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Culture Documents
Ghep Kenh Tin Hieu So
Ghep Kenh Tin Hieu So
H NI - 2007
LI NI U
Ghp knh tn hiu s l mt lnh vc rt quan trng. Khi u ca ghp knh tn hiu s
l iu xung m (PCM) v iu ch Delta (DM), trong PCM c s dng rng ri hn. T
PCM, cc nh ch to thit b vin thng cho ra i thit b ghp knh cn ng b (PDH) v
sau l thit b ghp knh ng b (SDH). Mng thng tin quang SDH m ra mt giai on
mi ca cng ngh truyn thng nhm p ng nhu cu tng trng rt nhanh ca cc dch v
vin thng, c bit l dch v Internet.
Vi tc bit hin ti ca SDH l 10 Gbit/s vn cha p ng mt cch y cho truyn
lu lng Internet , ang v s pht trin theo cp s nhn. V vy cng ngh ghp knh theo
bc sng (WDM) xut hin. c th tn dng bng tn truyn dn ti min ca s th hai
ca si quang n mode, k thut ghp cht cc bc sng DWDM ang ng vai tr quan trng
trn mng thng tin quang ton cu.
Tuy nhin, thng tin quang SDH l cng ngh ghp knh c nh. V vy rng bng tn
vn khng c tn dng trit . Theo c tnh th hiu sut s dng rng bng tn kh dng
ca h thng thng tin quang SDH mi t c 50%. Trc thc t mt mt rng bng tn
ng truyn cn b lng ph, mt khc cng ngh truyn gi IP v ATM i hi h thng thng
tin quang SDH phi tho mn nhu cu trc mt v c cho tng lai, khi m cc dch v gia tng
pht trin trnh cao. Ch c th tho mn nhu cu v tc truyn dn v nng cao hiu sut
s dng bng tn ng truyn bng cch thay i cc phng thc truyn ti lu lng s liu.
Vn mu cht ng dng cc phng thc truyn ti tin tin l kt chui cc cc
conten, s dng cc phng thc ng gi s liu thch hp, truyn ti gi linh hot theo cch ti
s dng khng gian v chuyn mch bo v thng minh nng cao tin cy ca mng v rt
ngn thi gian phc hi ca h thng khi c s c. Nhng vn ny s c phn tch k trong
cc ch sau y:
1) Trnh by mt s khi nim c bn trong truyn dn tn hiu, c bit l tn hiu s v
cc phng php ghp knh s.
2) Cc phng php duy tr mng. Ni dung ch yu ca chuyn ny l cc phng
php chuyn mch bo v mng ng thng v mng vng SDH.
3) Cc chun Ethernet, mng vng th bi v FDDI.
4) Cc phng thc truyn ti s liu bao gm cc phng thc ng khung s liu, kt
chui, iu chnh dung lng tuyn, cc giao thc ti s dng khng gian v.v.
Sau mi chng c cc bi tp hoc cu hi sinh vin t kim tra v nh gi kin thc ca
mnh khi i chng vi p s v tr li trong phn ph lc.
Ti liu ging dy ny c bin son theo cng mn hc "Ghp knh tn hiu s"
ca chng trnh o to i hc chnh quy hin nay ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin
thng. Tuy nhin, y l ln bin son u tin nn khng trnh khi thiu st v ni dung v hnh
thc. Rt mong cc c gi gp ti liu ngy cng hon thin hn.
kin ng gp ca cc c gi xin vui lng gi trc tip cho Phng o to i hc t
xa Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng.
Xin chn thnh cm n!
Nhm tc gi
CHNG I
MT S KHI NIM C BN
TRONG TRUYN DN TN HIU
1.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Trong chng ny gii thiu cc ni dung chnh sau y:
- Mt s khi nim c bn trong truyn dn tn hiu s.
- Cc phng php s ho tn hiu analog nh: PCM, DPCM v DM. Trong phng
php PCM c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng ghp knh PDH.
- Cc phng php ghp knh: im qua cc phng php ghp knh theo tn s, theo
tn s trc giao, theo thi gian, theo m, ghp knh thng k v.v. trong ghp knh theo thi
gian c s dng trong ghp knh PDH, SDH.
- ng b trong vin thng:
tin hnh phn tch cc phng thc ng b nh: ng b sng mang, ng b k
hiu, ng b bit, ng b khung, ng b gi, ng b mng, ng b a phng tin v ng
b ng h thi gian thc. Tu thuc vo tng trng hp c th m s dng mt trong cc
phng thc ng b hoc s dng ng thi mt s phng thc ng b. Chng hn trong
mng thng tin quang SDH s dng c ng b mng, ng b sng mang, ng b khung, ng
b k hiu.
Px
P0
Px
1mW
L(dB)m= 0 dBm khi cng sut ti im x bng 1 mW, L(dBm) > 0 khi cng sut tn hiu ti im x
ln hn 1 mW, L(dBm) < 0 khi cng sut tn hiu ti im x b hn 1 mW.
(2) T s tn hiu trn nhiu
SNR (dB ) = 10 log
Ps
V
I
= 20 log s = 20 log s
Pn
Vn
In
trong : Ps, Vs, Is tng ng l cng sut, in p v dng in tn hiu; Pn, Vn, In tng ng l
cng sut, in p v dng in nhiu.
fmax
(BW)e
Hnh 1.1- rng bng tn in
(2) rng bng tn quang (BW)o
rng bng tn quang l bng tn t tn s iu ch bng zero n tn s iu ch m
ti mc cng sut quang gim 50% (3dBm) so vi cng sut quang cc i, nh minh ho
hnh 1.2.
4
P(dBm)
Pmax
3 dBm
fmax
(BW)o
TRM
ng truyn
REG
ng truyn
TRM
a) Cu hnh im ni im
TRM
ng truyn
ADM
ng truyn
TRM
ADM
Ring STM-N
ADM
ADM
1.2.4.2.Cc tham s
(1) Tc bit: s bit pht i trong mt giy.
Cc n v o tc bit: bit/s, kbit/s (1kbit/s = 103 bit/s), Mbit/s (1Mbit/s = 103 kbit/s =
10 bit/s), Gbit/s (1Gbit/s = 103 Mbit/s = 106 kbit/s = 109 bit/s), Tbit/s (1Tbit/s = 103 Gbit/s = 106
Mbit/s = 109 kbit/s = 1012 bit/s). Tn hiu s c s dng trong cc mng thng tin s.
6
Bin
t
ng bao chun
b) Tn hiu s b rung pha
Hnh 1.5. Tn hiu s b rung pha
6
Rung pha xut hin l do c ly ng truyn khc nhau nn tr khc nhau, lch tn s
ng h ngun v ng h thit b thu trong cng mt mng, lch tn s gia ng h ca thit b
SDH v tn s ca lung nhnh PDH.
Tn hiu
analog
B ly
mu
B lng
B m
t ho VPAM ho-nn s
ng
truyn
B gii m
- dn s
Chuyn i A/D
B lc
thp
Tn hiu
analog
Chuyn i D/A
Hnh 1.6- S khi qu trnh chuyn i A/D v D/A trong h thng PCM
1
2 f max
(1.1)
S(t)
Xung ly mu
Tn hiu analog
t
Tm
Hnh 1.7- Ly mu tn hiu analog
Tn hiu thoi c bng tn hu hiu t 0,3 n 3,4 kHz. T biu thc (1.1), c th ly gi
tr fmax = 4000 Hz. Do chu k ly mu tn hiu thoi l:
Tm =
1
= 125s
2 4000 Hz
(1.2)
f m = 2 f max = 8kHz
(1.3)
(2) Lng t ho
Lng t ho l lm trn bin xung ly mu ti mc lng t gn nht. C ngha l
gn cho mi xung ly mu mt s nguyn ph hp. Mc ch ca lng t ho m ho gi tr
mi xung ly mu thnh mt t m c s lng bt t nht.
C hai phng php lng t ho: u v khng u.
Lng t ho u
Hnh 1.8 minh ho lng t ho u. Lng t ho u l chia bin cc xung ly mu
thnh cc khong u nhau, mi khong l mt bc lng t u, k hiu l . Cc ng song
song vi trc thi gian l cc mc lng t. Sau lm trn bin xung ly mu ti mc lng
t gn nht s nhn c xung lng t.
Nu bin ca tn hiu analog bin thin trong khong t -a n a th s lng mc
lng t Q v c mi quan h sau y:
2a
=
Q
(1.4)
S(t)
Xung lng t
7
6
- Bc lng t u
5
4
Tn hiu analog
3
2
1
0
Mc lng t
t
Tm
Hnh 1.8- Lng t ho u
+ / 2
2
a WLT (a )da
(1.5)
/ 2
PMLT =
2
12
(1.6)
T biu thc (1.6) thy rng cng sut mo lng t ch ph thuc vo , khng ph
thuc vo bin tn hiu. Nh vy t s cng sut tn hiu c bin ln trn cng sut nhiu
lng t s ln hn t s cng sut tn hiu c bin yu trn cng sut mo lng t. Theo
phn tch ph th tn hiu thoi ch yu do cc thnh phn tn hiu c cng yu to thnh. V
th nu s dng lng t ho u s lm gim cht lng tn hiu thoi ti u thu. Mun khc
phc nhc im ny, trong thit b ghp knh PCM ch s dng lng t ho khng u.
Lng t ho khng u
Tri vi lng t ho u, lng t ho khng u chia bin xung ly mu thnh cc
khong khng u theo nguyn tc khi bin xung ly mu cng ln th di bc lng t
cng ln, nh trn hnh 1.9. Lng t ho khng u c thc hin bng cch s dng b nn.
S(t)
Xung lng t
i - Bc lng t khng u
6
5
Tn hiu analog
4
3
2
1
0
Mc lng t
t
Tm
Hnh 1.9- Lng t ho khng u
(3) M ho - nn s
c tnh bin b m ho - nn s
Chc nng ca m ho l chuyn i bin xung lng t thnh mt t m gm mt s
bit nht nh. Theo kt qu nghin cu v tnh ton ca nhiu tc gi th trong trng hp lng
t ho u, bin cc i ca xung ly mu tn hiu thoi bng 4096 . Do mi t m phi
cha 12 bit, dn ti hu qu l tc bit mi knh thoi ln gp 1,5 ln tc bit tiu chun 64
kbit/s. Mun nhn c tc bit tiu chun, thng s dng b nn c c tnh bin dng
logarit, cn c gi l b nn analog. Biu thc ton hc ca b nn analog theo tiu chun chu
u c dng:
1
Ax
1 + ln A khi 0 x A
y=
1 + ln Ax khi 1 < x 1
1 + ln A
A
(1.7)
trong : A= 87,6 c trng cho mc nn, x = Vvo/ Vvo max v y = Vra/ Vra max.
Tuy nhin, do b nn analog ti pha m ho v b dn analog ti pha gii m cha cc
diode bn dn nn gy ra mo phi tuyn. Trong PCM s dng b m ho - nn s v b gii mdn s loi tr mo phi tuyn. Tm li, s dng m ho- nn s va t c mc tiu lng t
ho khng u, va t c mc tiu mi t m ch c 8 bit.
9
Da vo c tnh bin b nn analog lut A xy dng c tnh bin b m ho nn s bng cch gn ng ho ng cong logarit thnh 13 on thng. V vy c tnh bin
ca b m ho - nn s c tn l b m ho - nn s A = 87,6/13. Hnh 1.10 l nhnh dng (ti
gc 1/4 th nht ca h to ) c tnh bin ca b m ho nn s A = 87,6/13. Nhnh m (ti
gc 1/4 th III) c tnh bin i xng vi nhnh dng qua gc to .
Bn on gn gc to c gc nghing nh nhau nn gp thnh mt on, do ton b
c tnh bin c 13 on thng. Trn trc honh t cc gi tr ca in p vo theo t l
logarit. Gi tr in p vo u cc on u ghi r trn hnh v. Trn trc tung t cc gi tr ca
in p ra v c chia thnh 8 on bng nhau, mi on c 16. Trc honh cng c chia
lm 8 on, mi on gm 16 bc lng t mi v bng nhau (i, i l s th t on). Bin
mi bc lng t i c xc nh da vo quy lut l bin bc lng t ca on sau ln
gp i bin bc lng t ca on trc lin k. Tht vy:
7 = (2048- 1024)/ 16 = 64,
5 = 16, 4 = 8, 3 = 4, 2 = 2,
1= 0 =
128
Vra
112
96
80
64
48
VII
VI
IV
III
II
32
16
y
I
0
0
128
64
32
16
256
512
1024
2048
Vvo
. Xc nh b2:
VPAM 128 th b2 = 1; VPAM < 128 th b2 = 0
. Xc nh b3: c hai trng hp:
Trng hp th nht, b2 = 1:
VPAM 512 th b3 = 1; VPAM < 512 th b3 = 0
Trng hp th hai, b2 = 0:
VPAM 32 th b3 = 1; VPAM < 32 th b3 = 0
. Xc nh b4: c 4 trng hp:
Trng hp th nht, b2b3 = 00:
VPAM 16 th b4 = 1; VPAM < 16 th b4 = 0
Trng hp th hai, b2b3 = 01:
VPAM 64 th b4 = 1; VPAM < 64 th b4 = 0
Trng hp th ba, b2b3 = 10:
VPAM 256 th b4 = 1; VPAM < 256 th b4 = 0
Trng hp th t, b2b3 = 11:
VPAM 1024 th b4 = 1; VPAM < 1024 th b4 = 0
Bng 1.1- Cc ngun in p mu
T.T. on
M on
in p mu chn bc trong on
in p mu
b2 b3 b4
b8
b7
b6
b5
000
001
16
II
010
16
32
III
011
16
32
64
IV
100
16
32
64
128
101
16
32
64
128
256
VI
110
32
64
128
256
512
VII
111
64
128
256
512
1024
u on
- Chn bc trong on: sau khi bit bin xung thuc on no, tip tc xc nh bin
xung thuc bc no trong on y, tc l xc nh gi tr cc bit b5 b6 b7 b8. Nguyn tc chung
l em VPAM so snh vi tng cc ngun in p mu; gm in p mu u on, in p mu
ca bit y v in p mu ca cc bit xc nh trc nu gi tr ca chng bng 1 (trng
hp cc bit xc nh trc nu c gi tr bng 0 th ngun chun tng ng vi chng s
bng 0).
. Xc nh b5:
VPAM Vm1 th b5 = 1; VPAM < Vm1 th b5 = 0, trong Vm1= Vm + Vm(b5)
11
. Xc nh b6:
VPAM Vm2 th b6 = 1; VPAM < Vm2 th b6 = 0,
trong Vm2 = Vm + Vm(b6) + Vm(b5 = 1)
. Xc nh b7:
VPAM Vm3 th b7 = 1; VPAM < Vm3 th b7 = 0, trong
Vm3 = Vm + Vm(b7) + Vm(b5 = 1) + Vm(b6 = 1)
. Xc nh b8:
VPAM Vm4 th b8 = 1; VPAM < Vm4 th b8 = 0, trong
Vm4 = Vm + Vm(b8) + Vm(b5 = 1) + Vm(b6 = 1)+ Vm(b7 = 1)
Sau khi xc nh gi tr cc bit b5 b6 b7 b8, da vo bng 1.2 s bit c bin xung
thuc bc no trong on. C ngha l u ra b m ho xut hin 4 bit m bc tng ng.
Bng 1.2- M bc
TT bc
b5 b6 b7 b8
TT bc
b5 b6 b7 b8
0000
1000
0001
1001
0010
10
1010
0011
11
1011
0100
12
1100
0101
13
1101
0110
14
1110
0111
15
1111
12
(1.8)
i =1
trong :
ai l h s d on, c chn ti thiu ho sai s gia gi tr bin xung ly mu
hin ti Xn v gi tr d on ca bin xung ly mu tip theo. X n l gi tr d on bin
xung ly mu tip theo, c ngoi suy t p gi tr xung ly mu trc . en l hiu s, hay cn
gi l vi sai gia Xn v X . en c m ho thnh 4 bit. Bit th nht l bit du ca en. Khi en
n
Tn hiu
analog
B lc
B ly
mu
Xn
en
B m
ho
~
X n = ai X n i
p
i
a) My pht
Tn hiu
DPCM
B gii
m
en
B d
on
Tn hiu
DPCM
b) My thu
B gii
m
en
~
Xn
Xn
B lc
~
X n = ai X n i
Tn hiu
analog
B d
on
Hnh 1.11- S khi my pht (a) v my thu (b) DPCM
13
(1.9)
trong :
fm(DM) l tn s ly mu ca DM (kHz), f(TH) l tn s cc i ca tn hiu analog (kHz),
amax l bin cc i ca tn hiu analog (V), l bc lng t u (V).
Tn hiu analog
Qu ti sn
Hm bc thang
Tn hiu DM
0
t
Hnh 1.12- Chuyn i A/D trong DM
Khi nim: ghp knh theo tn s l tn s (hoc bng tn) ca cc knh khc nhau, nhng
c truyn ng thi qua mi trng truyn dn. Mun vy phi s dng b iu ch, gii iu
ch v b lc bng.
B lc
thp
B iu
ch
B lc
bng
B lc
bng
B gii
iu ch
f1
f1
B lc
thp
B iu
ch
B lc
bng
B lc
bng
B gii
iu ch
B lc
thp
f2
f2
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
B iu
ch
B lc
bng
B lc
bng
B gii
iu ch
B lc
thp
fN
fN
Hnh 1.13- S khi h thng ghp knh theo tn s
0,3
3,4
Bng di
Bng trn
fN
f (kHz)
15
Pha thu: cc b lc bng ti nhnh pht v nhnh thu ca mi knh c bng tn nh nhau.
u vo nhnh thu c N b lc bng ni song song v ng vai tr tch knh. B iu ch ti
nhnh pht s dng sng mang no th b gii iu ch ca knh y cng s dng sng mang nh
vy. Tn hiu knh c gii iu ch vi sng mang v u ra b gii iu ch ngoi bng m tn
cn c cc thnh phn tn s cao. B lc thp loi b cc thnh phn tn s cao, ch gi li bng
m tn.
Ghp knh theo tn s c u im l cc b iu ch v gii iu ch c cu to n gin
(s dng cc diode bn dn), bng tn mi knh ch bng 4 kHz nn c th ghp c nhiu knh.
Chng hn, my ghp knh cp ng trc c th ghp ti 1920 knh. Tuy nhin do s dng iu
bin nn kh nng chng nhiu km.
0.2
0.4
Thi gian
chun ho
(t / T)
0.6
0.8
1
Hnh 1.15. Ba sng mang ph trc giao trong mt k hiu OFDM
(2) M hnh h thng
ej2f1tm
dn
Chuyn
ni tip
thnh song
song
ej2fN-1tm
Sm
S m = 2 d n exp j 2
= 2 d n exp( j 2f n t )[m = 0,1,....N 1]
N
n =0
n=0
(1.10)
trong
fn =
n
NTS
v t = mTS
trong TS l chu k ca cc k hiu gc. Cho phn thc ca dy k hiu trong biu thc (1.10)
i qua b lc ly thp i vi tng k hiu ring trong qung thi gian TS s nhn c phin bn
bng gc ca tn hiu ODFFM:
N 1
n
y (t ) = 2 Re d n exp j 2 t
T
n =0
khi 0 t T
(1.11)
trong , T = NTS
thp
B lc
thp
B chuyn
mch
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
B phn
phi
ng
truyn
Pht
xung
B
Tn hiu
B lc analog
thp
1
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
Thu
xung
B
S1(t)
S2(t)
S3(t)
XR(t)
2
XB 1
XB
XB
3
125s
Cc bit tin ny c ghp xen byte to thnh mt khung nh khi to khung. Trong khung cn
c t m ng b khung t ti u khung v cc bit bo hiu c ghp vo v tr quy nh
trc. B to xung ngoi chc nng to ra t m ng b khung cn c chc nng iu khin cc
khi trong nhnh pht hot ng.
Pha thu: dy tn hiu s i vo my thu. Dy xung ng h c tch t tn hiu thu
ng b b to xung thu. B to xung pha pht v pha thu tuy thit k c tc bit nh nhau,
nhng do t xa nhau nn chu s tc ng ca thi tit khc nhau, gy ra sai lch tc bit. V
vy di s khng ch ca dy xung ng h, b to xung thu hot ng n nh. Khi ti to
khung tch t m ng b khung lm gc thi gian bt u mt khung, tch cc bit bo hiu
x l ring, cn cc byte tin c a vo b gii m chuyn mi t m 8 bit thnh mt xung.
Do b phn phi hot ng ng b vi b chuyn mch nn xung ca cc knh ti u ra b gii
m c chuyn vo b lc thp ca knh tng ng. u ra b lc thp l tn hiu thoi analog.
B to xung pha thu iu khin hot ng ca cc khi trong nhnh thu.
1
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
B lc
4
thp
Tn hiu
analog
Bo hiu
Cc bit bo hiu
B m
ho
B to
xung
To
khung
T m ng
b khung
ng truyn
Ti to
khung
Tch
. h
B gii
m
B to
xung
B chuyn
mch
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
B lc
thp
B phn
phi
4
Tn hiu
analog
19
Ngun 1
My thu
1
Ngun 2
My thu
2
Ngun 3
ng truyn
B tch
B ghp
My thu
3
ng dy
u vo
Hnh 1.20. S khi b ghp knh thng k
FCS
S liu
a ch Chiu di
S liu
20
Kch c b m
(s khung c m)
10
8
6
4
2
0
tr (ms)
400
100
M= 25 kbit/s
M= 50 kbit/s
M= 100 kbit/s
40
20
M- Tc bit ca ng truyn
Hnh 1.23- tr ph thuc vo h s s dng ng truyn
T hnh 1.22 thy rng mun tng h s s dng ng phi tng kch c b m. Nhng
t hnh 1.23 li cho bit khi tng h s s dng, tc l tng kch c b m th tr li tng rt
nhanh.
f: tn s
t: thi gian
Trong CDMA, nhiu ngi s dng c th dng chung tn s v trong cng thi gian.
khng gy nhiu cho nhau, mi ngi s dng ch c php pht i mt nng lng bit (Eb) nht
nh m bo t s Eb/ N0 quy nh, trong Eb l nng lng bit ca tn hiu cn thu v N0 l
mt ph tp m tng ng gy ra do cc tn hiu ca ngi s dng khc. gim mt
ph tp m cn phi tri ph tn hiu ca ngi s dng trc khi pht. Ngoi ra, my thu c
th phn bit c tn hiu cn thu vi cc tn hiu khc, mi tn hiu pht i phi c ci khu
ng ring theo mt m nht nh. C th so snh CDMA nh l nhiu ngi trong phng ni
chuyn vi nhau tng i mt theo cc ngn ng khc nhau (cc m khc nhau). Nu ni kh (N0
nh) th h hon ton khng gy nhiu cho nhau. Hnh 1.24 biu th N ngi s dng, mi ngi
c m ho bng mt m ring, c k hiu t 1 n N. Mi khi con c trng cho s chim
tim nng v tuyn ca ngi s dng: tn s, thi gian v E0.
