DELOS ONE REPORT OF THE FIRST SYMPOSION JULY 6-13 1963 THE DECLARATION OF DELOSTHE DECLARATION OF DELOS Meeting in Delos on this, the twelfth day of July, 1963, we the under- signed, drawn from a wide range of different’ disciplines. nations, political allegiances ‘and cultural groups, affirm and declare that: The city throughout history has been the cradle of human civilisation and progress. To-day, like every other human institution, it is profound: ly involved in the deepest. and widest revolution over to overtake mankind. This revolution proceeds under the sign of dynamic change. In the next forty years, the ‘world’s population will rise to seven thousand mil- lion. Science and technology determine more and more of the processes of human living. As ‘they advance, man’s social behaviour is pro- foundly modified. These changes present. them- selves in every field as a danger matched by an even greater opportunity. Man can use atomic power to reduce every human settlement to the shambles of Hiroshima. It may give them enough energy to fulfil! all human needs. The world’s jopulation may far outstrip its food supply. Even to keep pace, today's ood production must rise threefold by the year 2000. Yet for the first time, we also have the means of securing enough food’ for everyone. These paradoxes are widely felt. What is not realised is that the failure to adapt human set- tloments to dynamic change may soon outstrip even discase and starvation as the gravest risk, short of war, facing the human species. ‘A universal feature of the worldwide revolu- tion is the movement of people into urban set- tlements at an ever faster ratc. World population increases by 2 per cent a year, urban population by over 4 per cent. In the next forty years, more urban construction will take place than hitherto in the whyle history of man. It is already evident. that wrong projections of urban development produce inexcusable waste. The absence of any forecasts leads to choos in the cities, to the un- dermining of civic order and the destruction of precious and diverse historical traditions. Thus, the need for the rational and dynamic planning of hum- ‘an settlements both now and in the foresecable future is inherent in the urban situation to- day. Man can act to meet this new crisis. There are sufficient resources for the task. Modern tech- nology permits the mobilisation of material means on a wholly new scale, Developed nations spend 150,000 million dollars @ year on arma- ments and still their national incomes go up. Billions are spent each year on social services, some of which are made necessary by the inade- quacies of urban life. Once a problem is recog- nised, the resources for meeting it can be found. These resources are not, it is true, uniformly available. Some societies still Jack the means for action. But this is not an absolute shortage and while they achieve modernisation, their lack can be made good by sustained assistance irom more technologically advanced areas. Guide lines for policy are also clearer than ever before, thanks in part to the great extension of systematic studies m human behaviour. The aim must be to produce scttlements which sat- isfy man not only as parent and worker, but as learner and artist and citizen. His active parti- cipation is essential in framing his own envi- ronment. He must be able to use creatively the still unforeseen possibilities of advancing tech- nology. Planning itsclf must ensure that such possibilities are not excluded by a static view of human settlements. Above all, the citizen should feel at ease in his own culture and open to the cultures of others. ‘When we turn to the application of these prin- ciples to the problems of urbanisation, we feel the need for the most far-reaching reform and reinforcement of existing institutions and pro- cedures. At present, educational systems at every level have not’yat. taken sufficient action to meet the new problems of human settloment or to explore the possibilities of meeting them through rational planning. In the universities, the application of the basic sciences to human welfare has been fragmented. They have dealt with parts of man—his health, his nutrition, his education—not with the whole man, not with man in community. Thus, we underline with all possible urgency our belief that in every ac- tion of ours, in the agencies dealing with these problems at’ a national or international level, in the institutions of higher learning, whether public oF private, our society requires: a, to establish in its own right a now discipline of human settlements; D. to initiate basic research of the most far- reaching kind; ©. to bring together specialists from other rele- vant disciplines to work together on projects in this field; a. to work out’new methods of training the men who can assume leadership and responsibility in the sphere of action; e. to attract some of the best young minds into this new area of research, development and practice.We come from different nations, from differ- ent cultural backgrounds. Our politics differ, our profestions are various. But we believe that the problem of human settlements is a general and jundamental problem in our new dynamic world and that it must be viewed and studied in such a way that it will, in common with all great soicntific disciplines, transcend our local’ dif- ferences. We agree that the practical implemen- tation of policy—in such vital fields as land use, CHARLES ABRAMS (S.A), Housing Expert and Visiting Professor, Massachusetts Institute of ‘Fechnology, EDMUND N, BACON (U.S.A) Executive Director, Philadelphia City Planning Gom- STEWART BATES (Canada) President, Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation. PEDRO BIDAGOR LASARTE (Spain| Director General of Planning, Ministry of Housing. AK. BROHI (Pakistan), Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court, CS, CHANDRASEKHARA (India) Sec. Gen., Hast Asia Regional Organization for Plan- ning and "Housing. WALTER CHRISTALLER (Germany) Professor Emeritus of Regional’ Geography; Vico President, Regional Science Association, U.S.A. JACOB L, GRANE (US.A\) City Planning Consultan, RICHARD LLEWRLYN-DAVIES _(Hiritain). Chairman, Departineat of Architecture, London Uni- versity C.A, DOXIADIS (Greece). President, Athens Technological Institute. LEONARD DUHL (U.8.A) Paychiatrist, National Institute of Mental Health O.R, FISCIINICH (U.N). Assistant Director General, Technical Department, FAO LYLE ¢, FITCH (US.A) President, institute’ of Public Administration, New ‘York R. BUCKMINSTER FULLER (U.S.A). Vivector, Generalized Science Expioration, Southern Mlinois University. CLIFFORD FURNAS (U.S.A) President, State University of New York at Buffalo. 'S. GIEDION (Switzerland), Professor of Art History, Zurich and Marvand Vaiversities, 43. GORYNSKI (Poland). Undersecretary, Ministry of Communal Administration and Housing. EIICHI ISOMURA, (Japan). Professor of Sociology, Tokyo University. the location of investment or the planning of cities ovcr time—will be determined by domestic polities and needs, and as citizens we pledge ‘ourselves to attempt to bring these issues into the active politiral dialogue of our local societics. But we are not divided in what wo wish most strongly to affirm—that we arc citizens of a worldwide city, threatened by its own torrential expansion and that at this level our concern and commitment is for man himself. BARBARA WARD JACKSON (Britain), ‘Eeonomist and author. STURE LINNER |U.NJ. Director of United Nations Special Fund Programs in Greece, Representative of the United Nations Tech- nical Assistance Board, MS, MAKIYA (Iraq). Principal, Department of Architesture, University of Baghdad. EDWARD 8. MASON (US.A,) Lamont University Protess ; Harvard University. SIR ROBERT MATTHEW (Britain) Professor, Royal Institute of British Architects MARGARET MEAD (USA). President, American, Anthropological ASsovation; As seciate Curator of Ethnology, American Museum of Natural History, New York MARSHALL McLUHAN (Canada). rector, Centre for the Study’ of the Extensions of Man, University of Toronto. WACLAW OSTROWSKI (Poland), Professor of Town Planning, Technical University, Warsaw. ALFRED R. OTOO (Ghana) Chie Development Officer, Accra-Tema Metropolitan Area. 5 DAVID OWEN (U.N). Executive Chairman, Technical Assistance Board of the United Nations CHARLES H. PAGE (US.A) Professor of Sociology, Princeton University, E. PAPANOUTSOS (Greece) Vice-President, Athens Technological (nstitule. SHAFIK H. EL-SADR (U.AR)), Undersecretary of State for the Ministry of Housing and Public Uiilities CARL SCHWEYER (Germany) President, Intemational Federation of Housing and Planning. G.H, WADDINGTON (Britain) Professor of Animal Genetics, University of Edinburgh. Sir ROBERT WATSON-WATT (Britain, Center for the Study of Demoeralic Institutions, Santa Barbara, California,‘Thirty-four distinguished professional and academic men and ‘Fomey from many disciplines abd many part ofthe world assembled from July 6-13, 1963, on board m/v «New Hellas, at the invitation of the Athens Technoiogical Institute, to discuss the fast deteriorating human settlements in to-day's world, After a week of intensive though informal meetings and discussions thest- men and women decided to issue this document to draw attention to the gravity of the present situation, ‘They further