Example-Australian marsupials:Possum like

ancestors spread into different environments and due

to being
exposed to different selection pressures, the
population changed so much that
they could eventually no longer interbreed, hence
forming different species.
Convergentevolution:
Organisms are of different ancestry.
These unrelated organisms evolve similar
adaptations because they live in similar
environments and are exposed to similar selection
pressures.
Example 1-shark and porpoise:The shark and
porpoise look very similar yet one is a cartilaginous
fish and the
other is a mammal. There similar appearance
(streamline shape) is a result of convergent evolution
which comes as a result of them sharing similar
aquatic environments.
Example 2-echidna and greater ant eater:Both
the echidna and the anteater have a long tongue
which gives them an
evolutionary advantage foe the diet of ants.These
organism are however unrelated but due to being
exposed to similar selection pressures, they have
evolved along similar lines.

Historicaldevelopmentofthetheoriesofevolution:
1.

1735: Linnaeus published a classification system in

which he classified humans and apes together.

2.

Late 1700s/Early 1800s: Erasmus Darwin (Charles

Darwins grandfather) first suggested that all life
came from a single source.

3.

1798: Malthus put forward that populations increased

in size until checked by the environment, struggle
for existence.

4.

1809: Lamark was the first to put forward the theory

of evolution which was later proved incorrect. He
suggested that organisms inherited characteristics
they acquired during their lifetime.

5.

Mid-late 1800s: Hebert Spencer introduces survival

of the fittest.

6.

1830s: Darwins voyage on the HMS Beagle, while on

the Galapagos Islands he came with the theory of
natural selection when studying finches.

7.

1859: Charles Darwin proposed the theory of

evolution by natural selection. Alfred Wallace also
came up with the same theory.

8.

1900s: The modern theory of evolution NeoDarwinism combines Darwins theory of natural
selection, with an understanding of genetics from
Mendel and the basis of inheritance from Weismann.

9.

1960s: Darwins theory was refined with the debate

about gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.