Do c th ca di ng nn khi mt ngi s dng no n gn trm gc, N0 ca ngi
y gy ra cho my thu ngi khc s ln hn (ting ca ngi y nghe to hn) v gy nhiu nhiu
hn cho my thu ngi khc. Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng gn - xa. gim nh hng
ca hin tng gn - xa, cn iu chnh cng sut my di ng thp hn khi n tin n gn trm
gc. Trong h thng CDMA, qu trnh iu khin cng sut c tin hnh t ng. CDMA l
phng thc a truy nhp c nhiu u im so vi cc phng thc a truy nhp khc.
Cc bit
Cc
Trng tin
ng b bit ph
khung
Hnh 1.25- Cu trc c bn ca khung tn hiu
Nhiu hot ng trong h thng s cn phi tun theo mi quan h tin nh. Nu hai hot ng
tun theo mt s tin nh, th ng b nhm m bo cho cc hot ng din ra theo mt trnh t
chnh xc. Ti mc phn cng, ng b c iu tit bng cch phn phi mt tn hiu thi gian
chung ti tt c cc mun ca h thng. mc tru tng cao, cc qu trnh phn mm c
ng b nh trao i thng bo.
Ph thuc vo phm vi ng dng, cc h thng tru tng khc nhau c chp nhn c
hiu qu v c cu trc theo kiu phn cp, trong mi mc tru tng lin h vi cc c
tnh ca mc tru tng thp hn v che du cc chi tit khng cn thit i vi mc cao hn.
Tru tng cho php cc nh thit k b qua cc chi tit khng cn thit v tp trung vo cc c
im cn thit. V vy d dng thc hin mt bn thit k h thng phc tp hn.
Trong cc h thng phn cng s, gii php chung l cu trc h thng c din gii theo
cc mc tru tng nh mc vt l, mc mch, mc phn t v mc mun. Trong mc vt l,
nh thit k quan tm n cc quy tc vt l chi phi cc c tnh ca bn dn. Mc mch lin
quan n transistor, resistor, v.v. Mc phn t tp trung vo cc cng, cc cng logic v.v. Trong
mc mun, cc phn t c phn chia thnh cc thc th phc tp hn nh cc b nh, cc
khi logic, cc CPU v.v.
Cc giao thc thng tin c thc hin nh cc mun phn mm, c cu trc ph hp
vi m hnh lp. Cc ngn xp giao thc c xy dng theo cch cc giao thc ti mc cho
trc cung cp cc dch v cho cc giao thc mc trn v s dng cc dch v ca mt s mc
thp hn. Trong m hnh giao thc tham kho kt ni h thng m (OSI) c by mc (lp) tru
tng. Cc tiu chun ca mc 1 (lp vt l) quy nh cc giao din vt l v khung bit c s, c
ngha l quy nh cc bit c truyn trn mi trng vt l nh th no nhm cung cp mt knh
truyn dn s im ni im y . Cc tiu chun mc 2 (lp kt ni d liu) quy nh cc giao
thc nhm cung cp mt knh s im ni im khng c li bng cch pht li cc khung b li
hoc nh k thut sa li. Cc giao thc ca cc lp trn cung cp cc dch v nh tuyn mng
(lp mng), cc dch v truyn ti qua mng (lp truyn ti) v cung cp cho ngi s dng u
cui cc dch v ng dng trc tip.
Nhng ci g l tiu chun tru tng c s dng m t cc h thng phn cng v
phn mm u lin quan vi nhau v ti mc bt k s hot ng chnh xc ca chng u ph
thuc vo thi gian. Cc thc th ca cc mc tru tng khc nhau trong h thng phn cng v
phn mm thng yu cu chc nng ng b c lp khc nhau. Th d, ng b cc qu trnh
giao thc ti mc cho trc v nguyn tc l c lp vi ng b hot ng cc qu trnh mc
thp. Tuy nhin, t th d trn y thy rng vn ng b c th khc nhau hon ton v mc
tru tng v tnh cht ca cc phn t hoc qu trnh ng b.
Mi quan tm ny lm xut hin s nghi ng v mc thch hp ca s chp nhn thut ng
"ng b" lin quan n mt tp hp y ca nhng vn c tnh cht khc nhau, trong
thi gian l cn thit. Tuy nhin, s nghin cu y v ng b nu ln mt s c im
chung trong bi cnh khc nhau. V vy a ra l do ti sao thut ng c tnh lch s ny
c chp nhn.
i vi nhiu k s thng tin s, vic cm nhn thut ng ng b cn b hn ch. H cho
rng n ch lin quan n hot ng tch ng h ti my thu v cc thng tin cha trong tn hiu
thu c. Thc ra vn ny ch lin quan n ng b sng mang hoc ng b k hiu. Tri
li, ng b ng vai tr quan trng trong mt s lnh vc vin thng.
23
(1.12)
(1.13)
(1.14)
d tha, gm hai phn chnh nm v hai pha ca sng mang f0. iu ch mt bng bn (SSB) ch
truyn mt trong hai phn chnh (mt trong hai bng bn). iu ch SSB phi kt hp, trong s
ng chnh pha thm ch cn cht ch hn, v mt lng dch pha bt k cng gy ra mo tn hiu
iu bin.
Nh trnh by trn y, gii iu ch kt hp l da vo ti cu trc sng mang, ngha
l da vo vic khi phc tn hiu kt hp vi sng mang v tn s v pha. Hot ng ny chnh
l ng b sng mang.
C th d dng ti cu trc sng mang, nu trong ph tn hiu thu c mt ng ph ti
sng mang f0, thng xy ra khi tn hiu iu ch c gi tr trung bnh bng zero. Trong trng
hp ny, c th thc hin tch sng mang nh s dng b lc bng hp hoc vng kho pha
(PLL). PLL c thit k c bng thng hp, do b to dao ng iu khin bi in p ngoi
(VCO) c th kho v theo di thng dng tn s xung quanh tn s danh nh.
ng tic l trong nhiu trng hp khng c vch ph ti f0. Mt mt, theo quan im
truyn thng tin th iu ny l c hiu qu, bi v cng sut ca sng mang nu c truyn i s
gy lng ph. Mt khc, trng hp ny cn h thng ng b tinh vi hn c kh nng khi phc
sng mang v tn s v pha.
Mt th d n gin ca ng b sng mang: xem xt trng hp truyn dn s kho dch
pha nh phn (BPSK), trong k hiu 1 v 0 l c lp vi nhau, c cng xc sut xut hin v
c m ho thnh cc xung vung i cc nhau. V vy, sng iu bin c dng cost v ph
cng sut lin tc, khng c cc vch ri rc ti f0. Tt nhin, ch bin i phi tuyn mi c th
to ra vch ph f0 mong mun t tn hiu thu c. Trong trng hp n gin ny, bnh phng
v chia tn mi gii quyt c vn (xem hnh 1.26). Bnh phng sng iu ch xo b
iu ch v to ra thnh phn (1+ cos20t)/2 c vch ph ti tn s 2f0 xut hin v thu c
sng mang nh chia tn.
s(t)
B lc
bng
(...)2
PLL v
chia tn
f0
Khi ng b k hiu c thc hin sau khi chuyn i tn hiu thnh bng gc, c th s
dng mt s k thut khi phc nh thi k hiu ging nh k thut ng b sng mang.
Xem xt truyn bng gc nhiu mc: nu ph ca tn hiu truyn dn c dng:
s (t ) = ak g (t kT )
(1.15)
B lc cn r(t)
bng knh
B ly mu
t = kT
B ng b k hiu
(khi phc ng h)
Hnh 1.27- ng b k hiu trong my thu bng gc nh phn
Cng c th ng b k hiu bng cch khi phc trc tip t tn hiu ly bng m khng
cn khi phc sng mang v chuyn i thnh bng gc. Th d, tn hiu iu ch c dng:
s (t ) = ak g (t kT )cos 0 t
(1.16)
1.6.4. ng b khung
Sau khi hon thnh ng b sng mang v ng b k hiu v thng tin logic c
tch ra t tn hiu n, bc tip theo l xc nh im u v im cui ca t m hoc ca
nhm cc t m, nh vy gi l ng b t m. ng thi sp xp li cc t m thu c thnh
khung theo ng trnh t nh khung pha pht, nh vy gi l ng b khung.
Trong truyn dn s, cc bit thng c t chc thnh khung n nh ngha khc nhau cho
cc byte. Cc byte cc v tr khc nhau trong khung c th dnh cho cc knh ngi s dng
khc nhau c chung mi trng vt l trong ghp knh phn chia thi gian (TDM), chng hn nh
26
trong b ghp PCM-30 hoc phn nh cc chc nng mo u (kim tra li, truyn ti thng tin
qun l v iu khin v.v.). V vy ng b khung l ht sc quan trng trong truyn dn s. Tch
cc lung nhnh ng c bt u t m t chnh xc cc khung.
K hoch ng b khung bt k (cng c quan h n ng chnh khung) gm hai hot
ng c bn:
(1) Tm kim: xy ra khi thit b (b ng chnh) chch khi ng b khung v ng
chnh khung ang d tm lung bit thu c.
(2) Duy tr: mi khi thit b tha nhn ng b khung v kim tra lin tc ranh gii
khung.
T m ng chnh khung t u khung tr gip ng b khung v t m ny c ci t
mt gi tr c bit. Tm kim c thc hin bng cch d tm mu t m ng chnh ti v tr
bt k ca lung bit thu c v c duy tr nh kim tra t m ng chnh khung, ti bt u
mt khung. Trong khi tm kim mu t m ng chnh khung c th gp trng hp t m ng
chnh khung b phng to t lung bit s liu. V vy cn tin hnh kim tra t m ng chnh
khung ti mt s v tr trc khi cng nhn c ng b. Mc tiu la chn k hoch ng chnh
khung c hiu qu l:
(1) Di iu kin ng chnh khung chnh xc, ti thiu ho xc sut mt ng chnh
khung do li ng truyn (mt ng chnh cng bc);
(2) Di iu kin chch ng chnh khung, ti thiu ho xc sut ng chnh khung gi
mo do phng to mu t m ng chnh khung trong lung bit ngu nhin thu c;
(3) Ti thiu ho thi gian khi phc ng chnh khung.
C th phn tch qu trnh phng on khi m t mt v khi phc ng chnh khung ph
hp vi k hoch ng chnh khung chn nh s dng m hnh chui Markov thch hp nh
hnh 1.28, trong P l xc sut nhn bit ng t m ng b khung. Tt nhin, P c biu th
khc nhau di cc iu kin khc nhau v trong min khc nhau ca biu .
A0
P
1-P
A1
P
P
P
C-1
1-P
1-P
A2
1-P
C1
1-P
A-1
C0
1-P
1-P
1-P
1-P
27
(1.17)
1
2a
(1.18)
Theo phn tch m hnh ti hnh 1.20, nhn c cc biu thc xc nh cc tham s c
trng cho cht lng ca k hoch ng b l:
R p (1 p1 )
R (1 a )(a )
R= 0 1
0
L 1 (1 p1 )
L 1 (a )
28
(1.19)
tr =
L
R0
tr2 =
p2
1
1
1
1 + p2
1 + + (L )
1
1
(
)
p
2
2
(1.20)
p2 1
L2
(2 p2 +1 )
(
)
L
a
2
2
R0
(1 p2 )
p2 1
2( p +1 1) + p2 (1 p2 )(1 + 2 2 )
(1 p2 ) +1 2
p2
1 p22 1 + p 2 1 (1 p2 )(1 2 )
2
(1 p2 )
(1.21)
p fa = 1 (1 p2 ) p2i
i =0
La
= 1 (1 p2 +1 )
La
(1.22)
trong L l chiu di khung (s bit trong khung) v R0 l tc bit danh nh ca tn hiu ghp.
V L >>1 nn s bin i ngu nhin ca tr c xu hng phn b chun (phn b Gauss). V vy
thi gian khi phc ng chnh cc i c xc nh theo biu thc sau y:
t r / max = t r + 3 tr
(1.23)
N
J
LOF
LOF
OOF
K
T trng thi IF, trong ang tin hnh qu trnh duy tr, b ng chnh chuyn sang
trng thi OOF sau khi pht hin li trong t m ng chnh ca M khung lin tip. Sau K khung
lin tip c t m ng chnh b li th b ng chnh chuyn sang trng thi LOF. ang trong
trng thi OOF, nu pht hin J khung lin tip khng c li trong t m ng chnh khung th b
ng chnh quay tr li trng thi IF. Trong trng thi LOF ang tin hnh qu trnh tm kim,
nu khng pht hin li trong N t m ng chnh khung lin tip th quay tr v trng thi ng
chnh bnh thng IF.
Biu trng thi ti hnh 1.29 khng phi l m hnh Markov. trnh chuyn mch
gin on gia hai trng thi OOF v IF, b ghi dch phi m cc khung c li trong t m ng
chnh khung khi m h thng ang trong trng thi OOF (ngha l b ghi dch iu khin chuyn
t trng thi OOF sang trng thi LOF v m t 0 n K) khng ci t ti zero khi m h thng
ang trong trng thi IF i vi L khung lin tip.
Cc gi tr tiu chun ca cc tham s khi lp k hoch ng b khung SDH l: M 5, J
2, K = 24, N = 24 v L = 24.
Sau khi ng b khung, cc khung ng b c sp xp c trt t thnh a khung nh
t m ng b a khung t u a khung. y chnh l ng b a khung.
1.6.5. ng b bit
Trong vin thng ng b bit c din t theo hai ngha chnh. Th nht, ng b bit
c lc c hiu c lin quan n ng b k hiu c trnh by trc y. Th hai, tng qut
hn, ng b bit c s dng biu th ng b lung bit cn ng b theo tn s ng h ca
thit b ti ch. Vn ny c thc hin bng cch ghi cc bit ca lung bit cn ng b vo b
nh n hi (b m) theo tn s ca lung vo v sau c ra theo tn s ca ng h thit b
ti ch. ng b bit c hiu ch yu theo cch gii thch th hai ny.
ng b bit c s dng sp xp cc bit v khi u khung ca tn hiu PCM ti u
vo tng i in t s, cho php chuyn cc octet t mt khe thi gian ti mt khe thi gian
khc.
Ngoi ra, ng b bit cn c thc hin trong b ghp tn hiu s, ti khi ng b ho. Ti y
cc nhnh c ng b bit chuyn lung s cn ng b thnh lung ng b bng cch chn
bit.
1.6.6. ng b gi
Chuyn mch gi bao gm phn chia thng tin ngun thnh thng bo hoc cc gi
truyn i, hoc nh tuyn ti ch. Cc gi cha mt s on s liu ngun v b sung thm
mt vi thng tin mo u. Gi c chiu di c nh hoc thay i. Gi c chiu di c nh gi l
t bo.
Chuyn mch gi l mt cng ngh c hiu qu lin kt s liu vi thoi hoc vi lu
lng thi gian thc khc trong mt mng duy nht. thc hin mng s lin kt a dch v
bng rng (B-ISDN), cc t chc tiu chun ho quc t chn k thut chuyn mch t bo:
kiu chuyn ti khng ng b (ATM).
Phng php chuyn ti chuyn mch gi c cc c im sau y:
(1) Do tnh cht thng k ca chuyn mch gi, c bit l xp hng bn trong mng, cc
gi m c tr nht nh khi chuyn ti qua mng v c cc thi gian n trung bnh thng k;
(2) Nu cc gi ca cuc gi n c nh tuyn c lp (mi gi i qua mt tuyn khc
nhau xuyn qua mng) th chng n ch khng theo th t;
30
1.6.7. ng b mng
ng b mng lin quan n phn phi thi gian v tn s trong mng cung cp ng h
tri khp trn mt vng rng ln. Mc ch l ng chnh thi gian v tn s ca tt c ng h
nh kh nng thng tin ca cc tuyn kt ni gia chng (chng hn cp ng, cp si quang, cc
tuyn radio). Sau y l mt s ng dng c hiu qu:
(1) ng b ng h ni b ca cc im ghp v chuyn mch khc nhau trong mng
vin thng s.
(2) ng b ng h trong mng vin thng yu cu mt vi dng a truy nhp phn chia
thi gian, chng hn nh mng v tinh, u cui di ng ca thng tin di ng GSM v.v.
(3) Ngi s dng mng o khong cch gia hai nt trong mng, xc nh v tr v hot
ng ca chng.
ng b mng ng vai tr trung tm trong thng tin s, c nh hng nht nh n cht
lng hu ht cc dch v m nh iu hnh cung cp cho khch hng. ng b mng thng tin s
s c trnh by trong cc chuyn ca chng sau.
x-1
x-1
B ghi dch
phn hi
B ghi dch
phn hi
-1
x-1
x-1
x-1
x
x-1
x-1
B cng
mun 2
S liu vo Di
x-1
x-1
S liu ra Ds
S liu vo
Ds
B cng
mun 2
S liu ra Di'
Khi phc ng h
a) B trn
b) B gii trn
Hnh 1.30- B trn v gii trn
B trn v b gii trn u c b ghi dch, mi b ghi dch cha 5 t tr. Thi gian tr
ca mi t tr bng 1/x v bng rng mt bit. Th d dy tn hiu u vo b trn l Di th khi
qua hai t s l Di .(1/x). (1/x), ngha l tr hai bit, v (1/x). (1/x) = x -2.
Tn hiu nh phn u vo b trn i ti b cng mun 2 th nht v c b sung thm
tn hiu nh phn n t b cng mun 2 th hai. Do tn hiu nh phn u ra b trn Ds= Di
Ds(x -3 x -5) hoc Di = Ds (1 x -3 x -5) v v vy
Ds = Di / (1 x -3 x -5)
Dy tn hiu nh phn u ra b trn Ds qua ng truyn, a ti u vo b gii trn. V
vy dy nh phn u ra b gii trn c dng:
34
Di = Ds (1 x 3 x 5 ) = Di (1 x 3 x5 )/ (1 x x 5 ) = Di
TM TT
Trong s ho tn hiu analog th phng php PCM l n gin nht, tuy nhin s dng
phng php ny th tc bit mi knh thoi ln hn cc phng php khc. Phng php ghp
knh theo thi gian l phng php ghp knh c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng thng tin
s. V vy phi s dng cc gii php ng b v ngu nhin ho tn hiu nhm m bo cht
lng tn hiu thu, c th l t s li bit khng vt qu ngng ci t trc.
Cn phn bit cc loi ng b trong mng vin thng:
ng b sng mang l tch sng mang t tn hiu iu ch trong gii iu ch kt hp.
ng b k hiu l nhn bit cc thi im ly mu v quyt nh trong gii iu ch s tch
thng tin logic t tn hiu analog thu c. ng b t m v ng b khung l nhn bit thi
im bt u v kt thc t m hoc khung ti to khung t dy bit thu. ng b gi l cn
bng tr cc thi im n ca gi nhm ti cu trc bn tin trong mng chuyn mch gi.
ng b mng l phn phi ng h chung n cc nt trong mt mng rng ln iu khin
ng h cc nt chy cng tc bit v pha vi ng h chung. ng b a phng tin l sp
xp cc phn t hn tp nh hnh nh, vn bn, audio, vodeo, v.v. trong truyn thng a phng
tin ti cc mc tch hp khc nhau. ng b ng h thi gian thc l phn phi thi gian tuyt
i (thi gian tiu chun quc gia) trong mng vin thng qun l mng.
BI TP
(1) u vo b m ho - nn s c mt xung lng t VPAM = 875 , xc nh gi tr 8 bit
u ra ca b m ho - nn s.
(2) u vo b m ho - nn s c mt xung lng t VPAM = -1898 , xc nh 8 bit u
ra ca b m ho - nn s.
(3) u vo b m ho - nn s c mt xung lng t VPAM = 209, tm bin xung
b nn tng ng vi 8 bit ti u ra b m ho - nn s.
(4) u vo b gii m - dn s c t m 0110 1101, tm bin xung u ra b gii m dn s.
(5) V nhnh dng ca c tnh bin b m ho- nn s theo trc to y = f(x). Cho
x = 0,5; xc nh gi tr ca mi bit trong t m 8 bit ti u ra b m ho- nn s.
(6) Tnh tc bit ca mt knh thoi trong trng hp khng s dng b nn v c s
dng b nn A = 87,6/ 13.
(Xem p s ti phn ph lc).
35
CHNG II
GHP KNH PCM, PDH V SDH
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Ni dung chnh ca chng II gm c:
- Cu trc cc khung trong ghp knh PDH: cc loi khung 2/8, 8/34, 34/140 u c hai
loi khung. l loi khung ch s dng chn dng v loi khung khc s dng c chn dng
v chn m. Ring khung 140/565 ch s dng chn dng.
- Ghp knh SDH: s dng phng php xen byte sp xp hoc ghp cc byte tn hiu
vo cc khung. Trong qu trnh ghp s dng con tr ng chnh tc v pha ca cc
khung tn hiu n v khung ghp thng qua vic s dng chn dng v chn m.
LM
MH
NS
Lp m u ra
ng
Ghp
knh
TX B
S1
1
CXK
N
X l
bo hiu
LM
N
1
SN
B TX
pht
CXK
GM-DS
Tch
knh
B TX
thu
Gii m u vo
ng
hai si dy ng ca cp m tn, pha khc kt ni vi hai si thuc nhnh pht v hai si thuc
nhnh thu ca thit b PCM-N. u ra v u vo pha mng kt ni vi thit b ghp bc cao qua
cp ng trc.
Qu trnh chuyn i tn hiu ca PCM- 30 nh sau:
(1) Nhnh pht
Tn hiu thoi analog qua S, qua b lc thp hn ch bng tn ting ni n 3,4 kHz.
Khi LM c chc nng ly mu tn hiu thoi vi tc 8 kHz. Khi m ho - nn s MH-NS
thc hin lng t ho khng u v m ho mi xung lng t thnh 8 bit nh b m ho - nn
s A = 87,6/13. Tn hiu nh phn u ra khi MH-NS c a vo khi ghp knh. Ti y,
ngoi tn hiu s ca 30 knh thoi cn c tn hiu s ca mt knh ng b v mt knh bo hiu
c ghp xen bit, to thnh lung E1 c tc bit l 2048 kbit/s. Cui cng dy s liu nh phn
c khi lp m ng chuyn thnh dy xung ba mc HDB-3.
Ngoi cc khi trn y, trong nhnh pht cn c b to xung pht hot ng ti tc bit
2048 kbit/s v u ra ca n c khi chia tn to dy xung c tc bit theo yu cu iu
khin cc khi lin quan hot ng. Khi TXB to ra xung ng b khung v a khung. Khi x
l bo hiu tip nhn tn hiu gi ca cc knh thoi chuyn thnh cc bit v c ghp vo v
tr quy nh trong lung s E1.
