnh qun l pht hnh bo ch QLBC gm cc thuc tnh
MK#(M khch), K(Tn khch), DC(a ch), MB#(M bo),TB(Tn bo) ,
GIA(Gi bo), SL(s lng), KY(k pht hnh).
a) Hy xc nh mt php tch kt ni khng tn tht v 3NF c bo ton ph
thuc.
b) Hy xc nh mt php tch kt ni khng tn tht v BCNF.
3.
Gi s cc thuc tnh BC (Bu cc), BC#(M bu cc), MK(Khch gi), DC(a
ch khch), NH (Ngi nhn), DCN(a ch ngi nhn), ST(S tin), BCN(Bu
cc n), BCD#(M bu cc n), NG(ngy gi) HD(Ho n).
a) Hy xc nh mt php tch kt ni khng tn tht v 3NF c bo ton ph
thuc.
b) Hy xc nh mt php tch kt ni khng tn tht v BCNF.
c) C php tch kt ni khng tn tht v ng thi bo ton ph thuc v
BCNF.
4.
Cho = { X, Y, Z, W,Q} v F = {XY QW, Z Q, W Z, Q X}.
1={X,Y,Z}. Hy xc nh tp cc ph thuc chiu F trn 1: F1 = i (F).
5.
Cho = { X, Y, Z, W} v F = {X Y, Z W }.
Php tch [1{X,Y}, 2{Z,W}]. Hy xc nh php tch bo ton ph thuc ?.
6.
Cho = { A, B, C, D} v F = {AB C, A D, BD C}.
a) Tm ph cc tiu ca F.
b) Hy xc nh mt php tch thnh 2 lc dng 3NF bo ton ph thuc.
c) Xc nh cc ph thuc chiu trn cc tp thuc tnh trn.
d) Kt qu (b) c phi l tch kt ni tn tht khng. Nu c sa li nh th no
khng tn tht nhng vn bo ton ph thuc.
7.
Cho = { A, B, C} v F = {AB C, A B}.
96
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
a) Tm ph cc tiu ca F.
b) Gi s ph cc tiu ca F l G ={AB C, B C}. Chng t rng iu gi
s l sai bng cch xy dng mt lc quan h tho F nhng vi phm G.
Cho = {A,B,C,D} v F = {A B, B C, A D, D C}, [AB,AC,BD].
a) Tm cc ph thuc chiu trn mi tp tng ng.
b) l php tch kt ni khng tn tht thng tin.
c) bo ton cc ph thuc hay khng.
Cho = { A, B, C, D} , F = {A C, D C, BD A } v [AB,ACD,BCD] .
Chng minh rng php tch kt ni khng tn tht thng tin .
Cho = {A,B,C,D} v F = {A B, B C, D B}
a) Nu [ACD, BD] , hy xc nh cc ph thuc chiu trn mi tp tng ng.
b) Hy tip tc tch v cc lc dng chun BNCF.
Cho F l tp cc ph thuc hm c v phi ch cha mt thuc tnh.
a) Gi s X A F+ nhng khng tho cc iu kin nh ngha BNCF.
Chng minh rng tn ti mt ph thuc Y B F sao cho khng tho
BNCF l kho (khng suy dn).
b) Nh (a) cho 3NF.
Cho = {A,B,C,D,E} v F = {AB CE, E AB, C D}. Lc quan h
thuc dng chun cao nht.
Cho = {A,B,C} v F = {A B, B C}. Chng minh rng lc quan h
khng l 3NF. Nu thm C B th s l 3NF ?.
Chng minh rng nu mt lc 3NF th cng l 2NF.
Chng minh rng lc quan h s = < , F > dng 3NF khi v ch khi :
a) X th X+= .
b) Nu A l thuc tnh khng kho th (X-A)+ = X-a
Cho = { A, B, C, D, E, F} v F = {A B, CD A, BC D, AE F,
CED }. Chng minh rng php tch [AED, AB, AEF, ACE] v BCNF tn
tht thng tin.
Xy dng cc th d tch mt lc quan h cha chun ha v nhm cc quan
h dng chun 3NF khng tn tht thng tin. Cho v d php tch v 3NF nhng
khi kt ni t nhin tn tht thng tin ?.
Xy dng cc th d tch mt lc quan h cha chun ha v nhm cc quan
h dng chun BCNF khng tn tht thng tin. Cho v d php tch v BCNF
nhng khi kt ni t nhin tn tht thng tin ?.
Xy dng cc th d tch mt lc quan h cha chun ha v nhm cc quan
h dng chun 4NF khng tn tht thng tin. Cho v d php tch v 4NF nhng
khi kt ni t nhin tn tht thng tin ?.
97
K THUT THIT K CC
H C S D LIU QUAN H
b)
m (s):=1 (s) >< 2 (s) >< ... >< p (s) = s1 >< s2 ><.. ...... >< sp.
Ngha l vi mi quan h R s= <, F >, khi m(R ) l kt qu php kt ni t nhin
ca cc quan h chiu tng ng Ri := Ri := i (R), i =1 p, c biu din nh sau:
R m (R):= 1 (R) >< 2 (R) >< ... >< p (R).
T nh ngha trn c th suy ra, nu mt th hin I m (s)khi :
p
i =1
1 ={M#, TK,DC } ,
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
Z
z1
z2
z3
z4
X
x1
x2
x3
x4
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
R2
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
Z
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
Z
z1
z2
z3
z4
X
x1
x2
x3
x4
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
Z
z1
z2
z3
z4
X
x1
x2
x3
x4
R R1 x R2
R2
R1
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
Z
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
R2
Y
y1
y2
y2
y3
X
x1
x2
x2
x3
x3
x4
Y
y1
y2
y2
y2
y3
y4
Z
z1
z2
z3
z2
z3
z4
R = R1 x R2
Z
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
X
x1
x2
x2
x3
x3
x4
Y
y1
y2
y2
y2
y3
y4
Z
z1
z2
z3
z2
z3
z4
Hnh 4.1 Tch kt ni tn tht thng tin v khng tn tht thng tin
78
Input:
Ct
: A1 , A2 , .. , An
Hng: Ri , R2 , ...., Rp
Cc phn t ca bng:
(i,j) =
ai nu Ai i
bij nu Ai i
i = 1 n, j = 1 p.
p dng cc ph thuc X Y F thay i cc gi tr ca bng nh sau: tm
cc hng ging nhau trn trong cc ct thuc tnh ca X, trong cc ct thuc tnh
Y nu c gi tr l a s thay gi tr cc ct trong Y l ai , nu khng c ai ,
thay th bng bij .