agreed to continue to work together, to set up a permanent secretariat (in tho "Athens. Technological Institute) “and fo hold a second meeting early in duly, 1964, to Work toward a Charter of Delos, that will express the views of forward looking people through. out the world specifying the kinds of action needed in the world of the ‘ext generation,DELOS TWO REPORT OF THE SECOND SYMPOSION JULY 14 - 21 1964DELOS TWO REPORT OF THE SECOND SYMPOSION JuLy Preamble A year ago, at the first Delos Symposion, men and women from a wide variety of regions, dis- ciplines and cultures signed the Declaration of Delos. Its purpose was to underline, with all possible urgency, the crisis that has ‘overtaken the world’s cities under the impact of modern science and technology. While population grows by 2% a year, cities grow at double the rate. Some of the biggest cities even double that rate and more. Throughout the world a human avalanche submerges present urban structures and impedes the development of satis- factory new ones. Everywhere it intensifies the problem of the good life in cities. At its worst, it creates new and pitiable patterns of urban poverty. This headlong revolution of urban growth has caught mankind unawares. It is not simply that men do not respond adequately; often, they do not know how to respond. Or, when they do, they find the execution of policy Beset with difficul: ty. Studies of human well-being have been frag- mented. Health, nutrition, education, transport- ation, housing, are considered separately. Ekisti endeavors to draw thom together within the frame- work of man-in-community. ‘This was the situation considered at the First Delos Symposion. At the Second, some members of the First joined new participants from an equally wide variety of countries and disciplines to carry on the discussion. They devoted their attention to three particular fields: the content, of a discipline of human settlements; the methods of training men and women to work in this new field of ekistios; and some of the political and economic obstacles likely to impede the develop- ment of an integrated approach. As a result. of ‘these discussions, the group decided to summarize and publish the consensus that had been reached: 4. The Symposion reiterates the need for a new discipline of human settlements. Its purpose ‘to focus on the plight of man in his new dynamic and increasingly urban environment. It will bring together separate approaches and set them to work together on the new problems created by human settlements in an era of torrential growth, and change. 2, Within the nation, specific public bodies are needed at every level to bring together fragmented facets of-policy and to combine them in a genuine strategy—of research, planning, finance and action —in the field of human settlements. Some nations Jack them at intermediate levels. Some lack them tered 1964 altogether. Where they exist, they should be strengthened, expanded and given more financial backing. Where they do not, the first need is to set them up with all possible speed. 3. Whatever their institutional framework, all countries need more impetus, information ‘and proven strategy in the field of ekistics. The Second Symposion wishes therefore to repeat with even greater emphasis the recommendation of the First Delos Symposion—that Universities, Research In- stitutes, Academies of Science and other appro- priate institutions should either establish or ex- pand as rapidly as possible centers of study in the field of human settlements, that the results of research and the fruits of training in such in- stitutions should be systematically shared on a regional and international basis and that, wherever the lack of institutions inhibits such exchanges, new agencies should be set. up without delay. 4. These institutions must be the prime agents in developing the content of studies within the new discipline. But the Second Symposion believes that a number of fields of research can already be clearly defined. Systematic studies are neces- sary on the dynamic growth of urban areas. Cooperation between scholars, administrators and policy-makers has to be developed on the basis of concrete experimental studies, in order to find out what are the effects of the intervention of new factors—new transport systems, for instance, or changed sources of energy—on existing cities and regions. Since rapid urbanization invariably outgrows the boundaries of existing political, administrative and legal systems, much more has to be found out about the new kinds of social and political arrangements needed to match the scale and speed of urban change. The adjustment of social and economic needs is another field in urgent need of study. Comparative studies have to be undertaken of human settlements within the same environment and also of settlements with different climates, cultures and levels of wealth. Such studies will be greatly aided if an agreed classification is evolved for the collection of data. 5. Modern man lives in an seducating society» in Which évery kind of agency—schools, mass media, professional organizations—continuously mould men’s ideas of how to live in society. But they do not do enough to tell them how to understand or live in an urbanizing world. The Symposion under- lines the need for this more general kind of educ-ation and urges all agencies engaged in influencing public opinion to introduce the concept of ekistics into their work. Informed citizens, alert to the new problems of man’s dynamic urban environ- ment, have the best chance of bringing home’ to public and private agencies the need for clearer knowledge and more effective policy. 6. The violence of urban change is a world-wide phenomenon. But it has a different character in different countries. It therefore requires more attention, action and cooperation at the inter- national level. Recent experience in the United Nations has proved that adequate action is not being taken in the field of human settlements or, at least, not on the scale of effort made in other fields. This is due to the lack of recognition of the field of human settlements as an important and identifiable field of activity; to the lack of corresponding organization within the United Nations; and to the lack of proper distribution of the present funds. ‘The Symposion therefore recommends that the following resolutions be submitted both to the United Nations and to member government a, that human settlements be recognized with- in the United Nations as a separate sector of activity. that appropriate organizational measures be taken within the framework of the United Nations to meet the needs of this new individual sector. ©. that the proper share of United Nations funds be allocated to the sector of human settlements and further finance be sought on a scale more adequate to the extent of the urban crisis. 7. Many international agencies have programs which cover part of the field of human settlements. ‘They are urged to adopt the ekistic approach in their own work and to collaborate closely with each other to produce integrated policies for re- search and action. 8. International economic and financial institu- tions, particularly those with sizeable funds at their’ disposal, should place greater emphasis on urbanization in their strategies for investment, and technical assistance. Hitherto, issues of ur- banization, even including the issue of housing, have received little or no attention, This imbalance should be redressed and more resources should be dedicated to policies in the fleld of urbanization. 9. National governments and groups of guvern- ments are similarly urged to bring the issue uf urbanization to the center of their programs of international assistance. In the developing world, exploding cities tend more and more to produce ‘the worst and most hopeless concentrations of human poverty. 10. All these proposals entail a much greater diversion of resources to research and action in human settlements. Financial resources cannot be effectively deployed without trained man- power. In this area, men and women with skill and experience are disastrously scarce. Govern- ments need, therefore, to concentrate skilled people in the areas of greatest need and lo expand as quickly as possible the training of new experts who will work together—in pure research, in applied research and in the field—to build up the new discipline of human settlements, 44. The members of the Second Symposion re- cognize their own responsibility to work more actively in the field of human settlements and to to disseminate interest and awareness more widely. They have therefore determined: i. to continue the practice of holding an an- nual Delos Symposion; ji, to take the initiative in preparing plans for a World Association of individuals con- cerned with the problems of human settle- ments, which would stimulate greater per- sonal contributions to the work, act as a clearing house for information and yenerally promote greater interest in the field; to follow the practice actively begun after the First Symposion of introducing ekistics —the science of human settlements—into their own professional activities; iv. to try, in particular, to introduce a concern for human settlements into such inter- national ventures as tho International Co- operation Year and the Intemational Bi- logical Programme ‘and Lo prepare. the way for the designation of the Year of Human Settlements. 