(2) Nhnh thu
Dy tn hiu 2048 kbit/s HDB-3 t mng ti trc ht c khi gii m ng chuyn
i thnh dy xung hai mc. Trong tn hiu thu c cc t m ca 30 knh thoi, knh ng b v
knh bo hiu. Cc loi tn hiu ny c tch ra nh khi tch knh. Tn hiu ng b khung i
vo khi to xung thu khi ng khi chia tn, nhm hnh thnh cc khe thi gian ng b vi
pha pht. Ngoi ra, khi tch knh cn c chc nng tch ng h t dy bit vo ng b tc
bit ca b to xung thu. Cc bit tn hiu gi c tch ra, i vo khi x l tn hiu gi
chuyn thnh sng m tn rung chung my in thoi. B to xung thu cng c b phn chia tn
hnh thnh dy xung iu khin hot ng ca cc khi nhnh thu.
Mi byte (8 bit) ca tn hiu thoi qua khi gii m - dn s GM-DS chuyn thnh mt
xung c bin tng ng v a ti khi chn xung knh (CXK), u ra khi CXK l tp hp
xung ca ring tng knh. Dy xung iu bin u ra khi CXK qua b lc thp khi phc tn
hiu thoi analog, qua S ti my in thoi.
khe thi gian TS1 n TS15; tn hiu cc knh thoi th 16 n th 30 ghp vo cc khe thi gian
TS17 n TS31. Tn hiu gi ca mi knh thoi c 4 bit (a, b, c, d) ghp vo mt na ca khe thi
gian TS16 ca cc khung F1 F15 trong a khung.
TK = 125 s 16 = 2 ms
a khung
A= 0 -c ng b khung
A = 1- mt ng b khung
Khung
Cc khung chn
Khung FF00
Si - s dng cho quc t
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
00 00 x Yx x
Sn, x- s dng cho quc gia
Khung F1 F15
Y= 0- c ng b a khung
Cc khung l
Y= 1- mt ng b a khung
a bcd a b c d
Si 1 ASn Sn Sn Sn Sn
abcd - 4 bit bo hiu
Hnh 2.2- Cu trc khung v a khung PCM-30
(b) Cu trc a khung
PCM-30 ghp c 30 knh thoi. V vy c tt c l 30 tn hiu gi. Mi khe TS16 ghp
c tn hiu gi ca hai knh thoi. Do cn phi c tt c l 15 khe thi gian TS16 chuyn
ti tn hiu gi ca tt c cc knh thoi. Ngoi ra cn thm mt TS16 na ghp xung ng b
a khung v cnh bo mt ng b a khung. Nh vy yu cu a khung phi cha 16 khung (mi
khung c mt TS16).
Cc khe thi gian TS16 ca cc khung trong a khung c b tr chuyn ti s liu nh
sau:
TS16 ca khung zero (F0) ghp cc bit ng b a khung 0000 v bit cnh bo mt ng b a
khung Y.
Na bn tri ca TS16 khung th nht ghp 4 bit tn hiu gi ca knh thoi th nht, na
bn phi ghp 4 bit tn hiu gi ca knh thoi th 16. Na bn tri ca TS16 khung th hai ghp
tn hiu gi ca knh thoi th hai v knh thoi th 17. C tip tc nh vy cho n TS16 cui
cng ca khung th 15 ghp tn hiu gi ca knh thoi 15 v knh thoi 30.
(2) i vi PCM-24
Mi khung c mt bit c (F) t u khung v 24 khe thi gian, mi khe ghp 8 bit.
Tng s bit trong khung bng 8 bit 24 + 1 bit = 193 bit. Tc bit u ra PCM-24 c
tnh nh sau:
RPCM-24 = 193 bit/ khung 8. 103 khung /s = 1544 kbit/s
a khung ca PCM-24 gm 24 khung, nh s th t t F1 n F24, nh trn hnh 2.3.
Mi bit ca t m ng b khung 001011 c ghp vo v tr bit th nht ca cc khung F4, 8, 12,
16, 20, 24. Cc bit th nht ca cc khung l truyn t m ng b a khung (cc bit m). Bit th nht
cc khung F2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, l cc bit kim tra s d chu trnh (cc bit e1 e6). Bit th tm ca cc
khe thi gian trong khung F6, F12 , F18 v F24 truyn tn hiu gi (A, B, C, D).
38
TK = 125s 24 = 3 ms
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15 F16 F17 F18 F19 F20 F21 F22 F23 F24
m
e1
e2
e3
e4
e5
0
B
m
1
e6
m
1
D
CEPT
E3
E2
8448 4
kbit/s
34368
kbit/s
E4
4
E5
139264 4
kbit/s
564992
kbit/s
ITU-T
ITU-T
1544 4
kbit/s
T1
32064 3
kbit/s
97728 4
kbit/s
400352
kbit/s
Nht Bn
44736
kbit/s 6
274176
kbit/s 2
560160
kbit/s
Bc M
6312
kbit/s
T2
T3
T4
T5
Khi so
pha
_
+
1a
M1
fG1
f1
1b
Khi iu
khin chn
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
Lung nhnh 2
Lung nhnh 3
Lung nhnh 4
1 2 3 4
Khi
TX
Khi
ghp
xen
bit
TX B
hay m. Nhn c xung dng, khi iu khin chn pht lnh chn dng v nhn c xung
m s pht lnh chn m. Khi ghp xen bit tin hnh chn xung theo lnh iu khin. Ngoi dy
bit ca bn lung vo cn c xung ng b t khi to xung ng b v cc bit bo hiu (khng
th hin trong hnh v) u c a vo khi ghp ghp xen bit to thnh lung ra. Hot ng
ghp xen bit, so pha v hot ng chn c gii thiu trong cc phn sau.
Pha thu tin hnh tch knh theo trnh t ngc li vi qu trnh ghp. Trc tin tch
xung ng b v tch ng h t dy bit thu c. Xung ng b lm gc thi gian tch cc bit
ca cc lung thnh phn, xung ng h c s dng iu khin b to xung thu. Dy xung
knh ca mi lung c tch ring bit v cc t m tm bit ln lt c gii m v dn tr
thnh dy xung lng t nh pha pht. B lc thp khi phc tn hiu analog t dy xung lng
t.
E2
TGH
Trong qu trnh ghp xen bit c th xy ra trng hp trt bit. Nguyn nhn ca hin
tng ny l do ng h tch t lung vo c tn s khc vi tn s ca ng h ni (hnh 2.7).
Nu tn s ng h ni ti b hn tn s xung nh thi cha trong lung vo th mt bit
trong b nh n hi c c hai ln, nhng ln sau l c khng nn gim tc bit u ra.
Ngc li, nu tn s ng h ni ti ln hn tn s xung nh thi cha trong lung vo th mt
s bit c c thm nn lm tng tc bit ca lung ra. Tng thm hoc gim s bit u ra b
nh m c quan h n trt. Trong thc t c hai dng trt, l trt iu khin c v
trt khng iu khin c. Trt iu khin c c ngha l iu khin c phm vi tng
hoc gim s bit, chng hn trt mt octet hoc mt khung. Trt khng iu khin c l do
lch nh thi v do khng iu khin c phm v tng hoc gim s bit. Nu phm vi lch
tn s gia ng h ni ti v tn s lung bit vo duy tr phm vi 10-9 v tn s ly mu bng 8
kHz th trt c th xy ra sau mi qung thi gian l 34 gi. Tng thm dung lng b nh n
hi s hn ch trt khng iu khin c nh chuyn thi im trt n khong gia hai khi
s liu. Bin php quan trng hn ch trt l n nh tn s b to xung ca cc nt trong
mng thng tin PDH.
c khng (gim)
Lung vo
b nh
c thm (tng)
t
ng h ni ti
t
Lung u ra
b nh
t
a)
b)
Thiu bit
a) Tn s ng h ni ti ln hn tn s lung vo
b) Tn s ng h ni ti nh hn tn s lung vo
Hnh 2.7- Hin tng trt bit
t
t
Tha bit
u vo khi so pha c c dy bit iu khin ghi c tch ra t lung bit thu v dy bit
iu khin c ly t ng h ni (xem hnh 2.5). Khi so pha theo di mc lch pha (lch thi
gian) gia dy bit ghi v dy bit c v nhn bit quy lut bin thin ny ca lch pha xc nhn
thi im thiu bit trong lung ra b nh n hi. T hnh 2.7b cho bit lch pha gia hai dy bit
ghi v c gim dn t gi tr cc i n gi tr cc tiu v sau thi im dch pha cc tiu ng
mt chu k ca dy bit c s xut hin thi im chn dng. Ti thi im u ra khi so
pha c mt xung dng a ti khi iu khin chn, khi ny pht lnh iu khin chn dng.
Nhn c lnh chn dng, khi ghp xen bit chn mt bit khng mang tin vo v tr quy nh
ca khung sau. Cn nu khng chn dng th v tr bit chn dng l bit tin.
Lnh iu khin chn dng hoc khng chn cng chnh l thng bo chuyn ti pha
thu. Nhn c thng bo ny, my thu xo bit chn dng trc khi gii m. Lnh iu khin
chn dng trong khung ch s dng chn dng l 111 c ghp vo khung hin ti. i vi
khung s dng chn dng v chn m th lnh iu khin chn dng l 111 111. Trong , ba
bit 111 trc c ghp vo khung hin ti v ba bit 111 sau ghp vo khung tip theo.
(3) Chn m
Cng nh trng hp chn dng, b ghp knh PDH phi nhn bit thi im m mt
bit c tc ng vo b nh n hi ly ra hai bit gn trng nhau. Nu khng c gii php g c
bit th bit c thm trong cp bit ny s b mt v do mt thng tin. V vy mi ln c thm
l mt ln xy ra chn m.Khi so pha cn c vo lch pha gia dy bit ghi v dy bit c bit
c thi im chn m. T hnh 2.7b bit c lch pha tng dn t gi tr cc tiu n gi tr
cc i. Ti thi im lch pha t gi tr cc i, mt xung m xut hin ti u ra khi so pha,
i ti khi iu khin chn v khi ny pht lnh chn m. Nhn c lnh ny, khi ghp xen bit
ghp mt bit mang thng tin ca bit c ra sau (0 hoc 1) vo v tr quy nh trong khung tip
theo. My thu nhn c thng bo chn m, tin hnh tch bit chn m x l nh cc bit
thng tin khc. Lnh iu khin chn m gm 000 000. Trong ba bit 000 trc c ghp vo
khung hin ti v ba bit 000 sau ghp vo khung tip theo.
(4) Khng chn
i vi khung ch s dng chn dng, khi khng chn th cc bit iu khin chn l 000
c ghp vo khung hin ti; trong trng hp ny cc bit chn l cc bit tin ly t cc lung
nhnh. i vi khung s dng chn dng v chn m th th lnh iu khin khng chn l
111000, trong ba bit 111 ghp vo khung hin ti v ba bit 000 ghp vo khung tip theo. Nhn
c lnh khng chn, b ghp ci t bit chn dng l bit tin v bit chn m l bit khng mang
tin.
bit th 8 ca phn khung 4 ghp bn bit chn m. Bit th 9 n bit th 12 ca phn khung 4 ghp
bn bit chn dng.
TK = 848 bit = 100,4 s
PK1
12
PK2
200
PK3
4
208
PK4
208
204
Cc bt iu khin chn
1111010000 b11b12
ng b khung
Cnh bo mt ng b khung
Hnh 2.8- Cu trc khung b ghp 2/8 s dng chn dng v khng chn
256
11100110
ng b khung
PK3
PK2
4
256
PK4
256
Cc bit iu
khin chn
252
Cc bit chn m
(2.1)
Khi khng chn m v cng khng chn dng th cc bit 5 8 ca phn khung 4 l cc
bit khng mang tin, cc bit 9 12 ca phn khung 4 l cc bit tin. Vy tng s bit ca 4 lung
nhnh ghp trong khung khi c bn lung khng chn l:
T = 256 bit 3 + 252 + 4 bit = 1024 bit / khung
Tc bit truyn cc bit tin ca khung khi c bn lung khng chn l:
Vtruyn = 1024 bit / khung 8. 103 khung / s = 8192. 103 bit/s (2.2)
Kt qu ca cc biu thc (2.1) v (2.2) nh nhau, vy vic quy nh v tr cc bit trn y
hon ton hp l.
Khi c bn lung u chn dng th cc bit 5 12 ca phn khung 4 l cc bit khng
mang tin.
44
Vy tng s bit tin ca bn lung nhnh ghp xen bit trong khung khi chn dng l:
T(+) = 256 bit 3 + 252 bit = 1020 bit / khung
Khi c bn lung u chn m th cc bit 5 12 ca phn khung 4 l cc bit tin.
Vy tng s bit tin ghp xen bit trong khung khi c bn lung u chn m l:
T(-) = 256 bit 3 + 252 bit + 4 bit + 4 bit = 1028 bit / khung.
Cn ch l cc lung nhnh hot ng c lp vi nhau nn c th lung ny chn
nhng lung khc khng chn.
PK2
372
1111010000
380
PK3
4
PK4
380
Bit d tr
Cc bit iu khin chn
Cnh bo mt
ng b khung
376
ng b khung
Hnh 2.10- Cu trc khung b ghp 8/34 s dng chn dng
Cu trc khung 8/34 khi s dng chn dng, chn m v khng chn nh hnh 2.11.
TK = 2148bit = 62,5 s
PK1
12
704
111110100000
ng b khung
PK3
PK2
4
704
700
Cc bit chn m
Cc bit dch v
Hnh 2.11- Cu trc khung b ghp 8/34 khi s dng
chn dng, chn m v khng chn
45
Khung bao gm 2148 bit, c thi hn 62,5 s v c chia lm 3 phn khung. S bit trong
mi phn khung l 716. H thng c thit k ghp xen bit 4 lung nhnh vo cc v tr bit 13
n 716 trong phn khung 1 v 2 v v tr bit 17 n 716 trong phn khung 3. T m ng b
khung 111110100000 (12 bit) chim v tr bit 1 n 12 ca phn khung 1. Cc bit iu khin chn
v cc bit dch v chim v tr cc bit 1 n 4, 9 n 12 trong phn khung 2 v 1 n 4 trong phn
khung 3. Chn dng c ch th bi t m 111 trong hai khung lin tip. Trong khi chn m
c ch th bi t m 000 trong hai khung lin tip. Ch th khng chn gm cc bit 111 trong
khung hin ti v cc bit 000 trong khung tip theo. Cc bit 9 n 12 trong phn khung 3 c s
dng chuyn ti cc bit chn m. Cc bit chn dng chim v tr bit 13 n 16 ca phn khung
3. Trong phn khung 2 c cc bit 5 v 6 l cc bit ca knh dch v s ADMo 32 kbit/s, bit 7 ch
th cnh bo ti b ghp u xa, bit 8 l tn hiu rung chung ca knh dch v.
PK2
472
111110100000
484
484
484
PK5
4
PK6
484
480
Trong PK2, 3, 4, bit 1 n bit 4 s dng cho iu khin chn. Khi chn dng cu trc iu khin
chn 111 c truyn trong hai khung lin tip. Tri li, khi chn m th cc bit iu khin chn l
000 truyn trong hai khung lin tip. Khi khng chn, cc bit iu khin chn 111 truyn trong
khung hin ti v 000 truyn trong khung sau. Trong PK4, cc bit 5 n 8 l cc bit chn m mang
tin khi chn v khng mang tin khi khng chn; cc bit 9 n 12 mang tin khi khng chn dng
v khng mang tin khi c chn dng. Cc bit cn li trong khung l ca 4 lung nhnh ghp xen
bit.
TK = 2176 bit = 15,625 s
PK1
10
PK2
532
PK4
PK3
4
540
540
4 4
532
372
PK2
4
380
TK = 2688 bit
PK5
PK4
PK3
4
111110100000 ng b khung
380
380
380
PK6
4
380 4 4
PK7
4
376
Cc bit cnh bo
Cc bit chn dng
Hnh 2.14- Cu trc khung b ghp 140/565 s dng chn dng v khng chn
Vo nm 1986 s dng tc bit 564992 kbit/s c 7680 knh thoi trn trung k hoc
h thng dung lng cao. H thng ny bao gm thit b thng tin quang v b ghp bn lung
139264 kbit/s m CMI v chn bit to ra lung mc nm 564992 kbit/s. Lung s ny c
chuyn thnh m 5B6B v kt hp vi cc bit mo u to ra tc bit ng truyn xp x
680 Mbit/s trn cp si quang a mode. Cc bit mo u bao gm knh dch v, iu khin
chuyn mch bo v, gim st v.v. H s suy hao ca si quang a mode khong 0,6 dB/km ti
bc sng 1310 nm nn khong lp ch t c 30 km. t lu sau si quang n mode xut hin
v s dng tc bit mc nm ny t chc mng thng tin quang PDH c khong lp t
gn 100 km ti bc sng 1550 nm.
Khung c 2688 bit v c chia lm 7 phn khung, mi phn khung 384 bit. Trong qu
trnh ghp ch s dng chn dng. Lnh iu khin chn dng ca mi lung nhnh l 11111
47
= 51,840 Mbit/s
STM-1
= 155,520 Mbit/s
STM- 4
= 622,08 Mbit/s
VC-11, VC-12, VC-2 v conten o mc cao VC-3, VC-4. Ngoi cc conten o, khuyn ngh
G.707/Y.1322 cn quy nh cc loi conten o kt chui nh: VC-4-4c, VC-4-16c, VC-4-64c v
VC-4-256c. Tc bit tng v tc bit ti trng ca cc conten o n v kt chui c lit
k nh bng 2.1.
Bng 2.1- Dung lng cc VC-n
Loi VC-n
VC-11
1664
1600
VC-12
2240
2176
VC-2
6848
6784
VC-3
48960
48384
VC-4
150336
149760
VC-4-4c
601344
599040
VC-4-16c
2405376
2396160
VC-4-64c
9621504
9584640
VC-4-256c
38486016
38338560
MUX
REG
MUX
REG
Tuyn
MUX
VC
VC
VC
on lp
on lp
Tuyn
Tuyn (VC)
VC
VC
1
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
3
3
1
STM-0
TUG-3
AU-3
1 TU-3
1
3
TUG-2
Ch thch:
X l con tr
ng ghp cc lung nhnh PDH chu u
N = 1, 4, 16, 64 v 256
139,264
Mbit/s
C-3
44,736 Mbit/s
34,368 Mbit/s
VC-3
VC-3
7
C-4
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
6,312 Mbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
2,048 Mbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
1,544 Mbit/s
270 ct
261 ct
RSOH
AU-4 PTR
Ti trng
9 hng
MSOH
Hnh 2.17- Cu trc khung STM-1
Khung STM-1 c 9 hng 270 ct. Khi nim ct ng nht vi khi nim byte (8 bit).
Khung bao gm 4 phn: mo u on lp (RSOH) chim 3 hng v 9 ct, mo u on ghp
(MSOH) chim 5 hng v 9 ct. Con tr AU-4, k hiu l AU-4 PTR ghp vo hng 4, ct 1 n
ct 9. Phn ti trng dnh ghp tn hiu VC-4 c 261 ct v 9 hng.
Tng s byte trong khung STM-1 = 270 byte 9 = 2430 byte.
Tc bit truyn ca khung STM-1: STM-1 = 8 bit / byte 2430 byte /khung 8.103
khung/s = 155,52 Mbit/s. y chnh l tc bit mc 1 ca SDH.
Trong mc ny ch trnh by ghp cc lung nhnh PDH ca chu u vo khung STM-1.
Mun to thnh khung STM-1 c th p dng mt s phng php sau y:
(1) Ghp mt lung nhnh 139,264 Mbit/s;
(2) Ghp 3 lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s;
(3) Ghp 63 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s;
(4) Ghp 1 lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s v 42 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s;
(5) Ghp 2 lung nhnh 34,368 Mbit/s v 21 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s.
(2.3)
RSOH 1 byte
STM-1
20 khi 13 byte
J1
J1
PTR
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
MSOH
a)
9 hng
VC-4 POH
1
b)
13 byte
12 byte
POH W
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
Ch thch:
I bit tin
W=IIIIIIII
O- mo u
X =CRRRRROO
C- iu khin chn Y = R R R R R R R R
S- bit chn
Z =IIIIIISR
R- bit n
Trc ht mi khi C-3 chuyn i tn hiu xung ba mc 34,368 Mbit/s thnh hai mc v
chuyn giao cho khi VC-3. Khi VC-3 chuyn lung nhnh cn ng b 34,368 Mbit/s thnh
lung ng b bng cch s dng chn dng v chn m. Khung VC-3 c 85 ct 9 hng, trong
ct u tin l VC-3 POH c cu trc nh VC-4 POH. Chia khung VC-3 thnh 3 phn khung
T1, T2 v T3, mi phn khung chim 3 hng nh hnh 2.19a v c c th ho nh hnh 2.19b.
Trong mi phn khung c:
(71 byte + 5 bit) n c nh R; 5 bit C1 v 5 bit C2; mt bit S1 v mt bit S2; (178 byte
+ 7 bit) tin I.
S byte khi tc lung nhnh E3 t nh mc 34,368 Mbit/s cung cp cho mt phn
khung l:
BE3 = 34368.103 bit : 8 : 8.103 /3 = 179 byte.
(2.5)
T1
3 hng
T2
3 hng
T3
3 hng
VC-3 POH
a)
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
C 38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
C 38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
38I
b)
Ch thch
= RRRRRRRR
I bit tin, R bit n,
S1bit chn th nht, S2 bit chn th hai
C1 iu khin bit S1, C2 iu khin bit S2
R R R R R R C1C2
R R R R R R R S1
S2 I I I I I I I
IIIIIIII
C1C1C1C1C1= 00000 cc bit S1 trong hai phn khung sau gi nguyn trng thi l cc bit
n, cn C2C2C2C2C2 = 11111 chuyn cc bit I ti bit chn dng S2 ca 2 phn khung sau
thnh cc bit n.
(2) Ghp 3 khung TU-3 vo VC-4
Trnh t ghp 3 khung TUG-3 vo khung VC-4 nh hnh 2.20.
Khung TUG-3 c 86 ct v 3 TUG-3 c 258 ct. Trong khi , khung VC-4 c 261 ct.
V vy phi n 18 byte c nh vo ct th hai v th 3 ca khung VC-4. T ct th 4 n ct
th 261 dnh ghp 3 khung TUG-3. Qu trnh ghp xen byte t cc byte trong cng mt
khung TUG-3 vo mt ct ca khung VC-4. Do to thnh cc ct A, B, C.
TUG-3
(A)
1
TUG-3
(B)
86
TUG-3
(C)
86
261
S
A B C A B C
VC-4 POH
54
86
A
C B C
261
9
RSOH
STM-1
AU-4 PTR
9 hng
VC-4
MSOH
AUG
AU-4 PTR
VC-4
86 3+3 = 261 ct
VC-4
H1 H1 H1
H2 H2 H2
H3 H3 H3
P
O
HS S S
TUG-3
3 VC-3
86 ct
H1
H2
H3
VC-3
S
85 ct
VC-3
P
O
H
C-3
9 hng
55
Trong thi hn 125 s lung nhnh E1 cung cp cho khi C-12 34 byte. Mi khung C-12
s dng mt s byte mo u nh khung VC-n bc cao l khng cn thit. V vy cn phi ghp 4
khung C-12 v b sung thm mt s byte mo u vo u cc khung C-12 to thnh a khung
VC-12. VC-12 POH c 4 byte (V5, J2, N2 v K4). Cu trc a khung VC-12 nh hnh 2.22a.