Xt lp cc ph thuc trong F cho n khi khng c s thay i trong bng.
Vic duyt bng bao gm sp xp bng theo ct c tnh cc thuc tnh xut hin
v tri ca ph thuc hm. Nu c k thuc tnh nh vy th vic thc hin sp
xp cn thc hin trong n * k bc.
in cc k hiu trong cc ct c thuc tnh xut hin v phi ca ph thuc hm
nu cc hng bng nhau trn v tri. Cng vic ny cnO(k) thi gian cho mi ph
thuc. Tng tt c di v tri ca tt c cc ph thuc hm trong mt ln duyt
khng qu n, nn ton b thi gian cho mt ln duyt nhiu nht l k*n.
Khi khng cn mt k hiu no c lm bng nhau trong mt ln duyt th c th
kt thc vic lp cc bc duyt v bng thu c tho mi ph thuc.
Kim tra c tn ti mt hng Ri sao cho gi tr ca cha cc k hiu a1, a2,..., an
hay khng. Nu c, tch - kt ni khng tn tht thng tin. Ngc li, khng tn
ti dng no nh vy, ngha l cc lc quan h chiu khi kt ni b tn tht
thng tin. iu ny c th suy ra t nh ngha ca php tch kt ni t nhin.
Do thi gian tiu dng ton b cho thut ton nhiu nht l k*n2*p, Nu k n
v p n hin nhin thut ton c thi gian chi ph nhiu nht l n4.
V d:
R1
R2
R3
Bc 2:
B
a2
b22
a2
C
b13
a3
a3
D
a4
a4
b34
E
a5
b25
a5
F
b16
a6
a6
E
a5
b25
a5
F
b16
a6
a6
R1
R2
R3
Bc 3:
A
a1
a1
b31
p dng
A
a1
a1
b31
B
a2
a2
a2
F E
C
b13
a3
a3
D
a4
a4
b34
suy ra b25 = a5
R1
A
a1
B
a2
C
b13
D
a4
E
a5
F
b16
R2
a1
a2
a3
a4
a5
a6
R3
b31
a2
a3
b34
a5
a6
Nh vy tn ti hng th 2 R2 cha cc k t {a1 , a2, a3, a4, a5, a6}. Suy ra php
tch c kt ni khng tn tht thng tin.
V d:
2 := {A, B}
3 := {B, E} ,
4 := { C, D, E}
5 := {A, E}
Bc 1:
F := {A C, B C , C D, E C, CE D}.
Bng ban u gm 6 hng v 5 ct:
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
Bc 2:
p dng
A
a1
a1
b31
b41
a1
B
b12
a2
a2
b42
b53
C
b13
b23
b33
a3
b53
D
a4
b24
b34
a4
b54
E
b15
b25
a5
a5
a5
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
Bc 3:
p dng
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
Bc 4:
p dng
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
Bc 5:
p dng
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
A
a1
a1
b31
b41
a1
B
b12
a2
a2
b42
b53
C
b13
b13
b13
a3
b13
D
a4
b24
b34
a4
b54
E
b15
b25
a5
a5
a5
A
a1
a1
b31
b41
a1
B
b12
a2
a2
b42
b53
DE C
A
a1
a1
b31
b41
a1
CE A
A
a1
a1
a1
a1
a1
C
b13
b13
b13
a3
b13
D
a4
a4
a4
a4
a4
E
b15
b25
a5
a5
a5
suy ra a3 = b13
B
b12
a2
a2
b42
b53
C
a3
a3
a3
a3
a3
D
a4
a4
a4
a4
a4
E
b15
b25
a5
a5
a5
B
b12
a2
a2
b42
b53
C
a3
a3
a3
a3
a3
D
a4
a4
a4
a4
a4
E
b15
b25
a5
a5
a5
M nc xc nh tn nc sn xut
F = {(TC#,MC#) GTR, MC# NSX, MC# N#, N# NSX} tp cc ph thuc
hm. Cc thuc tnh kho: (TC#,MC# ) v cc thuc tnh khng kho: GTR, N#, NSX.
MC#
NSX
GTR
TC#
N#
GTR
200
250
220
500
400
100
400
450
MC#
C01
C02
C03
C01
C04
C05
C06
C03
N#
HAQ
HAQ
VTN
HAQ
JAN
RUS
CHN
VTN
NSX
Hn Quc
Hn Quc
Vit Nam
Hn Quc
Nht Bn
Nga
Trung Quc
Vit Nam
P#
100
200
300
100
200
300
100
S1
S2
S3
PRO
QTY
1
1
2
2
2
3
1
MC#
NSX
GTR
TC#
Hnh 4.6
N#
TUYEN
CAP_NSX
84
N#
N#
CAP(MC#,N#)
NSX
SX(N#,NSX)
MC#
GTR
TC#
N#
MC#
NSX
GTR
TC#
N#
86
N#
N#
CAP(MC#,N#)
NSX
SX(N#,NSX)
89
1
2
3
X
a
a
b
Y
a
b
a
Z
b
a
b
W
b
a
a
Q
b
b
a
1
2
3
X
a
a
b
Y
a
a
a
Z
b
a
b
W
b
a
a
Q
b
a
a
90
s2 = < 2, F2 >
1 = { C, S, G }
2 = { C, T, H, S, R }
F1 = {CS G }
F2 = {C T, HR C, HT R, HS R}.
Sau bc 1, s1 = < 1, F1 > dng Boyce Codd, s2 = < 2, F2 > dng 3NF nhng
vn cha dng Boyce Codd.
Bc2: Xt C T: T khng phi l thuc tnh kha, tch s2 = < 2, F2 > thnh 2
lc quan h sau:
S21 = < 21 , F21 >
21 = { C , T }
22 = { C, H, S, R }
F21 = { C T }
F 22 = {HR C, HS R }.
Bc 3:
Xt HR C: HR khng phi l thuc tnh kha, tch s22 = <22, F22 >
thnh 2 lc quan h sau:
S221 = < 221 , F221 >
221 = { C , H, R }
222 = { H, S, R }
F221= { HR C }
F222 = { HS R },
F1 = { CS G}
F 21 = {C T}
= {H, S , T, C, R, G }
F = {C T, HR C, HT R, CS G, HS R}
1 = {C, S, G}
F1 = {CS G}.
