210 CHAPTER 6 ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT OF FaVE-GRANED SOS cffective stress on a soil was exceeded in the past (an overconsolidated soil), it would behave elastcelly (approximately) for stresses less than its past maximum effective stress. Practical Examples ® interactive Problem Solving ‘Access Chapter ©, click on Problem Solver on the sidebar and then solve one-dimensional consolidation problems interactively. EXAMPLE 643 Lateral Stress During Soil Consolidation in the Lab ‘A wil was consolidated in an oedometer to a vertical stress of 100kPa and then unloaded incrementally to 50 kPa. The excess porewater pressure is zero. Ifthe frictional soil constant des is 25°, determine the lateral stress. Strategy The soll in this case becomes overconsoidated—the past maximum effective stress is 100 kPa and the curent effective strexeis 80 kPa, You need to find K’* and then KS using the OCR of your sol, (See Section 5.10.) Step 1: Caleulate KE. Eq, (51): KE Step 2: Calculate OCR, ~ sing, = 1 ~ sn28 Step % Calculate Ke. Bg. (552): KY = KE(OCR)!* = 0:58(2)"" = 0.82 Step 4: Calculate the lateral effective stress. co, = 082 x 50= 41 Pa Step S: Calculate the lateral total stress. EXAMPLE 6.14 Consolidation Settlement Due to a Foundation A foundation for an oil tank is proposed for a site with a soil profile as shown in Fig. E6.14a. A specimen of the fine-grained soil, 75 mm in diameter and 20 mm thick, was tested in an oedometer in a \sbocatory. The initial water content was 62% and G,=2.7. The vertical stresses were applied incrementally—each increment remaining on the specimen until the porewater pressure change was negligible. The cumulative settlement values at the end of each loading step are as follows: Voricatsvess Ph ~C~GOSCDSDSCKSSCBO Setlemertinm) ONOld behave elastically one-dimensional and then unloaded soil constant $s is n effective stress is using the OCR of 4 nan oedometer ina cesses were applied sressure change was as follows: an summary 211 an] yale cep Sea Freie! i FIGURE E6348 ‘The time-settlement data when the vertical stress was 200 kPa are: Time i) 0 om 4 oo 6% wo Setloment(rm) 0 ——022—=odz?_ BOM 7B sss 0s ‘The tank, when Cull, wil impose vertical stresses of 90 kPa and 75 kPa atthe top and bottom of the fine- ‘grained soil layer, respectively. You may assume thatthe vertical stressis linearly distributed in this layer. (a) Determine the primary consolidation settlement ofthe fine-grained soil layer when the tank i full () Calculate and plot the settlement-time curve. Strategy To calculate the primary consolidation settlement you need to know C- and C, oF my, and Cf, AG, and o,,.. Use the data given to find the values of these parameters. To find time for a given degree of consolidation, you need to find C, from the data Solution 614 Step 1: Find C, using the root time method. Use the data from the 240 kPa load step to plot a settlement versus V/fimé curve as depicted in Fig. E6.14b, Follow the procedures set out in Section 6.7 to find C,, From the curve, t= 1.2 min, Height of sample at beginning of loading = 20-12 = 188mm 20~ 2.17 = 173mm 18841783 =9.16mm Equation (6331) ni) T 5 FIGURE E63212 couPTER# ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT OF NE-GRAINED SOILS Step 2: Determine the void ratio at the end of each load step. Initial void ratio: ¢, = WG, = 0.462% 27 = 167 Equation (66): az At FO +00) = 1.67 55 (14 1.67) 67 =1335 « 107% ‘The void ratio for each load step is shown in the table below. i) 6 0 oo m0 O80 Vode te 185 te A plot of e~ loger, versus e is shown in Fig. E6.14. Step 3: Determine o/, and C. Follow the procedures in Section 6:7 to find o/.- 1, =6OKPa G2 B2=125 94s v(is) Step 4: Calculate of. amy ye (23)o8 5 4-98) + (16-9815 Step $: Calculate settlement. 0cR = 2 For practical purpose, the OCR is very close to 1; thats, ~ 0, Therefore, the soil isnormally ‘consolidated, Also, inspection ofthe ¢ versus log «curve shows that C; is approximately zero, ‘which lends furthes support to the assumption thatthe soil is normally consolidated.the soilis normally “4 proximately 2er0, sfidated, Step 6: en summary 213, Divide the clay layer into three sublayers of 1.0 m thick and compute the setlement for each sublayer. The primary consolidation settlement isthe sum ofthe settlement of each sublayer. ‘The vertical stress increase in the fine-grained soil layer is 30 ~75. o- (5): where zis the depth below the top ofthe layer, Calculate the vertical stress increase at the center of each sublayer and then the settlement from the above equation. The table below summarizes the computation. a5 7, at conter of Lever 20m) _—__“aublayor (KPa) eran + 40 Aa) pe (mm) 1 05 287 ms 1962, 759 2 6 543 325 wa a7 3 25 eu 78 nas 65 Tora zo ‘Alternatively, by considering the whole fine-grained soil layer and taking the average vertical stress increment, we obtain 2) ot em 2000 Pe TET casStoe Ses In general, the former approach is more accurate for thick layers. Calculate settlement-time values. Cy = 59.3 10» 60 x 24 = 85392 x 10-6 m?/day THe hx Ge” BSD x 1G ~ 783 T cays ‘The calculation of settlement at disrete times is shown inthe table below and the data are plotted in Fig. B6.14d ‘Settlement (men) To) n oe * th 2637, (dave) ” ‘0008; 208 02 » 031 208 08 0 ‘oon oa @ 0 ons a8 3 50 7 21 52 60 0287 ms 78 ” 40a was ns 80 0567 33 9 80 ose 337 23 Te caeld Condition (an office building, ble clay layer. She an average vertical yes are required, In nfle indicated and, > the new primary to the thickness of ‘onality to find the 1 thickness. to lowering of the skPa tive stress: An extensive soil the clay layer has with a differential { jammed but by »ecome jammed if, that the thickness vuld Tike to get an before the doors en summary 215 fe soot ue Strategy Determine the settlement under each foundation and then calculate the differential settlement, Since you know the differential settlement that occurs over a two year period after construction, you can find the degree of consolidation and then use this information to calculate the expected time for the doors to become jammed. Solution 616 Step CCaleulate the vertical stress increase at the center of the clay layer under each foundation. ‘You can use Eq, (5.81) or Eq, (5.85) or for a quick estimate, Eq. (5.95) to determine the stress ‘increase under the foundations. Let's use the approximate method, Eq. (5.95), Pp Bryery Note: For a more accurate value of Ac, you should use the vertical stress increase due to surface loads on multilayered soils (Poulos and Davis, 1974). Step 2: Calculate the primary consolidation settlement. Use Eq, (6.18), Py» = Homsds, to calculate the primary consolidation settlement. 2x07 x10" x30 =252 10? m= 252mm 8x07 «10° «422 = 827 x 10? m= 2.7mm ps (ns Step 3: Calculate the differential settlement. Differential settlement: 8 = 82216 CHAPTERS ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLDATION SETTLEMENT OF FINE-GRAINED SOILS ‘Step 4: Calculate the time for 24 mm differential settlement to occur. (Current ditferenial settlement Degree of consolidation: U = sy From Eq. (634); Ty = $0 rom B30) Ge Ti For 24 mm differential settlement U= 24 = 042, 7, a3 From Eq. (631): ly 05x ON satya 36 ‘Therefore, in the next 10.25 years, the total differential settlement would be 24mm, m EXERCISES Forall problems, assume G, =2.7 unless otherwise stated, ‘Theory 61 A.clay soll of thickness H is allaved to dean on the top boundary through a thin sand layer. A vertical ‘stress of 6 was applied tothe clay. The excess porewater pressure distribution was linear inthe sil layer with a value of u, at the top boundary and ws (us > ta) at the bottom bodary. The excess porewnter pressure at the op boundary was not 2er0 because the sand layer was patally Blocked. Derive an equation fos the excess potewater presoore distribution with sei thickness and time, 62. A soil layer of thickness H, has only single drainage through the top boundary, The excess porewater pressure distribution when a vertical stress, o, is applied Varies parabolically with a value of zero atthe top boundary and us at the bottom boundary. Show that Hide! ‘telledtle dal wt ey 2g dé ‘63. Show that for linear elastics, ava) Fa 64 Show that, if an overconsolidated soil behaves like a linear elastic material, ¥ KE = (OCR) (ocr -1) 65 The excess porewater pressure distribution in 210 m thick clay varies linearly from 100 kPa atthe op to 10 ‘kPa at the bortom of the layer When a vertical stress was applied. Assuming drainage only atthe top ofthe clay layer, determine the excess porewater pressure in 1 year's time using the finite diference method if C= 1SaPlys 66 Avadepthol4 mis clay deposit, the overconsalidetion ratio 30, Plt che vasiaton of everconacidation ratio and water content with depth for this deposit up to a depth of 15 m. The recompression index C, = 095 and the water vontent at $m is 32%.