Khi TU-12 b sung vo u khung th nht, th hai, th ba, th t ca a khung VC-12 mt
byte con tr (V1, V2, V3) v V4 l byte d tr to thnh a khung TU-12 c 4 khung nh hnh
2.22b.
a khung VC-12 a khung TU-12
V1
V5
35 byte
36 byte
V2
J2
V5
N2
V3
K4
V4
500 s
a)
500 s
b)
56
261 ct
VC-4
N P
N P
P
O S S N P
H
S S
I
I
I S S S
63V
9 hng
S
125 s
3
12 7 + 2 = 86 ct
TUG-3
N
P
I S
21V
9 hng
S
125 s
12 ct
V V V
9 hng
TUG-2
125 s
4 ct
V
9 hng
TU-12
125 s
57
TU-12#1
TU-12#2
TU-12#3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
TUG-2 #1
1
1
2
TUG-2 # 7
1
2
3
1
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
1
2
2
3
86
TUG-3
1
1
2
S S
1
2
1
2
4
6
2
3
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
1
2
5
6
V1
23
63
1
2
23
63
23
63
23
63
a khung
TU-12#1
a khung
TU-12#63
V1 2 3 4
V1 2 3 4
P
O S S
S S S
H
S S S
4
33
N P I
N P I
N P I
V2
34
2
35
3
36
4
125s
36
33
V2 2 3 4
36
33
V2 2 3 4
34
2
35
3
36
4
250s
33
36
V3 2 3 4
36
33
V3 2 3 4
33
36
V4 2 3 4
36
33
V4 2 3 4
P
O S S
S S S
H
S S S
33
N P I
N P I
N P I
V3
P
O S S
S S S
H
S S S
N P I
N P I
N P I
33
V4
34
2
33
34
35
3
36
4
375s
35
36
500s 33
P
O S S
S S S
H
S S S
252 ct = 4 63 ct
261 ct
58
36
33
36
Mi khung VC-4 dnh 252 ct ghp 63 khung TU-12. 63 khung TU-12 ghp vo mt
khung VC-4 c cng loi byte con tr. C th l trong khung VC-4 th nht c 63 byte V1, trong
khung VC-4 th hai c 63 byte V2, trong khung VC-4 th ba c 63 byte V3 v trong khung VC-4
th t c 63 byte V4. Dy ch s trn cng ca hnh v (1 2 3 .....63, 1 2 3 .... 63...) biu th ghp
xen byte 63 khung TU-12.
Trnh t ghp 63 khung TU-12 vo 252 ct (t ct 10 n ct 261) ca mi khung VC-4
nh sau:
Hng th nht: 63 byte V, 63 byte th hai, 63 byte th 3, 63 byte th t.
Hng th hai: 63 byte th nm, ...., 63 byte th tm. Ghp tip tc cc byte ca hng th
ba, t, nm, su, by, tm.
Hng th chn: 63 byte th 33, 63 byte th 34, 63 byte th 35 v 63 byte th 36.
(5) Chn m v chn dng
Trong qu trnh ghp 63 lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s vo khung STM-1 s dng kiu sp
xp khng ng b sp xp cc byte ca lung nhnh ny vo a khung VC-12. Kiu sp xp
nh vy c lin quan n chn m v chn dng. Vn ny c gii thch da vo hnh 2.26.
V5
R
32 byte
35 byte
R
J2
C1C2 0 0 0 0 R R
140 byte
500 s
32 byte
35 byte
R
N2
C1C2 0 0 0 0 R R
32 byte
35 byte
R
K4
C1C2 RRRRR S1
S2 I I I I I I I
31byte
Ch thch
R bit n
O bit mo u
C1 iu khin bit chn S1
C2 iu khin bit chn S2
I bit tin
35 byte
Chn dng xy ra trong trng hp lung nhnh gim tc bit 50 ppm. S bit gim
trong mt a khung l 0,05 bit. Sau 20 a khung tc lung nhnh gim 1 bit. Vy phi chn
vo v tr S2 ca a khung th 21 mt bit khng mang tin. Lnh iu khin chn dng gm
C1C1C1 = 000 S1 vn gi nguyn trng thi bit khng mang tin v C2C2C2 = 111 chn 1
bit khng mang tin vo v tr S2.
Tm li, S1 l bit chn m khi C1C1C1 = 111; S2 l bit chn dng khi C2C2C2 = 111.
Khi khng chn m v cng khng chn dng th C1C1C1 = 000 v C2C2C2 = 000.
Y H2 "1" "1" H3 H3 H3
H1
H2
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D
10 bit gi tr con tr
60
Chc nng ca cc byte AU-4 PTR: Y v "1" l cc byte c cu trc c nh; HI, H2 v
H3 l cc byte c trng cho hot ng ca con tr: 4 bit NNNN l c s liu mi NDF, SS ch th
loi con tr (AU-3 PTR, AU-4 PTR v TU-3 PTR u c SS = 10), 5 bit D o gi tr khi chn m
v 5 bit I o gi tr khi chn dng. Bnh thng 3 byte H3 khng mang thng tin, khi chn m
cc byte H3 b xo ghp vo 3 byte ti trng ca cc lung nhnh. Ba byte lin sau H3 l v
tr chn dng. Chn m v chn dng s c trnh by trong phn sau.
Con tr TU-3 ch c cc byte H1, H2 v H3 ging H1, H2 v H3 ca AU-3/AU-4 PTR.
- Con tr TU-12
Con tr TU-12 gm cc byte V1, V2 v V3 tng ng vi H1, H2 v H3 ca cc con
tr AU-3 v AU-4. Trong V3 l byte chn m. Byte 35 l byte chn dng.
- C s liu mi
Bit 1 n bit 4 (N bit) trong con tr mang NDF, cho php gi tr con tr thay i nu s
thay i l do ti trng thay i. Hot ng bnh thng c ch th bi t m 0110 trong 4
bit N. C s liu mi NDF c ch th bi o gi tr 4 bit N thnh 1001. NDF c din gii l
c kh nng khi c ti thiu 3 bit ph hp vi mu 1001. NDF c din gii l khng c kh
nng khi c ti thiu 3 bit ph hp vi mu 0110.
t cc i th gi tr con tr trong khung sau chn dng bng zero. Sau khi chn dng gi tr
con tr khng c tng hoc gim ti thiu trong ba khung lin tip.
Nu c yu cu chn m th gi tr con tr hin ti c gi i sau khi o cc bit D
v tip theo l chn cc byte thng tin vo v tr cc byte chn m. Gi tr con tr trong khung sau
chn m gim mt n v. Nu gi tr con tr trc khi chn m bng zero th con tr sau chn m
ci t ti gi tr cc i. Sau khung chn m, ti thiu trong ba khung lin tip gi tr con tr
khng c thay i.
Nu s ng chnh VC-n thay i v l do khc vi quy tc to lp con tr th gi tr mi
ca con tr c gi i v km theo NDF = 1001. NDF ch xut hin trong khung u tin cha
gi tr mi ca con tr.
(4) Din gii con tr ti pha thu
Tm tt quy tc din gii con tr:
- Khi hot ng bnh thng, con tr ch th im bt u ca VC-4 trong khung AUG,
hoc ca khung VC-3 trong khung VC-4, hoc ca a khung VC-12 trong a khung TU-12.
- S thay i bt k ca gi tr hin ti ca con tr u c b qua, tr trng hp gi tr
mi ph hp thu c trong ba khung lin tip hoc thng bo v ni dung theo quy tc to lp
con tr.
- Nu o a s cc bit I ca 10 bit gi tr con tr, l ch th chn dng. Gi tr con tr
tip theo s tng mt n v.
- Nu a s cc bit D ca t m con tr o gi tr, l ch th chn m. Gi tr con tr
tip theo s gim mt n v.
- Nu NDF c din gii l c kh nng th gi tr con tr lc s c thay th bi
mt gi tr mi khc, tr khi my thu ang trong trng thi mt con tr.
(5) nh a ch cc byte v cc nhm byte
- nh a ch cc nhm byte trong khung AUG
Hnh 2.28 minh ho cch nh a ch cc nhm byte trong khung AUG.
261 ct
522
608
609
695
696
AU-4 PTR 0
87
782
86
173
174
261
260
347
348
434
521
435
522
608
609
696
695
782
AU-4 PTR 0
87
9 hng
86
173
62
P
O
H S
679
764
84
85
169
170
254
255
339
340
424
S 425
509
510
594
H1 H1 H1 595
H2 H2 H2 680
H3 H3 H3 0
679
764
9 hng
84
36 byte
139
V2
0
V3
34
35
Byte
Byte
chn m
chn dng
69
V4
70
104 500 s
63
TU-12, l V2 v byte cui cng mang a ch 139 t cui khung TU-12 th nht (khung c
byte con tr V1). Phm vi ch th ca TU-12 PTR = 0 139.
(6) Hot ng ca con tr AU-4 khi chn dng
- Nguyn nhn
Khi tc khung (s khung /s) ca khung ghp AUG nhanh hn tc khung VC-4 th
khi AUG tip nhn khng s byte nh mc t khung VC-4. V vy phi chn thm mt s
byte khng mang tin vo khung AUG.
- Hot ng
Theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T trong ba khung lin tip gi tr con tr khng c thay i.
V vy xt mt a khung AUG nh hnh 2.31.
Gi tr con tr (n)
H1...H2...H3 H3 H3
Bt u VC-4
n-1 n
n n+1
Khung 1
125 s
Gi tr con tr (n)
H1...H2...H3 H3 H3
Bt u VC-4
n-1 n
n n+1
Khung 2
250 s
Gi tr con tr (o 5 bit I)
H1...H2...H3 H3 H3
Bt u VC-4
n-1 n
n n+1
Khung 3
Bt u VC-4
n-1 n
n n+1
Khung 4
500 s
64
Bt u VC-4
n-1 n
Khung 1
n n+1
125 s
Gi tr con tr (n)
H1...H2...H3 H3 H3
Bt u VC-4
n-1 n
Khung 2
n n+1
250 s
Gi tr con tr (o 5 bit D)
H1...H2...
Ba byte chn m
Bt u VC-4
n-1 n-1 n-1 n
Khung 3
n n+1
375 s
Gi tr con tr (n-1)
H1...H2...H3 H3 H3
Bt u VC-4
n-1 n-1 n-1 n
Khung 4
n n+1
500 s
chn m x l nh nhng byte tin khc. V 3 byte ti trng ghp vo v tr 3 byte H3 nn ti trng
li sang tri mt nhm byte. J1 ca VC-4 ghp vo u nhm byte (n-1).
Trong khung th t khng chn m nn J1 vn ghp vo u nhm byte (n-1). Khong
cch t H3 n J1 gim mt nhm byte so vi khung khng chn m. V vy gi tr con tr trong
khung ny bng (n-1). Ngha l gi tr con tr AU-4 trong khung sau khung chn m gim i 1 v
bng (n-1).
(8) Hot ng ca con tr TU-3 khi chn dng
Con tr TU-3 lin quan n trng hp ghp 3 khung VC-3 vo khung VC-4. Do trong
khung VC-4 c 3 con tr TU-3. Cc con tr ny hot ng c lp vi nhau. VC-3 no cn chn
th con tr TU-3 gim st VC-3 y hot ng ng chnh.
- Nguyn nhn
Trong trng hp tc khung VC-4 nhanh hn tc khung VC-3 th khung VC-4 tip
nhn cc byte ti trng ca cc khung VC-3 khng s lng byte nh mc. V vy phi chn
thm mt s byte khng mang tin vo khung VC-4. chnh l hot ng chn dng.
- Hot ng
Xt mt a khung VC-4 nh hnh 2.33.
H1 H1 H1
P
OS S
H
H2 H2 H2
H3 H3 H3
S S S
H1 H1 H1
Gi tr con tr (n)
Bt u VC-3#1
n-1 n
Khung 1
n n+1
125 s
Gi tr con tr (n)
H2 H2 H2
P
H3 H3 H3
OS S
H
S S S
H1 H1 H1
Bt u VC-3#1
n-1 n
S S S
H1 H1 H1
P
OS S
H
250 s
Byte chn dng ca VC-3#1
Bt u VC-3#1
n-1 n
Khung 3
n n+1
375 s
Gi tr con tr (n+1)
H2 H2 H2
H3 H3 H3
S S S
Khung 2
n n+1
Gi tr con tr (o cc bit I)
H2 H2 H2
P
H3 H3 H3
OS S
H
Bt u VC-3#1
n-1 n
Khung 4
n n+1
500 s
P
OS S
H
P
OS S
H
H1 H1 H1 Gi tr con tr (n)
H2 H2 H2
H3 H3 H3
S S S
H1 H1 H1
P
OS S
H
H1 H1 H1 Gi tr con tr (n)
H2 H2 H2
H3 H3 H3
S S S
Bt u VC-3 #1
n
125 s
Bt u VC-3 #1
H1 H1 H1
Khung 2
250 s
Gi tr con tr (o 5 bit D)
H2 H2 H2
H3 H3 Byte chn m Bt u VC-3 #1
S S S
Khung 1
Khung 3
375 s
Gi tr con tr (n-1)
H2 H2 H2
P
H3 H3 H3
OS S
H
S S S
Bt u VC-3 #1
n-1 n-1 n-1 n
Khung 4
n
500 s
(2.16)
trong x = 1 86.
Th d TU-3 (1, 0, 0) chim cc ct 4, 7 ..., 259.
TU-3 (2, 0, 0) chim cc ct 5, 8,..., 260.
TU-3 (3, 0, 0) chim cc ct 6, 9,..., 261.
Tm tt trnh t x l con tr khi tch lung 34,368 Mbit/s:
Nhn c lung STM-1, my thu chuyn khung STM-1 thnh khung AUG. X l con
tr AU-4 to khung VC-4. ci t trc cho mi E3 gn vi mt TUG-3, v vy bit c
lung nhnh E3 y thuc TU-3 no. X l con tr TU-3 s tch ra cc byte ca VC-3 tng ng
ti cc ct nh trnh by trong biu thc (2.16). Cui cng cho tn hiu VC-3 qua khi C-3
chuyn thnh lung nhnh E3.
(4) Tch lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s (E1) t STM-1
Mun tch mt lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s # n (n = 1 63) t khung STM-1 th my thu
trc ht x l con tr AU-4 bit v tr ca khung VC-4 trong khung AUG. V mi lung
nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s thuc v mt TU-12 v mi TU-12 gn vi ba tham s l K, L,M; trong K
= 1 3 ch r lung nhnh cn tch thuc TUG-3 no, L = 1 7 ch th lung nhnh thuc TUG2 no, M = 1 3 ch th lung nhnh thuc TU-12 no.
Nhn c lung STM-1, my thu chuyn khung STM-1 thnh khung AUG. X l con
tr AU-4 tch khung VC-4. Bit c lung nhnh E1 thuc TU-12 no s tm c cc tham
s K, L, M. T tch cc byte thuc TUG-3 mong mun, tch tip cc byte TUG-2 theo yu
cu, tch cc byte thuc TU-12 nh trc. X l con tr TU-12 s nhn c lung E1.
Cc byte mo u on trong khung STM-1 p dng cho mng thng tin quang nh hnh
2.35.
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0
B1
E1
F1
D1
D2
D3
RSOH
AU-4 PTR
B2 B2 B2 K1
K2
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
D11
D12
MSOH
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2
S1
ngha
0000
Khng tn ti
0010
0100
1000
G.812, ng h cp ni ht
1011
ng h ni b thit b SDH
1111
G.811
Q=2
Q=2
Q=2
Q=6
Q=6
u vng
G.812
Q=3
Q=2
Q=2
Q=3
Q=3
Q=3
Q=6
Q=3
Q=6
u vng
bng 0. Tin hnh theo cch nh vy i vi cc bit tip theo. Cui cng, cng tt c cc bit th
tm ca tt c cc byte trong khung STM-1 #1, nu tng l th b8 ca B1 trong khung STM-1 #
n+1 bng 1, nu tng chn th b8 = 0.
Qua mi trm lp, b cng tin hnh cng cc bit cng th t ca cc byte, k c byte B1
trong khung STM-1 # n+1, nu pht hin c tng l th m 1 li. y l li khi.
i vi BIP-24 th gp 3 byte trong khung STM-1 #1 thnh mt khi con v xem mi
khi con y l mt t m p dng cch tnh ton gi tr bit 1 n bit 24 ca BIP-24 trong khung
STM-1 # n+1 nh trn.
11, 21,...K1,...81 12, 22,...K2,...82
1i, 2i,...Ki,...8i
Khung STM-1# n
1n, 2n,...Kn,...8n
Byte B1
1, 2,...K,...8
n
=0
K i = chn....K
l.........K = 1
1
72
Mc yu cu
111- Chuyn mch cng bc
110- Mt tn hiu
101- Gim cht lng tn hiu
100- Chuyn mch nhn cng
011- i phc hi
010- Hon thnh chuyn mch
001- Yu cu tr li v tr ban u
000- Ri
K2
ID ID ID ID
Mc u tin
0- Thp
1- Cao
Yu cu chuyn mch
0- u vng
1- Chng
ID ID ID ID Ty S
Mc yu cu
111- Chuyn mch cng bc
110- Mt tn hiu
101- Gim cht lng tn hiu
100- Chuyn mch nhn cng
011- i phc hi
010- Hon thnh chuyn mch
001- Yu cu tr li v tr ban u
000- Ri
Trng thi
111- AIS ng
110- RDI ng
Trng thi
111- AIS ng
110- RDI ng
xxx- Gim cht lng ng bo v
yyy- Mt tn hiu ng bo v
2.4.5.2. Mo u tuyn
(1) VC-3/ VC-4 POH
VC-3 hoc VC-4 u c 8 byte nh hnh 2.39.
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
- Byte J1:
T.T. byte
1
1 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7
16
74
Cc bit
b1 b2 b3 b4
b5 b6 b7 b8
M
HEX
Din gii
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
00
Khng trang b
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
01
C trang b
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
02
Cu trc TUG
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
03
TU c nh
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
04
Sp xp khng ng b E3 vo VC-3
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
12
Sp xp khng ng b E4 vo VC-4
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
13
Sp xp ATM
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0
14
Sp xp ti trng MAN
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
15
Sp xp ti trng FDDI
0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0
FE
Sp xp tn hiu o O.181
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
FF
VC-AIS
REI
3
75
ngha
0 0 0
Khng trang b
0 0 1
C trang b
0 1 0
Sp xp khng ng b
0 1 1
Sp xp ng b bit
1 0 0
Sp xp ng b byte
1 0 1
1 1 0
Tn hiu o th O.181
1 1 1
VC-AIS
- J2
Byte J2 l m nhn dng im truy nhp tuyn VC-12 c cu trc nh byte J0 v J1
c gii thch trong cc phn trn.
- N2
Gim st im chuyn tip lung VC-12 v c cu trc nh bng 2.6.
Bng 2.6- Cu trc ca N2
b1 b2
b3
BIP-2
"1"
b4
AIS n
b5
b6
TC-REI
OEI
b7 b8
TC- APId, TC-RDI, ODI
BIP-2
T m kim tra tng chn ca lung VC-12 ni chuyn tip. Cch tnh gi tr 2 bit ca t
m ny trnh by trong phn BIP-2 ca V5. Ch khc l kim tra c thc hin ti im ni
chuyn tip lung VC-12. Thng bo li va hin th ngay ti trm c ni chuyn tip x l s
c, ng thi truyn cng hng v trm cui v li c ci t trong TC-REI.
Bit th ba c nh bng 1 ngn nga trng hp N2 l dy 8 bit 0.
Bit th su ch th li khi trong lung VC-12 u ra (OEI)
Bit 7 v 8 ci t m nhn dng ni chuyn tip (TC- APId), ci t thng bo cho trm
gc bit ti u xa lung ni chuyn tip VC-12 b mt hoc mt khung (TC-RDI), ci t ch th
c AIS trong lung ni chuyn tip (ODI).
- K4
Knh chuyn ti tn hiu iu khin chuyn mch bo v t ng lung VC-12.
(3) S truyn tn hiu cnh bo
Cc tn hiu cnh bo truyn trong mt h thng thng tin SDH theo hng thun v c
theo hng ngc. Hnh 2.41 tm tt hot ng cnh bo ca cc byte VC-n POH.
Trng hp th nht:
Khi mt trm hoc mt khi no ti u vo mt tn hiu thu (LOS), hoc mt khung
(LOF), hoc nhn c tn hiu cnh bo AIS th ci t AIS trong tn hiu ra truyn cng
hng cho trm hoc khi tip theo.
76
Trng hp th hai:
Trm u cui xa xy ra LOS, LOF hoc nhn c AIS th ci t cnh bo RDI truyn
ngc v cho trm gc.
Trng hp th ba:
Trm u cui ci t BIP-8 trong byte B1 kim tra li qua tng on lp, kt qu kim
tra cn chuyn n trm u cui xa.
Trng hp th t:
Cc khi u cui ng, lung mc cao (HOVC), lung mc thp (LOVC) ci t BIP24 trong 3 byte B2 hoc BIP-8 trong byte B3 kim tra li ca cc khi tng ng, nu pht
hin c li th ci t cnh bo REI truyn ngc v khi tng ng ti trm gc.
Tuyn mc thp
Tuyn mc cao
on ghp
on lp
on lp
LOVC
HOVC
LOS
LOF
LT
LOS
LOF
REG
AIS
RDI
LT
AIS
RDI
HOVC
LOF
LOF LOVC
AIS
RDI
BIP-8
BIP-8
REI
BIP-8
REI
BIP-2
REI
Trm u cui
AIS
BIP-24
Trm u u cui
Trm lp
Pht
Thu
Hnh 2.41- Truyn tn hiu kim tra v cnh bo trong h thng SDH
TM TT
Trong b ghp PCM-24 ca Bc M v PCM-30 ca chu u s dng k thut iu xung
m chuyn i tn hiu thoi analog thnh tn hiu s. C hai loi thit b ny u s dng nndn s. Khung ca PCM-30 c 32 khe thi gian, trong 30 khe thi gian dnh ghp 30 knh
thoi, 2 khe thi gian cn li ghp bo hiu v tn hiu ng b khung. Mi a khung ca PCM30 c 16 khung nhm mc ch hnh thnh 16 khe thi gian TS16 ghp tn hiu ng b a
khung v bo hiu ca 30 knh thoi.
77
Trn th gii hin c 3 tiu chun tc bit PDH: chu u, Bc M v Nht Bn. Vit
Nam s dng thit b ghp knh theo tiu chun chu u. Trong ghp knh PDH s dng k thut
ghp xen bit. Chn bit nhm mc ch ng b tc bit cc lung nhnh trc khi ghp thnh
lung c tc bit cao hn.