2 = {C, T, H, R, S}
F2 = {C T, HR C, HT R, HS R}
21 = {C , T}
F 21 = {C T}
22 = {C, H, S, R}
F22 = {HR C, HS R
221 = {C ,H, R }
F221 = {HR C}
222 = {H, S, R}
F 222 = {HS R}
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
93
Phn 2
A. vic tm kim, hi p thng tin.
B. d liu c th xy ra khi cp nht, b
sung hay sa i d liu
C. kh nng xut hin cc d thng thng
tin khi thc hin cc php lu tr
D. thng xut hin cc d thng thng
tin.
Phn 2
A. ph thuc hon ton vo tt c kho
khc
B. l kha ca lc quan h.
C. l kho ca lc quan h.
D. ph thuc hon ton vo kho.
Cu hi v bi tp:
Cu hi
1. S cn thit tch cc lc quan h.
2. Trnh by khi nim v nh ngha php tch.
3. Hiu nh th no v cc k hiu i (R ) v Fi = Fi .
4. nh ngha php tch - kt khng tn tht thng tin. V d minh ho.
5. Cho mt s th d v php tch- kt ni tn tht v khng tn tht thng tin.
6. Trnh by thut ton kim tra tch - kt ni khng tn tht thng tin.
7.
Cho [1, 2, . ,p ] l mt php tch ca lc quan h s= <, F >. Cho
mt quan h bt k R s trn . Chng minh rng:
a) R m (R ).
b) Nu P = m (R ) th Ri = i (P ) , vi i = 1 p.
c) m (m (R )) = m (R ) .
94
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
95
30.
Bi tp
1.
Cho tp cc thuc tnh qun l tng i- cc thu bao: TD# (M tng i), TD
(Tn tng i), DL(Dung lng), MC#(Mu cp), SDT(S in thoi thu bao ),
NSX(Nc sn xut), NG(Ngy lp t tng i), GTR(Gi tr tng i), VT(Ni
t tng i), TB(Tn thu bao), TB#(M thu bao), DC(a ch thu bao) ,
SDTD(S in thoi n/i), NGG(Ngy thc hin m thoi), GB(Gi bt u
m thoi),KT(Gi kt thc m thoi), DD(i/n).
a) Hy xc nh mt php tch khng tn tht v 3NF c bo ton ph thuc.
b) Hy xc nh mt php tch kt ni khng tn tht v BCNF.
2.
Cho tp cc thuc tnh qun l pht hnh bo ch QLBC gm cc thuc tnh
MK#(M khch), K(Tn khch), DC(a ch), MB#(M bo),TB(Tn bo) ,
GIA(Gi bo), SL(s lng), KY(k pht hnh).
a) Hy xc nh mt php tch kt ni khng tn tht v 3NF c bo ton ph
thuc.
b) Hy xc nh mt php tch kt ni khng tn tht v BCNF.
3.
Gi s cc thuc tnh BC (Bu cc), BC#(M bu cc), MK(Khch gi), DC(a
ch khch), NH (Ngi nhn), DCN(a ch ngi nhn), ST(S tin), BCN(Bu
cc n), BCD#(M bu cc n), NG(ngy gi) HD(Ho n).
a) Hy xc nh mt php tch kt ni khng tn tht v 3NF c bo ton ph
thuc.
b) Hy xc nh mt php tch kt ni khng tn tht v BCNF.
c) C php tch kt ni khng tn tht v ng thi bo ton ph thuc v
BCNF.
4.
Cho = { X, Y, Z, W,Q} v F = {XY QW, Z Q, W Z, Q X}.
1={X,Y,Z}. Hy xc nh tp cc ph thuc chiu F trn 1: F1 = i (F).
5.
Cho = { X, Y, Z, W} v F = {X Y, Z W }.
Php tch [1{X,Y}, 2{Z,W}]. Hy xc nh php tch bo ton ph thuc ?.
6.
Cho = { A, B, C, D} v F = {AB C, A D, BD C}.
a) Tm ph cc tiu ca F.
b) Hy xc nh mt php tch thnh 2 lc dng 3NF bo ton ph thuc.
c) Xc nh cc ph thuc chiu trn cc tp thuc tnh trn.
d) Kt qu (b) c phi l tch kt ni tn tht khng. Nu c sa li nh th no
khng tn tht nhng vn bo ton ph thuc.
7.
Cho = { A, B, C} v F = {AB C, A B}.
96
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
a) Tm ph cc tiu ca F.
b) Gi s ph cc tiu ca F l G ={AB C, B C}. Chng t rng iu gi
s l sai bng cch xy dng mt lc quan h tho F nhng vi phm G.
Cho = {A,B,C,D} v F = {A B, B C, A D, D C}, [AB,AC,BD].
a) Tm cc ph thuc chiu trn mi tp tng ng.
b) l php tch kt ni khng tn tht thng tin.
c) bo ton cc ph thuc hay khng.
Cho = { A, B, C, D} , F = {A C, D C, BD A } v [AB,ACD,BCD] .
Chng minh rng php tch kt ni khng tn tht thng tin .
Cho = {A,B,C,D} v F = {A B, B C, D B}
a) Nu [ACD, BD] , hy xc nh cc ph thuc chiu trn mi tp tng ng.
b) Hy tip tc tch v cc lc dng chun BNCF.
Cho F l tp cc ph thuc hm c v phi ch cha mt thuc tnh.
a) Gi s X A F+ nhng khng tho cc iu kin nh ngha BNCF.
Chng minh rng tn ti mt ph thuc Y B F sao cho khng tho
BNCF l kho (khng suy dn).
b) Nh (a) cho 3NF.
Cho = {A,B,C,D,E} v F = {AB CE, E AB, C D}. Lc quan h
thuc dng chun cao nht.
Cho = {A,B,C} v F = {A B, B C}. Chng minh rng lc quan h
khng l 3NF. Nu thm C B th s l 3NF ?.
Chng minh rng nu mt lc 3NF th cng l 2NF.
Chng minh rng lc quan h s = < , F > dng 3NF khi v ch khi :
a) X th X+= .
b) Nu A l thuc tnh khng kho th (X-A)+ = X-a
Cho = { A, B, C, D, E, F} v F = {A B, CD A, BC D, AE F,
CED }. Chng minh rng php tch [AED, AB, AEF, ACE] v BCNF tn
tht thng tin.