42. The members of the Symnposion wish finally to reaffirm their fundamental concern for the future of man in this dynamic, chuotic and urbanizing world. In the past, ities have been the cradle of urbanity and civilization. To-day the scale and speed of change complicates the development of @ satisfactory urban order all round the world;produces, in some areas, shapeless sprawls of ‘congestion and inconvenience; and, in the worst eases, injects violence and despair ‘into the heart of cities. 7 Such environments belie men’s hopes’and de- feat the promise of their new resources. Above all, they are in violent and ironie contrast with the seale of effort that permits some 150,000 million dollars to be spent each year on armaments and with the seale of vision that may send men to the moon in the next decade. ‘The fundamental purpose of the Delos Sym- posion is to demand that some part of these re- sources and some spark of this vision be devoted to the incomparably more urgent task of building a decent home on earth for all mankind. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ABRAMS, CHARLES ‘American lawyer and housing expert. BACON, EDMUND N. ‘Amefican architect and city planner. BROHI, ALLAH BUKHSH K. Pakistani lawyer and statesman. CLARK, COLIN GRANT Britith economist, COLE, ALBERT M. ‘Amierican lawyer and congressman, CRAIG, A. OLUMIDE Nigerian architect and planner. DOXIADIS, CONSTANTINOS A. Greek architect and a DUHL, LEONARD J. ‘American psychiatrist, FITCH, LYLE Cc. ‘American economist and administrator. FULLER, RICHARD BUCKMINSTER ‘American designer and engineer, GORYNSKI, JULIUSZ Polish architect and administrator. GOTTMANN, JEAN French geographer. ISOMURA, EIICHI ‘Japanese sociologist. JONES, EMRYS British geographer, KOESTLER, ARTHUR, British (daturalized) journalist and author. LASUEN, SANCHO JOSE-RAMON ‘Spanish economist, LLEWELYN-DAVIES, (LIFE BARO" RICHARD British architect. MAKIYA, MOHAMED S. ‘raqi architect and town planner. MATTHEW, SIR ROBERT H. British akchiteet, MEAD, MARGARET + Américan anthropologist. MEIER, RICHARD L, ‘Ametican research scientist. MEYERSON, MARTIN ‘American ‘city planner. MODESTO, HELIO ‘Brazilian architect and town planner. NIELSEN, WALDEMAR A, ‘American economist. RILEY, JOHN WINGHELL American sociologist. SHARON, ARIEH Tsraeli architect and town planner. SMIRNOVA, OLGA VASILIEVNA Russian architect and eity ‘planner. ‘TRAPENZNIKOV, KONSTANTIN IVANOVITCH, ‘Russian architect’ and city planner, TUGWELL, REXFORD G. ‘Americad political scientist WADDINGTON, GH. British biologist. WARD, BARBARA, (LADY JACKSON) ith economist and author For additional copies of this report please write to: Delos Secretariat, Athens Center of Ekistics, 24, Strat. Syndes- ‘mou Street, Athens 136, Greece.DELOS THREE REPORT OF THE THIRD SYMPOSION JULY 12 - 19 1965DELOS THREE REPORT OF THE THIRD SYMPOSION JULY Between July 12th and July 49th the Third Delos. Symposion brought. together once again a group of men and women of different professional, cul- tural and national backgrounds to consider the continuing and accelerating crisis of world ur- banization. The starting point of their discussions was the simple fact that the container available for human activities—the earth’s surface—is strictly limited. Its population grows more explosively than ever Since the beginning of the decade, moro than a soore of censuses conducted by the U.N. have shown, in every case, that, human beings are mul- tiplying even more rapidly than was supposed as recently as 1960. The density of population in the entire inhabited world is reaching the level at which, in the Greek city states, drastic changes in economic and civic institutions had to be made in order to cope with the pressure of rising po- pulation. Density is not simply a question of more people. It is also determined by the vast technological changes which continuously transform man’s ways of living. Modern transport has enabled men to spread their urban settlements over much wider areas than ever before. In many modern cities densities are far Jess than the 100-300 per hectare average of earlier centuries. In the city of New York the average is only 40 to the hectare and in the city of Los Angeles only 12. But this transport system, at certain hours and in certain areas, brings millions back to the center creating in? tolerable densities on the journey and at the des- tination. Similarly, it is ‘world-wide networks— transportation, power, commerre, finance—that enable countries such ‘as Belgium'to maintain in reasonable comfort densities of population which are catastrophic in underdeveloped lands not yet fully geared into the world-wide economy. ‘These pressures—of population, of technology, of economic transportation—are not. sell-correct- ing. Urban spread can threaten, as in South East England, to submerge the whole region. In many developed cities, visual monotony, lack of satis- fying urban design, pollution of air and water are among the elements which reduce man’s pleasure and pride in his urban setting. In most states in the developing world, urban growth is intensified by a massive movement of migrants from the country side before work in the cities can be provided for them. In short, danger signals are appearing all over the globe to warn the world community that it has come to just such a critical threshold as 1219 1965 was reached in ancient Greece during the period of formation of the city states when only the trans- formation of a rural, conservative, hierarchical society into a trading, colonizing, urban de- mooracy, enabled them to confront the crisis. Mankind, as a whole, has to think of changes on a comparable scale within the far wider iramo- work of a world community. ‘There are daunting difficulties in such a trans- formation. The avalanche of technical change aud population growth, the whole drive towards greater involvement in a world-wide society have caught mankind largely unawares. We do not sul- ficiently know what is happening to us. We lack precise data on the nature of modern urbanization —its densities, ils positive and negative pressures, its cultural determinants, ils rates and lines of expansion. We have only the beginnings of an agreed methodology to permit fruitful comparative urban studies and of a scientifie. framework within which research can take plac At the same time, our instititions are becoming loss adequate to deal with the pace and scale of change. Such problems as urban spread or mass migration to the cities cannot be dealt with local- ly since they cut across most of the customary lines of authority. The emergence all round the world of regional agencies and systems—for planning, for administration—is a symbol of our striving to match our new environment with ap- propriate institutions controlling the area and region necessary to achieve the purpose in view. As a result, there can be as many types of regions as there are developmental purposes—the redress ‘of economic unbalance as in the Mezzogiorno in Ttaly, the easing of migration by developing al- ternative poles of growth as in te Guayana Pro- ject in Venezuela, the settlement of immigrants as in the Lakisch Project in Israel. Yet, once again, much mote needs to be known in precise, scientific terms about the nature and function of existing regional institutions and the lessons they hold for future regional development. ‘The technology which has caused the torrent of change also provides, in unimaginable quanti- ties, the physical resources needed to create new and better patterns of urban living. Through the computer revolution, it also provides tools of research and analysis which can deal successfully with the overwhelming complexity of the problems of human settlement. Thus it powerfully rein- forces the possibility of transforming the results of research far more rapidly into policy and action,‘The members of the Third Delos Symposion directed their discussions to the two specific issues of density and regional development. ‘They sought to define the areas in which more factual infor- mation, definition and research are urgently need- ed to develop a method for a systematic ap- proach. They reaffirmed the purpose of the two earlier Sj mposia to bring these priorities into their own work and into the work of organizations with CHARLES A, BLESSING, US.A, Director of City Plannite, Detroit City Planning Goiamission WALTER CHRISTALLER, W. Germany, Consultant in Geography and. Regional Planning ORADY cLay, u Raitor, Landsenp JACOB L. CRANE, US.A. Gity Bianner and U.N" Consultant GIVSON A, DANES, U. Dean, School of Art and Architecture, Yate University THEODOSIUS DOBZMANSKY, US.A. Professor of Zoology, Columbia University, CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS, Greece President, Athens Technological Institute and Doxiadi Associates, JAMES M. FRASER, U.K. Commissioner of Housing, tong: Kong. R, BUCKMINSTER FULLER, US.A. Professor of Generalized Desi Selenco Exploration, Univenity of Southern tino EDWIN GEORGE, US.A Senior Vice Predident, Detroit Eason Company SIGFRIED GIEDION, Switzerland Professor Emeritus of AM Histo LESTER B. GRANGER, US.A Professor of Sociology, Dillard University: Enecutive ‘Director, ‘National Urban League, tne. ROGER