B ghp SDH ghp xen byte cc lung nhnh PDH ca chu u v Bc M to thnh
STM-1, STM-4, STM-16 v STM-64 v STM-256. Con tr ng vai tr ng chnh lch tc
khung gia khung tn hiu n v khung ghp. Mt khc, nh c con tr m vic xen- r knh
trong SDH n gin hn nhiu so vi PDH. Cc byte mo u trong SDH rt phong ph v to
thun li cho vic hnh thnh cc knh gim st, iu khin, bo dng, v.v. mng thng tin SDH.
BI TP
1. Da vo cu trc khung v a khung ca PCM-30, xc nh tc bit ca cc tn hiu
sau y:
- ng b khung
- ng b a khung
- Cnh bo mt ng b khung
- Cnh bo mt ng b a khung
- Bo hiu.
2. Trong b ghp 2/8 ch s dng chn dng, bit cc lnh iu khin chn ca cc lung
nhnh tng ng l 111, 000, 111, 000, tm tng s bit tin ca mi lung nhnh trong khung c
chn dng.
3. Trong b ghp 8/34 s dng chn dng, chn m v khng chn, bit cc lnh iu
khin chn ca cc lung nhnh tng ng trong hai khung lin tip l 111 111, 000 000, 111
000, 111 000, tm tng s bit tin ca mi lung nhnh trong khung.
4. Cho bit cc bit iu khin chn ca cc lung nhnh trong khung ca b ghp 34/140
ch s dng chn dng l 00000, 00000, 11111, 11111. Tm tng s bit tin ca mi lung nhnh
trong khung c chn dng.
5. Cho bit gi tr con tr AU-4 bng 67, vit cu trc 10 bit gi tr ca con tr.
6. 10 bit gi tr con tr AU-4 khi khng chn l 0100111000. Tm cu trc 10 bit gi tr
con tr trong cc trng hp sau y:
- Trong khung chn dng
- Trong khung chn m
- Trong khung lin sau khung chn dng
- Trong khung lin sau khung chn m.
7. Trong khung AUG khng chn, gi tr ca AU-4 PTR bng 123. Tm to (ct, hng)
byte J1 ca khung VC-4 trong khung AUG ny.
8. Gi tr ca con tr TU-3 th hai trong khung VC-4 bng 27, tm to byte J1 ca
khung VC-3 th hai.
9. Cho bit to byte J1 ca VC-3 th hai trong khung VC-4 l (66;3). Vit cu trc 10
bit gi tr con tr TU-3 th hai 2.
78
10. Gi tr con tr TU-12 trong a khung TU-12 bng 16. Vy byte V5 cch byte V2 ca
con tr TU-12 bao nhiu byte? Xc nh v tr ca V5 trong a khung TU-12.
11. Tm s li khi trong khung STM-1 di y theo phng php kim tra BIP-8
STM-1 #1
B1
STM-1 #2
79
CHNG III
CC GII PHP DUY TR MNG
3.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Trong chng ny cn ch nhng vn quan trng sau y.
- Cc phng thc bo v trong mng vin thng nh bo v 1+1, 1:N v bo v trong
mng vng quang. Trong mng vng 2 si n hng s dng bo v tuyn v bo v ng.
Trong mng vng 2 si hai hng v 4 si hai hng s dng bo v ng. Ring mng vng 4
si hai hng cn c bo v chng.
- Phng thc bo v ng s dng bo hiu trong byte K1 v K2 v do cc nt mng
cn mt thi gian x l hai byte ny nn tng thi gian phc hi chm hn so vi phng thc
bo v tuyn (khng s dng K1 v K2).
Lung tng
STM- N
Cc lung nhnh
E/O
&
O/E
STM-N
ADM
STM-N
(ng)
Cc lung nhnh
Hnh 3.3- S khi tng qut cu hnh ADM
81
V mt khng gian, trong cu hnh ADM cc giao din lung tng c b tr v c pha
ng v pha Ty, cc giao din lung nhnh c b tr v mt pha khc.
Hng pht pha ng:
Cc lung nhnh c ghp thnh lung tng STM-N, chuyn i thnh tn hiu quang v
truyn qua si quang.
Hng thu pha ng:
Tn hiu quang STM-N c chuyn thnh tn hiu in, tch tn hiu STM-N in thnh
cc lung nhnh.
Mt th d minh ho hot ng ca cu hnh ADM trong thc t nh hnh 3.4.
y l h thng STM-16 gm 16 STM-1. Pha Ty, ADM tch STM-16 thnh 16 STM-1.
Mt lung STM-1 a vo khi MUX/DMUX bn trn tch thnh 63 lung E1. Khi
MUX/DMUX bn trn ghp 63 lung E1 thnh STM-1 v xen lung STM-1 ny vo lung STM16 pha Ty. Pha ng, ADM tch STM-16 thnh 16 STM-1. Mt lung STM-1 a ti khi
MUX/DMUX bn di tch thnh 63 lung E1. Cng chnh khi MUX/DMUX ny ghp 63
lung E1 thnh STM-1 v xen lung STM-1 ny vo lung STM-16 pha ng.
1
STM-16
Cc lung STM-1
ni chuyn tip
O/E MUX
STM-16
(Ty)
O/E DMUX
16
16
16
MUX&
STM-1 DMUX
STM-1
DMUX E/O
STM-16
MUX E/O
STM-16
(ng)
1
16
MUX&
DMUX STM-1
STM-1
3.2.2.3.Cu hnh lp
Hnh 3.5 l s khi ca cu hnh lp REG.
REG
STM-N
(ng)
STM-N
(Ty)
Hnh 3.5- S khi cu hnh lp
Thit b lp quang ch c chc nng khuch i tn hiu quang v khng c chc nng
hiu chnh dng xung. V vy nu tn hiu quang qua nhiu thit b lp quang tri di trn mt c
ly qu ln th tn hiu xung ti u ra my thu s b mo nghim trng. khc phc nhc im
ny, sau mt dy thit b lp quang xen vo mt thit b lp in.
Cng
2,048 Mbit/s
Cng
STM-1
Cng
34,368 Mbit/s
VC-12
VC-12
C-12
im ni cho
C-12
VC-12
VC-12
C-12
im ni cho
VC-4
VC- 3
VC-3
C-3
im ni cho
C-3
VC-3
VC-3
C-3
Cng
2,048 Mbit/s
Cng
34,368 Mbit/s
Cng
34,368 Mbit/s
B chuyn mch
32 32
GD
STM-1o
hoc
128 128
GD
STM- 4
GD
2,048 Mbit/s
GD
34,368 Mbit/s
hoc
256 256
GD
STM- 16
STM-1
GD
139,264 Mbit/s
iu khin
chuyn mch
11 12 13 14.......1n
STM-1 #2
21 22 23 24.......2n
STM-1 #3
31 32 33 34.......3n
STM-1 #4
16 16 16 16 ..16
STM-1 #16 1 2 3 4 n
1n, 2n, ... 16n - k hiu cc byte ca STM-1# n
Hnh 3.9- Cu hnh thit b STM-16
84
Cu hnh ca thit b STM-16 ghp xen nhm 4 byte t 4 STM-4 nh hnh 3.10.
STM-4 #1 11 21 31 41.......
STM-4 #2 12 22 32 42.......
STM-4 #3
13 23 33 43.......
STM-4 #4 14 24 34 44.......
n1, n2, n3, n4 (n = 1, 2, 3, 4)- k hiu cc byte ca cc STM-4
Hnh 3.10- Cu hnh thit b STM-16 ghp 4 STM-4
TRM
STM-N
REG
STM-N
TRM
Cc
lung
nhnh
3.3.2. Cu hnh a im
Trong cu hnh ny, ngoi hai nt u cui cn c cc nt ADM nh hnh 3.12.
Cc
lung
nhnh
TRM
STM-N
REG
STM-N
A
D
M
STM-N
TRM
Cc
lung
nhnh
Cc lung nhnh
Hnh 3.12- Cu hnh mng a im
Cu hnh a im thch hp cho cc h thng ko di qua cc im dn c tp trung, ti
mt thu bao cao. Cu hnh ny khng nhng c s dng trn mng quc gia, m c trn
mng quc t. Tu theo tc bit ca ng truyn thp hay cao m c ly on lp hoc on
ghp ngn hay di. Nu tc bit cao nht l STM-16 v s dng cp si quang n mode th c
ly on c th t ti 100 km. Nu c ly on ghp vt qu di cho php c tnh ton khi
thit k h thng th phi s dng thit b lp. Tuy nhin, khi cp b t hoc hng nt th thng
tin lin lc gia cc nt s b chia ct thnh tng vng v thng tin ton tuyn s b gin on.
Mun duy tr mng phi c mt h thng khc d phng c lp vi h thng hot ng.
85
TRM
STM-N
REG
R
NHNH
STM-N
STM-N
TRM
Cc
lung
nhnh
STM-m<N
TRM
ADM
C ADM
Ring STM-4
STM-1
Ring
Ring STM-4
Ring STM-1
Ni qua SDXC
Ni qua 2 ADM
3.5. CC C CH BO V
3.5.1. Bo v 1+1
M hnh bo v 1+1 nh hnh 3.16.
Trong , tn hiu c truyn lin tc trn c h thng hot ng v h thng bo v. B
chn ti my thu kim tra cht lng tn hiu thu c ca c hai h thng bng cch o BER v
la chn tn hiu ca ng truyn no c cht lng cao hn.
H thng hot ng (W)
MUX
E/O
H thng bo v (P)
MUX
E/O
Pha pht
B
chn
O/E DMUX
Pha thu
3.5.2. Bo v 1:1
C ch bo v 1:1 l trng hp ring ca bo v 1:N khi N=1. Bo v 1:1 c c im l
trng thi bnh thng, tn hiu ch truyn trn h thng hot ng. Nu h thng hot ng b
t si quang th chuyn mch hot ng chuyn tn hiu sang h thng bo v. Kiu bo v
ny c th tr li hoc khng tr li v l loi bo v phc hi hon ton cc dch v trn h thng
c si b t.
3.5.3. Bo v 1:N
M hnh c ch bo v 1:N c th hin ti hnh 3.17.
Trong c ch bo v 1:N, cc h thng hot ng v h thng bo v t trong cng mt
ng vt l. S gm c cc mun chuyn mch bo v c cu trc ging nhau c lp t
ti pha pht v c pha thu, bus 1:N v b iu khin chuyn mch bo v (PSC). Cc mun
chuyn mch bo v c t trong gi thit b ghp gim bt chiu di cp ng trc kt ni
gia chng.
trng thi bnh thng, tn hiu c truyn trn cc h thng hot ng. Pha thu gim
st tn hiu da vo mu khung, m ng, BER. Nu BER hoc chch khung (OOF) trong h
thng hot ng vt ngng cho php, hoc mt tn hiu thu (LOS) trn h thng hot ng th
nt u v nt cui trao i thng tin iu khin cng chuyn mch a tn hiu trn h thng
hot ng km cht lng hoc c s c sang h thng bo v. Trong trng hp c nhiu h
thng hot ng c s c th ch h thng c u tin cao nht c s dng h thng bo v. Sau
khi sa cha hng hc trong h thng hot ng th tn hiu trn h thng bo v c chuyn tr
li cho h thng hot ng ny.
Mng ng thng bo v 1:N ch c hiu qu khi mt tn hiu trn h thng hot ng
hoc ch t si trn h thng hot ng. Khi cp b t th ton b mng ngng hot ng. Trong
88
H thng
hot ng 2
H thng
hot ng N
7a
3b
Knh
bo v
7b
MUX E/O
t si
O/E DMUX
DMUX O/E
E/O MUX
MUX E/O
O/E DMUX
DMUX O/E
E/O MUX
MUX E/O
O/E DMUX
DMUX O/E
MUX E/O
DMUX O/E
PSC
E/O MUX
4 K1K2
O/E DMUX
K1
E/O MUX
2
K2
5a
5b
1b
PSC
1a
Bc 4:
Nt u h thng bo v ci t yu cu chuyn mch trong byte K1 v s th t knh
(lung nhnh) hot ng trong byte K2, sau gi ngc tr li c hai byte ny cho nt cui ca
n a ra yu cu s dng h thng bo v.
Bc 5:
Nt cui h thng bo v x l byte K1 v byte K2 v thit lp cu ti h thng hot ng
th nht (5a v 5b ng). Hot ng ny ch mi hon thnh chuyn mch mt hng t tri qua
phi.
Bc 6:
Khi nt cui h thng bo v bc cu ti h thng hot ng th nht n ci t s th
t ca knh hot ng ang s dng h thng bo v trong byte K2 v sau gi byte K2 qua h
thng bo v ti nt u ca n.
Bc 7:
Ti nt u h thng bo v, khi s th t knh trong byte K2 thu c ph hp vi s th
t knh yu cu chuyn mch th knh c la chn cho chuyn mch v nt u thc hin
bc cu ti h thng hot ng th nht (7a v 7b ng). V vy hon thnh chuyn mch hai
hng.
Ch rng, cc byte K1 v K2 thng c truyn trn h thng bo v. Thi gian phc
hi bao gm thi gian x l cc byte K1 v K2 v thi gian chuyn mch ca phn t chuyn
mch. Tiu chun thi gian phc hi nh hn hoc bng 50 ms.
Khi xy ra s c trn h thng hot ng, thi gian phc hi mng Tph tnh theo biu thc
sau y:
Tph(s) = Tc + Txl 3 + Tcm
(3.1 )
Trong Txl l thi gian x l byte K1 hoc byte K2 ti mi nt. Gi thit rng mi nt
nhn dng byte K1 hoc K2 trong 3 khung lin tip v chim thi gian mt khung l 125 s x
l byte K1 hoc byte K2 . V vy thi gian x l v nhn dng byte K1 hoc K2 trc khi
chuyn mch l:
Txl = 125s 3 5 = 1,875 ms
(3.2)
Thi gian ci t byte K1 hoc K2 gi thit bng thi gian mt khung 125 s. Do thi
gian ci t ton b l:
Tc = 125s 4 = 600 s
(3.3)
Tcm l thi gian chuyn mch ca tt c cc phn t chuyn mch tham gia vo qu trnh
hot ng chuyn mch bo v. Trong hnh 3.17 c 4 cp phn t chuyn mch tham gia vo qu
trnh hot ng chuyn mch. Tcm tr thnh mt yu t quyt nh khi xc nh ch tiu ca APS.
Tuy nhin trong thc t tng thi gian t lc xy ra s c cho n khi hon thnh chuyn mch
bo v thng nh hn ch tiu 50 ms.
phn tch trn y. Cn loi khng tr v th tn hiu vn tip tc truyn trn h thng bo v ngay
c khi s c trn h thng hot ng c khc phc.
Tuyn (Path)
ng (Line)
ng (Line)
on (Section)
TM
REG
on (Section)
ADM
hoc
DXC
on (Section)
Tuyn (Path)
REG
TM
on (Section)
TM
hng nt. APS l k thut phc hi h thng n gin nht v nhanh nht. C cu APS 1:N c th
phc hi mng im ni im khi h thng hot ng c s c v khng c tc dng khi t cp
trong mng ny, bi v si bo v v si hot ng cng t chung trong mt cp. C cu bo v
1:N tr v (1:N/DP) c th phc hi mt phn dch v ca si b t. C cu bo v 1:1/DP hoc
1+1/DP c th phc hi y cc dch v ca si b t, v n lin quan n bo v hon ton.
Cc c cu APS 1+1, 1:1 s dng cho cc mng ng thng v c mng vng. V vy cn phn
bit APS vi k thut chuyn mch thng thng hoc chuyn mch bo v thng minh. Di
y trnh by chi tit v bo v i vi mng vng.
(2) V phng din kinh t
Mng vin thng hin nay ca nhiu nc, trong c Vit Nam ang s dng cng ngh
si quang v s dng chuyn mch bo v t ng (APS) bo v mng khi cp b t hoc
hng nt. Nh chng ta bit, mng vng tp hp cc nt to thnh mt vng kn, trong mi
cp nt c kt ni vi nhau qua 2 hoc 4 si quang. Mng vng t phc hi l mng vng cung
cp rng bng tn v thit b mng d phng c th phc hi mng khi mng c s c. Thit
b ghp knh s dng trong mng vng l ADM c chc nng tch v ghp cc knh ti ch v
ni thng cc knh chuyn tip. Hnh 3.19 a ra mt th d mng hub c mt nt chnh v 3 nt
trung tm (CO) chu s chi phi ca nt chnh (hub).
ADM
W
W
P
C
CO
P
HUB
W
A
CO
A
ADM
ADM
Pht trin
B
P
C
ADM
P
W
CO
Thit b u cui quang,
ADM,
W- Hot ng, P- Bo v
Bo v mng vng
BSHR
USHR
2F USHR/L
2F USHR/P
Bo v tuyn
2F USHR/P
2F USHR/L
2F BSHR/L
4F BSHR/L
Bo v ng
4F BSHR/L
2F BSHR/L
Bo v ng
Bo v ng
93
A
D
P
D
B
C
B
C
a)
b)
t cp
94
ADM#3
1-4
2-4
3-4
3-1
2-1
3-2
ADM#4
Ring STM-4
2c
1-4
4-3
1-3
1-2
2b
4-2
2a
3-2
4-1
3-4
3-1
ADM#2
1-3
1-2
2-3
ADM#1
2-4 2-3 3-4
t cp
2-1 3-1 4-1
Ch thch
AIS tuyn
Chuyn mch bo v
Ni chuyn tip
a)
5
P
W P
u vng
t cp
W P
1
b)
u vng
W1
W2
8 9 16
8 9 16
5 W2
3
W1
a)
8 9 16
8 9 16
u vng
W2
W1
W1
W1
W2 3
t cp
W2
W1
W1
W2
W2
b)
W2
W1
8 9 16
u vng
1
8 9 16
u vng c thc hin ti hai ADM, v vy phi c thng bo gia hai nt ny v phi
hp chuyn mch ng thi. Mun vy cc thng bo v tn hiu iu khin c truyn ti
trong cc byte K1 v K2.
Cu trc 2F BSHR/L s dng truyn ti tn hiu STM-N, trong N l s chn, in
hnh l STM-4 v STM-16. Tuy nhin y khng phi l iu kin bt buc. Nu N l s l s c
hai kh nng thc hin. Hai kh nng tri ngc nhau v bo v v s dng. Nu tc bit s
dng (hot ng) nh hn hoc bng 50% tc bit ca c h thng th p dng k thut u
vng nh phn tch trn y. Cn nu lu lng s dng ln hn 50% lu lng ca h thng
th khe thi gian s dng cui cng c b tr truyn ti dch v u tin thp. Tt nhin khi
mng c s c th tn hiu dch v u tin thp ny s b mt.
97
D
E
Ring STM-N
A
Ring STM-N
A
a)
b)
u vng
t cp
u vng
Hot ng (W)
Hot ng (W)
Bo v
(P)
Bo v
(P)
Hnh 3.25- Chuyn mch bo v trong 4F BSHR/L
Trong 4F BSHR/L, chuyn mch bo v c kch hot nh pht hin thng bo ci t t
ng trong byte K1 v K2.
K thut u vng trong 4F BHSR/L ch bo v c lu lng khi cp t v khng c
tc dng bo v khi hng nt. Mun bo v lu lng khi t 2 si hot ng v hng nt cn s
dng k thut bo v chng (bo v span). S bo v chng c minh ho ti hnh 3.26.
D
E
Ring STM-N
A
u cho
t 2 si W
u cho
Hot ng (W)
Bo v
(P)
Hnh 3.26- 4F BHSR bo v chng
Trong trng hp 2 si hot ng (W) b t th 2 ADM gn im b t tin hnh chuyn
mch u cho lu lng t 2 si W b t sang 2 si bo v trnh im t. Trong
trng hp ny ch s dng 2 si bo v trong on c 2 si W b t. Khi ng chuyn mch
ca 2 ADM ti hai u on c thc hin nh thng bo chuyn ti trong K1 v K2.
T vic phn tch chuyn mch bo v trong mng vng 2 si hai hng cng nh mng
vng 4 si hai hng thy rng vai tr ca cc byte K1 v K2 rt quan trng. V vy sau y tho
lun v qu trnh vn hnh ca cc byte K1 v K2.
98
vi phm BIP-24
10 ms
1002 N
10
100 ms
1476 N
10-5
1s
1530 N
10-6
10s
1536 N
10-7
100s
1536 N
10-8
1000s
1536 N
10-9
10.000s
1536 N
10-3
-4
S lng
Th d 1, nu ngng BER bng 10-6 v s lng vi phm BIP-24 c pht hin trong
chu k 10s i vi tn hiu STM-4 l 6300 th h thng ny lm vo tnh trng gim cht lng.
Bi v s vi phm ny ln hn 6144 (1575 4). Nh vy, nu tnh trng suy gim cht lng c
BER = 10-6 ko di th thi gian phc hi bng 10 s cng vi thi gian chuyn mch. Sau khi hon
thnh chuyn mch th tn hiu trn h thng hot ng mi c chuyn sang h thng bo v.
Th d 2, nu BER = 10-3 v s lng vi phm BIP-24 c pht hin trong chu k 10 ms
i vi tn hiu STM-1 l 1600 th h thng c xem nh mt tn hiu. Trng hp ny c thi
gian phc hi bng 10 ms cng vi thi gian chuyn mch.
Tm li i vi mng vng 2 si n hng chuyn mch bo v tuyn th thi gian
chuyn mch bo v ti a k t khi pht hin mt tn hiu cho n khi hon thnh chuyn mch
bo v nh hn tiu chun 50 ms.
(2) Mng vng 2 hoc 4 si hai hng chuyn mch bo v ng
i vi mng vng 2 hoc 4 si chuyn mch bo v ng khi t cp ch c hai nt gn
im b t tin hnh u vng. V vy ng truyn byte K1 v K2 gia hai nt ny c xem
nh l mt mng a im. V vy vic chuyn tip bo hiu K1 v K2 qua cc ADM s gy tr
ng k v l thnh phn cn quan tm khi tnh thi gian phc hi ca mng vng chuyn mch
99
(3.4)
Ti mi ADM cn gim st lin tip 3 byte K1 hoc 3 byte K2. Do thi gian tr tng
ca bo hiu K1 hoc K2 l 15,75 ms. Nu thi gian phc hi i vi mng vng cng yu cu
hon thnh trong 50 ms nh mng im ni im th thi gian chuyn mch dnh cho mi phn t
chuyn mch ti 2 ADM gn im b t s l (50 - 15,75) /2 = 17,125 ms. Vi thi gian chuyn
mch ca mi phn t chuyn mch nh vy l c th p ng d dng i vi chuyn mch in
t. Tm li, thi gian phc hi ca 2F BSHR/L, 4F BSHR/L bao gm thi gian chuyn mch ca
cc phn t chuyn mch v thi gian tr ca bo hiu K1 v K2. Hai thnh phn ny xp x bng
nhau.