Xy dng cc th d tch mt lc quan h cha chun ha v nhm cc quan
h dng chun 3NF khng tn tht thng tin. Cho v d php tch v 3NF nhng
khi kt ni t nhin tn tht thng tin ?.
Xy dng cc th d tch mt lc quan h cha chun ha v nhm cc quan
h dng chun BCNF khng tn tht thng tin. Cho v d php tch v BCNF
nhng khi kt ni t nhin tn tht thng tin ?.
Xy dng cc th d tch mt lc quan h cha chun ha v nhm cc quan
h dng chun 4NF khng tn tht thng tin. Cho v d php tch v 4NF nhng
khi kt ni t nhin tn tht thng tin ?.
97
99
R1 R 2
R1 R2
R2
V d
UNION (R1,R2 )
R1
M#
N#
NSX
C01 VNA Vit nam
C02 HQU Hn Quc
C03 JAN
Nht
M#
C04
C02
C05
R2
N#
RUS
HQU
FRA
M#
C01
C02
C03
C04
C05
NSX
Nga
Hn Quc
Php
R1 + R2
N#
VNA
HQU
JAN
RUS
FRA
NSX
Vit nam
Hn Quc
Nht
Nga
Php
R1 R 2
INTERSECT (R1, R2 )
R2
R1
M#
C01
C02
N#
VNA
HQU
NSX
Vit nam
Hn Quc
C03
JAN
Nht
M#
C04
C02
C05
N#
RUS
HQU
FRA
NSX
Nga
Hn Quc
Php
R1 R2
M#
C02
N#
HQU
NSX
Hn Quc
R1
N#
VNA
HQU
JAN
NSX
Vit nam
Hn Quc
Nht
M#
C04
C02
C05
R2
N#
RUS
HQU
FRA
NSX
Nga
Hn Quc
Php
R1 R2
M# N#
NSX
C01 VNA Vit nam
C03 JAN
Nht
R1 x R 2
PRODUCT R1 x R2
V d
R1
Lp
Kho
D99
Kho 1
D2000 Kho 2
R2
Ngnh
CNTT
Vin thng
R1 x R2
Lp
D99
D99
D2000
D2000
Kho
Kho 1
Kho 1
Kho 2
Kho 2
Ngnh
CNTT
Vin thng
CNTT
Vin thng
R
N#
VNA
HQU
VNA
NSX
Vit nam
Hn Quc
Vit nam
N#=VNA (R)
M#
C01
C03
N#
VNA
VNA
NSX
Vit nam
Vit nam
A1, A2,.., Ak
R
N#
VNA
HQU
NSX
Vit nam
Hn Quc
C03
VNA
Vit nam
NSX
Vit nam
Hn Quc
V d
R1 R2
DIVIDE (R1 , R2)
R1 / R2
R1
R2
DIVIDE (R1, R2 )
103
R1 R 2
R1 R 2
R2
T# M#
T1
T1
T2
T2
T2
T2
T3
T3
T4
C1
C2
C1
C3
C5
C4
C2
C4
C4
T5
T5
T5
C2
C4
C5
C1
C2
Kt qu
T#
T1
Kt qu
T#
T2
R2
C1
C3
C5
R2
C2
C4
Kt qu
T#
T2
T3
T5
RS
R2
V d
B
2
5
8
C
3
6
9
Quan h R
D
3
6
A
1
1
4
E
1
2
Quan h S
B
2
2
5
C
3
3
6
RS: B<D
104
D
3
6
6
E
1
2
2
B
b
b
b
a
Quan h R
C
c
c
k
d
B
b
b
a
C
c
c
d
D
d
y
b
Quan h S
A
a
a
d
d
c
B
b
b
b
b
a
C
c
c
c
c
d
D
a
y
d
y
b
R><.. S
105
V d :
5.5.2 Cy i s quan h
Cu hi truy vn c th biu din bng cc php ton i s quan h, c th biu din bng
cy i s quan h.
V d Cc tuyn cp di trn 100 km c lp t cp Vit Nam trong thng 12 nm 2000.
107
R3
Kt ni M#
R1
Kt ni T#
Chn
DAI >100
Chn
NG=12/2000
KQ
R2
R3
Chn
N# =VNA
Chn
NG=12/2000
Chiu M#
Chiu
T#,M#
R1
Chn
DAI >100
Kt ni M#
Kt ni T#
KQ
Selectoin
P = R(E)
Quan h R
Biu thc i s quan h
P = { t t R & t(E) =True}
SQL-DDL
SQL-DML
2.
SQL
WHERE : Thc
hin php chiu
2
4
Yes
GROU
P
Sort ct sau
ORDER BY
Thc hin
theo nhm
Thc hin
HAVING
No
Yes
ORDE
R
Sort
ORDER BY
No
SELECT Thc
hin php chiu
114
1.
2.
3.
V d
V d
CUNG_CAP
O# IN
(SELECT O#
FROM
HOA_DON
WHERE TEN_K =Nga)))
b)
In v tnh s nh cung cp
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT TEN_CC) #TEN
FROM
CUNG_CAP
#TEN l tn ct mi khi in ra kt qu.
c)
S cc nh cung cp ru cuc li
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT TEN_CC) #TEN_CLUI
FROM
CUNG_CAP
WHERE MAT_HANG =Cuc li;
118
CUNG_CAP
MAT_HANG =Ru cuc li );
120
121
122
Cu hi trc nghim
1. Ngn ng thao tc d liu l
A. Mt tp cc php ton thao tc trn cc h c s d liu.
B. Biu din d liu mt cch thng nht.
C. S thng nht tng tng trong cc php ton thao tc
D. Thng tin c biu din bng mt v ch mt cch duy nhaats
2. Ngn ng inh ngha d liu - DDL (Data Definition Language).
A. c c t bng mt phn ca h qun tr c s d liu.
B. c c t bng mt ngn ng d liu
C. c c t bng mt ngn ng, mt phn ca h qun tr c s d liu.
D. c c t bng cch chng trnh ng dng
124
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Phn 2
A vn m bo tnh c lp v tnh ton
vn d liu.