GREGOIRE, France, Consiler Eta, CHARLES M. HAAR, US.a. Professor ot Law, Harvand University BDWARD T. HALL, US.A, Professor of Anthropology, Mlinois Institute of Technologys PERCY JOHNSON-MARSHALL, U.K, Profesor of Urban Desig thd gional Planning. University of Balaburgh . which they are associated. They underlined their active support of the new World Society for Ekisties which, established as a result of a re- commendation of last year’s Symposion, should become an important instrument of world-wide information and education. And they repeated the earlier pledge to do all in their power to bring the urgency of the erisis in man’s habitat before 0 wider public, JOSE-RAMON LASUEN, Spain. Professor of Economics, University of Barcelona, RICHARD LLEWELYN-DAVIES, U.K. Professor of Architecture, University College, London, EDWARD S. MASON, US.a. Lamont University’ Professor of Bo- onomies, Harvard’ University, SIR ROBERT I. MATTHEW, U.K. Professor of Architecture, University of Edinburgh, JAMES P. McCORMICK, USA, Professor of English Literature, and Ad~ ministrator of Wayne State University. MARGARET MEAD, US.A. Curator of Ethnology, American Museum of Natural History. WALDEMAR A. NIELSEN, US.A, President, African-American Institute, ALFRED R. OTOO, Ghana. Deputy Director, Architectural and En- Bineering Secretariat of the President's ‘mee. HARVEY S, PERLOFF, USA. Director, "Program of’ Regional and Ur- ban Studies, Resources for the Future, Inc. JM, RICHARDS, U.K. sditor, The Architectural Review, ARIEH SHARON, Israel. “Architect and U.N: Consultant. ARNOLD TOYNBEE, U.K. ‘Professor Emeritus’ of History. GH, WADDINGTON, U.K. Professor of Animal Genetics, Edinburgh University BARBARA WARD (LADY JACKSON), U.K. ‘Assistant Editor, The Economist, JOSEPH WATTERSON, US.A. Editor, Journal of the’ American Institute of Architects ROY I. WOLFE, Canada Research Geographer, Department of Highways, Ontario.DELOS FOUR REPORT OF THE FOURTH SYMPOSION JULY 16 - 23 1966DELOS FOUR REPORT OF juLy ‘The Fourth Delos Symposion, which took place between July 16th and July 23rd 1966, once ayain brought together participants from many different nationalities and professions to discuss the central problems of the modern urban order. On this oc- casion, transport, communications and beauty ‘were chosen for discussion. A number of areas of agreement emerged and the present paper, like previous documents, attempts to summarize them. The city has always been the lively and indis- pensable meeting place where ideas, goods and services are produced and exchanged to the en- hancement of human life and the promotion of civilization and urbane values. The responsibilities of the modern urban order are not less great. The fact that there are now infinitely more ideas and goods to share while the area of exchange covers the whole planet only makes its tasks more in- dispensable. A plural and dynamic world demands more possibilities of genuine exchange and greater ease of contact and movement. Urban society should serve these great human purposes and re- ‘main an essential shaping force in modern eivil- ization. But the tasks must be better performed. Tt is not difficult to identity symptoms of stress and obstruction. In a sense, modern man lives in a number of co-existing and overlapping regions By means of instant communication and increas: ingly rapid travel, more and more people move about a planetary society. Within the local urban order, the city is divided into areas of very high density, where for all or part of the day thousands of citizens press together, and areas of lesser density, where many’ spend their lives and even more come home to sleep. They have access, too, to the non-urban world profoundly shaped by varying forms of agriculture. Beyond them lie the wild regions where nature has been least transformed. It is the richness of modern life that all these zones are potentially open to the choice, use and delight, of modern man. Tt is the threat! in modern life that cach zone today offers @ measure of difficulty and obstruction. Vast developments in population and tech- nology create a general climate of violent change which it is difficult for man to master. ‘The areas of high density created by and serving powerful institutions with driving purposes to fulfil are threatened by blockages in traffic and communic. ation. The automobile uses increasingly more space in the center-city; the number of insistent, messages and demands overload the central re- THE FOURTH 16r2s SYMPOSION 1966 ceivers. Low density areas suffer from immobility, isolation and impoverishment — whether it is the suburban isolation of the marooned housewife ur the serviceless poverty of remote farming areas. ‘The city’s outward spread impinges on the sur- rounding land ata steadily increasing rate. The wild regions are threatened by Ue unchecked in- vasion of man as farmer or city dweller. ‘Thus the choices and promises of each zone of the planct are under strains which obstruct the full promise of @ modern civilized order. But the resources and technolozy needed tu lessen these strains are increasingly available. Systems of transport can be constmeted which accept as their purpose the maximuni freedom of choice and mobility for all users: a. A transport grid used as a specific tool in urban planning can encourage or rationalize exist- ing tendencies towards the regrouping and re- location of central functions. At present, the pro- cess is uncoordinated and fragmentary. But among the. consequences of this regrouping can be a transformation of isolated areas of low density into lively variegated communities. Accessible industries ‘will supply employment. Playgrounds, swimming pools, concert halls and theatres el) to foster genuine, unforced community contacts Parks wandering’ through the city with a series of pedestrian paths can help both to detine and ink the different. communities. Pivots of loval ride and stimulus — universities, technival col leges, sports complexes ~ can serve both the locality and the larger urban community. ‘These areas also include the smaller units of neighbor. hood ~ the score of families living around safe play areas for young children and within safe walking distance of the local shops and primary schools. b, The transport grids can also give all in- habitants easy and affordable access to other parts of the city which, in terms of friendship, profes sional interest or employment, may be’ equally a part of the family's “‘neighberhoow”. It is. Uis pluralism of opportunity that distinguishes the modern community from earlier cities and it can not be realized without transport systems whith tend to equalize the flows of traific and thus remove obstructions to free choice. ¢. In central areas where density creates the highest degrees of traffic congestion, the lirst need is to provide comfortable, rapid transportation systems corresponding to the Tull range of new technologies. A variety of possible solutions isavailable, some of them based on multi-level sys- tems. What is needed is the decision to put them to use. d. The transport system ean also link urban regions rapidly and comfortably with the non- urban areas of refreshment and recreation by a variety of means which cater not only for speed and easy acvess but also for pleasure. Communications can also serve the citizen's new possibilities of choire and variety: a. As with transport, a fuller network of com- munications can relieve the load on centers of over-high density by permitting activities to be more widely diffused. }, But diffusion alone does not solve the more fundamental problems created by the massive force of communications bombarding modern man, The fact of wider knowledge is one of his great liberations and enables him to exercise Citizenship at different levels in his planetary so- ciety. Yet, in the last analysis each citizen has only so much span of attention and this scarcity demands priorities. Some are already apparent. He needs a balance between the flood of information streaming in through inereasingly elfivient chan- nels from all round the world and the local cover- age of situations for which he may have immediate responsibility. He needs protection against new technological forms of intrusion on his privacy. He needs keener education in the distinction be- ween fact and guess and a deeper understanding of the value and depth of different types of infor: mation, . Above all, his need for direct personal con- ucts should be enhanced and not diminished by Une modern network of communication. Mobility of peoples, ideas and goods enlarges choice. But the benefit and stimulus of the choices themselves depend upon the Quality of experience in each of the zones of man’s planetary soviet a. Natural resources ~ wilderness areas for re- creation, untouched habitats for biological re- search, water tables and cirenits, unpolluted air— all are, in varying degrees, in need of protection against man's encroachments. he land between and beyond the urban centers suffers increasingly from the inadequate or ex Ploitative methods of both agricultural and urban development. As the vity advances, a fall-out of Uisurder, neglect and ugliness tends to spread with it When we come to man’s built-up environment, we contront problems of a more complex nature. The present chaotic combination of ovendensity and sprawl clearly produce an unacceptable urban Jandscape. Mankind has not yet found the aesthetic means of understanding and ordering creatively the vast elements of complex and dynamic change which have overtaken his city. Tt is time to study what forms the new urban environment. should take, Some will argue that since we live in our age in which the idea of static being has given way to process, platonic ideals to dynamic change, a closed universe to the immensities of time and space, this changed world-view may profoundly affect man’s sensibility and image making. There are signs — in modern painting, sculpture, music and architecture — of new trends emerging, based upon the coexistence and interpenetration of dif ferent systems in a constant process of dynamic change. On the other hand, it may well be found that the old forms of urban living, worked out over millenia of experience, will prove more satis- fying. In short, we do not yet know how the measure of stability essential to human living will be combined with the mobility and flux experi- enced Uhroughout reality. But the search for these forms is essential if cities are not to accept the ugly formlessness imposed on them now by the lack of any aesthetic preoccupation coupled with a lively sense of economie gain. In every field — transport, ‘communications, heauty — the promises of the new city are spring: ing to life. But the restraints and olistacles have to be removed. Man is hampered in this task by a number of major difficulties of which two were more fully discussed. In the mixed economies the bias of planning tends towards the realization of private choices which can be registered in the market, a process which is accentuated by high pressures of advertising and salesmanship. These procedures overstress individual desire at the expense of the Contert which cannot be provided by private choice, yet determines the quality and ellectiveness of much of what is chosen. It also distorts the citizen's understanding of the con- cealed public costs of realizing his private aims. A second difficulty is that the instruments of public decision have not kept pave with the extent and multiplicity of the citizen's new interests. a. Some problems concern areas of jurisdiction, Certain issues arise on a world-wide scale. But there are no effective international authorities Some are metropolitan. But, states, cities and localities divide the authority. These diserepancies between need and authority raise the question whether new levels of government may not be necessary b. Nor is this simply a question of a faulty regional distribution of functions. A dynamic society, of its very nature, produces sudden shifts and emergencies “and the’ task of meeting them through existing machinery is a continuous chal- lenge to effective government. In some countries, the chief effort is made to adapt existing adminis: trative structnres to the new tasks. [In others, new agencies — governmental, semi-publiv or private ~ arise in response to new needs. Some of ther can be absorbed into te ordinary machinery of govern- ment once the emergency has been mastered; others continue an autonomous existence. Such adaptations and responses are inevitable, given thedynamic character of technological society. Yet, they present genuine risks since they may well operate so far beyond the control and influence of the citizen body as to undermine the processes of democratic choice. ¢. Both problems ~ of the area of government and the complexity of the issues -work to weaken the effectiveness of local self-government. All too G.G. AGABADIAN, USSR. ‘Chairman, State Committeo on Construction for Ar- ‘menian Soviet Socialist. Republic. RORERT A. ALDRICH, US. Chairman, Department of Pediatrics, University of ‘Washington, Seattle. JOHN ALLPASS, Denmark ctor, Tnstitute for Center-planning. ALI AHMED ATTICA, Libya Director of Research Division, Bank of Libya, JUSTIN BLANCO WHITE (Mrs. WADDINGTON), U.K, Scoltish Development "Department, Brith’ Civ FRANGOIS BLOCH-LAINE, France Directeur Général de la'Calsse des DépOts et Con. ALLAH BURHSH K, BROHI, Pakistan Senior Advocate, Supreme Court. WALKER LEE CISLER, USAC Chairman ofthe Board, Detroit Edison Company. COLIN’ GRANT CLARK, U.K Director, Institote for Research in Agricultural Ke- onomies’ Oxford University. HEDLEY BONOVAN, USA. Bditorin-Chiet, Timer Fas CONSTANTINOS A. DOXIADIS, Greece President, Dosiadis Associates and Athens Tech- loge Tosti GadRePr eckE0, USA. Chairman, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of California, Berkeley. R. BUCKMINSTER FULLER, USA. Professor of Generalized Design Southern Iilinois University. ROGER GREGOIRE, France Conseiller d'Etat' and Member of French Committee on Incomes and Costs. EDWARD HIGBEE, USA. Professor of Land Utilization, University of Rhode Island. BERTRAND DE JOUVENEL DES URSINS, France Professor of Political Science and Economics, Pari WILLIAM RKEAST, USA, President, Wayne State University, Detroit. RICHARD LLEWELYN-DAVIES, U.K. Professor of Architecture and’ Chairman, Contre of Environmental Studies, University College, London, REGINALD 'S)LOURIE, US.Ay fessor of Pediatrio Psychiatry, George Washington University; President, Joint Commission on Mental Health of Children. \ce Exploration, ional often, it is economic and social self-interest mo- bilized atthe local level which provents the so- lutions required by the wider community or by long-term local interest. These diflicullies only underline the need for a wider understanding by citizens of the full social and human context within which their choices are made and for more responsible participation in the democratic process. RICHARD L, MEIER, US.A. Visiting Brofessor, College of Environmental Design, University of California, Berkeley. KARL MENNINGER, USA. Chairman of Board of Trustees, ninger Foundation, Kansas. (URA MILUDA, 1aitya Under-Secretary, Ministey of Publi GEORGI B. MISCHENKO, USSR. Deputy Chairman, City’ Planning. & Building Dept., State Committee oa Civil Construction de Architect, SGosstrol™. ROBERT B. MITCHELL, US.A Chairman, Departmest of Cliy and Regional Plan ‘ing and Chairman, Interaational Studies Group, Tn stitute for Environmental Studies, University of Penn. Sylvania. MARIE C. MeGUIRE, US.A. Commissioner, Public Housing Administration, De- partment of Housing and Urban Development, WALDEMAR A. NIELSEN, US.A President, African-American Institute, JAMES R. PERKINS, USA. President, Comell University. JAN 6. ROWAN, USA. ‘Editor, Progressive Architecture. OLGA SMIRNOWA, USSR Chief of Departinent, Social Service & Contre Plan- ning of Central Research & Design, Town P'anni Institute of State Comittee on Construction an Architecture. WILBUR 8. SMITH, US.A. President, Wilbur Smith & Associates, Tralte Bn- Fineering” Consultants, xeNZO TANGE, Japan Professor, ‘okie ‘University; Private architectural practice, ARNOLD J. TOYNBEE, U.K. Professor Emeritus of History. GH. WADDINGTON, U.K. Professor of Aninial Genetics, Edinburgh University BARBARA WARD (LADY JACKSON), CK. Carnegie Fellow ‘and Lecturer, Harvard University; Assistant Editor, The Beonomist JOSEPH WATTERSON, US.A. Consultant to the Secretary of the Interior. FRITZ ZWICKY, Switzerland Professor of "Astrophysics, California Institute of ‘Technology. io of Staff of Men- ALT ‘Works, Libya,DELOS FIVE REPORT OF THE FIFTH SYMPOSION JULY 22-29, 1967DELOS FIVE STRATEGY FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENTS REPORT OF THE FIFTH SYMPOSION - JULY 92 = 20, 1967 In July, 1963, the first Delos Symposion was held, bringing together men and women from many different disciplines, nations, and cultures to. dis cuss the future of human settlements. Since that ime, seminars, meetings for research, and a stead- ily increasing ‘participation by younger experts and students have been added to the yearly sym- posion. In July, 1967, it was announced that the experimental venture ‘would be turned into a per- manent program, The Filth Symposion, held between July 22 and July 29, was once’ again drawn from a varied group of professions and nationalities. [t drew on earlier symposia in which different as- pects of urbanization—density, transport, regional systems--had been discussed, and attempted to bring them into a coherent ‘Strategy for Human Settlements. A number of conclusions emerged as a result of these exchanges and the following paragraphs give, as is customary at the close of each ‘symposion, a brief summary of the major points of agreement. Until very recently, governments, scholars, economists, and experts have, on the whole, neg’ lected the importance of urbanization in nation- al development. It is a result of development. It is often a burden on development. But it has yet to be made into an instrument of better devel- opment. It is this instrumental quality of urban growth that has not been sufficiently stressed. ‘Transport and power, industrialization, capital formation, education ‘are seen as major priori- lies. Agriculture has received a measure of atten tion. But the growth of the urban sector has tended to be seen as a consequence of other changes and to be left. to look after itself. ‘Yet the urban sector is, by all odds, the most dynamic area of change. The number’ of people sites grows twice as quickly asthe populaticn in metropolitan areas, and three times as fast. Round each dynamic city, there is a widening gravita. tional field of economic and social forces which profoundly affect the patterns of living, even in what are supposedly still rural areas. And these changes presage completion of the urban revolu- tion in which most countries, by next century, will be predominantly urban and the more de: veloped among them will have between 8) and 90 percent of their people living in urban areas. The consequences of the urban explosion might have continued to be ignored were it not for one increasingly obvious fact. The new urban en- vironment, coming chaotically to life, is being challenged for better or worse in the developed countries but approaches a condition of crisis and revolution in many developing lands. The symptoms of breakdown are well known. Traffic patterns inhibit mobility. Pollution threatens the ecological environment. A host of problems spring from the highly uneven distribution of urban den- sities at the center, crowding of land and people, overloading, urban blight, rural migration into the most run-down areas; on the fringes, sprawi eating up the countryside, adding intolerably to the hours of commuting and limiting man’s ac- cess to the natural world. All these facets of the urban problem have become better known and analyzed over the last five years. Their ap- pearance all round the world suggests a common response to similar pressures. In fact, the only real difference is that the developed nations command a modernized system of industry and agriculture which, if they so wished, could pro- vide the resources needed to cope with the ur ban crisis. Elsewhere, the rise of the big city precedes full industrialization and its attractions may be impeding agriculture by a premature withdrawal of manpower or other resources. In this sense, faulty patterns of urbanization may be a factor in the world’s growing shortage of food. ‘These pressures and changes are not self-cor- recting. On the contrary, they have all the mak- ings of a downward spiral of disintegration. It follows that. unless governments are prepared to insert u coherent strategy for urban development, into their policies for national growth, they and their people will face a more and more dan- gerous and unworkable situation as the rising lide of population, both inside and outside the city, doubles and trebles over the next four or five’ decades, A strategy for the development of human settlements thus Ties at the core of successful general development. The symposion discussed various aspects of such a strategy, both in its theoretical form and its practical application. Tt was agreed that successful strategies are in theory likely to contain a number of elements which, together, make up a coherent and self- reinforcing system. At the beginning lies the de- lineation of the present situation (which itself can only he fully understood in relation to past trends and decisions). This situation is then projected into the future by the study, analysis, and extrapolation of present trends. The process 7clarifies the consequences of present tendencies and, given the unsatisfactory nature of current urban development, convinces present, opinion of imminent crisis unless changes are introduced. At this point, planning can introduce ideal con- cepts—not. how the city will be but how it could and should be. Thus a vision of successful change hecomes part of the present reality the basis for analysis and examination from which the planner derives authentic and realizable alterna- tives. Community acceptance turns them into actual, concrete changes. Successful change in turn becomes a new reality from which public reactions can be gauged and further extrapola- tions carried out. The whole dynamic process thus proceeds from the revelation of an unsatis factory reality to the insertion of a practicable idea to the convincing of decision - makers (both leaders and community) to the realization of the project and to a new round of judgment, ana- lysis, extrapolation, and normative targets. In this process, realism provides the analysis, the cost-benefit ratios, the constraints which continue over time. But "courage and vision are also needed “to invent the future” and to stay with the task of building it into reality. At the level of concrete application, certain general principles also emerged. The vital point in starting a development. strategy for cities is preciscly to get it started. The process can begin at any number of points—pinpointing a specific problem, proposing a concrete plan. It can be started by any number of agencies, public or private, but the first need is always to set the process in motion. Another point is that targets, though specific, should be flexible enough to be changed in the course of implementation by a continuous process of trial and error. From this flows the need for a maximum public involve- ment and education through all possible media in the tasks of realizing and correcting the ge- neral strategy. This process in turn demands leadership sufficiently trained in the concept of urban development to give dynamic direction to public thinking. It also requires experts alert to all the opportunities of new technology. Politi cal realities must be carefully assessed and the critical question asked whether the needed in- struments of regional and local goverament. are available. The scale of the task demands that every kind of agency-public and private-should be encouraged to exercise leadership with its corollary that all forces of investment—public and private—be drawn into the operation. When the point of devising detailed strate. gies is reached, it must be said that the very variety of urban situations dictates as wide a variety of urban plans. Nevertheless, a number of concrete points emerged in the course of the discussions. At the primary level of the citizen and his family, the evidence suggests that in 4 both developed and developing lands, more can often be done for poorer citizens hy’ improving their social and educational environment than by simply rehousing them without regard for supporting services. For instance, in cities in the developing world where rural’ migration far exceeds any conceivable budget for housing, the best and quickest method of settling the new ar- rivals may be to set aside special settler—ur “squatter—locations, provide plots, lay out streets, lay on water and drainage, leave space for public use and services, link the area with the wider city, and provide the settlers with the ‘means, financial or otherwise, of building their own homes. This policy has ‘the added advan- tage of simplifying the task of later redevelop- ment and it does not prejudge the issue whe ther or not the provision of urban housing is an expensive consumer item beyond the purse of poorer countries or a useful stimulant to dynamic growth. But the point was. underlined that houses built with local materials can pro- vide employment, mobilize local savings for home ownership, stimulate a wide range of subsidiary industries, and do so without undue strain on the balance of payments. ‘At the level of the whole city, there was general agreement that the ultimate aim of strategy is to give citizens, within a context of recognizable social and physical order, access to the widest possible range of free choice, including the freedom to be consulted about their choices, This ideal implies mobility since choices cannot be indulged in if they are inaccessible, and this in concrete terms implies a transport system which ends the present combination of maroon- ing for some and congestion for many, and uses all the means of movement, from the footpath to all forms of transport up to the highest. speeds, to give citizens access and time to enjoy the range of unimpeded choice which is the chief magnet, drawing them to urban life. But planning cannot encompass only the city. ‘The fact that the great urban centers exercise their attraction over very large areas means that successful planning can only iake place over the whole “field of force” surrounding the core city. For example, the Paris region, which will rise from 8 to 15 million citizens by the year 2000, might draw most of the growth of France into itself in wider and wider concentric rings if counter-poles of urbanism were not planned in other parts of the country, and its own growth encouraged to follow two specific lines of expan. sion through the basin of the Seine. The whole of the South East England is the planning region necessary to contain London's growth by pro- viding alternative metropolitan areas. The Detroit Plan calls for an urban system which inchi- des a second urban center at Lake Huron. An effective way of slowing down the Gaderenemovement of peoples to the cities in developin, Tands could. We in building up a system of int termediate towns from which agriculture can still be practised but in which industry, educational institutions, or other prestigions activities give people, short of the capital city, the kind of urban Stimnluis and opportunity they universally and irresistably desire, Comparative studies of these possibilities are not, however, available and the United Nations Social Commission has made no report as yet on its two year-old proposal to initiate such @ program, ‘This delay isa rem'nder that all forms of urban strategy still operate under the severe disadvan. lage of a general lack of scientific method, data, and research—a fact which also inhibits private citizens and institutions from evaluating the proposals put to them by governments or plan: ners and contributing their own ideas to the process of inventing and building the urban Field, more university programs, more exchanges and experimentation on a national and interna- tional basis, more coordination of separate acti vities. And the institutions involved can im turn take on the task of expanding in a systematic way the lamentably small cadre of men and wo- ‘men trained in the ekistic skills of creative ur- banism. The emergence of people with sulficient know- ledge and vision to give urban leadership will also largely determine the degree to which suffi cient resources are made available for urban development. In the developed world, resources in themselves are not scarce. The ' combined Gross National Product of the wealthy powers is close to the 82,500,000 million mark. The Uni ted States, Britain, ‘and Western Europe alone grow by not less than $60,000 million dollars a Year (@ figure equivalent ‘to the entire Gross National Product of Latin America or twice that, of Africa or India). In such countries the existing and expanding apparatus of wealth and techno: logy is so great that within the time span need ed to generate and deploy savings, build plant and train labor, a decision to undertake a pro- ject triggers the creation of the resources neces- sary to complete it. The difficulty lies in mobi: lizing the vision and decision needed to allocate a larger share of these resources to the urban sector. What is needed is in fact an unleashing of the national imagination on a scale that com: pares with the effort and expenditure undertaken im national defense or the competition of the space race. Only then will citizens of developed societies be ready to dedicate to urban develop- ment the devices of modern technology, the public programing, and public and private cooperation in investment which have emerged over the last decade as indispensible instruments for tasks of high national importance But this affluence is rarely to be found in the developing word. The entire annual inflow of public and private capital into Latin America, the entire annual investment of the World Bank and all the regional banks- in developing lands are no more than a single year’s domestic and foreign investment of over a billion dollars made by a few large American corporations. Moreover, very little of this money has been devoted so far to urban development. Thus where the need is most radical, the means are least available and no amount’ of local saving can catch up speedily on an urban explosion which has out- stripped its industrial and agricultural hase. At this point, the citizens of the rich coun- tries confront a fundamental political and moral issue. Inside their cities, wealthier citizens can through taxation and investment pass on some of their surplus to the poorer neighborhoods. Inside the country, poorer regions can be helped in the same way. The moral obligations of cit- izenship and the political and administrative structures for such a transfer at least exist, even though they are not recognized and used’ on a sufficient scale. But in the world at large between wealthy nations and developing nations both the instruments and the obligations are largely lack- ing. Economic links are a fact. Instant com- munication is a fact. Supersonic flight may_ soon make all areas no more than two hours distant from each other. But brute physical proximity is not matched by moral neighborhood. Gener- osity and the sense of oblication all too often end at the frontier line. Until this changes, the trans- fers of wealth which are normal inside a com- munity will not be made within the whole com- munity of man. Given, therefore, the scale of the wealth of developed lands and the needs of the developing countries, the rich nations should fix their annual contribution to world development at the level of at least one percent of Gross National Product—the percentage accepted in principle for the vearly transfer of financial re- sources at the United Nations Conference on ‘Trade and Development in 1964 At every level—in the city, in the region, in the world at large among developed and devel- oping peoples alike—the need is to bring the tasks and opportunities of the urban revolution to the center of public policy and private interest, to develop strategies of creative change and to mob- ilize the resources in capital and skills needed to turnf man’s dream of a better urban life into ‘a daily reality. We can only repeat. For modern man the decision to act can be the means of creating and mobilizing the resources for action. Imagination, not resources, sets the limits of his activity. His survival in civic order and social peace depends therefore not only upon the re- alism of his plans and his vigor in pursuing them but. also upon the courage with which he is ready to see visions and dream dreams.CHARLES’ABRAMS (USA) Chairman, Division of Urban Plan- ning, Columbia University; Director, Institute of Urban Environment, Columbia University. ©. PRESTON ANDRADE (USA) Consultant in Urbanization, Ford Foundation, New Delhi, India. EDMUND N. BACON (USA) Executive Director, Philadelphia City Planning: Commission, DAVID E. BELL (USA) ‘Vice President, Ford Foundation. FRANCOIS BLOCH-LAINE (France) Inspecteur général des Finances, Pré- sident du Credit Lyonnais. COLIN BUCHANAN (UK} Professor of Transport, Imperial Col lege of Science and Technology. EMILE DESPRES (USA) Professor of Economics, Stanford University ‘TRUMAN B. DOUGLASS (USA) Bxecutive Vice President, United Church Board for Homeland Minis. tres, GA. DOXIADIS (Greece) President, Doxiadis Associates, Con- sultants én Development and Ekis: tics: Chairman, Board. of Directors and President, Athens Technologieal Institute. LOUIS L. FRIEDLAND (Usa) Associate Dean, College of Liberal Arts, Wayne Siate University R. BUCKMINSTER FULLER (USA) University, Professor of ‘Generalized Design Science Exploration, South: cera Illinois University. ROGER GREGOIRE (France) Conseller d'Btat and Member of the Freuch National Committee on In= comes and Costs 6 CHARLES M. HAAR (USA) ‘Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Dept. of Hous: ing and Urban Development, “US Government HARLAN HATCHER (USA) President, The University of Mich gan FELIPE HERRERA (Chile) President, Inter-American Develop: ment Bank. MICHAEL IONIDES (UK) Managing Director, Doxiadis lo. rides Associates. FA. JIAOGE (Ghana) ‘Managing Director, Tema Develop- ment Corporation. REGINALD §. LOURIE (USA) Professor of Pediatric. Psychiatry, George Washington University. EDWARD S. MASON (USA) Lamont University Professor, Har- vard University Sir, ROBERT H. MATTHEW (UK) Professor of Architecture, Edinburgh University. MARGARET MEAD (USA Gurator of Ethnology, American Museum of Natural History; Adjunct Professor, Columbia University. MARTIN MEYERSON (USA) President, State University of New York at Buffal. JEROME MONOD (France) Délégué adjoint a l'Aménagement du territoire eta Action régionale JOSE MUNOZ ROJAS (Spain) ‘Secretary General, Banco Urquijo, Madrid. WALDEMAR A. NIELSEN (USA) President, Aftican-American Insti- tate, PETER H. NASH (USA) Dean, The Graduate School, Univer versity of Rhode Island: Director, Graduate Curriculum in Community Planning and Area Development. Professor of Regional Planning and Geography’ JAMES F. OATES Jr. (USA) Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, ‘The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the US. HASAN OZBEKHAN (USA) Director of Planning, System De- velopment Corporation, CLAIBORNE PELL (USA) US Senator for Rhode Island. HOLMES G. PERKINS (USA) Dean, Graduate School of Fine Arts, University of Pennsylvania. JAMES R. PERKINS (USA| President, Cornell Universit JOHN P. ROBIN (USA) On assignment in Kenya for the Ford Foundation, JAMES H. SCHEUER (Usa) Member of US House of Represen: latives for the 21st Congressional District, Bronx, New York DONALD SHOEMAKER (USA) Editor, The Miami Herald, Editor, The Asheville Citizen; Ex: ecutive Director, Southern Educa- tion Reporting Service SULIUS A. STRATTON [USA Chairman of the Board, The Ford Foundation, ARNOLD J. TOYNBEE (UK) Professor Emeritus of History BARBARA WARD (LADY JACKSON), (UK) Carnegie Fellow and Lecturer, Har- vard University; Assistant Editor of the Economist.DELOS SIX JULY 6-13, 1968 DELOS DECLARATION 1968 “MAN AND HIS. SETTLEMENTS”DELOS DECLARATION 1968 “MAN AND HIS SETTLEMENTS” Five years ago, here at city throughout history has been the cradle of, human civilization and progress. Today, it is deeply involved in the deepest and widest revolu. tion ever to overtake mankind.” We ended our statement: “We are citizens of a worldwide city, threatened by its own torrential expansion, andour concern and our commitment is for man himself.” Today, the urgency which we faced then is both Breater and better known. It is set within a context of worldwide problems: ‘the search for a world order to eliminate war, the need to check the po- Pulation explosion, to provide food to. prevent Starvation, to halt the contamination of the envic Fonment, and to deal with the discrepancy between esources and expectations that exist in so many countries of the world. Within 30 years, the po- ulation of the earth will have more than doubled, to reach approximately seven billion. Half will be under 25. If present trends continue. the present half of the world’s population who now live ine tics will have risen to three quarters. Unless far. reaching and immediate steps are taken, the cities Delos, we said: “The of the world—large and small, ancient and mo. dern—will be grievously unprepared to receive them. We will have to build approximately twice as many new habitations as the beginning of history. Even if immediate and successful action is taken to halt the population explosion and to moderate migration into the ci ties, the tasks we face are enormous. These trends are no longer the concern of spe- Gialists and planners alone. Even as the science of human settlements—ekistics—was evolving, the state of our cities all over the world has erupted into public consciousness, in riots in the streets, in attacks on the universities, in growing and irre. sistible demands for change. The way in which. we design and built, manage and expand our human settlements lies at the heart of how human civili. zation can survive and develop. While catastrophe threatens, so also this new recognition gives us hope. man has built from Some of us have come fresh from the impact of tumultuous demands for change, in Paris, in New York, in Tokyo. We now. recognize that planning for human settlements is essentially a po- litical process. Attempts to remove any aspect from Politics only politicize that sector in isolation. In- stead of the separation of planners and experts from the public, we need the simultaneous invol. Vement of the politicians and the people: of plan ners and builders and those for whom they plan and build; of those who are learning how to plan and those who are learning from them; of peoples in advanced countries and peoples in the indus. ‘ializing countries; of the articulate and the inar~ ticulate; of those for whom, by whom, and with whom the designs for human settlements must be made. Five years ago we set out a series of aims 4. “to establish in its own right a new discip- line of human. settlements: >. to initiate basic research of the most far-reach- ing. kind: © to bring together specialists from other re- levant disciplines to work together on pro Jects im this field: 4. to work out new methods of training the men who can assume leadership and responsibi- lity in the sphere of action: ©. to attract some of the best young minds into this new area of research, development, and practice.” All of these aims stand as essential to a science of human settlements. Some of them have been Partly attained. Where the ranks of interested students were thin, students now crowd the corri- dors and overstrain the capacities of their teachers. But, if we are to have the essential tools for coping with man's need to build himself a habi- table dwelling place, we need a much greater scien. tific effort: ‘many more institutions for training and diffusion of information, and research on human behavior that is as rigorous as research on the physical environment.But today far moré is involved. The condition of human settlements and the fate of those who live in them has become the pressing concern of governments and politicians, of the law and the Universities; @ recurrent theme of the mass media: Atopic that resonates in every quarter of the globe. We now realize that much more emphasis must bbe laid on the process by which we hope to at- tain our goals, We know that we can obtain use~ ful insights from the processes of biological deve- lopment and evolution. We must establish cultural systems which can accommodate constant changes Within the living social organism. Linear planning must be replaced by systems of feedback. For planning for, we must substitute planning with For goals which bind the present, we must substi- tute processes which generate a’ continually self- renewing future. For city designs that constrain and damage man, we must offer systems which give freedom of choice, For physical plans that limit and restrict, we must offer physical plans that can set men free, together with new govern- mental and social institutions which will make it possible for all—the city-born, newcomers to. the city, and children yet unborn—to take advantage of this freedom But we must also recognize that in the field of building and construction thousands of unrelated decisions which will profoundly affect the future must be taken every day. Build we will, we must roads and bridges, harbors and airports, towns by the hundreds, ‘cities of millions. Building for human beings and human life must go on uncea- singly. Confrontation and communication between those concerned with physical structure and those concerned with man is at the core of the problem, Seif generative systems. in which goals are re- defined as part of the process of achieving the arise from, complement and are the fulfillment of the worldwide demands for greater participation in the councils of the decision makers. of both the privileged and those who are excluded because of race, class, lack of education. isolation or po. verty; both the articulate and those who suffer in silence. Conditions must be created to encourage and strengthen emerging leadership in groups pre- viously without a voice. Parallel to the demands for participation by the excluded, and for repre- sentation for the inarticulate, has come a realiza- tion that the inclusion of all these groups is the very living stuff of the planning process. Human settlements must be built with the continuous par- ticipation and the living experimentation by those who live within them and make them what they are The world-wide revolts of youth have pointed up another dimension of our problem—that of time. Students who would have participated actively in a few years, demand participation now, With the enormously accelerated speed of change, they de- mand that more teachers become learners, and that. to the function of dissemination of the known, must be added the cooperative search for the unknown. The style of our universities and other institutions of research and development must be profoundly altered. It must include students as participants in the discovery process and the uni- versity itself as a full participant cooperating with other institutions, in the metropolitan community, the nation and the world. Emphasis can no longer be only on those who give answers. It must include those who ask questions and must live with the results. Five years ago the numbers of those concerned with the problems of human settlements were much fewer and the world was aimost unaware of the urgeney of planning for the future settlements of man. Today. our horizons have widened. our knowledge of what we do not know has greatly expanded, the rising tide of demands for_partici- pation has been met by our greater recognition of how essential such participation is. We are even more concerned about the future. but we do know more about the needs of the present, of the need to organize the processes of developmental change so that they embody and generate the human va- ues we seekROBERT A. ALDRICH (USA) “Greuit, Hea esares Study Center, Betti of Wartingon GEORGE 4. ATKINSON, 0.8. (UK) Boling Research Staton, EDMUND X. BACON (Us Ticats Bieta Phlaebaia Gey Planing Commas. DAVID BELL (USA “ew Breet, Phe For Fovadaton MeGEORGE BUNDY (USA) ‘readect, The Ford Foundation comes ites JRADY CLAY (U8 OPA Crmitant, Urban Jeruasm Contr, Northwectra Univesity KARL W. DEUTSCH (USA) fear gf Govertmet. Berean Univers CA DOXIADIS (Gree) eS 3 MOL Crea, Haim Tad [Taney ant $ da me aE Sen Cong Hick: Doulol Proidsee Atheos Technological Onariation. CAQOpiad, LEONARD J. DUHL (USA) ‘enor of Ustan Sect Planing, ‘Eben of Caters, Bena ALVIN G BURICH (USA) "Besant hesdioy fo" Educatinat Dovetpet a RSE ag ‘Vizag : R. RUCKMINSTER FULLER (UA) ‘serty Peg of Guorind ‘Southern unos Universit JEAN GOTTMANN (France) rlr,Bke Pate Hata LESTER 8. GRANGER (USA) Detinpined Yasing Protea, Moabtae Cale ROGER GREGOIRE (France| “Geel SE, MENIE GREGOIRE, frac “embers ra Crates for ‘Women’s Wor CHARLES 4 HAAR, USA) ‘ot Hoasog and Urban Development, RICKARD J, WAMER (Avata Mtter or Loe Coverument and Yan ig Sate a Viton SCRE SOMA re for"Aven Development esearch Bfemts Me 6 ae At Pani, svg ass be ae OYORGY KEPES (USA) ‘Direstan, Contes for Advanced Visual ‘Sti Masachoste Insta of Techaclgy LORD LUEWELYN-DAVIES (OK) Peso a Asher, ‘Univer Clee, Lanai. LADY LLBWELYS- DAVIES (OK) Hospital ior Sik Chen, Leadon. REGINALD 8, LOURIE (USA) Prfetn o Pedatse Payehiatey ‘Gtorge’Warhngton Unies SiR ROBERT MATTHEW (UK) eso of Arent, Editon Uae: MARGARET MEXD (USA) aro hl can eared Sine Raat Pitot ot evoomettal Dein, Dak Mure ‘Univer of Cabra, Beso MARDI MEVERSON (084) TPAD buewe ajont'a TAmtnagrent Sa Arbre et nV Acton repinale. ee HENRI PEQUIGNOT (Frans) "rotary Ci realy of Mel sncgens nov, oe Jom REY SERS Oe 5 ESTA et mene soa a ey een ‘epubile ot Senegal " weg or Es ERE ey MARIETTA TREE, (USA) Dine, Unied Satons Ancien, STEPHEN VERNEY (UK) ‘Canon Reidy, Coventry Cathedra. CH, WADDINGTON (UE) fer of nnd Benet, Edinburg Unvorty, CHARLES, E, WYZANSKI “Ghat badge, Dotnet ot say eschaets,