Dung
lng
Gi thnh
nt
S dng
K1 v K2
phc
tp
Bo v
nt
Tc
phc hi
4F BSHR/L
Ln
Cao
Trung bnh
Chm
2F BSHR/L
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
Phc tp
Khng
Chm
2F USHR/L
Thp
Thp
Trung bnh
Khng
Chm
2F USHR/P
Thp
Thp
Khng
n gin
Khng
Nhanh
TM TT
Trong thng tin SDH s dng cho si quang c cc loi cu hnh nt nh: u cui, xen-r
(ADM), lp v ni cho s. Cu hnh u cui ch s dng trong mng ng thng. Cu hnh
ADM s dng cho c mng ng thng v mng vng.
100
CU HI
1. i vi cu hnh mng im ni im STM-N c th s dng c ch bo v no khi si quang
ca h thng hot ng b t?
a. C ch bo v 1:1
b. C ch bo v 1+1
c. C ch bo v 1:N
d. C 3 loi c ch
2. H thng STM-1 im ni im STM-1 c th s dng c ch bo v no khi mt trong cc
lung nhnh 2,048 Mbit/s c BER 10-3?
a. u vng
b. La chn tuyn
c. C cu bo v 1:N
3. Mng vng c s nt ti a l 16, khi t cp ti mt im th bo hiu K1 v K2 i qua bao
nhiu nt?
a. 16 nt
b. 14 nt
c. 12 nt
4. Trong mng vng 2 si n hng bo v tuyn, cc bo hiu K1 v K2 truyn nh th no?
a. Hai hng
b. Mt hng
c. Khng dng bo hiu K1 v K2
5. Mng vng 2 si hai hng c cc loi bo v g khi t cp?
a. Bo v nt
b. Bo v tuyn
c. Bo v ng
101
102
CHNG IV
CC PHNG THC TRUYN TI S LIU
4.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Trong chng ny gii thiu cc phng thc truyn ti s liu nh:
- Cc phng php truyn ti ATM qua SDH bng cch sp xp cc t bo ATM vo cc
conten o VC-n. Trong phn ny tp trung tho lun cch sp xp cc t bo ATM vo VC-4 v
vo kt chui lin k VC-4-Xc. Qu trnh sp xp ny phi to kh nng my thu tch chnh
xc gii hn cc t bo nhm m bo khng gy tn tht t bo.
- Cc phng thc ng khung s liu IP. C 4 phng thc ng khung c gii thiu,
l ng khung kiu giao thc im -im (PPP), kiu iu khin tuyn s liu mc cao
(HDLC), kiu giao thc truy nhp tuyn SDH (LAPS), th tc ng khung chung (GFP). Sau khi
ng khung, s liu c truyn qua mng SDH di dng im - im, v vy gi chung l
phng thc truyn ti gi trn SDH (POS)
- Phng php kt chui cc conten o VC-n truyn ti s liu c tc bit cao hn
tc bit ca conten o.
- Phng php truyn ti IP hoc ATM trn mng quang.
- Giao thc s liu phn b si quang (FDDI), trong c mng vng th bi kp, thng
gi l token ring.
- Cng ngh Ethernet.
- Cng ngh mng vng truyn ti cc gi s liu c kh nng t phc hi. Trong phn
ny tp trung phn tch hai ch : giao thc ti s dng khng gian (SRP) v chuyn mch bo
v thng minh (IPS). y l phng thc truyn ti gi linh hot (DPT).
8
1
5 byte u
5
6
S byte
trong t bo
53
Hnh 4.1. Cu trc t bo ATM
103
trng tin
trng tin
H
trng tin
H
H
H
9 hng
trng tin
trng tin
trng tin
trng tin
H- u
hoc VC-4-Xc tip theo. Trc khi sp xp, n c nh X-1 ct vo lin sau ct VC-4 POH (hnh
4.3).
H
n
c
nh
trng tin
H
X-1
VC-4-Xc POH
trng tin
trng tin
H
H
trng tin
trng tin
H
H
trng tin
9 hng
trng tin
trng tin
X 260 byte
Hnh 4.3- Sp xp cc t bo ATM vo khung VC-4-Xc
(3) Sp xp vo VC-12
a khung VC-12 c 4 khung VC-12. Mi khung VC-12 gm mt byte VC-12 POH v 34
byte ti trng. Cc t bo ATM c sp xp vo vng ti trng ca VC-12 v c ng chnh
gia bin gii t bo v bin gii byte ca VC-12. V dung lng vng ti trng ca mi khung
VC-12 bng 34 byte khng phi l c s nguyn ca 53 byte nn t bo c th chuyn sang
khung hoc a khung VC-12 tip theo.
IP
PDH
MPLS
DVB
VLAN
Fibre Chanel
ESCON
FICON
Ethernet
ATM
HDLC/PPP/LAPS
GFP-F
Kt chui lin k
GFP-T
Kt chui o
NG SDH
Hnh 4.4- M hnh mng quang SDH th h tip theo
105
0 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 45 67890 12 34 56789 0 1
Giao thc
(nu 16 bit)
Giao thc
Trng tin
.......
m
106
0 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 45 67890 12 34 56789 0 1
C
a ch
iu khin
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 00 1 1
Gi PPP
.......
FCS
C
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Lm y gia cc khung
hoc a ch tip theo
IP
LAPS
VC mc thp
G.707/Y.1322
VC mc cao
on ghp knh
on lp
on in/quang
G.703/G.957
Hnh 4.7- Ngn giao thc /lp cho IP trn STM-N s dng LAPS X.85
IP/PPP
Cc dch v khc
Th t truyn byte
u chnh
4 byte
u ti trng
4 byte
u m rng
(ty chn)
0-60 byte
cHEC (CRC-16)
PTI
eHEC (CRC-16)
TI TRNG
n byte
Tng kim tra
(ty chn)
TI TRNG
0-4 byte
pFCS (CRC-32)
Th t truyn bit
u chnh vi cc trng PLI v cHEC c thit lp bng 0. Khung rng khng c vng ti
trng, c s dng nh mt khung lc gip cho my pht thch ng lung byte GFP vi bt k
mt mi trng truyn ti no. Cu trc cc khung iu khin c minh ho trong hnh 4.10.
PLI:=0
khung rng
0x0000
u
CRC-16
PLI
u
CRC-16
PLI:=1 hoc 2
hoc 3
Bn tin OA&M
(48 bit)
CRC-16
ti trng
byte
Khung GFP
PLI
cHEC
Kiu
tHEC
u m rng GFP
a ch ch (DA)
a ch ngun (SA)
di/kiu
TI TRNG
GFP
ranh gii ca cc PDU PPP/HDLC lp cao. Quan h gia khung PPP/HDLC v khung GFP c
minh ho trong hnh 4.12.
Tt c cc byte t khung PPP/HDLC c t vo trong vng ti trng ca khung GFP.
Vic ng b byte v nhn dng bit trong cc byte cng c duy tr.
Khung PPP/HDLC
byte
a ch
iu khin
Kiu PPP
Khung GFP
2
PLI
cHEC
Kiu
tHEC
u m rng GFP
TI TRNG
GFP
J1
B3
C2
G1
Chn
F2 c nh
H4
F3
K3
9 N1
1
C-4-Xc
125 s
X-1
X x 260
X x 261
X-1
X x 106
V5
J2
N2
Chn
c nh
C-2-Xc
K4
500 s
C-3/4-Xc
125 s
9
X
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3 C-3/4
K3
N1
1
1 J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
9 N1
C-3/4
VC-3/4-Xv
125 s
VC-3/4#1
VC-3/4#X
125 s
1
1 V5
J2
N2
4 K4
C-1/2-Xc
X
1 V5
J2
N2
K4
4 C-2/1
500 s
500 s
VC-1/2-Xv
VC-1/2#X
500 s
VC-1/2#1
a khung (MF)
POH
POH
MFI1: 15
MFI1: 15
POH
MFI1: 0
MFI1:
0
MFI2_MSB: 0
MFI2_MSB: 0
MFI1: 1
MFI1:
0
MFI2_MSB: 1
MFI2_MSB: 1
SQ: X-1
SQ: 0
POH
POH
POH
POH
POH
MFI1: 1
MFI1:
1
MFI2_MSB: 0
MFI2_MSB: 0
POH
MFI1: 0
MFI1:
0
MFI2_MSB: 0
MFI2_MSB: 0
POH
5 6
11
32
Rm
R Rkhung
R R RCh
R th
R R
thRtR R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
R: bit d tr
114
Bit 2
Bit 3
Bit 4
Bit 5
Bit 6
Bit 7
Bit 8
S th
t
khung
14
15
D tr ( "0000" )
D tr ( "0000" )
D tr ( "0000" )
D tr ( "0000" )
D tr ( "0000" )
D tr ( "0000" )
D tr ( "0000" )
D tr ( "0000" )
D tr ( "0000" )
10
D tr ( "0000" )
11
D tr ( "0000" )
12
D tr ( "0000" )
13
14
15
S th
t a
khung
n-1
n+1
Tc bit
Kt chui lin k
Kt chui o
Ethernet
10 Mbit/s
VC-3 (20%)
VC-11-7v (89%)
Fast Ethernet
100 Mbit/s
VC-4 (67%)
VC-3-2v (99%)
Gigabit Ethernet
1000 Mbit/s
VC-4-16c (42%)
VC-4-7v (95%)
Fiber Chanel
1700 Mbit/s
VC-4-16c (42%)
VC-4-12v (90%)
ATM
25 Mbit/s
VC-3 (50%)
VC-11-16v (98%)
DVB
270 Mbit/s
VC-4-4c (37%)
VC-3-6v (93%)
ESCON
160 Mbit/s
VC-4-4c (26%)
VC-3-4v (83%)
Kt chui o
VC-4-3v
POH
VC-4-4c
II
POH
POH
POH
Kt chui lin k
Mt nhm VC
(VCG)
3 VC thnh vin
Mt tuyn
III
3 622 Mbps
Nhiu tuyn
IV
POH
POH
POH
POH
3 x 155 Mbps
4.2.4.1. Gi iu khin
C ch hot ng ca LCAS da trn vic trao i gi iu khin gia my pht v
my thu. Mi gi iu khin s m t trng thi ca tuyn trong gi iu khin k tip. Nhng
thay i ny c truyn ti pha thu my thu c th chuyn ti cu hnh mi ngay khi nhn
c n. Gi iu khin gm mt lot cc trng dnh cho nhng chc nng nh trc v cha
thng tin truyn t m y pht n m y thu cng nh thng tin t my thu n my pht.
Hng i:
Trng ch th a khung (MFI)
Trng ch th dy (SQ)
Trng iu khin (CTRL)
Bit nhn dng nhm (GID)
Hng v
Trng trng thi thnh vin (MST)
Bit xc nhn thay i th t (RS-Ack)
Truyn hai hng
Trng CRC
Cc bit d tr khng s dng c thit lp bng 0
pha pht, MFI ca tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm kt chui o (VCG) u bng nhau v
tng sau mi khung. pha thu, MFI c s dng tp hp li ti trng cho tt c cc thnh
vin trong nhm. MFI c s dng xc nh tr gia cc thnh vin trong cng mt nhm.
Trng SQ cha s th t c gn cho mt thnh vin xc nh. Mi thnh vin trong cng
mt VCG c gn mt s th t duy nht.
Trng iu khin c s dng truyn ti thng tin t pha pht ti pha thu. Ngoi
mc ch ng b gia hai pha, n cn cung cp trng thi ca mi thnh vin trong nhm (xem
bng 4.3). Ti thi im bt u ca mt VCG, tt c cc thnh vin s pht CTRL = IDLE.
Bit ch th nhm GID c s dng nhn dng VCG. Trong cc khung c cng MFI,
bit GID ca tt c cc thnh vin thuc cng VCG c cng gi tr. Bit GID l phng tin pha
thu kim tra xem tt c cc thnh vin n c hnh thnh cng t mt trm pht hay khng. Ni
dung ca bit GID l gi ngu nhin s dng mu 215-1.
Trng CRC c s dng bo v mi gi iu khin. Sau khi thu c, mi gi iu
khin u c kim tra CRC. Nu kim tra CRC khng pht hin li, gi s c s dng,
ngc li s b loi b.
Trng trng thi thnh vin c gi t pha thu ti pha pht (hng ln) cha thng tin
v trng thi ca tt c cc thnh vin ca mt VCG. MST s dng mt bit vi hai trng thi: OK
117
Lnh
ngha
0000
FIXED
0001
ADD
0010
NORM
0011
EOS
0101
IDLE
1111
DNU
NMS
LCAS
memn-1 (EOS)
Sk
Lnh
ADD
memn (mi)
Sk
memn+1 (mi)
Sk
CTRL=ADD
CTRL=ADD
MST=OK
CTRL=NORM
CTRL=EOS
MST=OK
CTRL=NORM
CTRL=EOS
118
i t m CTRL thnh EOS, ng thi thnh vin cao nht hin ti cng thay i CTRL ca n
thnh NORM.
Trong trng hp thm nhiu thnh vin (v d x thnh vin) v nhn c ng thi
nhiu thnh vin c phc p MST = OK, vic ch nh s th t c thc hin mt cch ty ,
min l chng to thnh mt dy x s th t tip theo s th t cao nht hin ti. T m CTRL
ca thnh vin cao nht hin ti s chuyn t EOS thnh NORM, ng thi t m CTRL ca
thnh vin mi cao nht c thay i thnh EOS, CTRL ca tt c cc thnh vin mi cn li
c thit lp bng NORM.
Bc cui cng ca qu trnh thm thnh vin l gi i NORM hoc EOS trong t m
iu khin ca gi iu khin cho thnh vin . Khung conten u tin cha s liu ti trng
cho thnh vin mi s l khung conten ngay sau bit cui cng ca khung cha bn tin
NORM/EOS.
(2) Loi b tm thi thnh vin (gim dung lng)
Khi ti pha thu pht hin ra mt thnh vin pht NORM hoc EOS b s c trong mng,
pha thu s gi i MST = FAIL cho thnh vin . Sau pha pht s thay th iu kin
NORM/EOS bng DNU v thnh vin ngay trc s gi i EOS trong trng CTRL. Bc
cui cng trong qu trnh loi b tm thi mt thnh vin l loi b vng ti trng ca thnh vin
khi VCG. Khung conten cui cng cha ti trng ca thnh vin b loi b l khung cha bit
cui cng ca gi iu khin cha t m DNU. Khung tip theo khung cui cng s cha ton bit
0 trong vng ti trng. Hnh 4.21 minh ha qu trnh loi b thnh vin cui cng do li s dng
lnh DNU.
Khi pha thu pht hin nguyn nhn gy s c c xa b, n s gi MST = OK cho
thnh vin . Pha pht s thay th iu kin DNU bng NORM/EOS v thnh vin ngay trc
s gi i NORM trong trng CTRL. Bc cui cng khi khi phc li mt thnh vin b
loi b tm thi l bt u s dng li vng ti trng ca thnh vin . Khung conten u tin
cha s liu ti trng cho thnh vin ny l khung ngay sau khung cha bit cui cng ca gi iu
khin c t m NORM/EOS u tin cho thnh vin .
NMS
memn-1
Sk
LCAS
memn (EOS)
Sk
MST=FAIL
Trng
thi li
CTRL=EOS
CTRL=DNU
thnh IDLE. Nu vic xa khng c thc hin bi thnh vin cao nht th cc thnh vin c s
th t trong khong t thnh vin b xa ti s th t cao nht s cp nht SQ trong cc gi iu
khin, ng thi thnh vin b xa thay i trng thi. Khi thnh vin b xa gi i t m iu
khin IDLE, khung conten cui cng ca thnh vin ny cn cha s liu ti trng l khung cha
bit cui cng ca gi iu khin. Hnh 4.22 minh ha qu trnh loi b cc thnh vin th 4 v th
5 t mt VCG c n = 6 thnh vin.
mem4
mem5
mem6 (EOS)
Sk
Sk
Sk
NMS
LCAS
Lnh
gim
CTRL=IDLE
SQ=4
CTRL=IDLE
SQ=5
CTRL=EOS
SQ=3
MST=FAIL
o bit RS-Ack
MST=FAIL
o bit RS-Ack
IP
IP
SDH
ATM
SDH
IP
Quang/WDM
Quang/WDM
Quang/WDM
Quang/WDM
120
T hnh 4.23 cho bit c 4 kh nng cu trc mng. Tuy nhin, vn mt bng iu
khin i vi mng quang l rt quan trng v vn cha c gii quyt trn vn. Phi chng iu
khin c bt ngun t lp quang v vn hnh IP theo cch chng ln? Hay l IP iu khin mt
bng quang? Thm ch cc mt bng iu khin khc cng c pht sinh t cc quyt nh nh
tuyn (th d cc mt bng iu khin nhn c t chnh sch)? Nhng vn ny c tho
lun trong chuyn "Cc mt bng iu khin quang hin ti v tng lai" v khng thuc ni
dung ca cun ti liu ny.
121
S
M
T
Trm 1
Trm 2
MAC
MAC
A
PI
PO
B
SO
SI
SI
SO
B
S
M
T
S
M
T
PHY
PHY
PO
PI
PI
PO
B
SO
SI
SI
SO
MAC
PI
A
PHY
PHY
PHY
PO
S
M
T
MAC
Trm 4
Trm 3
to thnh cc bit m 4B/5B NRZI v truyn trn si quang. i vi lung s liu thu, m NRZI
c gii m thnh dng m NRZ v sau gii m mt ln na thnh cc k hiu hexa v
chuyn ti MAC.
Mi thng tin trn FDDI c truyn nh mt dy ca cc nhm m. MAC quyt nh
dy m pht. Cc k hiu c th vn chuyn 3 loi thng tin: trng thi ng, iu khin v s
liu. Cc k hiu 4 bit t MAC c m ho thnh cc nhm m NRZ 5 bit v chuyn giao cho
chc nng pht. B to dao ng ni b 125 MHz nhp cc k hiu v cc bit m i qua my
pht. Sau chc nng pht m ho lung bit m NRZ thnh lung xung cn bng NRZI
chuyn ti my pht si quang trong lp ph thuc mi trng vt l (PMD). FDDI s dng m
NRZI kt hp s liu v ng h, ng thi cn bng thnh phn mt chiu ch thay i trong
gii hn 10%.
My thu quang chuyn i cc xung quang thnh lung bit NRZI in. Sau chc nng
thu gii m lung bit NRZI thnh lung xung cn bng 5 bit NRZ. ng h 125 MHz c tch
t lung xung n. My thu phc hi ng h (RCRCLK) ng b lung bit n v cung cp ch
th kho tn s v pha cho SMT. M NRZ c chuyn ti b gii m chuyn i thnh cc k
hiu 4 bit v gi ti MAC. Lp SMT thc hin chc nng qun l cu hnh trm, qun l kt ni
vt l v qun l giao din mi trng.
FDDI s dng giao thc th bi thi gian c thit k nhm m bo thi gian quay
vng th bi cc i. m thi gian do qu trnh ra mnh lnh quyt nh da vo khi u.
SD
FC
ED
SD
FC
DA
Khung
Tin t
SA
Trng tin
FCS
ED
FS
1 byte
S
F
D
6 byte
6 byte
2 byte
di thay i t
46 1500 byte
4 byte
S liu khch hng MAC: trng ny cha s liu truyn t trm ngun ti trm hoc
cc trm ch. Kch c cc i ca trng ny l 1500 byte. Nu kch c ca trng ny nh hn
46 byte th vic s dng trng "Pad" tip theo l cn thit a kch c khung ti chiu di cc
tiu.
Pad: nu cn thit th cc byte s liu d c gn vo trng ny a chiu di
khung ti kch c cc tiu. Kch c khung Ethernet cc tiu l 64 byte k t trng a ch MAC
ch ti dy kim tra khung.
Dy kim tra khung: trng ny cha gi tr kim tra s d chu trnh (CRC) c s
dng kim tra li. Khi trm ngun tp hp mt khung MAC, n tin hnh tnh ton CRC trn
tt c cc bit trong khung t a ch MAC ch cho ti cc trng Pad v truyn n nh l mt b
phn ca khung. Khi trm ch nhn c khung, n thc hin kim tra nhn dng. Nu gi tr
tnh ton khng ph hp vi gi tr trong trng ny th trm ch cho l li xy ra trong khi
truyn v loi b khung.
4.5.2.2. a ch MAC
a ch MAC c th hin ti hnh 4.27.
Nh cung cp
Thit b
1
6 byte
byte th nht
1
8 bit
S liu
CRC
125
a ch ch a ch ngun
Nhn
di/Kiu
S liu
CRC
4 byte
B nhn dng giao
thc nhn (TPID)
B nhn dng iu
khin nhn (LCI)
2 byte
2 byte
B nhn dng giao thc nhn
(TPID) 0 8100
16 bit
802.1p
3 bit
C
F
I
B nhn dng
VLAN
1 bit
12 bit
4.5.3. Lp vt l Ethernet
4.5.3.1. Cc tiu chun k thut chung
Bng 4.4 thng k ch tiu k thut lp vt l c p dng cho Ethernet. Chiu di cc
i cc on cp c p dng cho hot ng na song cng i vi mng ch c mt trm lp
hoc hub lp.Chiu di cc i cc on cp i vi mng c nhiu hn mt trm lp p dng cho
hot ng song cng.
Bng 4.4- Cc ch tiu k thut lp vt l Ethernet
126
Tiu chun
Khuyn ngh
10 Base -T
802.3i-1990
Tc
10 Mbit/s
Mi trng
2 cp 100
Chiu di cc i cp (m)
Na song cng
Song cng
100
100
cp UTR
10Base -FL
802.3j-1993
10 Mbit/s
2 si quang
2000
> 2000
100 Base-TX
802.3u-1995
100 Mbit/s
2 cp 100
100
100
100 Base- FX
802.3u-1995
100 Mbit/s
2 si quang
412
2000
1000Base-LX
802.3z-1998
1 Gbit/s
= 1300 nm
2a=62,5 m
316
550
2a= 50 m
316
550
2a= 10 m
316
5000
2a=62,5 m
275
275
2a=50 m
316
550
100
1000Base-SX
802.3z-1998
1 Gbit/s
= 850 nm
1000Base-T
802.3ab-1999
1 Gbit/s
4 cp 100
100
10Gbase
802.3ae-2002
10 Gbit/s
= 850 nm
NA
SR/SW
10Gbase-
802.3ae-2002
10 Gbit/s
LR/LW
10Gbase-
33
2a=50 m
300
= 1310 nm
NA
10.000
2a= 10 m
802.3ae-2002
10 Gbit/s
ER/EW
10Gbase-LX4
2a=62,5 m
= 1550 nm
NA
40.000
2a= 10 m
802.3ae-2002
10 Gbit/s
= 1310 nm
NA
2a=62,5 m
300
2a= 50 m
300
2a= 10 m
10.000
4.5.3.2. 10Base-T
Cp xon i
10Base-T cung cp tc tryn dn 10 Mbit/s trn 2 i dy cp in thoi xon i loi
3 hoc tt hn. y l loi cp s dng rng ri cho Ethernet.
B ni RJ-45
10Base-T s dng mt i dy pht s liu v mt i khc thu s liu. C hai i
c t trong mt cp c c hai i ph khng s dng cho 10Base-T. Mi u cp c kt
cui vi mt b ni RJ-45 hoc Jc cm.