2 Cc ton hng ..........
B. l cc quan h giao hon vi nhau
3 Thay i th t cc b trong bng ......
C. l mt quan h
4 Cc php hp , giao v kt ni trong i D. l cc php ton c tnh cht giao hon
s quan h......
a. 1- D; 2- C ; 3 B ; 4 A .
b. 1- C; 2- B; 3 A; 4 D
c. 1- A; 2- B; 3 C; 4 D.
d. 1- D; 2- B; 3 A; 4 C.
11. Hy so khp thng tin 2 phn di y vi nhau:
Phn 1
1 Cc php hp , giao , kt ni v
tch cc trong i s quan h .....
2 Php chn- SELECT ..........
3 Mt cu hi c th c biu din bi ......
Phn 2
A biu thc quan h hay mt cy
php ton quan h
B. l cc php ton c tnh cht kt hp
C. i s quan h, c th biu din bng
cy i s quan h.
4 Cu hi truy vn c th biu din bng D. to ra mt quan h kt qu
cc php ton......
a. 1- D; 2- C ; 3 B ; 4 A .
b. 1- C; 2- B; 3 A; 4 D
c. 1- A; 2- B; 3 C; 4 D.
d. 1- B; 2- D; 3 A; 4 C.
Cu hi & bi tp
1. Cu hi
1. Trnh by khi nim ngn ng thao tc d liu.
2. Cc php ton i s quan h.
a. Php hp cc quan h UNION
b. Php giao ca cc quan h INTERSECT.
c. Hiu ca cc quan h - MINUS.
d. Tch Cc (Decalesian Product)
e. Php chn Selection.
f. Php chiu PROJECT.
3. Cc php ton i s b sung.
a. Php chia - DIVISION.
126
127
129
99
R1 R 2
R1 R2
R2
V d
UNION (R1,R2 )
R1
M#
N#
NSX
C01 VNA Vit nam
C02 HQU Hn Quc
C03 JAN
Nht
M#
C04
C02
C05
R2
N#
RUS
HQU
FRA
M#
C01
C02
C03
C04
C05
NSX
Nga
Hn Quc
Php
R1 + R2
N#
VNA
HQU
JAN
RUS
FRA
NSX
Vit nam
Hn Quc
Nht
Nga
Php
R1 R 2
INTERSECT (R1, R2 )
R2
R1
M#
C01
C02
N#
VNA
HQU
NSX
Vit nam
Hn Quc
C03
JAN
Nht
M#
C04
C02
C05
N#
RUS
HQU
FRA
NSX
Nga
Hn Quc
Php
R1 R2
M#
C02
N#
HQU
NSX
Hn Quc
R1
N#
VNA
HQU
JAN
NSX
Vit nam
Hn Quc
Nht
M#
C04
C02
C05
R2
N#
RUS
HQU
FRA
NSX
Nga
Hn Quc
Php
R1 R2
M# N#
NSX
C01 VNA Vit nam
C03 JAN
Nht
R1 x R 2
PRODUCT R1 x R2
V d
R1
Lp
Kho
D99
Kho 1
D2000 Kho 2
R2
Ngnh
CNTT
Vin thng
R1 x R2
Lp
D99
D99
D2000
D2000
Kho
Kho 1
Kho 1
Kho 2
Kho 2
Ngnh
CNTT
Vin thng
CNTT
Vin thng
R
N#
VNA
HQU
VNA
NSX
Vit nam
Hn Quc
Vit nam
N#=VNA (R)
M#
C01
C03
N#
VNA
VNA
NSX
Vit nam
Vit nam
A1, A2,.., Ak
R
N#
VNA
HQU
NSX
Vit nam
Hn Quc
C03
VNA
Vit nam
NSX
Vit nam
Hn Quc
V d
R1 R2
DIVIDE (R1 , R2)
R1 / R2
R1
R2
DIVIDE (R1, R2 )
103
R1 R 2
R1 R 2
R2
T# M#
T1
T1
T2
T2
T2
T2
T3
T3
T4
C1
C2
C1
C3
C5
C4
C2
C4
C4
T5
T5
T5
C2
C4
C5
C1
C2
Kt qu
T#
T1
Kt qu
T#
T2
R2
C1
C3
C5
R2
C2
C4
Kt qu
T#
T2
T3
T5
RS
R2
V d
B
2
5
8
C
3
6
9
Quan h R
D
3
6
A
1
1
4
E
1
2
Quan h S
B
2
2
5
C
3
3
6
RS: B<D
104
D
3
6
6
E
1
2
2
B
b
b
b
a
Quan h R
C
c
c
k
d
B
b
b
a
C
c
c
d
D
d
y
b
Quan h S
A
a
a
d
d
c
B
b
b
b
b
a
C
c
c
c
c
d
D
a
y
d
y
b
R><.. S
105
V d :
5.5.2 Cy i s quan h
Cu hi truy vn c th biu din bng cc php ton i s quan h, c th biu din bng
cy i s quan h.
V d Cc tuyn cp di trn 100 km c lp t cp Vit Nam trong thng 12 nm 2000.
107
R3
Kt ni M#
R1
Kt ni T#
Chn
DAI >100
Chn
NG=12/2000
KQ
R2
R3
Chn
N# =VNA
Chn
NG=12/2000
Chiu M#
Chiu
T#,M#
R1
Chn
DAI >100
Kt ni M#
Kt ni T#
KQ
Selectoin
P = R(E)
Quan h R
Biu thc i s quan h
P = { t t R & t(E) =True}
SQL-DDL
SQL-DML
2.
SQL
WHERE : Thc
hin php chiu
2
4
Yes
GROU
P
Sort ct sau
ORDER BY
Thc hin
theo nhm
Thc hin
HAVING
No
Yes
ORDE
R
Sort
ORDER BY
No
SELECT Thc
hin php chiu
114
1.
2.
3.
V d
V d
CUNG_CAP
O# IN
(SELECT O#
FROM
HOA_DON
WHERE TEN_K =Nga)))
b)
In v tnh s nh cung cp
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT TEN_CC) #TEN
FROM
CUNG_CAP
#TEN l tn ct mi khi in ra kt qu.
c)
S cc nh cung cp ru cuc li
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT TEN_CC) #TEN_CLUI
FROM
CUNG_CAP
WHERE MAT_HANG =Cuc li;
118
CUNG_CAP
MAT_HANG =Ru cuc li );
120
121
122
Cu hi trc nghim
1. Ngn ng thao tc d liu l
A. Mt tp cc php ton thao tc trn cc h c s d liu.
B. Biu din d liu mt cch thng nht.
C. S thng nht tng tng trong cc php ton thao tc
D. Thng tin c biu din bng mt v ch mt cch duy nhaats
2. Ngn ng inh ngha d liu - DDL (Data Definition Language).
A. c c t bng mt phn ca h qun tr c s d liu.
B. c c t bng mt ngn ng d liu
C. c c t bng mt ngn ng, mt phn ca h qun tr c s d liu.
D. c c t bng cch chng trnh ng dng
124
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Phn 2
A vn m bo tnh c lp v tnh ton
vn d liu.
2 Cc ton hng ..........
B. l cc quan h giao hon vi nhau
3 Thay i th t cc b trong bng ......
C. l mt quan h
4 Cc php hp , giao v kt ni trong i D. l cc php ton c tnh cht giao hon
s quan h......
a. 1- D; 2- C ; 3 B ; 4 A .
b. 1- C; 2- B; 3 A; 4 D
c. 1- A; 2- B; 3 C; 4 D.
d. 1- D; 2- B; 3 A; 4 C.
11. Hy so khp thng tin 2 phn di y vi nhau:
Phn 1
1 Cc php hp , giao , kt ni v
tch cc trong i s quan h .....
2 Php chn- SELECT ..........
3 Mt cu hi c th c biu din bi ......
Phn 2
A biu thc quan h hay mt cy
php ton quan h
B. l cc php ton c tnh cht kt hp
C. i s quan h, c th biu din bng
cy i s quan h.
4 Cu hi truy vn c th biu din bng D. to ra mt quan h kt qu
cc php ton......
a. 1- D; 2- C ; 3 B ; 4 A .
b. 1- C; 2- B; 3 A; 4 D
c. 1- A; 2- B; 3 C; 4 D.
d. 1- B; 2- D; 3 A; 4 C.
Cu hi & bi tp
1. Cu hi
1. Trnh by khi nim ngn ng thao tc d liu.
2. Cc php ton i s quan h.
a. Php hp cc quan h UNION
b. Php giao ca cc quan h INTERSECT.
c. Hiu ca cc quan h - MINUS.
d. Tch Cc (Decalesian Product)
e. Php chn Selection.
f. Php chiu PROJECT.
3. Cc php ton i s b sung.
a. Php chia - DIVISION.
126
127
129
TI U HO CU HI TRUY VN
TTC
L_DAT
TUYEN
TTC ( MC# =Vit nam (L_DAT) X ( MC# =Vit nam( CAP ) X TUYEN))
Biu thc ny tng ng nh biu thc i s ban u, nhng n to ra cc quan h trung
gian c kch c nh hn nhiu so vi kch c ca TUYEN X L_DAT X CAP.
131
TTC
x
x
MC# =Vit
TUYEN
MC# =Vit
L_DAT
CAP
Hnh 6.2 Cy i s c ti u ha
R4
ZY
ZY
R1
(a)
ZY
R3
ZY
R1
R2
ZY
R2
R3
(b)
R4
134
E2 = E2
E1
E1 x E2 = E2 x E1
ZY
E2
E1
ZY
E1
E2
E3
ZY
E1
ZY
Quy tc kt hp
kt ni v tch
ZY
E1
E2
E2
135
E3
Gi s V: = R
S. Gi s, chn thm vo R mt tp IR . Nu gi tr c ca R c
old
biu th bng R , v gi tr mi ca R bng Rnew, th Rnew= Rold IR . Khi , gi tr c
ca Vold c biu din bi Rold
old
new
old
Nh vy, khi thc hin php chn thm, nu s dng phng php khung nhn c th ha,
S vo ni dung c. Tng t ,
th vic thc hin s n gin hn, ch cn thm IR
gi s cn xa mt s b DR ra khi quan h R, vi khung nhn c th ha, ch cn thc
hin Vnew = Vold ( DR
S).
138
S T. Khi cu hi c th bin i v
oc s dng khung nhn c th nh sau: V T.
V=R
S v mt cu hi R
Thay th khung nhn c th bng khung nhn bnh thng. Gi s c mt khung nhn
c th V = R
S v mt cu hi ca ngi s dng yu cu thc hin: A=
10(V). Gi s S c mt ch s trn thuc tnh B v R c mt ch s trn thuc tnh A.
Khi phng n tt nht cho cu hi ny c th thay th khung nhn c th V bi
M tuyn cp
Tn tuyn cp
di tuyn cp
M nc sn xut cp
S lng cp lp t
MC#
MC
GIA
NSX
M cp
Tn gi cp
n gi loi cp
Tn nc sn xut cp.
DAI 50 N#=VNA
L_DAT
CAP
TUYEN
DAI 50
TUYEN
N#=VNA
N#=VNA
CAP
L_DAT
(b)
(a)
Hnh 6.4
a) Cy i s ban u cha ti u ha
b) Cy i s ti u ha
140
CAP
L_DAT ).
T# = T01 T# =T02
NSX=Vit Nam
1990 NG 1999
SUM(DAI*SL*GIA) 2
TUYEN.T#= L_DAT.T#
CAP.M# = L DAT.M#
x
x
TUYEN
CAP
L DAT
= L_DAT.M#
x
M#, SL, DAI
TUYEN.T#= L_DAT.T#
NSX=Vit Nam
CAP
T#, DAI
T#, M#,
T#=T01 or
1990 NG 1999
TUYEN
L DAT
142
Cu hi trc nghim
1. Qu trnh ti u ho cc cu hi truy vn d liu l qu trnh:
A. Cn thit phi bin i cc cu hi hp l
B. Chi ph thi gian thc hin cc php ton l t nht.
C. Cn thit phi bin i cc cu hi hp l sao cho chi ph thi gian thc hin
cc php ton l t nht.
D. Kt qu ca cc php ton c biu din duy nht bng mt quan h.
2. ngha ca biu thc TTC ( MC# =Vit nam (TUYEN X L_DAT) X CAP))
A. Lit k tn tt c loi cp Vit nam.
B. Lit k tn tt c cc loi cp Vit nam c lp t trn cc tuyn
C. Lit k tn tt c cc tuyn c lp t cc loi cp Vit nam.
D. Lit k tn tt c cc tuyn cp
3. Hai biu thun sau y tng ng vi nhau
A.