Kt ni im- im
Mi kt ni 10Base-T l im -im. iu ny c ngha l mt cp 10Base-T c th c ti
a 2 my thu pht Ethernet (hoc MAU). Mt u ca cp tip xc vi mt hub lp 10Base-T
hoc chuyn mch L2. u khc ca cp tip xc trc tip vi tm giao din mng (NIC) ca
trm my tnh, hoc my thu pht 10Base-T bn ngoi. Chc nng ca my thu pht c tch
127
hp vo trong hu ht cc NIC 10Base-T, cho php cp cm trc tip vo b ni RJ-45 trn NIC
m khng cn bt k thnh phn hoc u cui no bn ngoi. Giao din AUI trn cc NIC c c
th c s dng tip xc vi mng 10Base-T qua my thu pht bn ngoi.
S dng cp "vt" v cp "rnh thng"
Hai NIC 10Base-T c th tip xc trc tip vi nhau m khng cn hub lp 10Base-T.
Trong trng hp ny mt cp "vt" c bit yu cu tip xc vi i pht ca mt trm ti i
thu ca trm khc v ngc li. Khi gn NIC vo hub lp cn s dng cp "rnh thng" thng
thng v chc nng vt c thc hin bn trong hub lp.
Chiu di on cc i
Chiu di on i vi 10Base-T c cp loi 3 l 100 m. Cp cht lng cao nh dy
ng loi 5 c kh nng thc hin on di ti 150 m m vn m bo cht lng tn hiu.
4.5.3.3. 100Base-T
Nhn dng 100Base-T lin quan n mt tp y cc ch tiu k thut v cc tiu
chun mi trng i vi Ethernet 100 Mbit/s hoc "Ethernet nhanh". Bn tiu chun mi trng
100 Mbit/s c quy nh l:
100Base-TX
100Base-FX
100Base-T4
100Base-T2
Vic s dng cc tiu chun 100Base-TX v 100Base-FX c m t di y.
Tt c cc tiu chun 100Base-T u c chung ch tiu cht lng "iu khin truy nhp
mi trng" (MAX), nhng mi tiu chun c "lp vt l", hoc my thu pht v ch tiu cht
lng ring. My thu pht 100 Mbit/s c th tch hp trc tip bn trong thit b mng, chng hn
trm lp hoc tm giao din mng (NIC), hoc t bn ngoi thit b. Nu t bn ngoi, my thu
pht tip xc vi trm lp hoc NIC qua b ni "giao din c lp mi trng" (MII) 40 chn.
My thu pht c th cm trc tip vo b ni MII, hoc tip xc qua mt cp MII tng t cp
AUI c quy nh nh l mt b phn ca tiu chun 10 Mbit/s. Cp MII c th t di cc
i 0,5 m.
MII cung cp hot ng Ethernet ti 10 Mbit/s hoc 100 Mbit/s. Nhiu my thu pht
Ethernet nhanh gm cc thnh phn in t cho php h tr hot ng ti mt trong hai tc
trn y.
4.5.3.4. 100Base-X
B nhn dng "100Base-X" c quan h vi cc tiu chun 100Base-TX v 100Base-FX .
C 100Base-TX v 100Base-FX u c chung ch tiu k thut bo hiu "4B/5B" theo tiu chun
X3T9.5 ca ANSI p dng cho giao din phn phi s liu si quang (FDDI). Ch tiu k thut
bo hiu hin ti ph hp vi tc cc sn phm 100Base-X.
Trong bo hiu 4B/5B, mi nhm 4 bit ca s liu c chuyn i thnh m 5 bit
truyn qua mi trng. Mo u kt hp vi bit d yu cu tc truyn tn hiu l 125
megabaud c s dng vn chuyn net 100 Mbit/s ca s liu ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, bit
d cho php "cc k hiu" 5 bit truyn ti thng tin iu khin b sung vo s liu ngi s dng.
128
Cc k hiu 5 bit cng c quy nh theo cch m bo truyn dn theo chu k tn hiu v cho
php my thu duy tr ng b vi lung s liu n.
4.5.3.5. 100Base-TX
Cp xon i
100Base-TX cung cp tc truyn dn 100 Mbit/s trn hai i cp ng xon i (UTP).
Cp loi 5 l loi cp c cht lng cao hn cp loi 3 s dng trong 10Base-T. UTP c th
truyn ti tn s 100 MHz. Cp loi 3 cung cp truyn dn ch ti 16 MHz. 100Base-TX truyn s
liu m ho 4B/5B theo tiu chun ANSI X3T9.5 p dng cho giao din phn phi s liu si
quang (FDDI). Ch rng vic s dng m 4B/5B i hi tc truyn s liu 125 megabaud
truyn ti net 100 Mbit/s. Nhng 125 megabaud tng ng vi tn s cc i l 62,5 MHz thp
hn tn s cc i 100 MHz m cp loi 5 cung cp.
Kt ni im- im
Tt c cc on ca 100Base-TX u l im ni im c mt my thu pht ti mi u
ca cp. Hu ht cc 100Base-TX kt ni trm my tnh n hub lp hoc chuyn mch L2. Cc
thit b ny c chc nng thu pht c tch hp cm trc tip cp loi 5 vo b ni RJ-45 trn
hub hoc chuyn mch. Cc trm my tnh tip xc thng qua tm giao din mng (NIC). Chc
nng thu pht c tch hp vi NIC cho php cp xon i loi 5 cm trc tip vo b ni RJ-45
trn NIC.
S dng cp "vt" v cp "rnh thng"
Hai tm giao din mng (NIC) 100Base-TX cng c th tip xc trc tip vi nhau m
khng cn mt hub lp 100Base-TX. Trong trng hp ny cn s dng cp vt chuyn dng
v yu cu ni cp pht ca mt trm vo cp thu ca trm khc v ngc li. Khi ni NIC vo
hub lp cn s dng cp rnh thng thng thng v chc nng vt c thc hin bn trong
hub lp.
Cung cp tu chn ca kiu hon ton song cng
Cc tuyn pht v thu c lp ca mi trng 100Base-TX cho php kiu hot ng hon
ton song cng. Mun cung cp kiu hon ton song cng, c NIC v hub phi c kh nng v cu
hnh i vi hot ng hon ton song cng.
4.5.3.6. 100Base-FX
Cp si quang
100Base-FX cung cp tc truyn dn 100 Mbit/s trn hai si quang. N cho php
di on t ti 412 m i vi tuyn na song cng v ln hn hoc bng 2000 m i vi tuyn
hon ton song cng. 100Base-FX cn phng n si quang theo tiu chun 100Base-FX. Cp
ng xon i v cc b ni c s dng trong 100Base-TX c thay th bi cp si quang v
cc b ni ca 100Base-FX . C hai tiu chun u s dng kiu m ho tn hiu 4B/5B.
Cp si quang c s dng i vi 100Base-FX l cp si a mode (MMF) c kch c
62,5/125 m. Loi cp si quang khc, chng hn nh 50/125 m, 85/125 m v 100/140 m
cng c th s dng cho 100Base-FX, nhng chng khng hnh thnh cc on c di nh cp
si quang 62,5/125 m.
Bc sng s dng cho 100Base-FX l 1300 nm.
129
B ni quang
Tiu chun 100Base-FX cho php s dng mt s loi b ni quang. Cc b ni song
cng "SC" c khuyn co s dng, nhng cc b ni "ST" v "FDDI MIC" cng c th dng
c. Hai si quang s dng trong mi on 100Base-FX.. Mt si s dng cho pht tn hiu v
mt si s dng thu tn hiu.
Cc kt ni im- im
Tt c cc on 100Base-FX u l im ni im, trong c mt my pht ti mi u
ca tuyn. 100Base-FX yn cu phn cng my pht ng nht. Hub lp 100Base-FX c cc b
ni v my thu pht si quang rt-cm. Cc tm giao din mng c th tch hp vi cc b ni v
my thu pht 100Base-FX, hoc my thu pht 100Base-FX c th gn bn ngoi thng qua b ni
giao din c lp mi trng (MII) 40 chn.
Kiu hon ton song cng tu chn
Cc tuyn pht v thu c lp ca 100Base-FX cho php hot ng hon ton song cng.
Khi hot ng theo kiu hon ton song cng, chiu di on ca 100Base-FX c th tng t 412
m ti 2000 m. Cng c th cung cp chiu di on ln hn khi s dng cp si quang n mode
(SMF) t hn. Trong kiu hon ton song cng, chiu di on khng b hn ch bi thi gian
kh hi yu cu i vi min xung t ca CSMA/CD.
4.5.3.7. 1000Base-X
1000Base-X lin quan n cc tiu chun "Ethernet Gigabit" 1000Base-LX, 1000Base-SX
v 1000Base-CX. Mi tiu chun ny u da vo cc ch tiu k thut lp vt l ANSI X3.2301994 i vi knh si quang. c bit, 1000Base-X s dng s m ho "8B/10B".
Ch rng 1000Base-T l tiu chun Gigabit Ethernet b sung, khng s dng cc ch
tiu k thut lp vt l knh quang v khng thuc v h tiu chun 1000Base-X
Bo hiu 8B/10B
Nh bo hiu 8B/10B m mi byte 8 bit c chuyn i thnh k hiu 10 bit truyn
trn mi trng si quang. Mo u kt hp vi cc bit d yu cu truyn tn hiu vi tc 1,25
gigabaud vn chuyn net 1 Gigabit/s. Tuy nhin, cc bit d cho php mt k hiu duy nht
c phn phi cho mi lin hp 8 bit s liu tin cy, ng thi cho php cc k hiu b sung
chuyn ti thng tin iu khin v cc thng tin khc. Cc k hiu iu khin c s dng cho
cc trng hp nh u gi, cui gi v ri. Nhiu k hiu l khng tin cy v nu thu c
chng th ch th xy ra li truyn dn. Tt c cc k hiu tin cy c quy nh bao gm 5 bit 1
v 5 bit 0 an xen nhau nhm cn bng thnh phn mt chiu tn hiu truyn dn. iu ny cng
cho php my thu d dng thc hin ng b k hiu v m bo lung bit n c cc chuyn
mc tch ng h d dng.
Giao din c lp mi trng (GMII)
Tiu chun 1000Base-X quy nh mt giao din c lp mi trng Gigabit (GMII) kt
ni iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) cc chc nng lp vt l (PHY) ca mt thit b
Ethernet Gigabit. GMII tng t nh giao din khi kt ni (AUI) trong Ethernet 10 Mbit/s v
giao din c lp mi trng (MII) trong Ethernet 100 Mbit/s. Tuy nhin, khc AUI v MII ch
khng cn b ni i vi GMII, cho php my thu pht gn vi nhau bn ngoi qua cp. Chc
nng thu pht c a vo trong mi thit b Ethernet Gigabit v GMII tn ti nh mt giao din
thnh phn bn trong.
130
4.5.3.8. 1000Base-LX
Ch ci "L" trong 1000Base-LX k hiu cho "long" ch r s dng Laser bc sng
di truyn tn hiu trn cp si quang. Laser bc sng di hot ng trong phm vi bc sng
t 1270 nm n 1355 nm trn si quang a mode v n mode. Laser bc sng di t hn laser
bc sng ngn, nhng c u im l c ly truyn di hn.
4.5.3.9. 1000Base-SX
Ch ci "S" trong 1000Base-SX k hiu cho "Short", ch r s dng Laser bc sng
ngn truyn tn hiu trn si quang. Laser bc sng ngn c quy nh hot ng trong di
bc sng t 770 nm n 860 nm v ch s dng cp si quang a mode. Laser bc sng ngn
c u im l r hn Laser bc sng di.
4.6.1.2. M hnh lp
M hnh lp RPR v mi lin quan ti m hnh tham kho kt ni h thng m (OSI)
c minh ho ti hnh 4.30. Phn lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC), phn lp tuyn s
liu MAC v cc phn lp trung gian c quy nh trong m hnh ny nh l giao din dch v
MAC v giao din dch v vt l PHY do cc phn lp cung cp.
Giao din dch v MAC cung cp cc c s dch v cho khch hng MAC s dng nhm
trao i s liu vi mt hoc nhiu khch hng hoc chuyn pht thng tin iu khin ni b gia
MAC v khch hng MAC. Phn lp iu khin MAC iu khin phn lp tuyn s liu, duy tr
trng thi MAC v phi hp vi phn lp iu khin MAC ca cc MAC khc v iu khin cc
chc nng chuyn pht i vi mi mng vng dt.
131
Cc lp RPR
Cc lp m hnh
tham kho OSI
Cc lp cao
ng dng
Trnh din
Giao din
dch v MAC
iu khin MAC
on
Topology
v bo v
Fairness
Truyn ti
OAM
Giao din
dch v PHY
Mng
Tuyn s liu
Lp vt l
Vt l
Mi trng
Hnh 4.30- Mi lin quan gia m hnh RPR v
m hnh tham kho OSI
Cc khch hng MAC s dng giao din dch v PHY pht v thu cc khung trn mi
trng vt l. Cc phn lp trung gian khc nhau quy nh s sp xp gia cc giao din PHY c
th v cc giao din c lp mi trng (MII). Tiu chun ny bao gm nh ngha cc phn lp
khc nhau i vi mi giao din PHY v cng nhn cc phn lp khc da vo cc yu cu t
ra.
S0
S1
S2
S4
S3
Chng
S5
Tuyn
S253
S254
mng vng dt 1
mng vng dt 0
S0
S1
PHY
Ty
MAC
PHY
ng
Trm S2
S3
S253
S254
iu khin
Chn mng vng dt
MAC
Phn lp tuyn
s liu MAC
Giao din
dch v PHY
Pht
133
MA_DATA.yu cu
S1
iu khin
Tuyn s liu
ring dt 1
Ty
PHY
Chn
MAC
Tuyn s liu
ring dt 0
S2
iu khin
Tuyn s liu
ring dt 1
Ty
ng
PHY
Chn
MA_DATA.ch th
S3
Tuyn s liu
ring dt 0
ng
iu khin
Tuyn s liu
ring dt 1
Ty
PHY
Chn
Tuyn s liu
ring dt 0
ng
ttl
ttl
baseControl
baseControl
da
da
sa
sa
ttlBase
ttlBase
extendedControl
extendedControl
hec
hec
protocol/Type
daExtended
seviseDataUnit
saExtended
fcs
protocol/Type
seviceDataUnit
fcs
Ti trng
ui
a)
a) Khun dng khung c bn
b) Khun dng khung m rng
Ti trng
ui
b)
Tn
Hng
ngha
24
DATA_MIN
12
EXT_HDR_SIZE
1616
ERGULAR_MAX
9216
JUMBO_MAX
Khung s liu nh nht c 24 byte. Kch c cc i ca khung s liu l 1616 byte trong
trng hp khng c cung cp khung ln (Jumbo) v 9216 bye khi c cung cp khung ln.
(2) Khun dng khung iu khin
Hnh 4.36 th hin khun dng khung iu khin.
ttl
baseControl
da
sa
ttlBase
extendedControl
2
1
hec
controlType
1
n
controlVersion
controlDataUnit
fcs
Ti trng
ui
ttl
baseControl
sacompact
fairnessHeader
fairRate
fcs
Ti trng
ui
Khun dng khung fairness khc vi khun dng khung s liu v khung iu khin.Cc
khung fairness khng gi ti cc nt ch nh. Chng c gi ti trm gn nht ca trm
pht hoc truyn qung b trn ton b mng vng dt. V vy a ch ch khng cha bt k
thng tin hu ch no v c b qua. Cc khung c rt ngn gim rung pha (jitter) ca cc
khung khc v gim s tiu th rng bng tn hu dng, ng thi cc tiu ho yu cu nh
khi lu tr nhiu khung.
ngha cc trng trong khung:
ttl- Trng 8 bit c ci t ti gi tr MAX_STATIONS bi trm gc. Mi trm k tip
trong vng tc nghn ci t ttl nh hn ttl SCFF thu c ln cui. iu ny cho php trm thu
tnh ton s lng bc nhy ti trm gc nh l MAX_STARTIONS-frame.ttl. Trm l gc ca
khung fairness nu n t myMacAddress trong trng frame.saCompact ca khung truyn dn.
baseControl- Trng 8 bit tc ng n cc phng n x l khung.
saCompact- Trng 48 bit cha mt a ch MAC 48 bit ring. N quy nh trm cung
cp cc gi tr cha trong cc trng fairnessHeader v fairRate.
fairnessHeader- Trng iu khin 16 bit, trong ba bit u tin (ffType) ch th loi
khung v 13 bit cn li l d tr.
137
ttl
baseControl
saCompact
idlePayload
u
Ti trng
fcs
ui
4.6.1.7. Lp vt l RPR
(1) M hnh cc phn lp
Mi lin quan gia cc phn lp vt l v MAC c th hin nh hnh 4.39.
Giao din
dch v PHY
Tng ng vi
lp vt l ca m
hnh tham kho OSI
GRS
SRS
GMII
XGMII
XAUI
SPI-X
GFP thch ng
PacketPHY
HDLC thch ng
SDH PHY
MDI
Mi trng
Mi trng
- SPI mc 3 (SPI-3) truyn 8 bit v thu cc tuyn s liu hot ng t 155 Mbit/s
Mbit/s.
139
- SPI mc 3 (SPI-3) truyn 32 bit v thu tuyn s liu hot ng t 155 Mbit/s n
2,5
Gbit/s.
- SPI mc 4 giai on 1 (SPI-4.1) hot ng t 200 Mbit/s n 10 Gbit/s.
- SPI mc 4 giai on 2 (SPI.4.2) hot ng ti 622 Mbit/s n 10 Gbit/s.
SRS v GRS i vi mt trong cc giao din l hon ton ging nhau v in, tr GRS
mang thng tin chiu di khung.
Phn lp p ng SDH
- Phn lp p ng GFP sp xp khung
- Phn lp p ng ng khung HDLC ng b byte
- Phn lp p ng ng khung LAPS
b) Cc giao din lp vt l Packet PHY
Phn lp trung gian packetPHY
Hai phn lp trung gian c quy nh cung cp cc giao din cho PacketPHY. Th
nht l phn lp trung gian PacketPHY 1 Gbit/s (PRS-1).Th hai l phn lp trung gian
PacketPHY10 Gbit/s (PRS-10) cung cp giao din tiu chun khi s dng PacketPHY 10 Gbit/s.
- Phn lp trung gian PRS-1
Phn lp trung gian PRS-1 sp xp cc nguyn thu dch v lp vt l MAC thnh dng
giao din c lp mi trng gigabit (GMII). GMII l giao din tu chn, nhng n c s dng
lm c s m t PRS-1.
- Phn lp trung gian PRS-10
Phn lp trung gian PRS-10 sp xp cc nguyn thu lp dch v MAC thnh dng giao
din c lp mi trng 10 Gbit (XGMII). Phn lp XGMII m rng c s dng cung cp
giao din khi cm 10 Gbit (XAUI). XGMII v XAUI l cc giao din tu chn. XGMII c s
dng lm c s cho vic m t PRS-10.
PacketPHY
- PacketPHY 1 Gbit/s
PacketPHY 1 Gbit/s bao gm phn lp m ho vt l (PCS), phn lp tip xc mi trng
vt l (PMA) v phn lp ph thuc mi trng vt l (PMD). Cc danh mc ngoi l sau y p
dng i vi PCS, PMA v PMD:
Khng cung cp cc trm lp
Kch c khung nh nht l 16 byte
Kch c khung ln nht bng 9216 byte
Khng s dng m phn t ng nn PRS-1 hot ng hon ton song
cng, mt chc nng iu khin lung v my pht khng to ra li t xa, nu c th my thu b
qua.
- PacketPHY 10 Gbit/s
PacketPHY 10 Gbit/s bao gm phn lp m ho vt l (PCS), phn lp tip xc mi
trng vt l (PMA) v phn lp ph thuc mi trng vt l (PMD). PacketPHY c th tu
chn, bao gm mt phn lp giao din WAN (WIS), giao din khi cm 10 Gbit/s (XAUI) v
phn lp XGMII m rng . Cc danh mc ngoi l sau y p dng cho cc phn lp giao din
ny:
140
S1
1 Gbit/s
S2
S3
S4
S5
Mng vng 1
Mng vng 0
141
Cc gi s liu IP trong SRP bao gm a ch MAC ngun v ch dnh cho vic tm kim
a ch, trng kiu giao thc biu th giao thc truyn ti v dy kim tra khung (FCS) pht
hin li. a ch MAC c 48 bit . Vic tnh ton FCS c tin hnh trn ton b gi, tr 16 bit
u ca SRP. Khun dng khung ng gi IP c th hin ti hnh 4.41.
Bng 4.6 l cc gi tr ca trng kiu giao thc.
Bng 4.6- Cc gi tr c kh nng ca trng kiu giao thc
Trng
S bit
Gi tr
S dng
16
0 2007
iu khin SRP
0 0800
Ipv4
0 0806
ARP
0 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 90 12 3 45 6789012 34 56789 0 1
Thi gian sng
(TTL)
R MOD PRI
P
a ch MAC ch
a ch MAC ngun
MTU
Ti trng
FCS
Khi truyn dn cc i (MTU) = 55 9216 byte
Hnh 4.41- Khun dng gi s liu SRP ng gi IP
u khung bao gm cc trng thi gian sng (TTL), nhn dng mng vng (R), kiu
(MOD), th t u tin (PRI) v kim tra tng l (P) c cc chc nng c lit k trong bng 4.7.
142
S bit
TTL
PRI
MOD
Gi tr
S dng
m bc nhy
000
D tr
001
D tr
010
D tr
011
T bo ATM
100
Thng bo iu khin
gi ti HOST
101
Thng bo iu khin gi ti b
m ca HOST
110
Thng bo s dng
111
S liu gi
0 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 90 12 3 45 6789012 34 56789 0 1
Thi gian sng
(TTL)
VCI
R MOD PRI
PTI
VPI/VCI
HEC
MTU
4.6.2.4. Lp vt l SRP
(1) ng khung
143
Mc d SRP l giao thc lp MAC c lp mi trng vt l, nhng vic thc hin trc
ht phi da vo lp vt l SDH. Vic thc hin ny s dng m t c nh nhau v c ch n
octet nh trong truyn gi trn SDH (POS).
Dy nh phn "01111110" c thm vo ti u v cui ca mi gi SRP ch th cc
bin gii gi. C ch n byte s dng dy nh phn "01111101" nh l mt k hiu thot. iu
ny nhm m bo cc byte s liu ging c hoc k hiu thot s khng dn ti lm mt ng b
khung.
(2) Khun dng giao din v tc truyn
Lung s liu c sp xp vo AUG ca cc khung SDH kt chui. Cc giao din truyn
ti gi linh hot (DPT) c th c s dng kt ni cc ADM SDH, cc si d tr v cc u
cui DWDM, v vy chng to ra rt nhiu thun li cho nh thit k mng.
DPT nh r cc giao din ca STM-4c, STM-16c. p ng mt phm vi y cc
yu cu ca mng quang tng lai trong vng trc chnh, cc giao din STM-64c cng s c s
dng.