B.
C.
D.
TTC ( MC# =Vit nam (L_DAT) X ( MC# =Vit nam( CAP ) X TUYEN))
TTC ( MC# =Vit nam (TUYEN X L_DAT) X CAP))
TTC ( MC# =Vit nam (L_DAT) X MC# =Vit nam( CAP ) X TUYEN))
TTC ( MC# =Vit nam (CAP X L_DAT) X TUYEN))
143
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Biu thc no di y biu din cu truy vn: Tn cc loi cp s dng trn tuyn H
ni- Hi phng T03 ?.
A. M#, MC (T#=T03 ( L_DAT
L_DAT.M# = CAP.M# CAP)))
B. M#, MC ( CAP
CAP.M# =T2.M# (T#=T03 ( L_DAT )))
C. F1 F2 .. Fn (E) = F1 (F2(...(Fn( R))...)
D. A1, A2,.., An ( B1, A2,.., Bk (E)) = A1, A2,.., An (E).
Hy chn t/cm t tng ng hon thin khng nh sau: Ti u ho cu hi
khng nhng ti u v thi gian truy xut thng tin m l nhn t quan trng trong
vic bo m...............vi cc chin lc tm kim, truy xut d liu.
A. Tnh kh thi ca d liu
B. Tnh ton vn d liu
C. Tnh c lp ca d liu
D. Tnh nht qun ca d liu
Hy chn t/cm t tng ng hon thin khng nh sau: C nhiu k thut khc
nhau ti u ho cc cu hi, trong c k thut phn r cu hi da trn..........
A. Ngn ng ca i s quan h.
B. Ngn ng d liu.
C. Biu thc i s quan h.
D. Suy dn logic t cc tin Armstrong
Hy chn t/cm t tng ng hon thin khng nh sau: Bin i mt biu thc
i s quan h v mt biu thc i s quan h tng ng ...... theo ngha s cho
cng mt kt qu nhng vi chi ph thi gian thc hin v s dng b nh t hn rt
nhiu
A. Ng ngha d liu
B. Ti u
C. Thc hin
D. Tit kim b nh
Hy chn t/cm t tng ng hon thin khng nh sau: Cch tip cn c bn
nh gi ti u ha biu thc quan h thng cy kt ni tri theo chiu su, l phng
n u ha cu hi R khng quan tm ti th t kt ni khi cc ton hng bn phi ca
mi php kt ni . Cy kt ni tri theo chiu su rt c.......
A. Chi ph rt nh.
B. Chi ph bng chi ph biu thc ban u.
C. Cho ph thi gian nh.
D. Ch ph b nh nh
Hy chn t/cm t tng ng hon thin khng nh sau: Trong biu thc quan h
cc ton hng l ..........v cc php ton l cc php ton trong i s quan h.
A. Cc quan h trong mt CSDL
B. Cc thuc tnh.
C. Cc ph thuc hm.
D. Cc phn t
144
1- D;
1- C;
1- A;
1- D;
2- C ;
2- B;
2- B;
2- B;
3 B;
3 A;
3 C;
3 A;
Phn 2
A. lin tip thnh mt php ton duy nht.
B. hn nhiu so vi chi ph thc hin php
tch cc
C. hy tm chin lc truy nhp tt nht
vo CSDL
D. nhm gii hn khi lng d liu trung
gian. Gim chi ph truy nhp b nh.
4A.
4D
4 D.
4 C.
Cu hi v bi tp:
Cu hi
Hy ti u ho cc cu hi sau:
1. Thng tin v cc tuyn c lp t cc loi cp do Vit nam sn xut c gi tr trn
10 t ng.
2. Thng tin v cc tuyn cp c lp t cc loi cp sau nm 1999, hoc c cc loi
cp do Vit nam sn xut.
3. Thng tin v cc tuyn cp xut pht t H ni, c cc loi cp c lp t sau
nm 1999, tng gi tr tuyn cp khng ln hn 3 t ng.
4. Thng tin v cc tuyn cp c tng gi tr ln hn tng gi tr cc tuyn cp xut
pht t H ni.
145
AN TON D LIU
V TNH TON VEN D LIU
Chng ny s gii thiu mt cch tng qut v khi nim an ton v ton vn d liu. v
mt s bin php cn thit bo v c s d liu. An ton d liu ngha l cc h c s
d liu cn phi c bo v chng truy nhp tri php nh sa i hay ph hoi d liu.
Tnh ton vn d liu theo ngha d liu khng mu thun, d thng thng tin trong cc h
thng khi thc hin cc php lu tr, truy vn, tm kim. Ni dung bao gm cc vn sau:
S cn thit phi bo v an ton c s d liu
Tnh ton vn ca d liu
Ngn ng vn tin - ngn ng rng buc ton vn
An ton c s d liu.
Cc mc bo v an ton c s d liu.
Bo mt c s d liu
7.1 S cn thit phi bo v an ton c s d liu
C s d liu ca mt c quan, mt x nghip, ca mt ngnh... thng c ci t tp
trung hay phn tn trn cc my ch trn mng, l ti nguyn thng tin chung cho nhiu
ngi cng s dng. V vy cc h c s d liu cn phi c c ch kim sot, qun l v
truy xut khai thc thng tin sao cho d liu phi c an ton v ton vn. Thut ng an
ton d liu c ngha l cc h c s d liu cn phi c bo v chng truy nhp nhm
sa i hay ph hoi mt cch ch nh hay khng ch nh. Nh vy cc h thng c s
d liu cn thit phi qun tr, bo v tp trung, nhm bo m c tnh ton vn v an
ton d liu. Ton vn d liu khc vi an ton d liu, tuy rng chng c mi quan h mt
thit vi nhau. C th s dng chung mt s bin php thc hin. C rt nhiu mi nguy
him e do n cc h thng d liu:
C s d liu c ci t tp trung hay phn tn trn cc v tr a l khc nhau,
c khai thc t cc u cui khc nhau theo ch Client/Server.
Nhiu ngi s dng truy nhp v khai thc trn cng mt c s d liu.
Rt nhiu loi d liu c ti v gi trn cc my cc b khai thc.
Truy xut vo cc h c s d liu bng nhiu ngn ng thao tc d liu khc nhau,
bng nhiu h ng dng khc nhau trn cng mt ni dung thng tin.