0 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 90 12 3 45 6789012 34 56789 0 1
Thi gian sng
(TTL)
R MOD PRI
P
a ch MAC ch
a ch MAC ngun
Chiu di topo
MTU
a ch MAC thng nht
ton cu ca b khi u (48 bit)
Kiu MAC
B MAC
HI LO
HI LO
B
m
thu
gi
.K
Si
quang
thu
Logic MAC
B m
thu
B m
pht
B m trung gian
Tm a ch
HI
SRP-fa
Si
quang
pht
LO
SRP-fa: thut ton fairness SRP
Hnh 4.44- X l gi SRP
Nu a ch ch ca gi thu c khng ph hp th trng TTL s gim. Nu trng
TTL bng zero th gi b loi. Mt khc, gi c a vo b m pht tip tc lu thng. Vic
c a gi vo hng i u tin thp hay cao ca b m pht hay khng l do kim tra trng
FRI v ngng ca b m SRP quyt nh.
Tt c cc gi iu khin n u c nt ca mng vng x l v c lc b khi
mng vng v cc gi iu khin thng c truyn t im ti im. Mi gi iu khin c
145
phn tch xc nh kiu ca n khi s dng trng kiu. Quy nh c hai kiu thng bo iu
khin. Th nht, cc gi iu khin m ti ch l cc gi iu khin rt quan trng v chng c
s dng cho chuyn mch bo v v c a vo b m thu ring. Th hai, cc gi iu khin
gi ti trm ch c a vo b m thu dnh cho cc gi s liu.
Ti pha pht, cc gi n t lp 3 c a vo hng i pht u tin thp hoc cao nu
ph hp vi a ch PRI ca cc gi. B lp chng trnh do SRP-fa iu khin v sau chn
mt gi t u ra b m pht u tin thp/cao hoc t hng i pht u tin thp/cao gi i
tip.
(3) a hng
SRP kt hp lp 2 v 3 v l l do ti sao cn cung cp a hng. a ch MAC c 3
byte u tin dnh cho a ch MAC ca SRP. Bit c ngha thp nht ca cc byte quan trng
nht c gi l bit a hng c ci t bng 1 v ch th gi a hng. SRP cung cp a
hng cho giao thc lp 3 bt k, nhng trng tm l IP a hng.
Xem IP nh l giao thc lp 3. Ba byte cui cng ca a ch MAC SRP c s dng
sp xp trc tip ID nhm a hng 23 bit ca a ch a hng IP vo a ch a hng SRP.
Hnh 4.45 minh ho a ch a hng IP 224.2.175.237 c ghp vo a ch MAC a hng
SRP nh th no.
0 01005E
0
Bit a hng
0 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 90 12 3 45 6789012 34 56789 0 1
Thi gian sng
(TTL)
R MOD PRI
P 0 0 0 0 0 00 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 11 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
a ch MAC ngun
a ch a hng IP
224.2.175.237
a ch a hng SRP- 001:00:5E:02: AF:ED
146
biu th mt trong 8 mc u tin. Sau , vic sp xp c tin hnh bi sao chp ba kiu bit
dch v ca u IP vo trng PRI 3 bit ca u SRP MAC.
0 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 90 12 3 45 6789012 34 56789 0 1
Thi gian sng
(TTL)
MTU
R MOD PRI
P
a ch MAC ch
a ch MAC ngun
Octet IPS
Octet d tr
FCS
pFCS
147
Octet IPS ca thng bo IPS bao gm thng tin v kiu yu cu IPS, trng thi u vng
v ch th tuyn. Bng 4.8 lit k chi tit cc gi tr c kh nng ca octet IPS, trong ch lit k
cc gi tr c kh nng, khng a ra cc gi tr d tr. ch r ni dung thng bo IPS, trch
dn mt th d: (Request Type, Source Address, Wrap status, Path Indicator).
Bng 4.8- Cch s dng cc bit ca octet IPS
Trng
Th t bit
Gi tr
S dng
Kiu yu cu IPS
0 3
1101
1011
Mt tn hiu (SF)
1000
0110
0101
i phc hi (WTR)
0000
Khng c yu cu (I)
Tuyn di (L)
010
Ch th tuyn
M trng thi
4
57
Ri (I)
M t
Mt khung (LOF)
Mt tn hiu (LOS)
T s li bit (BER)
148
- Trng thi thng sut: nt hot ng bnh thng, lu lng u vng v cc thng
bo tuyn di IPS {Req, Src, W, L} v pha trc.
- Trng thi u vng: cung cp chuyn mch bo v bng cch u vng lu lng ti
si quang thay th v gi i thng bo tuyn ngn IPS {Req, Self, W, S}.
Khi hot ng bnh thng, cc nt trng thi ri v truyn u n thng bo tuyn
ngn IPS {Req, Self, W,S} ch th trng thi ri.
Trong trng hp c yu cu ni b, nt chuyn sang trng thi u vng. Mc d ang
gi i thng bo tuyn ngn {Req, Self, W, S}, nhng nt ti pha khc ca chng b hng cng
c gi l "nt kt ni" v buc phi i vo trng thi u vng.
Nt i vo trng thi u vng v yu cu ni b c thng bo ti cc nt khc v
u vng mng thng qua vic gi i thng bo tuyn di {Idle, Self, W,L}.
Cc nt trong mng vng tip nhn thng bo di ny mt cch t ng s chuyn sang
trng thi chuyn tip v gi cho nt tip theo thng bo tuyn di thu c.
Tx {Idle, Src, I, S}
Ri
Rx {Idle, Src, I, S}
Xo yu cu ti ch hoc
Rx {Idle, Src, I, S}
Rx {Idle, Src, I, L}
Tx {Req, Src, W, S} i
vi yu cu ni b
hoc Tx {Idle, Self, W, S}
u vng
Chuyn tip
i vi yu cu kt ni
v Tx {Req, Src, W, S}
Chuyn {Req, Src, W, L}
Yu cu FS, SF, SD, MS ti ch >
Yu cu hot ng hoc Rx {Req, Src, W, S}
Chuyn {Req, Src, W, L}>
Yu cu hot ng
Hnh 4.47- M hnh c cu trng thi iu khin thng bo IPS
i chim bao nhiu phn trm so vi tng s byte ti trng ca khung STM-1 truyn i trong mt
giy v hiu sut tng (%) biu th s byte s liu truyn i chim bao nhiu phn trm so vi
tng s byte ca khung STM-1 truyn i trong mt giy.
Giao din SDH 155,52 Mbit/s c kh nng chuyn ti lung s liu IP theo phng thc
POS, DPT v Ethernet. Trong cc trng hp ny, gi tr cc i ca tc gi, thng lng, tc
bit truyn, hiu sut v hiu sut tng u ph thuc vo kch c gi IP.
Cn c vo hnh 4.6, kch c gi POS c xc nh theo biu thc (4.1):
POS_ PSIZE = IPSIZE + POS_OH = IPSIZE + 9
(4.1)
Hnh 4.41 cho php xc nh c kch c gi SRP theo biu thc (4.2):
SRP_PSIZE = IPSIZE + 20
(4.2)
(4.3)
Biu thc chung xc nh tc gi, thng lng, tc bit v hiu sut tng cc i:
PLD / s 2340 8000
=
PSIZE
PSIZE
Tc gi Pr (P/s) =
(4.4)
(4.5)
Tc truyn dn Tr (Mbit/s) = Th 8
(4.6)
Th
Pr PSIZE
=
PLD / s 2340 8000
2340
Pr IPSIZE 2340 Pr IPSIZE
=
=
2340 8000 2430 8000 2430
2430
(4.7)
(4.8)
2340 8000 / s
= 4179 p / s
4479
4179 4470
= 99,76%
2340 8000
Et = 89,71 %
4179 4470
= 96,09%
8000 2430
Th = 18.608 MB/s
Tr = 148.864 Mbit/s
Ef = 99,40 %
Et = 95,72 %
- Truyn ti gi linh hot (DPT):
Pr = 4169 P/s
Th = 18.635 MB/s
Tr = 149,08 Mbit/s
Ef = 99,54 %
Et = 95,86 %
T kt qu tnh ton cho bit phng thc truyn ti gi trn SDH m i din l kiu
ng khung HDLC c tc gi, thng lng, tc truyn, hiu sut v hiu sut tng u cao
hn cc thng s tng ng ca Ethernet v DPT.
TM TT
C mt s cng ngh ng gi c s dng truyn ti lu lng IP trn mng quang
SDH: gi trn SDH, gi tt l POS; truyn ti gi linh hot, gi tt l DPT v Ethernet. POS bao
gm kiu ng gi HDLC, LAPS v GFP. POS s dng cho cc tuyn im ni im v cng c
thc hin l giao thc im - im (PPP).
Truyn ti gi IP trn SDH c thc hin bng cch ng khung cc gi IP theo cc kiu
PPP, HDLC, LAPS, GFP v sau sp xp vo khung n hoc khung kt chui SDH. C th kt
chui cc STM-1 hoc cao nht l cc STM-64.
Phng thc truyn ti gi linh hot (DPT) s dng giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi
trng (MAC) lp 2 mi hay cn gi l giao thc ti s dng khng gian (SRP) hnh thnh
mng vng gi truyn IP hoc ATM trn SDH. y l loi mng vng dt kp c th cung cp s
nt trong mi mng vng ln hn 16, cc i l 255 nt. DPT s dng chuyn mch bo v thng
minh (IPS) da vo cc gi iu khin IPS ch khng s dng chuyn mch bo v t ng
(APS) nh mng vng SDH.
Cc chun Ethernet c s dng hnh thnh mng truyn ti cc gi IP hoc ATM
trn cp ng xon i hoc cp si quang. Mng vng Ethernet quang l FDDI c tc truyn
100 Mbit/s.
Ngoi cc phng thc truyn ti s liu IP trn y cn c mt s phng thc khc nh
IP trc tip trn quang, IP trn ATM trn quang v ATM trc tip trn quang.
Sp xp cc t bo ATM vo cc khung ca SDH l phng thc truyn ti s liu ATM.
BI TP
1) Xy dng c tnh tc truyn s liu cc i qua giao din STM-1 l hm ca kch
c cc gi IP trong phm vi kch c gi IP t 46 n 4470 byte i vi cc phng thc POS,
DPT v Ethernet.
151
2) Xy dng c tnh hiu sut tng cc i khi truyn s liu qua giao din STM-1 l
hm ca kch c cc gi IP trong phm vi kch c gi IP t 46 n 4470 i vi cc phng thc
POS, DPT v Ethernet.
3) Da vo cc c tnh xy dng, nhn xt v so snh:
- Tc truyn v hiu sut tng c quan h th no vi kch c gi IP?
- So snh hiu sut tng ca POS, SRP v Ethernet.
CU HI
(Tr li chn mt trong 3 phng n)
1) Ti sao khi sp xp cc t bo ATM vo VC-n-Xc li phi n X-1 ct ?
a- V s lng cc t bo ATM khng sp xp.
b- V trong khung VC-4-Xc ch cn s dng ct VC-4 POH ca khung VC-4 th nht
ng vai tr VC-4-Xc POH, cc ct VC-4 POH ca cc khung VC-4 khc c thay th bi cc
byte n.
c- V c hai l do trn.
2) Kiu ng khung HDLC, LAPS, GFP nhm mc ch g?
a- Truyn ti s liu IP trn SDH.
b- Truyn ti s liu ATM trn SDH.
c- Truyn ti s liu IP trn SDH v Ethernet trn SDH.
3) Kt chui lin k v kt chui o X khung VC-4 khc nhau nh th no?
a- Khng c g khc nhau: c trong VC-4-Xc v VC-4-Xv u to thnh khung VC-4-X
ln gp X ln khung VC-4.
b- Cc khung VC-4 trong VC-4-Xc truyn cng trn mt tuyn, cc khung VC-4 trong
VC-4-Xv truyn trn cc tuyn khc nhau.
c- Trong VC-4-Xc cc khung VC-4 vn tn ti c lp.
4) Trong mng vng FDDI, tn hiu truyn trn si quang l m g?
a- 4B/5B NRZI.
b- NRZI 4 bit
c- NRZ 5 bit
5) Mng Ethernet quang truyn tc bit cao nht l bao nhiu?
a- 100 Mbit/s.
b- 1 Gbit/s.
c- 10 Gbit/s.
6) Trong mng vng gi ti s dng khng gian, s liu truyn nh th no?
a- Ch trn mng vng 1.
b- Trn mt trong hai mng vng.
c- Trn c mng vng 1 v 0.
(Xem p s v tr li ti phn ph lc).
152
1
0.75
0..5
0..25
0
X
0..5
0..5
0.75
Chng II
Cu 1:
Biu thc tnh tc bit truyn:
R= S bit trong khung (hoc a khung) S khung (hoc a khung) /s
Th d:
Tc truyn xung ng b khung: RSF = 7bit/khung 4. 103khung/s = 28 kbit/s.
Tc truyn xung ng b a khung: RSMF = 16 kbit/s
Tc truyn xung gi chung (bo hiu) ca mt thu bao: RSig = 2 kbit/s
Tc truyn xung cnh bo mt ng b khung: RAF = 4 kbit/s
Tc truyn xung cnh bo mt ng b a khung: RAMF = 0,5 kbit/s
(1)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
C + 3 Ad 1 6 n
3
(7)
(8)
Cu 11:
Cch tin hnh:
Ln lt cng cc bit tng ng (t b1 n b8) ca tt c cc byte trong khung STM-1 #1, nu
tng l s chn m bit tng ng trong B1 ca khung STM-1#2 bng 1 th m mt li khi, nu
bng 0 th khng c li.
Tr li: C 5 li khi trong khung STM-1#1
Chng III
Cu 1. (d); Cu 2. (b); Cu 3. (b); Cu 4. (c); Cu 5. (c); Cu 6. (c); Cu 7. (c); Cu 8. (a);
Cu 9 (c)
Chng IV
Cu 1. (b); Cu 2. (c); Cu 3. (b); Cu 4. (a); Cu 5. (c); Cu 6. (c)
154
Lp p ng ATM
A/D
Analog/Digital
Chuyn i analog /s
ADM
Add/Drop multiplexer
B ghp Xen/R
ADMo
iu ch Delta thch ng
ADSL
AIS
Tn hiu ch th cnh bo
AM
Amplitude Modulation
iu ch bin
APS
Chuyn mch bo v t ng
ARP
ATM
AUI
AUG
AU-n
Administrative Unit-n
Khi qun l mc n
B-ISDN
BIP-n
BW
BandWith
rng bng
CDM
CDMA
CEPT
CFI
cHEC
Sa li u chnh
CMI
M o du
CP
Cyclic Prefix
CPU
Khi x l trung tm
CRC
CS
Convergence Sublayer
Phn lp hi t
CSMA/CD
Carrier- Sence Multiple Access/Collision a truy nhp nhy cm sng mang/ pht
Detection
hin xung t
CTRL
ConTRoL
iu khin
D/A
Digital / Analog
DA
Destination Address
a ch ch
DCC
DFT
Bin i Fourier ri rc
DM
Delta Modulation
iu ch Delta
DMT
Discrete MultiTone
a m ri rc
DMUX
DeMUltipleXer
B tch knh
155
DPCM
iu xung m vi sai
DQDB
DVB
Truyn hnh s th h mi
DXC
Ni cho s
E/O
ED
End Delimiter
eHEC
ESCON
EOS
End Of Selection
Kt thc chn
FC
Fiber Channel
Knh si quang
FCS
FDDI
FDM
FICON
Fiber CONnectivity
Kt ni si quang
FS
Frame Status
4F BSHR/L
2F BSHR/L
2F USHR/L
2F USHR/P
GFP
Th tc ng khung chung
GFP-F
GFP sp xp khung
GFP-T
GMII
GRS
GSM
HDB-3
HDLC
HEC
Kim tra li u
HI
HIgh- priority
u tin cao
IF
In Frame
Trong khung
IP
Internet Protocol
IPS
LAPS
LCAS
156
LCI
B ch th iu khin nhn
LCP
LO
LOw- priority
u tin thp
LOF
Loss Of Frame
Mt khung
LOS
Loss Of Signal
Mt tn hiu
LSB
LSP
MAU
MAC
MDI
MII
MFI
MultiFrame Indicator
B ch th a khung
MOD
MODe
Kiu
MSB
MS
Manual Swich
MSOH
Mo u on ghp
MSP
Bo v on ghp
MST
Member Status
MTU
Khi truyn dn cc i
MUX
MUltipleXer
B ghp
NA
Not Applicable
Khng p dng
NDF
C s liu mi
NG-SDH
NIC
NMS
NORM
NRZI
Khng tr v zero
NTP
O/E
OFDM
OIF
OLTM
OOF
Out Of Frame
Chch khung
OS
Operation System
H thng iu hnh
OSI
Kt ni cc h thng m
Parity
Tnh chn l
PCM
iu xung m
PDH
Phn cp s cn ng b
157
PDU
pFCS
PFI
PHY
PHYsical Layer
Lp vt l
PI
Primary In
Li vo s cp
PLD
PayLoaD
Ti trng
PLI
B ch th chiu di ti trng
PLL
PMD
Lp ph thuc mi trng vt l
PO
Primary Out
u ra s cp
POS
Gi trn SDH
PPP
Point-to-Point Protocol
Giao thc im - im
PRI
PRIority
u tin
PRS
PSC
PTI
PLI
B ch th chiu di PDU
PTR
PoinTeR
Con tr
RCR CLK
REG
REGenerator
B ti sinh (Lp)
RIP
RPR
RSOH
Mo u on lp
SA
Source Address
a ch ngun
SD
Starting Delimiter
B gii hn u khung
SDXC
Ni cho s ng b
SF
Signal Failure
Mt tn hiu
SFET
K thut m ho tn s ng b
SI
Secondary In
u vo th cp
SO
Secondary Out
u ra th cp
SRP
SRS
SRTS
STM-N
Mun truyn dn ng b mc N
TDM
tHEC
Sa li u kiu
TRM
Terminal
u cui
TS
Time Stamp
158
TTL
Time To Live
TUG-n
UDP
VCO
VC
Virtual Container
Conten o
VCG
Nhm kt chui o
VID
VLAN IDentifier
VLAN
Virtual LAN
Mng din cc b o
VPI/VCI
WDM
WIS
WTR
Waite To Restore
i phc hi
XAUI
XGM
c lp mi trng 10 Gbit/s
XGMII
XGXS
159
[1] TS. Cao Phn v ThS. Cao Hng Sn, "Ghp knh PDH v SDH". Hc vin Cng ngh
BCVT, H Ni 1-2000.
[2] ThS. Cao Hng Sn, "Cng ngh IP trn WDM" Tp 1 v Tp 2. Nh xut bn Bu in, H
Ni 8-2005.
[3] Robert J. Hoss, " Fiber Optic Communications Design Handbook". Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey 07632, 1990.
[4] Tsong - Ho Wu, "Fiber Network Sevice Survivability", Artech House, Boston- London, 1992.
[5] Neill Wilkinson, " Next Generation Network Service", John Wiley & Sons, LTD. England
2002.
[6] Jean - Pierre Laude, "DWDM Fundamentals, Component, and Applications", Artech House,
Boston- London 2002.
[7] ITU-T Telecommunication standardization sector of ITU G.707/Y. 1332. "Network Node
Interface for the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)", 12/2003.
[8] ITU-T Recommendation G.7041/Y.1303, Generic Framing Procedure, Jan. 2002.
[9] ITU-T Recommendation G.707/Y1322, Network Node Interface for SDH, Oct. 2000.
[10] ITU-T Recommendation G.7042/Y.1305, Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) for
Virtual Concatenated Signals, Nov. 2001.
[11] ITU-T Recommendation X.85/Y1321, IP over SDH using LAPS, Mar. 2000.
[12] www.acterna.com, Next Genration SONET/SDH Technologies and Applications, Oct.
2003.
[13] RFC 2615, PPP over SONET/SDH, Jun.1999.
[14 ] Part 17: IEEE Standards 802.17, "Resillient Packet Ring (RPR) Access Method and Physical
Layer Specifications", 2004.
[15 ] Corrigent Systems, IEEE 802.17- "Resillient Packet Ring", 2005.
[16 ] Stejano Bregni, "Synchronization of Digital Telecommunicatins Network", John Wiley &
Sons, 2002.
[17 ] Siemens, " Optical Network": SURPASS hit 70 series OAM, Advanced topic, 2004.
[18] Max Ming - Kang Liu, "Principles and Applications of Optical Communications", IRWIN,
1996.
[19] John Gowar, "Optical Communication Systems", Prentice Hall (UK), 1984.
[20] Peter Tomsu and Christian Schmutzer, "Next Generation Optical Networks", Prentice Hall
PTR, 2002.
[21] Djafar K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner, "Fiber Optic Communications Technology",
Prentice Hall, 2001.
160
[22] Kiyoshi Nosu, "Optical FDM Network Technologies", Artech House, Inc., Boston, London,
1997.
[23] Rajiv Ramaswami and Kumar N. Sivarajan, "Optical Networks, A practical Perspective",
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco New York, 2002.
[24] ATM Forum Specification, af-lance-0021.000,"LAN Emulation over ATM", Version 1.0,
January 1995.
[25] Cisco Systems Inc. Whitepaper, "Cisco's Packet over SONET/SDH (POS) Technology
Support", February, 1998.
[26] Cisco Systems Inc. Whitepaper, "Dinamic Packet Transport Technology and Applications
Overview", January, 1999.
[27] OIF Contribubution, "A proposal to Use POS as Physical Layer up to OC-192c", 2000.
[28] RFC 1662, "PPP in HDLC- like framing", July 2000.
161
- MC LCLi ni u
7
7
12
1.3.3. iu ch Delta DM
13
14
14
17
21
22
22
22
22
1.6.1. M u
22
24
1.6.3. ng b k hiu
25
1.6.4. ng b khung
26
1.6.5. ng b bit
30
1.6.6. ng b gi
30
1.6.7. ng b mng
32
32
33
34
34
34
Tm tt
35
Bi tp
35
162
36
36
36
36
36
37
39
39
40
43
48
48
50
51
60
69
Tm tt
77
Bi tp
78
80
80
80
80
81
85
85
3.3.2. Cu hnh a im
85
86
86
86
87
87
87
3.5. Cc c ch bo v
88
3.5.1. Bo v 1+1
88
3.5.2. Bo v 1:1
88
3.5.3. Bo v 1:N
88
163
90
91
91
93
96
96
97
99
Tm tt
100
Cu hi
101
103
103
103
103
105
111
116
120
120
121
121
121
123
123
123
124
4.5.3. Lp vt l Ethernet
126
131
131
142
144
4.7. So snh, nh gi hiu sut s dng bng thng v cc ch tiu khc ca cc phng
thc ()
149
4.7.1. Hiu sut s dng bng thng
149
149
Tm tt
151
Bi tp
151
164
Cu hi
152
Ph lc
153
155
Ti lu tham kho
160
Mc lc
162
165