V vy c th xy ra
Nhng sai st ngoi mun, khi thc hin thm, sa, xo hay do li khi lp trnh.
Truy nhp tri php vi mc ch xu: sa, xo thng tin hay nh cp thng tin...
S c k thut nh li do cc thit b, li lp trnh...
7.2 Tnh ton vn d liu
Vn ton vn d liu l vn m bo d liu trong cc h thng c s d liu c
chnh xc ti mi thi im trong chng mc c th. C mt gii hn v phm vi m mc
tiu ny c th thc hin c. H thng c s d liu khng th kim tra ht tnh ng n
147
DBA
U4
U2
U5
U3
Hnh 7.1 th cp quyn truy nhp c s d liu
V d, gi s khi khi to, ngi qun tr c s d liu cp quyn cp nht d liu trn
quan h LOAN ca c s d liu ngn hng cho ngi s dng U1, U2 v U3 v quyn c
th trong th t thng qua quyn hn n cc quyn ca nhng ngi s dng khc. Lin
thng cc quyn t mt ngi s dng ny ti ngi s dng khc c m t bng mt
th quyn hn. th bao gm cc nt l nhng ngi s dng v cc cnh Ui Uj nu
ngi s dng Ui cp quyn cp nht trn LOAN cho ngi s dng Uj. Gc ca th l
ngi qun tr c s d liu. Trong hnh 7.1, ngi s dng U5 c cp quyn hn bi
hai ngi s dng U1 v U2 v ngu s dng U4 c cp quyn s dng ch bi U1.
Mt ngi s dng c quyn hn truy nhp vo c s d liu theo mt s quyn no khi
v ch khi (if and only if) c mt ng i t gc trn th quyn hn, tc l lin thng t
nt ngi qun tr c s d liu ti nt ngi s dng.
Gi s ngi qun tr c s d liu quyt nh thu hi cc quyn hn ca ngi s dng U1.
V ngi s dng U4 c quyn hn dn t U1 nn quyn hn ca U4 cng s b thu hi.
153
U1
U3
(a)
DBA
U1
U2
U2
U3
DBA
U1
U2
(b)
U3
(c)
Hnh 7.2
U1
Hnh 7.3
U2
U3
Cu hi trc nghim
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Phn 1
Phn 2
1 Vn ton vn d liu l m bo d liu A. cc bin php bo v d liu, chng li
trong . .....
s sa i hay ph hoi khng ch
nh.
159
1111-
D;
C;
C;
D;
2- C ; 3 B ;
2- B; 3 A;
2- D ; 3 A;
2- A; 3 B;
4A.
4D
4B.
4 C.
Phn 2
A. v nh bo v d liu.
B. ngi s dng c php thc hin.
C. ngi s dng h thng nhn bit
D. nhn ra ngi s dng l mt khu.
Cu hi & bi tp
1. V sao phi bo v an ton cc h thng c s d liu.
2. Hiu tnh ton vn d liu nh th no. V d minh ho.
3. Cc rng buc ton vn. V d minh ho.
4. Ngn ng vn tin - ngn ng rng buc ton vn.
5. Kim tra cc rng buc ton vn.
6. Khi nim ph thuc hm n ngi (unary inclusion dependency).
7. Trnh by kim tra rng buc tn ti nh cc dn xut.
8. Tnh bo mt.
9. Nhn din ngi s dng.
10. Bo v vt l.
11. Kim tra truy nhp.
12. Khung nhn Mt c ch bo v.
13. S dng ngn ng vn tin nh ngha cc quyn truy nhp
14. Tnh bo mt trong SQL.
160
166
MC LC
Chng I: KHI NIM C BN V CC H C S D LIU
1.1 C s d liu l g...................................................................................................... 2
1.2 S cn thit ca cc h c s d liu ........................................................................ 3
1.3 M hnh kin trc tng qut c s d liu 3 mc ...................................................... 4
1.4 Mc tiu ca cc h c s d liu.............................................................................. 7
1.5 H qun tr CSDL & ngi qun tr CSDL .............................................................. 9
1.6 Rng buc d liu ................................................................................................... 10
1.7 Cc m hnh truy xut d liu.................................................................................. 11
1.7.1 M hnh c s d liu Client Server................................................................. 11
1.7.2 M hnh Client/Server nhiu lp ..................................................................... 12
1.7.3 K thut lp trnh c s d liu - Web ng..................................................... 13
1.7.4 Kin trc h thng Server (Server System Architecture) ................................ 14
1.7.5 Cc m hnh kin trc ng dng...................................................................... 16
Cu hi trc nghim ......................................................................................................... 17
Cu hi & bi tp ............................................................................................................. 18
Chng II CC M HNH C S D LIU
2.1 M u ..................................................................................................................... 19
2.2 M hnh d liu (Data Model) ................................................................................. 19
2.2.1 Phn bit gia cc m hnh d liu................................................................... 20
2.2.2 Cc h thng CSDL i tng v tri thc ........................................................ 20
2.3 M hnh CSDL phn cp (Hierarchy Data Model)................................................. 21
2.3.1 Cu trc biu din d liu phn cp................................................................. 21
2.3.2 Ngn ng thao tc trn CSDL phn cp ......................................................... 21
2.4 M hnh CSDL mng (Network Data Model) ......................................................... 23
2.4.1 Cu trc biu din d liu mng ...................................................................... 23
2.4.2 Ngn ng d liu thao tc trn CSDL mng ................................................... 25
2.5 Cch tip cn m hnh CSDL quan h..................................................................... 25
2.5.1 Khi nim l thuyt tp hp quan h ............................................................... 25
2.5.2 Ngn ng thao tc d liu kiu quan h. ......................................................... 27
2.5.3 Cc php ton c bn ca i s quan h. ....................................................... 27
2.5.4 u im cch tip cn m hnh CSDL quan h............................................... 28
2.6 M hnh thc th quan h (The Entity Relationship Model) ................................... 28
2.6.1 Khi nim.......................................................................................................... 28
2.6.2 Thc th, mi quan h, thuc tnh..................................................................... 28
2.6.3 Bc ca mi quan h ........................................................................................ 30
161
163
164
165
C S D LIU
M s: 492CDL351
Chu trch nhim bn tho
TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1
(Ti liu ny c ban hnh theo Quyt nh s: 827 /Q-TTT1 ngy
30/10/2006 ca Gim c Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng)