Internet Protocol Networking ( )

IP Networking
kwidzzj Bmjvg wjsKb
IP Networking
d s
: i !"
g" "$ %&'
g

Green Net Publishers

218/9, ROKEYA SHARANI
3RD FLOOR, MOLLIK PLAZA
WEST KAFRUL, DHAKA-1207
Phone : 01762326963
email : greennetpub@gmail.com
editor@greennetpub.com
info@greennetpub.com
website: www.greennetpub.com
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/GreenNetPub
sns i i

g
e e
p s, 2014
o%& n '%&d) / as,- ) : p p n .)) ei i e ,

tt
0,
0, ei
i % , s . , k) 0 4,' . ei i unk ,nt
0, a )
:; ei i e , a m= i . , >d e ?i) '@A aB e
.
0,
% , B .s ) i ,
p, 'A' At

0, ) ,u % ' p k , i e rd ,
, kn , p,
a %G ? ) i p,, p). , ,nt e)' kn , 'A' At p,,
g ,
GNPN1813/A025
ISBN: xx-xxx-xxx (Print)

ISBN: xx-xxx-xxx (Online)
u

mu inu
n-
Digital Data Packet -p h e

IP Support e device mu, PDA, Note Book, Smart Phone
i n i o u! IP
Network e # in e p
# o
g' ic), mu o *
g +, ,* mu
in/ . u ,/i/, in en
i 1 +t-+t3 i ,* 4
u . ,
Shariful Islam Lincon
lincon92.fci@gmail.com

a
: i, k,
a
: o eDep
!
" a
: IPv4 eD# (Addressing Format)
$ a
: ep
!
& a
: AND a'(
)* a
: Class C Sub-netting Process (CIDR /24 to /30)
+ a
: Class B Sub-netting Process (CIDR /16 to /30)
, a
: Class A Sub-netting Process (CIDR /8 to /30)
- a
: k/ IPv4 eDe TCP/IP Tools 0
1 a
: VLSM ep
! (Basic Concept of VLSM)
/ a
: VLSM Tree Structure
/ a
: Classful & Classless Subnetting with Box method
"/ a
: Appendix
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
=i, >k,
p.
Binary, Hexa-Decimal,
Decimal Number
a^
1.1. (Decimal Number):
p+, d, ,. 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 ei 10; p,< ==> ? d, ==> >
,
, = @ d, = >
A=B: 10; p,< ==> >
Dt = =i 10
p+, >= @ = d, ==> >
u@>G- 100, 11, 158, 1586 i,@

1.2. =i (Binary Number):
? d,, 2 Dt 0,1 ==> >
, =i d, = >
0,1 ei digit @; p,; Bit = >
A=B: t 2; p,< ==> >
Dt = =i 2
i = mu >= =i d, ==> >
u@>G- 10101, 1111, 1000111, 000001110 i,@
1.3. >k (Hexa-Decimal Number):

16; p,< ?.- 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F i,@ ==> e= =i kp
>k d, ==>
>
A=B: 16; p,< ==> >
=i = Dt 16
=i >= > >k ==> >
u@>G:- A85F, BD1, 9555, FFFF, A00 i,@
1.4. =i, >k e= ]> ^ s m :

=i

>k-

=i

>k-

0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
10
11
100
101
0
1
2
3
4
5
8
9
10
11
12
13
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
8
9
A
B
C
D
: i
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
6
7
110
111
6
7
GNP0414/A036
14
15
1110
1111
E
F
1.5. =i

ln d,:
a=, 2 d Dg (?,kG ? n Dgk ] 0 >
,,kG),
,,kG
Dgk
]> + . u @
, =i o
?
m 527 =i

ln @ >;
2
1027
513 Dgk
2
2
256 Dgk
2
128 Dgk
2
64 Dgk
2
32 Dgk
2
16 Dgk
2
8 Dgk
2
4 Dgk
2
2 Dgk
2
1 Dgk
0 Dgk
0
1
, (1027)10 = (10000000011)2

1.6. =i
ln d,:
=i @ . = @ = ]> ,@ s<
d iG iG
?g
, @ = o
?
m =i 1111101111

ln @ >;
,:: (1111101111)2 = (1007)10

1.7. =i >k
ln d,:
=i @ . 4Bit
i e= = @ ?@ Bit . ,= p
<
0
?k 4Bit e ic A, ?
?=i = 1011001001
+ = ic >= = 0010
1100
1001
: i
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
e 1.4 ac@ = a ic ]> + , >k =i e=
i
?- =i 1011001001 >k
ln d, m @
>=i
: 1011001001
+ = , ic >= : 0010

,, >k : 2
1100
C
1001
9
,:- (1011001001)2 = (2C9)16

e ?@ >k =i
ln , +i, ,= >k p,
Digt 1.4 ac@ = a , d p,s
ln >
?=
?- >k AD79F =i
ln d, m @
>-
,:- (AD79F)16 = (10101101011110011111)2
: i
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
1.8. a<< (Binary to Decimal Conversion)

128
64
32
16
ut

157
89
255
128
64
32
16
00011011
10101010
01101111
11111000
11000000
+ 255
128
16
64
16
+ 157
+ 89
00000011
00110011
11000011
00111100
01010101
10001100
: i
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
1.9. a<< (Decimal to Binary Conversion)

128
64
32
16
255
238
34
123
50
200
10
13
250
107
179
57
150
145
52
41
187
155
221
254
244
22
35
51
71
99
11
195
88
77
25

: i
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
d,<
GNP0414/A036
o
ew e p. ^G
Basic Concept of Network
Addressing
a^
2.1. o
ew (Network Address):
Computer Network g{ u| =Dn Network device ?, Computer, Router, Switch, Bridge, Gateway
i,@ n
o
p,; Di s, s . Communication p
e;
Unique Name/Number ei Unique Name/Number o
ew (Address) = >
o
ew 2i p ?.1. Physical/ Hardware Address
2. Logical Address
2.1.1. Physical/ Hardware Address:
o

D] k p, >s e; Physical/ Hardware Address

, ? MAC Address
+, ei MAC(Media Access Control) Address NIC ps, p, NIC ps,
NIC
e ^ s
< D= EPROM Technology-, Burn @
>
, ? =,, =,
?
MAC Address, OSI layer e Data-link layer e Routing e ei MAC Address
=k =^ p@
p,; MAC Address 48Bit e, ? p. 24Bit IEEE(Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineering)
, p@t, ? OUI(Organizational Unique Identifier) +, e= = 24Bit Dn(Vendor) =
Manufacturer , p@t
Binary Format
Hexadecimal Format
24 Bits
24 Bits
00:E0:FF
OUI
01:AB:0E
Manufacturer
10000000 : 00001111 : 11000011 : 01111110 : 10000001 : 11001100

80 : 0F : C3 : 7E : 81 : CC
Binary 48Bit e MAC Address 8Bit=1Byte : d 6; a Dg >

, e=
p, Dg , Hexadecimal d p >
mu MAC Address Cmd mode . ipconfig/all n p@ >, physical
address MAC Address p@ , >=
: i
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
+t 1.1.1: MAC Address

2.1.2. Logical Address:
Logical Address, OSI-Model e Network Layer e o
D] k p, >s e; dynamic
= p
=, < e; (Address) p@ >
? o

]> .
hierarchical structure p@
e; Logical Address@; Components ^G ;
Network ID
>s-; o

, , +h,
Host ID >s-; o

, m >s, , +h,
Logical Address ],
Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) e= Internet Protocol(IP)

IPX ^ Novell networks e ==> >

, n =, TCP/IP = < D= Internet Backbone Protocol
>= ==> >c
2.2. ;,,/ i, TCP/ IP :

TCP Transmission Control Protocol e= IP- Internet Protocol ], ei ^ TCP/IP
o
D] k mu ]> =Dn ^ D ?- Remote login, File Transfer, e-mail, Data
@-p@ i,@ ?g-=^ p@ .
2.2.2. i, (IP Address) :
IP Internet Protocol? OSI-Model e Network Layer e @; D = = p@
. ?. Logical Addressing : Host e= Network unique address p@
Routing : u; e e= Path +h, e= a u;

IP Version @p ?.
IPv4 (32 bit)
IPv6 (128 bit)
2.2.2.1. IPv4 e A=B:

32 Bits length
Represent by Decimal number
separate by Dot(.)
Ex- 11000000.10101000.00000010.00000001 = 192.168.2.1
(*** ei =i, ^ 32 = i a. IPv4
+ = ***)
2.2.2.2. IPv6 e A=B:
128 Bits length
Represent by Hexa Decimal number.
Separate by Colon(:)
: i

www.greennetpub.com
i, o

GNP0414/A036
Ex- 0011101110111010:1111111111111111:0000000000000000:1001000000000001:
1100111111101101:1110010101101010:0001000011101111:1101101000100000
= 3BBA:FFFF:0000:9001:CFED:E56A:10EF:DA20
= 3BBA:FFFF:0:9001:CFED:E56A:10EF:DA20
N.B. IPv6 e ? IP Version = = , IPng +, >=
: i
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
, ,<
GNP0414/A036
IPv4 ew (Addressing Format)
a^
3.1. IPv4 Addressing:

4 octet (One octet=8bit) = 32Bit =B IP Address IPv4 = e V =, Version =
>
=, IP ^ Device e ==> <
D= =d c, =k cell phone e internet
=^ ^G >c g<
= ^i IPv4 e IP Address :k >
?= IP
e +>@ k =d . . User-@ = IP p@ k o
i
gG 128Bit e
IPv6 development , ? g<
= ^ ==> >= ,= un, = ei sl
IPv6 ==> >c
IPv4 e IP: 11000000.1000000.11100011.00000010
n e, ={ IP = = a B ,i e ,
>
?192.128.227.2 ei D= p >
1st Octet
2nd Octet
3rd Octet
4th Octet
Binary Format
Decimal Format
11000000
192
10000000
128
11100011
227
00000010
2
** Octet e = m-= c (00000000 . 11111111) = 0 . 255 e .= **
3.2. IP Address e G< =Dg(Classification of IP Address):

IP Address A,B,C,D,E,F ei + G<, =Dk >
], IP Address e p. Octet d
IP Address e k G
>
. ?Bit Format e =Dn IP address e Classification method:
Class A : IP Address e p. Octet e MSB-Most Significant bit 0 > IP ; >= Class
A e IP.
Class B: IP Address e p. Octet e p. 2; MSB-Most Significant bit 10 > IP ;
>= Class B e IP.
Class C: IP Address e p. Octet e p. 3; MSB-Most Significant bit 110 > IP ;
>= Class C e IP.
Class D: IP Address e p. Octet e p. 4; MSB-Most Significant bit 1110 > IP
; >= Class D e IP.
Class E: IP Address e p. Octet e p. 4; MSB-Most Significant bit 1111 > IP ;
>= Class E e IP.
st
IP Address
2nd
3rd
th
octet
01100000. 00011000. 00001111. 11110000

10001111.11110000.00011110.00011000
11010000.10000001.00001111.00011110
Class- Class- Class- Class- ClassA

B
C
D
E

-

-
: i
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
11100000.10001001.00000111.00001111
11110100.11110001.11000011.11110000

-
DecimalFormat e =Dn IP address e Classification method:

Class
Range (1st Octet)
Class - A
Class B
Class C
Class D
Class - E
0 127
128 - 191
192 223
224 239
240 - 255
Default Subnet Mask

255.0.0.0
255.255.0.0
255.255.255.0
-----------------------
Use.
Networking
Networking
Networking
Multicasting
Reserved for future Use
*** e Default Subnet Mask

=, a^
+ >= ei =i, ^ t k
A,B,C
+ =***
*** Network 127 is reserved for loopback and internal testing. 127.0.0.0.1 ei IP Address d
Network e . host, Enable , <k >
. ***
*** Class A ^G, a ={ o
==> >
., >s k = , +
o =
? WAN.
*** , ] D= , o
, ? >s > = , +
o = i =
o
Class-B e IP Address ==> >
. ?- MAN.
*** ^G, , o
?- a , , ISP = i= , Class C
e IP Address ==> >
. (254 = , +
Host e Class C e IP ==>
= t)
3.3. Public & Private IP Address e ^G:

p, k IP Address ]> Public & Private ei @i Dg =Dk >
. Public IP
==> a. =
, >
, a @ Private IP = ] e= a=^ ==> ?
Public
IP, Routable a. Internet d Access ?
, a @ Private IP, Non-routable a. internet
d Access ?
private IP d i , o
private network = >
a@ public
IP d i , Network public network = >
, IP p^, @i p ?.i.
Real IP/ Public IP
ii.
Private IP/ Fake IP
?- a LAN >c e; Private Network a@ =

ai, BTCL, MANGO, b
> ?= ISP m b=n Internet Service p@ ,@ o
>c Public network.
: i
10
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
+t 3.3: Public & private Network

+t 3.3: . = ?c ?, Internet e . ?k ? private IP ^ iu = > Internet
e =Dn Resource ? DNS, POP3, VOIP, FTP, Web/http > = ^G = = D Access
, n public network e public IP ^ iu = Internet e . ?k .=< a pn
Private Network e iu ic o ei private Network e = D Access ,
=
*** ei Private IP =Dn Private Network e ==> >, n e; Public IP, Unique ?
public network e ==> > , = .o ==> ?= ***
3.4. Network IP e= Broadcast IP:

o
= = o
(Subnet) = i IP Address e ^ p. IP Address
Network e Network IP = subnet IP = >
e= = k IP Address Broadcast IP = >
Network IP e= Broadcast IP >s p@ ?

, a. ei IP @; ==> ?=
o
u; e Network & Broadcast IP @; ==> >
^G,
o
u d +h, Network IP ==> >
, a @ p, >s
u; e Broadcast IP ==> >
(= a 4.6 ac@ @:=)
: i
11
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
3.5.Class A IP Address ]> A=B:

0 - 127
10
Network/
Can't be use
Private
1-9
127
11 - 126
Real
Loop back
+t 3.5: k A e p. a e A=B

Table of the characteristics of IP Class- A
Range of 1st Octet of Class A IP is: 0 to 127
Private IP
Real IP
Real IP
Loop back IP
Default subnet mask:
Network IP
Broadcast IP
1st Octet
10
1-9
11-126
127
255
0
126
2nd Octet
0-255
0-255
0-255
0-255
0
0
255
3rd Octet
0-255
0-255
0-255
0-255
0
0
255
4th Octet
0-255
0-255
0-255
0-255
0
0
255
3.6. Table of the characteristics of IP Class- B

Range of 1st Octet of Class B IP is: 128 to 191
Private IP
Real IP
Real IP
Real IP
Real IP
Network IP
Broadcast IP
1st Octet
172
172
172
128-171
173-191
255
128
191
2nd Octet
16-31
0-15
32-255
0-255
0-255
255
0
255
3rd Octet
0-255
0-255
0-255
0-255
0-255
0
0
255
4th Octet
0-255
0-255
0-255
0-255
0-255
0
0
255
: i
12
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
3.7. Table of the characteristics of IP Class- C

Range of 1st Octet of Class C IP is: 192 to 223
Private IP
Real IP
Real IP
Real IP
Network IP
Broadcast IP
1st Octet
2nd Octet
3rd Octet
4th Octet
192
192
192
193-223
255
192
223
168
0-167
169-255
0-255
255
0
255
0-255
0-255
0-255
0-255
255
0
255
0-255
0-255
0-255
0-255
0
0
255
3.8. =Dn IP Address ]> Class, Private, Public G

a<<:
IP Address
Class
Private
Public
Loop Back
10.250.1.1
150.10.15.0
192.168.2.1
192.14.2.0
148.17.9.1
193.42.1.1
126.8.156.0
220.200.23.1
230.230.45.58
177.100.18.4
127.0.0.01
249.240.80.78
199.155.77.56
117.89.56.45
215.45.45.0
199.200.15.0
95.0.21.90
33.0.0.0
158.98.80.0
219.21.56.0
172.5.15.2
A
B
C

-
: i
13
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
+, .
=; e p. ^G
a^
(Basic Concept of Sub-netting)
4.1. = (Subnet):

e; o
- @ B o

=Dk ?
o

D] k ei
o
]> Subnet = Sub network = >
TCP/IP Networking-e Sub-netting >c e e
Process ? ^ e; IP Address- =Dk a i(@ B) Network o Host Address-e
ln ?
^, e; p, 10/12; Computer e LAN

e,=s
LAN internet Connection
p@ ISP m . e; t IP Address p@ >= e= IP Sub-netting
= Computer ]> IP p@ >=
4.2. Subnet Mask (= k):
Subnet mask e ^ Address ? IP Address e Network ID e= Host ID @ Subnet mask
e 0 d Host (H) e= 1 d Network (N) @ >
a. IP Address . Network ID
e= Host ID . = et<G ? Address ==> >
, , Subnet mask =
Decimal
Binary
255
1111 1111
255
1111 1111
255
1111 1111
0
0000 0000
e 255.255.255.0 >c C Class e Default Subnet mask

e total Network bits(N=1) = 24; e= total Host bits(H=0)= 8;
4.3. Class A,B,C e Default Subnet mask e Network e= Host Octet G
Table
Default Subnet Masks
Class A 255.0.0.0
Class B 255.255.0.0
Class C 255.255.255.0
Class
1st Octet
2nd Octet
3rd Octet
4th Octet
# Network
Bits
# Host
Bits
A
B
C
Network
Network
Network
Host
Network
Network
Host
Host
Network
Host
Host
Host
8
16
24
24
16
8
4.4. IP Address . Network & Host a Identification a<<:

=t d mk IP Address ]> Network a +h, u@>G >= p. @; @ >:
177.100.
177.100.
215.45.45.0
217.21.56.0
193.42.1.1
119. 18.45.0
192.200.15.0
10.250.1.1
126.8.156.0
119 . 240.80.78
209.
.
199.155.77.56
95.0.21.90
150.10.15.0
220.200.23.1
33.0.0.0
192.14.2.0
124.223.2.3
117.89.56.45
158.98.80.0
148.17.9.1
25.54.26.58
18.4
: i
14
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
=t d mk IP Address ]> Host a +h, u@>G >= p. @; @ >:
10. 15.123.50
126.201.54.231
148.17.9.155
55.250.5.5
171.2. 199.31
191.41.35.112
100.25.1.1
218.155.230.14
198.125.87.177
155.25.169.227
195.0.21.98
10.250.1.1
223.250.200.222
192.15.155.2
25.250.135.46
75.65.100.28
17.45.222.45
123.102.45.254
171.102.77.77
192.168.2.1
4.5. Default Subnet Masks EFGH IJ aFLMNOFN:

m IP Address ]> default subnet mask = u@>G >= p. 2; @ >:-
177.210.50.1
255.255.0.0
189.210.50.1 ____________________________
119.18.45.0
255.0.0.0
88.45.65.35 _____________________________
191.249.234.191 __________________________ 128.212.250.254 _________________________

223.23.223.109 __________________________ 193.100.77.83 __________________________
10.10.250.1 _____________________________
125.125.250.1 ___________________________
126.123.23.1 ____________________________
1.1.10.50 _____________________________
223.69.230.250 ________________________
220.90.130.45 ___________________________
192.12.35.105 __________________________
134.125.34.9 ___________________________
77.251.200.51 ___________________________
95.250.91.99 ___________________________
: i
15

www.greennetpub.com
i, o

GNP0414/A036
4.6 Subnet IP e= Broadcast IP Address +h, :

Subnet IP Address: Network/subnet e IP Address e (CIDR P Subnet MaskaFL I) >s
a = ?@ 0 >
, ,= IP Address ; >c o
network = Subnet IP Address.
?- 192.168.2.0 = 11000000.10101000.00000010.00000000 >c C Class e Network IP (?
Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0)
Broadcast IP Address: Network/subnet e IP Address e (CIDR P Subnet MaskaFL I)
>s a = ?@ 1 >
, ,= IP Address ; >c o
Broadcast IP Address.
?- 192.168.2.255 = 11000000.10101000.00000010.11111111 >c C Class e Broadcast IP (?
Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0)
4.7. CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
Subnet Mask IP Address e . k p = CIDR method ==> >
CIDR
e Subnet mask e Network a Total 1 e u D ^G, IP Address
e; Slash / @
CIDR Value , >
Ex- Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 binary format e mk D= p >

;
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
e Network a Total 1 = 24; , IP Adress ?-192.168.2.1 e Subnet mask ?@
255.255.255.0 >
, ,= e k mk D= p = ?=;
192.168.2.1/24
4.8. Custom subnet masks:
255.0.0.0, 255.255.0.0 e= 255.255.255.0 >c ?.k Class A,B e= C e Default Subnet mask
?@ IP Address e . k Default Subnet Mask ==> , ,= k Full
Block IP i ? subnet mask 255.255.255.0 d 1; Network e= 256; IP Address o
?
(Class C)
subnet mask 255.255.0.0 d 1; Network 65535; IP Address o
?
(Class B)
subnet mask 255.255.0.0 d 1; Network 16777215; IP Address o
?
(Class A)
=s, k e; o
e, IP Address ==> >
,i Full Block IP Address
]> +>@ a ,i Block e =Dk >
p, Block e; = >= ==+
>
?= subnet Mask ]> d +>@ a IP Address ]> ,i Network e= Host e
=Dk >
, ,@ Custom subnet masks = >
?- o
?@ @; Subnet e= p, Subnet e 128; Host ., ,=
o
Subnet Mask >=, 255.255.255.128 ? CIDR >= /25.
: i
16
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
4.9. =Dn Subnet mask e CIDR Value e= Default & Custom Subnet mask +h, a<<:
Subnet Mask
(Decimal Format)
Subnet mask (Binary Format)
Custom
Default
CIDR
Value
255.0.0.0
255.255.255.192
255.255.192.0
255.255.255.224
255.192.0.0
255.255.128.0
255.255.255.128
255.168.0.0
255.255.1.0
255.2.0.0
255.255.0.0
255.255.255.252
255.255.255.0
255.255.224.0
255.255.248
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.240
255.255.248.0
255.252.0.0
255.240.0.0
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000

-
/8
/26
4.10. IP address with CIDR e =s= u@>G:

, p, 12; Computer e LAN e LAN- Internet Connection p@
ISP m 12; IP @
^ t e; IP (Ex- 192.170.5.100/28) @= e= =
@= ei IP; Sub-netting = mu IP p@ ,
e @= D= 192.170.5.100/28 IP- D= = k = , >
e /28
d = >
?, ei IP- Subnet mask e Total 28; Network Bit .= e= = (32-28) =
4; Host bit .= a. N(1) = 28 Bits e= H(0) = 4Bits
, Subnet mask = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 = 255.255.255.240
=:d: Network bit (1) ]> = @ . >= , Host Bit (0) ]> >=
4.11. Subnet Table:

IP Address with CIDR
192.168.2.11/24
192.168.5.100/25
222.15.10.15/26
128.16.4.5/16
190.70.15.1/20
188.80.26.45/18
10.0.0.11/10
25.15.2.3/29
54.36.35.2/8
Subnet Mask (Binary)

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
11111111.11000000.00000000.00000000
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Subnet mask (Decimal)

255.255.255.0
255.255.255.128
255.255.255.192
255.255.0.0
255.255.240.0
255.255.192.0
255.192.0.0
255.255.255.248
255.0.0.0
: i
17
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
4.12. Subnet mask a Total Host G

Table:
Usable
CIDR
Total Host
Number
(per
subnet)
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A, B
A, B
A, B
A, B
A, B
A, B
A, B
A, B
A, B, C
A, B, C
A, B, C
/8
/9
/10
/11
/12
/13
/14
/15
/16
/17
/18
/19
/20
/21
/22
/23
/24
/25
/26
256*256*256
128*256*256
64*256*256
32*256*256
16*256*256
8*256*256
4*256*256
2*256*256
256*256
128*256
64*256
32*256
16*256
8*256
4*256
2*256
256
128
64
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
00000000
10000000
11000000
11100000
11110000
11111000
11111100
11111110
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
10000000
11000000
11100000
11110000
11111000
11111100
11111110
11111111
11111111
11111111
A, B, C
A, B, C
A, B, C
A, B, C
A, B, C
A, B, C
/27
/22
/29
/30
/31
/32
32
16
8
4
2
1
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
CLASS
Total Network & Host Range of subnet

mask
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Total #
of
Subnet
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
10000000
11000000
Total
Host
Number
(per
subnet)
16777216
8388608
4194304
2097152
1048576
524288
26144
191072
65536
32768
16384
8192
4096
2048
1024
512
256
128
64
11100000
11110000
11111000
11111100
11111110
11111111
32
16
8
4
No use
No use
524288
1048576
2097152
4194304
No use
No use
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
4096
8192
16384
32768
65536
131072
262144
: i
18
i, o


www.greennetpub.com

GNP0414/A036
AND a ANDING With Subnet Masks
a^
5.1. Logical AND:

AND e e Logical Operation ? @i = ,,^ Operand e . e= ?k iG
p@ ?ANDING Equations:
1 AND 1 = 1
1 AND 0 = 0
0 AND 1 = 0
0 AND 0 = 0
?@ IP Address e . Subnet Mask e Bits ]> ^ ANDING Operation +i, ,=
m p@t p i ^ @, ;
IP Address ; k?
Network IP Address ,?
p. A=^(Valid) = ==> ?g IP Address ,?
Valid IP Address Range , . ,?
= k Valid IP Address ,?
Broadcast IP Address ,?
,; = m=?
p, =
; Host e=
; Valid Host
?
IP Address ; , m Subnet Block e IP?
IP Address ; Subnet Block e , m a=s,?
5.2. ANDING with default subnet masks:
^, 192.100.10.33 IP Address ; , Default Subnet mask d AND Operation +=
IP Address: 192.100.10.33
Address Class
: C
Network Portion (a): 192.100.10.33

Host Portion (a)
: 192.100.10.33
Network
Host
IP Address: 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
00100001
(192.100.10.33)
Default Subnet Mask: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
00000000
(255.255.255.0)
AND: 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
00000000
(192.100.10.0)
, Network IP
: 11000000.01100100.00001010.00000000
= 192.100.10.0
1st Valid host IP
: 11000000.01100100.00001010.00000001
= 192.100.10.1
2nd valid host IP
: 11000000.01100100.00001010.00000010
= 192.100.10.2
Last -1 valid host IP : 11000000.01100100.00001010.11111101
= 192.100.10.53
: i
19
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
Last Valid host IP
: 11000000.01100100.00001010.11111110
= 192.100.10.54
Broadcast IP
: 11000000.01100100.00001010.11111111
= 192.100.10.255
uk IP Address ]> D @ = ?c ?, 192.100.10.33 IP Address ; No.33 Valid

Host e a=s, ,{ e Total subnet e;, total host 256; e= total valid host = (TotalHost2 = 256-2=254;)
5.3. ANDING with custom subnet masks:
^, 192.100.10.33 IP Address ; , Default Subnet mask d AND Operation +=
IP Address: 192.100.10.33
Address Class
: C
Network Portion (a): 192.100.10.33

Host Portion (a)
: 192.100.10.33
Custom Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.240

Host
Network
IP Address: 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
Sub
0010
. Network
0001
Custom Subnet Mask: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
11 11 11 11
0000
AND: 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0010
0000
(192.100.10.33)
(255.255.255.240)
(192.100.10.32)
Custom Subnet Mask e Host a . 4Bit ^ >

Custom Subnet mask e Host a . 4; Bit ^ >

, N2= 42 = 16; Subnet e= p, = Valid Host H2-2 = 42-2 = 14; >s m=
Network IP Address
: 11000000.01100100.00001010.00100000= 192.100.10.32
Broadcast IP Address : 11000000.01100100.00001010.00101111= 192.100.10.47

Valid Host Range for this Block
: (192.100.10.33 to 192.100.10.46)
: i
20
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
Subnet Range Table:

No.
Subnet
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Range
192.100.10.0 to
192.100.10.16 to
192.100.10.32 to
192.100.10.48 to
192.100.10.64 to
192.100.10.80 to
192.100.10.96 to
192.100.10.112 to
No.
Subnet
192.100.10.15
192.100.10.31
192.100.10.47
192.100.10.63
192.100.10.79
192.100.10.96
192.100.10.111
192.100.10.127
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Range
192.100.10.128
192.100.10.144
192.100.10.160
192.100.10.176
192.100.10.192
192.100.10.208
192.100.10.224
192.100.10.240
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
192.100.10.143
192.100.10.159
192.100.10.175
192.100.10.191
192.100.10.207
192.100.10.223
192.100.10.239
192.100.10.255
a. 192.100.10.33 IP Address ; No.3 Block e No.1 V.H (Valid Host)

*** =:d: ei D= Binary d,, Sub-netting a
k ,i d,,
Sub-netting =***
: i
21
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
Class C Subnetting Process (CIDR /24 to /30)
a^
a = Small Home Networking e kt =+

= ==, >
Class C IP Address ]> G
hclass C IP Address d = c 254; mu ^ o
?
, ? Small Office/Home
Networking e ?.B ^G, LAN e ei IP ==> >
,i e it o ==> =+
= ei p. k e IP Address e =; =

=:d: k e Default subnet mask ?>, 255.255.255.0 >, e CIDR Value /24 . >=
e= k >= /30 e /31 e= /32 ==> ==> ?g Host IP . = ei @; CIDR
Value ==> >

202.84.149.128/24
202.84.149.128/24
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit

Number in subnet mask
(Only for last octet)
Subnet mask (Bit format)

Subnet mask (decimal
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
255.255.255.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
0
8
format)
Originally (before sub-netting) the given IP belongs to which Class?

How many Bits were sub-netted (N)?
How many total subnets could be possible (2N)?
How many valid host could be create in etch subnet (2H-2)?
How many Bits are in the network position of the subnet mask?
How many Bits are in the host position of the subnet mask?
C
0 bit
20= 1
28-2 = 254
24
8
{:Here,
Full Block Size of 4th octet
256
(-)
Block Size:
Decimal Value of last octet of Subnet mask
256 ) 128 ( 0 + 1 = 1
0
Last octet value of IP:

128
Subnet Block No. for this IP

Last octet Value of Network IP
Valid Host No. for this IP
Sothat, the last octet value of Broadcast IP (B.C) = (Last Octet value of network IP + Block Size) 1
= (0 + 256) 1 = 255
uk { . 202.84.149.128/24 ei IP Address e ? A=B i, i mk = =i;
: i
22
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
IP :
Subnet mask:
Network IP:
1st valid host IP :
Valid Host Range:
Last valid host IP :
Broadcast IP:
Valid Host No. of this IP :
Subnet Block No for this IP :
GNP0414/A036
202.84.149.128
255.255.255.0
202.84.149.0
202.84.149.1
202.84.149.1 To 202.84.149.254
202.84.149.254
202.84.149.255
128 No. valid host
1st block
o IP Table (?>, Block size = 256 >, 256 256=1; Block >=):
Host No.
Valid
IP
0
1
2
3
4
.
128
.
253
254
255
Host No.
1
2
3
4
.
128
.
253
254
255
202.84.149.0
202.84.149.1
202.84.149.2
202.84.149.3
202.84.149.4
.
202.48.149.128
.
202.48.149.253
202.48.149.54
202.48.149.255
Network IP
1 valid host IP
2ndvalid host IP
3rd valid host IP
4th valid host IP
.
128 No. Valid host IP
.
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
st
205.80.22.8/25
IP with CIDR
205.80.22.8/25
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
255.255.255.128
Network (N)
Host (H)
1
7
format)

How many bits were sub-netted (N)?
How many bits are in the network position of the subnet mask?
How many bits are in the host position of the subnet mask?
C
1 bit
2
1 = 2
7
2 -2 = 126
25
7
: i
23
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
{:Here,
(-)
Block Size:
256
128
128)
8 (0+1=1
= (0 + 128) 1 = 127
uk { . 205.80.22.8/25 ei IP Address e ? A=B i, i mk = =i;
IP :
Subnet mask:
Network IP of 1st block:
1st valid host IP of 1st block :
Valid Host Range of 1st block:
Last valid host IP of 1st block:
Broadcast IP of 1st block:
Subnet Block No of this IP :
205.80.22.11
255.255.255.128
205.80.22.0
205.80.22.1
205.80.22.1 To 205.80.22.126
205.80.22.26
205.80.22.127
8 No. valid host
1st block
o Block Table (?>, Block size = 128 >, 256 128=2; Block >=)
Block No.
1st block
2nd block
Block Range
205.80.22.0 to 205.80.22.127
205.80.22.128 to 205.80.22.255
V.H Range
205.80.22.1 to 205.80.22.126
205.80.22.129 to 205.80.22.154
o IP Table for First Block:

Host No.
0
1
2
.
8
.
125
126
127
Valid
Host No.
1
2
.
8
.
125
126
127
IP
205.80.22.0
205.80.22.1
205.80.22.2
.
205.80.22.8
.
205.80.22.125
205.80.22.126
205.80.22.127
Network IP
1st valid host IP
2nd valid host IP
.
8 No. Valid host IP
.
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
: i
24
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
205.80.22.75/26
205.80.22.75/26
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
255.255.255.192
Network (N)
Host (H)
2
6
format)

C
2 bit
22 = 4
26-2 = 62
26
6
{:Here,
(-)
Block Size:
256
192
64 ) 75 ( 1 + 1 = 2
64

11

= (64+ 64) 1 = 127
uk { . 205.80.22.75/26ei IP Address e ? A=B i, i mk = =i;
IP :
Subnet mask:
Network IP of 2nd block:
1st valid host IP of 2nd block :
Valid Host Range of 2nd block:
Last valid host IP of 2nd block:
Broadcast IP of 2nd block:
Subnet Block No. of this IP :
205.80.22.75
255.255.255.192
205.80.22.64
205.80.22.65
205.80.22.65 To 205.80.22.126
202.84.149.126
202.84.149.127
11 No. valid host
2nd block
: i
25
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
o Block Table (?>, Block size = 64 >, 256 64 = 4; Block >=)

Block No.
1st block
2nd block
3rd block
4th block
Block Range
205.80.22.0 to 205.80.22.63
205.80.22.64 to 205.80.22.127
205.80.22.128 to 205.80.22.191
205.80.22.192 to 205.80.22.255
V.H Range
205.80.22.1 to 205.80.22.62
205.80.22.65 to 205.80.22.126
205.80.22.129 to 205.80.22.190
205.80.22.193 to 205.80.22.254
o IP Table for 2nd Block:

Host No.
Valid
IP
0
1
2
.
11
.
61
62
63
Host No.
1
2
.
11
.
125
126
127
205.80.22.64
205.80.22.65
205.80.22.66
.
205.80.22.75
.
202.84.149.125
202.84.149.126
202.84.149.127
Network IP
1 valid host IP
2ndvalid host IP
.
.
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
st
192.168.2.8/27
IP with CIDR
192.168.2.8/27
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
255.255.255.224
Network (N)
Host (H)
3
5
format)

C
3 bit
32 = 8
25-2 = 30
27
5
: i
26
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
{:Here,
(-)
Block Size:
256
224
32 )8 ( 0 + 1 = 1
= (0 + 32) 1 = 31
IP :
Subnet mask:
Network IP:
1st valid host IP :
Valid Host Range:
Broadcast IP:
192.168.2.8
255.255.255.224
192.168.2.0
192.168.2.1
192.168.2.1 To 192.168.2.30
192.168.2.30
192.168.2.31
8 No. valid host
1st block
Block No.
1st block
2nd block
3rd block
4th block
5th block
6th block
7th block
8th block
Block Range
192.168.2.0 to 192.168.2.31
192.168.2.32 to 192.168.2.63
192.168.2.64 to 192.168.2.95
192.168.2.96 to 192.168.2.127
192.168.2.128 to 192.168.2.159
192.168.2.160 to 192.168.2.191
192.168.2.192 to 192.168.2.223
192.168.2.224 to 192.168.2.255
Valid Host Range

192.168.2.1 to 192.168.2.30
192.168.2.33 to 192.168.2.62
192.168.2.65 to 192.168.2.94
192.168.2.97 to 192.168.2.126
192.168.2.129 to 192.168.2.158
192.168.2.161 to 192.168.2.190
192.168.2.193 to 192.168.2.222
192.168.2.225 to 192.168.2.254
o IP Table for 1st Block

Host No.
Valid
IP
0
1
2
8
29
30
31
Host No.
1
2
8
29
30
31
192.168.2.0
192.168.2.1
192.168.2.2
192.168.2.8
192.168.2.29
192.168.2.30
192.168.2.31
Network IP
1st valid host IP
8 No. Valid host IP
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
: i
27
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
205.168.2.32/28
205.168.2.32/28
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
255.255.255.240
Network (N)
Host (H)
4
4
format)

C
4 bit
2
4 = 16
4
2 -2 = 14
28
4
{:Here,
256
(-)
240
Block Size:
16 )
32 ( 2 + 1 = 3
32
= (32+16) 1 = 47
IP :
Subnet mask:
Network IP:
1st valid host IP :
Valid Host Range:
Broadcast IP:
205.168.2.32
255.255.255.240
205.168.2.32
205.168.2.33
205.168.2.33 To 205.168.2.46
205.168.2.46
205.168.2.47
0 No. host
3rd block
o Block Table (?>, Block size = 16 >, 256 16 =16; Block >=)
Block No.
1st block
2nd block
3rd block
4th block
5th block
6th block
7th block
8th block
Block Range
0 to 15
16 to 31
32 to 47
48 to 63
64 to 79
80 to 195
96 to 211
112 to 227
Block No.
9th block
10th block
11th block
12th block
13th block
14th block
15th block
16th block
Block
128 to
144 to
160 to
176 to
192 to
208 to
224 to
240 to
range
143
159
175
191
207
223
239
255
: i
28
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
o IP Table for No.3 Block

Host No.
Valid
0
1
2
15
16
IP
Host No.
1
2
15
16
205.168.2.32
205.168.2.33
205.168.2.34
205.168.2.46
205.168.2.47
Network IP
1 valid host IP
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
st
193.80.10.190/29
193.80.10.190/29
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
255.255.255.248
Network (N)
Host (H)
5
3
format)

C
5 bit
52 = 32
23-2 = 6
29
3
{:Here,
(-)
Block Size:
256
248
8 ) 190 ( 23 + 1 =24
184
6

= (184+ 8) 1 = 191
IP :
Subnet mask:
Network IP:
1st valid host IP :
Valid Host Range:
Broadcast IP:
193.80.10.190
255.255.255.248
193.80.10.184
193.80.10.185
193.80.10.185 To
193.80.10.190
193.80.10.191
6 No. valid host
24No. block
193. 80.10.190
: i
29
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
Block No.
1st block
2nd block
3rd block
4th block
5th block
6th block
7th block
8th block
9th block
10th block
11th block
12th block
13th block
14th block
15th block
16th block
Block Range
0 to 7
8 to 15
16 to 23
24 to 31
32 to 39
40 to 47
48 to 55
56 to 63
64 to 71
72 to 79
80 to 87
88 to 95
96 to 103
104 to 111
112 to 119
120 to 127
Block No.
17thblock
18thblock
19thblock
20thblock
21st block
22nd block
23rd block
24th block
25th block
26th block
27th block
28th block
29th block
30th block
31st block
32nd block
Block Range
128 to 135
136 to 143
144 to 151
152 to 159
160 to 167
168 to 175
176 to 183
184 to 191
192 to 199
200 to 107
208 to 115
216 to 223
224 to 231
232 to 239
240 to 247
248 to 255
o IP Tablefor No.24 Block:

Host No.
Valid
IP
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Host No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
193.80.10.184
193.80.10.185
193.80.10.186
193.80.10.187
193.80.10.188
193.80.10.189
193.80.10.190
193.80.10.191
Network IP
1 valid host IP
2ndvalid host IP
3rd valid host IP
4th valid host Ip
5th valid host Ip
6 No. Valid Host
Broadcast IP
st
200.85.25.22/30
IP with CIDR
200.85.25.22/30
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
255.255.255.252
Network (N)
Host (H)
6
2
format)

C
6 bit
62 = 64
22-2 = 2
30
2
: i
30
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
{:Here,
(-)
Block Size:
256
252
4)
22 ( 5 + 1 = 6
20

= (20 + 4) 1 = 23
IP :
Subnet mask:
Network IP:
1st valid host IP :
Valid Host Range:
Broadcast IP:
200.85.25.22
255.255.255.252
200.85.25.20
200.85.25.21
200.85.25.21 to 200.85.25.22
200.85.25.22
200.85.25.23
2 No. valid host
6No. block
o Block Table (?>, Block size = 8 >, 256/8=32; Block >=)

Block
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Block
Range
0-3
4-7
8-11
12-15
16-19
20-23
24-27
28-31
32-35
36-39
40-43
44-47
48-51
52-55
56-59
60-53
Block
No.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Block
Range
64-67
68-71
72-75
76-79
80-83
84-87
88-91
92-95
96-99
100-103
104-107
108-111
112-115
116-119
120-123
124-127
Block
No.
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Block
Range
128-131
132-135
136-139
140-143
144-147
148-151
152-155
156-159
160-163
164-167
168-171
172-175
176-179
180-183
184-187
188-191
Block
No.
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
Block
Range
192-195
196-199
200-203
204-207
208-211
212-215
216-219
220-223
224-227
228-231
232-235
236-239
240-243
244-247
248-251
252-255
o IP Table for No.6 Block:

Host No.
Valid
IP
0
1
2
Host No.
1
2
200.85.25.20
200.85.25.21
200.85.25.22
Network IP
1st valid host IP
2ndvalid host IP
: i
31
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
200.85.25.23
Broadcast IP
Class B Sub-netting Process (CIDR /16 to /30)
7
a^
^G, MAN = ISP m ]> Class B IP ==> Class B e Default subnet mask ?>,
255.255.0.0 >, e CIDR Value /16 . >= e= k >= /30 e /31 e= /32 ==>
==> ?g Host IP . = ei @; CIDR Value ==> >
^G, k = e Full
Block IP Address d = c 65536 ; mu
o
m=
172.25.16.12/16
172.25.16.12/16
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit

(Only for 3rd + 4thoctet)

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
255.255.0.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
0
16
format)

B
0 bit
20= 1
216-2 = 65534
16
16
{:State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
0.
256
256
0.
Block Size of 3rd& 4th octet: (-)

Network IP of 1st Subnet:
172.
25.
: i
32
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
IP Table:
1st
Subnet
172. 25. 0. 0
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP 172. 25. 0. 1
.
.
.
.
Last Valid Host IP 172.25.255.254
--------
Broadcast IP
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Last -1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
172.25.255.255
128.54.25.22/17
IP with CIDR
128.54.25.22/17

11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000
255.255.128.0
format)
How many total subnets could be possible (2N )?
Network & Host Bit

(Only for 3rd + 4th octet)
Network (N)
1
Host (H)
15
B
1 bit
21 = 2
215-2 = 32766
17
15
{:-
State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
128.
128
256

128.
54.
0.
Network IP of 2nd Subnet:
128.
54.
128.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Last -1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
Network IP
1 Valid Host IP
.
.
128.54.0.0
128.54.128.0
128.54.0.1
128.54.128.1
.
.
.
.
Last Valid Host IP 128.54.127.254 128.54.255.254
st
Broadcast IP
128.54.127.255 128.54.255.255
: i
33
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
129.0.0.0/18
129.0.0.0/18
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
255.255.192.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
2
14
format)

B
2 bit
22 = 4
214-2 = 16382
18
14
{:-
State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
192.
64
256
129.
0.
0.
129.
0.
64.
Network IP of 3rdSubnet:
129.
0.
128.
Network IP of 4th Subnet:
129.
0.
192.
IP Table:
Last Valid Host IP
1st
Subnet
129.0.0.0
129.0.0.1
.
129.0.63.254
2nd
Subnet
129.0.64.0
129.0.64.1
.
129.0.127.254
3rd
Subnet
129.0.128.0
129.0.128.1
.
129.0.191.154
Broadcast IP
129.0.63.255
129.0.127.255
129.0.191.255 129.0.255.255
-------Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
4th
Subnet
129.0.192.0
129.0.192.1
.
129.0.255.254
Last
Subnet
: i
34
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
140.20.0.0/19
140.20.0.0/19
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
255.255.224.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
3
13
format)

B
3 bit
23 = 8
213-2 = 8190
19
13
{:State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
224.
32
256
140.
20.
0.
140.
20.
32.
Network IP of Last-1 Subnet: 140.
20.
192.
Network IP of Last Subnet:
20.
224.
140.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
.
140.20.0.0
140.20.32.0
140.20.64.0
140.20.0.1
140.20.32.1
.
.
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
140.20.192.0
140.20.224.0
140.20.64.1
140.20.192.1
140.20.224.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
140.20.31.254
140.20.63.254
140.20.95.254
. 140.20.223.254 140.20.255.254
140.20.31.255
140.20.63.255
140.20.95.255
. 140.20.223.255 140.20.255.255
: i
35
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
150.70.12.11/20
150.70.12.11/20
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
255.255.240.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
4
12
format)

B
4 bit
24 = 16
212-2 = 4094
20
12
{:State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
240.
16
256
150.
70.
150.
70.
16.
70.
224.
70.
240.
150.
0.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
150.70.0.0
150.70.16.0
150.70.32.0
150.70.0.1
150.70.16.1
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
150.70.224.0
150.70.240.0
150.70.32.1
150.70.224.1
150.70.240.1
150.70.15.254
150.70.31.254
150.70.47.254
. 150.70.239.254 150.70.255.254
150.70.15.255
150.70.31.255
150.70.47.255
. 150.70.239.255 150.70.255.255
: i
36
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
153.70.12.11/21
150.70.12.11/21
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
255.255.248.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
5
11
format)

B
5 bit
25 = 32
211-2 = 2046
21
11
{:State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
248.
256
150.
70.
150.
70.
8.
70.
240.
70.
248.
150.
0.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
150.70.0.0
150.70.8.0
150.70.16.0
150.70.0.1
150.70.8.1
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
150.70.240.0
150.70.248.0
150.70.16.1
150.70.240.1
150.70.248.1
150.70.6.254
150.70.15.254
150.70.23.254
. 150.70.247.254 150.70.255.254
150.70.7.255
150.70.15.255
150.70.23.255
. 150.70.247.255 150.70.255.255
: i
37
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
150.80.0.0/22
150.80.0.0/22
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000
255.255.252.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
6
10
format)

B
6 bit
26 = 64
210-2 = 1022
22
10
{:State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
252.
256
150.
80.
150.
80.
4.
80.
248.
80.
252.
150.
0.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
st
1 Valid Host IP
.
.
150.80.0.0
150.80.4.0
150.80.8.0
150.80.0.1
150.80.4.1
.
.
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
150.80.248.0
150.80.252.0
150.80.8.1
150.80.248.1
150.80.252.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
150.80.3.254
150.80.7.254
150.80.11.254
. 150.80.251.254
150.80.255.254
150.80.3.255
150.80.7.255
150.80.11.255
. 150.80.251.255
150.80.255.255
: i
38
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
150.80.0.0/23
150.80.0.0/23
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
255.255.254.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
7
9
format)

B
7 bit
27 = 128
29-2 = 510
23
9
{:-
State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
254.
256
150.
80.
150.
80.
2.
80.
252.
80.
254.
150.
0.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
st
1 Valid Host IP
.
150.80.0.0
150.80.2.0
150.80.4.0
150.80.0.1
150.80.2.1
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
150.80.252.0
150.80.254.0
150.80.4.1
150.80.252.1
150.80.254.1
150.80.1.254
150.80.3.254
150.80.5.254
. 150.80.253.254 150.80.255.254
150.80.1.255
150.80.3.255
150.80.5.255
. 150.80.253.255 150.80.255.255
: i
39
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
155.95.0.15/24
155.95.0.15/24
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
255.255.255.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
8
8
format)

B
8 bit
8
2 = 256
28-2 = 254
24
8
{:State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
255.
256
155.
95.
155.
95.
1.
95.
254.
95.
255.
155.
0.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
155.95.0.0
155.95.1.0
155.95.2.0
155.95.0.1
155.95.1.1
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
155.95.254.0
155.95.255.0
155.95.2.1
155.95.254.1
155.95.255.1
155.95.0.254
155.95.1.254
155.95.2.254
. 155.95.254.254
155.95.255.254
155.95.0.255
155.95.1.255
155.95.2.255
. 155.95.254.255
155.95.255.255
: i
40
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
171.95.0.15/25
171.95.0.15/25
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
255.255.255.128
Network (N)
Host (H)
9
7
format)

B
9 bit
9
2 = 512
7
2 -2 = 126
25
7
{:Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
255.
128
128

171.
95.
171.
95.
1.
128
171.
95.
254.
171.
95.
255.
128
0.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
st
1 Valid Host IP
.
.
171.95.0.0
171.95.0.128
171.95.1.0
171.95.0.1
171.95.0.129
.
.
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
171.95.255.0
171.95.255.128
171.95.1.1
171.95.255.1
171.95.255.129
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
171.95.0.126
171.95.0.254
171.95.1254
171.95.255.126
171.95.255.254
171.95.0.127
171.95.0.255
171.95.1.255
171.95.255.127
171.95.255.255
: i
41
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
188.44.22.16/26
188.44.22.16/26
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
255.255.255.192
Network (N)
Host (H)
10
6
format)

B
10 bit
210 = 1024
26-2 = 62
26
6
{:Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
255.
192

1
188.
44.
0.
188.
44.
1.
64
64
188.
44.
254.
188.
44.
255.
128
192
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
st
1 Valid Host IP
.
.
188.44.0.0
188.44.0.64
188.44.0.128
. 188.44.255.128
188.44.255.192
188.44.0.1
188.44.0.65
188.44.0.229
. 188.44.255.129
188.44.255.193
.
.
.
.
.
.
Last Valid Host IP
188.44.0.62
188.44.0.126
188.44.0.190
. 188.44.255.190
188.44.255.254
Broadcast IP
188.44.0.63
188.44.0.127
188.44.0.191
188.44.255.255
Last-1
Subnet
.
.
.
.
188.44.255.191
Last
Subnet
.
.
: i
42
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
185.44.22.16/27
185.44.22.16/27
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
255.255.255.224
Network (N)
Host (H)
11
5
format)

B
11 bit
11
2 = 2048
25-2 = 30
27
5
{:Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
255.
224
32

185.
44.
0.
185.
44.
1.
32
185.
44.
254.
192
185.
44.
255.
224
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1 Valid Host IP
.
.
185.44.0.0
185.44.0.32
185.44.0.64
. 185.44.255.192
185.44.255.224
185.44.0.1
185.44.0.33
185.44.0.65
. 185.44.255.193
185.44.255.225
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Last Valid Host IP
185.44.0.30
185.44.0.62
185.44.0.94
185.44.255.22
185.44.255.254
Broadcast IP
185.44.0.31
185.44.0.63
185.44.0.95
185.44.255.23
185.44.255.255
st
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
: i
43
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
189.45.29.11/28
189.45.29.11/28
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
255.255.255.224
Network (N)
Host (H)
12
4
format)

B
12 bit
12
2 = 4096
24-2 = 14
28
4
{:-
Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
255.
240
16

189.
45.
189.
45.
0.
1.
16
189.
45.
254.
224
189.
45.
255.
240
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
st
1 Valid Host IP
.
189.45.0.0
189.45.0.16
189.45.0.32
. 189.45.255.224
189.45.255.240
189.45.0.1
189.45.0.17
189.45.0.33
. 189.45.255.225
189.45.255.241
Last Valid Host IP
189.45.0.14
189.45.0.30
189.45.0.46
. 189.45.255.238
189.45.255.254
Broadcast IP
189.45.0.15
189.45.0.31
189.45.0.47
. 189.45.255.239
189.45.255.255
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
: i
44
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
130.45.29.11/29
130.45.29.11/29
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
255.255.255.248
Network (N)
Host (H)
13
3
format)

B
13 bit
13
2 = 8192
23-2 = 6
29
3
Torch
{:-
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
255.
248

130.
45.
0.
130.
45.
1.
130.
45.
254.
130.
45.
255.
0
8
240
248
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
130.45.0.0
130.45.0.8
130.45.0.16
. 130.45.255.140
130.45.255.248
130.45.0.1
130.45.0.9
130.45.0.17
. 130.45.255.241
130.45.255.249
Last Valid Host IP
130.45.0.6
130.45.0.14
130.45.0.22
. 130.45.255.246 130.45.255.254
Broadcast IP
130.45.0.7
130.45.0.15
130.45.0.23
. 130.45.255.247 130.45.255.255
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
: i
45
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
130.88.29.11/30
130.88.29.11/30
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
255.255.255.252
Network (N)
Host (H)
14
2
format)

B
14 bit
14
2 = 16384
22-2 = 2
30
2
{:Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
255.
252

130.
88.
0.
130.
88.
1.
130.
88.
254.
248
130.
88.
255.
252
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
130.88.0.0
130.88.0.4
130.88.0.8
. 130.88.255.148
130.88.0.1
130.88.0.5
130.88.0.9
. 130.88.255.249 130.88.255.253
Last Valid Host IP
130.88.0.2
130.88.0.6
130.88.0.10
. 130.88.255.250 130.88.255.254
Broadcast IP
130.88.0.3
130.88.0.7
130.88.0.11
. 130.88.255.251
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
130.88.255.252
130.88.255.255
: i
46
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
8
GNP0414/A036
Class A Sub-netting Process (CIDR /8 to /30)
a^
^G, WAN, MAN = ={ ={ ISP m ?- =i in = p@< p, ]> e
ei IP ==> Class B e Default subnet mask ?>, 255.255.0.0 >, e CIDR Value /8
. >= e= k >= /30 e /31 e= /32 ==> ==> ?g Host IP . = ei
@; CIDR Value ==> >
^G, k = e Full Block IP Address d = c 16777214 ;
mu
o
m=
11.88.29.11/8
11.88.29.11/8
IP with CIDR

Network & Host Bit

(Only for 2nd+3rd+4thoctet)
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.0.0.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
0
24
format)

A
0 bit
20 = 1
224-2 = 16777214
8
24
{:State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
0.
0.
256
0.
256
0
256
Block Size of 2nd ,3rd& 4th octet: (-)

IP of 1st Subnet: 11.
0.
Network
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
Network IP
st
1 Valid Host IP
.
11.0.0.0
11.0.0.1
Last Valid Host IP
11.255.255.254
Broadcast IP
11.255.255.255
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
: i
47
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
95.21.22.9/9
95.21.22.9/9
IP with CIDR

Network & Host Bit

11111111.10000000.00000000.00000000
255.128.0.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
1
23
format)

A
1 bit
21 = 2
223-2 = 8388606
9
23
{:State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
128.
0.

IP of 1st Subnet:
95.
0.
128
0.
256
0
256 Network
128.
0.
95.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
95.0.0.0
95.128.0.0
95.0.0.1
95.128.0.1
Last Valid Host IP
95.127.255.254
95.255.255.254
Broadcast IP
95.127.255.255
95.255.255.255
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
: i
48
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
10.21.22.25/10
10.21.22.25/10
IP with CIDR

Network & Host Bit

11111111.11000000.00000000.00000000
255.192.0.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
2
22
format)

A
2 bit
22 = 4
222-2 = 4194302
10
22
{:-
State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
192.
0.

0.
64
0.
256
0
10.
64.
0.
Network IP of 3rd Subnet:
10.
128.
0.
Network IP of 4th Subnet:
10.
192.
0.
0
256 Network
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
4th
Subnet
Network IP
st
1 Valid Host IP
.
10.0.0.0
10.64.0.0
10.128.0.0
10.192.0.0
10.0.0.1
10.64.0.1
10.128.0.1
10.192.0.1
Last Valid Host IP
10.63.255.254
10.127.255.254
10.191.255.254
10.255.255.254
Broadcast IP
10.63.255.255
10.127.255.255
10.191.255.255
10.255.255.255
: i
49
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
9.5.22.9/11
9.5.22.9/11
IP with CIDR

Network & Host Bit

11111111.11100000.00000000.00000000
255.224.0.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
3
21
format)

{:-
A
3 bit
23 = 8
221-2 = 2097150
11
21
State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
224.
0.

0.
32
0.
256
0
9.
32.
0
256 Network
0.
Network IP of Last-1 Subnet:
9.
192.
0.
9.
224.
0.
0
0
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
st
1 Valid Host IP
.
9.0.0.0
9.32.0.0
9.64.0.0
9.0.0.1
9.32.0.1
Last Valid Host IP
9.31.255.254
Broadcast IP
9.31.255.255
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
9.192.0.0
9.224.0.0
9.64.0.1
9.192.0.1
9.224.0.1
9.63.255.254 9.95.255.254 .
9.223.255.254
9.255.255.254
9.63.255.255 9.95.255.255 .
9.223.255.255
9.255.255.255
: i
50
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
9.5.22.9/12
9.5.22.9/12
IP with CIDR

Network & Host Bit

11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000
255.240.0.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
4
20
format)

A
4 bit
24 = 16
220-2 = 1048574
12
20
{:State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
140.
0.

0.
16
0.
256
0
9.
16.
0
256 Network
0.
9.
224.
0.
9.
240.
0.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
9.0.0.0
9.16.0.0
9.32.0.0
9.0.0.1
9.16.0.1
Last Valid Host IP
9.15.255.254
Broadcast IP
9.15.255.255
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
9.224.0.0
9.240.0.0
9.32.0.1
9.224.0.1
9.240.0.1
9.31.255.254 9.47.255.254 .
9.239.255.254
9.255.255.254
9.31.255.255 9.47.255.255 .
9.239.255.255
9.255.255.255
: i
51
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
9.5.22.9/13
9.5.22.9/13
IP with CIDR

Network & Host Bit

11111111.11111000.00000000.00000000
255.248.0.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
5
19
format)

A
5 bit
25 = 32
219-2 = 524286
13
19
{:State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
148.
0.

IP of 1st Subnet:
9.
0.
8
0.
256
0
8.
9.
0
256 Network
0.
9.
240.
0.
9.
248.
0.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
st
1 Valid Host IP
.
9.0.0.0
9.8.0.0
9.16.0.0
9.0.0.1
9.8.0.1
Last Valid Host IP
9.7.255.254
Broadcast IP
9.7.255.255
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
9.240.0.0
9.248.0.0
9.16.0.1
9.240.0.1
9.248.0.1
9.15.255.254 9.23.255.254 .
9.147.255.254
9.255.255.254
9.15.255.255 9.23.255.255 .
9.147.255.255
9.255.255.255
: i
52
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
9.5.22.9/14
9.5.22.9/14
IP with CIDR

Network & Host Bit

11111111.11111100.00000000.00000000
255.252.0.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
6
18
format)

A
6 bit
26 = 64
218-2 = 262142
14
18
{:State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
252.

IP of 1st Subnet:
9.
0.
4.
9.
0.
256
0
0.
0
256 Network
0.
9.
248.
0.
9.
252.
0.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
.
9.0.0.0
9.4.0.0
9.8.0.0
9.0.0.1
9.4.0.1
.
.
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
9.248.0.0
9.252.0.0
9.8.0.1
9.248.0.1
9.252.0.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
9.3.255.254
9.7.255.254
9.11.255.254
9.251.255.254
9.255.255.254
9.3.255.255
9.7.255.255
9.11.255.255
9.251.255.255
9.255.255.255
: i
53
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
9.5.22.9/15
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit Number

in subnet mask
(Only for 2nd+3rd+4th octet)
9.5.22.9/15
11111111.11111110.00000000.00000000
255.254.0.0
Subnet mask (decimal format)
Network (N)
Host (H)

7
17
A
7 bit
7
2 = 128
17
2 -2 = 131070
15
17
{:State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
254.

IP of 1st Subnet:
9.
0.
2.
9.
0.
256
0
0.
0
256 Network
0.
9.
252.
0.
9.
254.
0.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
.
9.0.0.0
9.2.0.0
9.4.0.0
9.0.0.1
9.2.0.1
.
.
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
9.252.0.0
9.254.0.0
9.4.0.1
9.252.0.1
9.254.0.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
9.1.255.254
9.3.255.254
9.5.255.254
9.253.255.254
9.255.255.254
9.1.255.255
9.3.255.255
9.5.255.255
9.253.255.255
9.255.255.255
: i
54
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
12.5.22.9/16
12.5.22.9/16
IP with CIDR

Network & Host Bit

11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
255.255.0.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
8
16
format)

A
8 bit
28 = 256
216-2 = 65534
16
16
{:-
State
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.

0.
1.
12.
0.
256
0
0.
0
256 Network
0.
12.
254.
0.
12.
255.
0.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
st
1 Valid Host IP
.
12.0.0.0
12.1.0.0
12.2.0.0
12.0.0.1
12.1.0.1
Last Valid Host IP
12.0.255.254
12.1.255.254
12.2.255.254 . 12.254.255.254
12.255.255.254
Broadcast IP
12.0.255.255
12.1.255.255
12.2.255.255 . 12.254.255.255
12.255.255.255
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
12.254.0.0
12.255.0.0
12.2.0.1
12.254.0.1
12.255.0.1
: i
55
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
120.5.22.9/17
120.5.22.9/17
IP with CIDR

Network & Host Bit

11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000
255.255.128.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
9
15
format)

A
9 bit
9
2 = 512
15
2 -2 = 32766
17
15
{:-
Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
128.

0.
1
0.
128
0
120.
1.
128.
0
256 Network
120.
254.
0.
120.
255.
128.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
120.0.0.0
120.0.128.0
120.1.0.0
120.0.0.1
120.0.128.1
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
120.255.0.0
120.255.128.0
120.1.0.1
120.255.0.1
120.255.128.1
120.0.127.254
120.0.255.254
120.1.127.254
120.255.127.254
120.255.255.254
120.0.127.255
120.0.255.255
120.1.127.255
120.255.127.255
120.255.255.255
: i
56
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
99.5.22.9/18
99.5.22.9/18
IP with CIDR

Network & Host Bit

11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000
255.255.192.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
10
14
format)

A
10 bit
10
2 = 1024
14
2 -2 = 16382
18
14
{:Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
192.

0.
1
0.
99.
1.
64
0
256 Network
64.
99.
254.
128.
99.
255.
192.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
99.0.0.0
99.0.64.0
99.0.128.0
99.0.0.1
99.0.64.1
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
99.255.128.0
99.255.192.0
99.0.128.1
99.255.128.1
99.255.192.1
99.0.63.254
99.0.127.254
99.0.191.254
. 99.255.127.254
99.255.255.254
99.0.63.255
99.0.127.255
99.0.191.255
. 99.255.127.255
99.255.255.255
: i
57
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
99.5.22.9/19
99.5.22.9/19
IP with CIDR

Network & Host Bit

11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
255.255.224.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
11
13
format)

A
11 bit
211 = 2048
213-2 = 8190
19
13
{:Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
224.

IP of 1st Subnet:
99.
0.
99.
1
0.
32
0
1.
256 Network
32.
99.
254.
192.
99.
255.
224.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
.
99.0.0.0
99.0.32.0
99.0.64.0
99.0.0.1
99.0.32.1
.
.
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
99.255.192.0
99.255.224.0
99.0.64.1
99.255.192.1
99.255.224.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
99.0.31.254
99.0.63.254
99.0.95.254
. 99.255.223.254
99.255.255.254
99.0.31.255
99.0.63.255
99.0.95.255
. 99.255.223.255
99.255.255.255
: i
58
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
99.5.22.9/20
99.5.22.9/20
IP with CIDR

Network & Host Bit

11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
255.255.240.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
12
12
format)

A
12 bit
212 = 4096
212-2 = 4094
20
12
{:Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
240.

IP of 1st Subnet:
99.
0.
99.
1
0.
16
0
1.
16.
256 Network
99.
254.
124.
99.
255.
240.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
st
1 Valid Host IP
.
.
99.0.0.0
99.0.16.0
99.0.32.0
99.0.0.1
99.0.16.1
.
.
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
99.255.224.0
99.255.240.0
99.0.32.1
99.255.224.1
99.255.240.1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
99.0.15.254
99.0.31.254
99.0.47.254
. 99.255.239.254
99.255.255.254
99.0.15.255
99.0.31.255
99.0.47.255
. 99.255.239.255
99.255.255.255
: i
59
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
99.5.22.9/21
99.5.22.9/21
IP with CIDR

Network & Host Bit

11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
255.255.248.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
13
11
format)

A
13 bit
213 = 8192
211-2 = 2046
21
11
{:-
Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
248.

IP of 1st Subnet:
99.
0.
99.
1
0.
256 Network
1.
8.
0
0
99.
254.
140.
99.
255.
248.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
99.0.0.0
99.0.8.0
99.0.16.0
99.0.0.1
99.0.8.1
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
99.255.240.0
99.255.248.0
99.0.16.1
99.255.240.1
99.255.248.1
99.0.7.254
99.0.15.254
99.0.23.254
. 99.255.247.254
99.255.255.254
99.0.7.255
99.0.15.255
99.0.23.255
. 99.255.247.255
99.255.255.255
: i
60
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
99.5.22.9/22
99.5.22.9/22
IP with CIDR

Network & Host Bit

11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000
255.255.252.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
14
10
format)

A
14 bit
14
2 = 16144
210-2 = 1022
22
10
{:Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
252.

IP of 1st Subnet:
99.
0.
99.
1
0.
256 Network
1.
4.
0
0
99.
254.
148.
99.
255.
252.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
99.0.0.0
99.0.4.0
99.0.8.0
99.0.0.1
99.0.4.1
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
99.255.248.0
99.255.252.0
99.0.8.1
99.255.248.1
99.255.252.1
99.0.3.254
99.0.7.254
99.0.11.254
. 99.255.251.254
99.255.255.254
99.0.3.255
99.0.7.255
99.0.11.255
. 99.255.251.255
99.255.255.255
: i
61
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
50.80.0.0/23
50.80.0.0/23
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
255.255.254.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
15
9
format)

A
15 bit
215 = 32288
29-2 = 510
23
9
{:Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
254.

0.
1
0.
256 Network
50.
1.
2.
0
0
50.
254.
152.
50.
255.
254.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
st
1 Valid Host IP
.
50.0.0.0
50.0.2.0
50.0.4.0
50.0.0.1
50.0.2.1
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
50.255.252.0
50.255.254.0
50.0.4.1
50.255.252.1
50.255.254.1
50.0.1.254
50.0.3.254
50.0.5.254
. 50.255.253.254
50.255.255.254
50.0.1.255
50.0.3.255
50.0.5.255
. 50.255.253.255
50.255.255.255
: i
62
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
55.95.0.15/24
55.95.0.15/24
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
255.255.255.0
Network (N)
Host (H)
16
8
format)

A
16 bit
16
2 = 64576
28-2 = 254
24
8
{:Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
255.

0.
1
0.
55.
1.
1.
256 Network
0
0
55.
254.
154.
55.
255.
255.
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
55.0.0.0
55.0.1.0
55.0.2.0
55.0.0.1
55.0.1.1
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
55.255.254.0
55.255.255.0
55.0.2.1
55.255.254.1
55.255.255.1
55.0.0.254
55.0.1.254
55.0.2.254
55.255.254.254
55.255.255.254
55.0.0.255
55.0.1.255
55.0.2.255
55.255.254.255
55.255.255.255
: i
63
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
71.95.0.15/25
71.95.0.15/25
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
255.255.255.128
Network (N)
Host (H)
17
7
format)

A
17 bit
217 = 129152
27-2 = 126
25
7
{:Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
255.
128

0.
1
0.
1
0
128
71.
1.
1.
128
Network
71.
254.
154.
71.
255.
255.
0
128
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1 Valid Host IP
.
.
71.0.0.0
71.0.0.128
71.0.1.0
71.0.0.1
71.0.0.129
.
.
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
st
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
71.255.255.0
71.255.255.128
71.0.1.1
71.255.255.1
71.255.255.129
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
71.0.0.126
71.0.0.254
71.0.1.126
71.255.255.126
71.255.255.254
71.0.0.127
71.0.0.255
71.0.1.127
71.255.255.127
71.255.255.255
: i
64
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
88.44.22.16/26
88.44.22.16/26
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
255.255.255.192
Network (N)
Host (H)
18
6
format)

A
18 bit
18
2 = 258304
26-2 = 62
26
6
{:Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
255.
192

0.
1
0.
1
0
64
88.
1.
1.
64
Network
88.
254.
154.
128
88.
255.
255.
192
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
.
88.0.0.0
88.0.0.64
88.0.0.128
88.0.0.1
88.0.0.65
.
.
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
88.255.255.128
88.255.255.192
88.0.0.229
88.255.255.129
88.255.255.193
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
88.0.0.62
88.0.0.126
88.0.0.190
88.255.255.190
88.255.255.254
88.0.0.63
88.0.0.127
88.0.0.191
88.255.255.191
88.255.255.255
: i
65
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
85.44.22.16/27
85.44.22.16/27
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
255.255.255.224
Network (N)
Host (H)
19
5
format)

A
19 bit
19
2 = 516608
25-2 = 30
27
5
{:Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
255.
224

0.
1
0.
1
0
32
85.
1.
1.
32
Network
85.
254.
154.
192
85.
255.
255.
224
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
.
85.0.0.0
85.0.0.32
85.0.0.64
85.0.0.1
85.0.0.33
.
.
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
85.255.255.192
85.255.255.224
85.0.0.65
85.255.255.193
85.255.255.225
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
85.0.0.30
85.0.0.62
85.0.0.94
85.255.255.22
85.255.255.254
85.0.0.31
85.0.0.63
85.0.0.95
85.255.255.23
85.255.255.255
: i
66
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
89.45.29.11/28
89.45.29.11/28
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
255.255.255.224
Network (N)
Host (H)
20
4
format)

A
20 bit
20
2 = 1033216
24-2 = 14
28
4
{:Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
255.
240
1
0.
1
0
16
1.
1.
16

IP of 1st Subnet:
89.
0.
89.
Network
89.
254.
154.
224
89.
255.
255.
240
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
.
89.0.0.0
89.0.0.16
89.0.0.32
89.0.0.1
89.0.0.17
.
.
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
89.255.255.224
89.255.255.240
89.0.0.33
89.255.255.225
89.255.255.241
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
89.0.0.14
89.0.0.30
89.0.0.46
89.255.255.238
89.255.255.254
89.0.0.15
89.0.0.31
89.0.0.47
89.255.255.239
89.255.255.255
: i
67
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
30.45.29.11/29
30.45.29.11/29
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
255.255.255.248
Network (N)
Host (H)
21
3
format)

A
21 bit
21
2 = 2066432
23-2 = 6
29
3
{:Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
255.
248

0.
1
0.
1
0
30.
1.
1.
30.
254.
154.
30.
255.
255.
Network
240
248
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
.
.
30.0.0.0
30.0.0.8
30.0.0.16
30.0.0.1
30.0.0.9
.
.
Last Valid Host IP
Broadcast IP
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
30.255.255.240
30.255.255.248
30.0.0.17
30.255.255.241
30.255.255.249
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
30.0.0.6
30.0.0.14
30.0.0.22
30.255.255.246
30.255.255.254
30.0.0.7
30.0.0.15
30.0.0.23
30.255.255.247
30.255.255.255
: i
68
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
30.88.29.11/30
30.88.29.11/30
IP with CIDR
Network & Host Bit


11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
255.255.255.252
Network (N)
Host (H)
22
2
format)

A
22 bit
22
2 = 4132864
22-2 = 2
30
2
{:Torch
Octet:
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Full Block Size:
256
256
256
256
Subnet Mask:
255.
255.
255.
252
1
0.
1
0
1.
1.

IP of 1st Subnet:
30.
0.
30.
Network
30.
254.
154.
30.
255.
255.
248
252
IP Table:
--------
1st
Subnet
2nd
Subnet
3rd
Subnet
Network IP
1st Valid Host IP
30.0.0.0
30.0.0.4
30.0.0.8
30.0.0.1
30.0.0.5
Last Valid Host IP
30.0.0.2
Broadcast IP
30.0.0.3
Last-1
Subnet
Last
Subnet
30.255.255.148
30.255.255.252
30.0.0.9
30.255.255.249
30.255.255.253
30.0.0.6
30.0.0.10
30.255.255.250
30.255.255.254
30.0.0.7
30.0.0.11
30.255.255.251
30.255.255.255
: i
69
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
= > o

pk
:
+t: u ==> , Dn Dn k o

. ?g?g pk

u +t; . = ?c ?, Dn k Dn Dn o

]> . ?g?g , ?
u ==> , >
,d, ei k =Dn = ]> . ?g?g ,o @
u ==> , >= u e;3 layer device, a. e; OSI Layer e ,
e= o

, eG u o

IP Address
,
u u; = MAC Address e =@ . IP Address e= , . ?k o

i m s , ., ? @ >i e; . @
= @
?= , @ ,
: i
70
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
9
k, IPv4 ew TCP/IP Tools ]>(Reserved IPv4
a^
Addresses& TCP/IP Tools)
9.1. Reserved IPv4 Addresses:

m Class A,B,C e IP Address e Range ]> anD k IP ]> Private Networking e
k,
Class A - 10.x.x.x /8
Class B - 172.16.x.x /12
Class C - 192.168.x.x /24
0.0.0.0/0 ei range e IP ]> Default Route >= o
identify ==>
>
0.0.0.0/8 ei range e IP ]> o

Host identify k, e; ^ t
Source Address >= ==> ?
0.0.0.0/32 ei range e IP ]> ], DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) e

k,
127.x.x.x /8 range e IP ]> Network diagnostic k, ?- Loop Back IP
Address 127.0.0.1 ? Local host identification e ==> >
169.254.x.x /16 range e IP ]> Automatic Private IP Addressing(APIPA) e k, Host

Computer i i Address ]> Assigne .
Class D e 224.x.x.x 239.x.x.x ranges e IP ]> Multicasting e k,
Class E e 240.x.x.x 255.x.x.x ranges e IP ]> g=k e= Future e k,
255.255.255.255 address; local network e Broadcasting e ==> ?,
9.2. Host Computer ]> IP Address =d Standard

User host ]> p. @ IP ]> =d standard. ?192.168.2.1
192.168.2.2
192.168.2.3 i,@
File Server, print server, web server, IP Camra = it]G Host e @ . IP address
p@ Standard, ?192.168.2.254
192.168.2.253
192.168.2.252 i,@
: i
71
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
9.3.. Statically & Dynamically IP ^G:

Statically: ?@ o
D k Host ]> statically a. Physically IP Address =
@, >
, ,=
, Statically IP Addressing = >
>
^G, = , o
Statically IP
Address =d >
. ?- Small office/Home networking e
Dynamically: , ] D= ={ o

? host 40/50 = , +

o =, i =
o
Host ]> Automatically IP Address =d DHCP(Dynamic
Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol)
) Server ==> >
IP Address e; o

it]G m@ ,i IP Address ]> l a+

==> u+ ^ e ISP m Total Usable IP Address 254;,
254
e k
n ?@
300 >
,, ,= = k
n IP =d = t d, >c Dynamically IP p@ G
Dynamically IP
=, e= ei
e . 300
300
k
n Internet
Access = , , 254; IP = k
n @ B
==> , = =, g<G
, ; ei = m ei d,, g>@ IP p@
9.4.. Ping Command e ==>:
Ping e; TCP/IP tool,
tool ? d o
k
= o
D k ]> a.=
o
k
a.= internet e i k
, <k >
DOS mode e g

(a. start >> run >> cmd
cmd>><Enter>)
>><Enter>) i , ping<space>
<space>g
>si = IP Address<space>-t en < + @i
?=,
ping 192.168.2.11 -tt
Ping lincon@fci.com -t
=,
Ping www.google.com -tt
Ping Command ?@ IP Address anD k >s mu/

mu o
= i/ D
,=
ping command time out e Unknown host/ transmit failed i,@ p@
+t
+t9.4. Ping
ing 192.168.2.11 e Output
uk +t @ ?c ?,, uk mu = o
. 192.168.2.11 i,
mu = o
?g i a. 192.168.2.11 i,-; =, a-k
: i
72

www.greennetpub.com
i, o

GNP0414/A036
9.5. Tracertn

n ==>:
==>
@ B o
/>s |, , u
a,k , >
, Tracert
n; ==> >
u +t @ ?c ?, .www.google.com
www.google.com e D ?,
11 u a,k , >

>
+t uk u ]> IP Address p@ , >c
**** **** **** **** ****
: i
73
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
10
GNP0414/A036
VLSM e p. ^G (Basic Concept of VLSM)
a^
10.1. VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask):

Variable b a. +, + e e gG, ^G ? = @ =, < ?- x
e; Variable > e 1,2,3,4,5,6,. = ? >, ? Subnet Mask ?
@ B Host & network e Dg ?
, VLSM = ,= VLSM e host & Network
= @ 2 e Power e u D ?- 2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256.. i,@
10.2. VLSM e ud, =^, ==>:
ic o
i ?
k
n@ +>@ IP Address => ?
IP Address ]> d=> , >
IP loss e m= . = +

>=- o = A,, > >
Network Flexibility >
Hierarchical Enterprise Network g{ , ?
IP Address ]> Custom Block e =Dk ?
Network Management > >
^G, ISP m ]> VLSM e ^ Service p@ .

10.3. VLSM e =s= u@>G:
^, BejoyOnline.com ISP e 256; IP Address e= e; =Dn =, s , ,
==@
in D p@ . ei = p, IP Address e +>@ ?.k;
1. =@ =
= 64 ;
2. =
= 32 ;
3. , =
= 32 ;
4. , i
s = 16 ;
5. ^, >
6. =
7. ; > n
8 ;
4 ;
= 16 ;
(+)
172 ;
= = 256 172 = 84 ;
e ?@ BejoyOnline.com e IP: 192.168.2.0/24 >
, ,= = p, (p,; e;
Subnet) ]> IP Address >= ?.k;
1. =@ =
: 192.168.2.0/26
(host # 64)
2. =
: 192.168.2.64/27
(host # 32)
3. , =
: 192.168.2.96/27
(host # 32)
4. , i
s : 192.168.2.112/28
(host # 16)
5. ISP , k, b : 192.168.2.118/28
(host # 16)
: i
74
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
6. ^, >
GNP0414/A036
: 192.168.2.126/29
(host # 8)
:192.168.2.130/30
(host # 4)
8. ISP , k, b : 192.168.2.134/30
(host # 4)
9. ; > n
(host # 16)
7. =
:192.168.2.150/28
10. ISP , k, b: 192.168.2./26
(host # 64)
e b i(5,8,9)Total Host ?g i, 16+4+64 = 84 ? ISP e = >s

e= e b i(1,2,3,4,6,7,10)Total Host ?g i, 64+32+32+16+8+4+16 = 172 ?
=Dn p, @
Total host e
| >
i =, i e = p
i, e =, > p. @
VLSM tree m , >= ? =, a^
+ >= ^ ^ ? =Dn ISP
m VLSM e >? ,@ IP Address ]> ei D= =Dn ={ b
e=
k
n@ +>@ a b i => . m +t; D k Netwotk
Subneting ub , =
+t 10.3. =; > e; o

-u
: i
75
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
10.4. VLSM Host Vs CIDR Value:

CIDR
Total # of
host
per subnet
Total # of
Valid host
per subnet
CIDR
Total # of host
per subnet
Total # of
Valid host
per subnet
/32
/31
/30
/29
/28
/27
/26
/25
/24
/23
/22
/21
/20
/19
/18
/17
-
0
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
2*256
4*256
8*256
16*256
32*256
64*256
128*256
-
Not Usable
Not usable
2
6
14
30
62
126
254
510
1022
2046
4094
8190
16382
32766
-
/16
/15
/14
/13
/12
/11
/10
/9
/8
/7
/6
/5
/4
/3
/2
/1
/0
256*256
2*256*256
4*256*256
8*256*256
16*256*256
32*256*256
64*256*256
128*256*256
256*256*256
2*256*256*256
4*256*256*256
8*256*256*256
16*256*256*256
32*256*256*256
64*256*256*256
128*256*256*256
256*256*256*256
65534
131070
262142
524286
1048574
2097150
4194302
8388606
16777214
33554432
67108866
134217734
268435470
536870942
1073741886
2147483774
Not Usable
*** =, a^

VLSM Tree
+ = VLSM Tree DD= =, > a=i
@ uk = /30 . /8 ? n VLSM Host Vs CIDR Value ]> s , >=***
: i
76
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
11,
GNP0414/A036
VLSM Tree Structure
a^
11.1. VLSM Tree:
VLSM Addressing Circle, Box, Chart e= Tree i,@ method ==> >
ei a^
VLSM Tree

+ =
11.2.1. VLSM Tree For Class C IP Address:
, Class C IP Address ]> Default Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 a. ei IP Address
]> p. 3 Octet Network ID e= k = 4th Octet Host ID @ , Class C e IP
Address d e; o
highest 256; host ==> ?= VLSM Tree g| CIDR
/24 . /30 ? n ==> ?=
^, ISP m Network IP Address: 192.168.2.0/24 e ISP m +c ?, ,@
Total 256; IP Address ?.k- 128,64,32,16,8,4,4 ,; b Dg =
, Root Value 256 d g, VLSM Tree ml >=;
+t 11.2.: VLSM Tree
uk VLSM Tree @ mk D= VLSM Table g| A, ?=;
Block
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Host #
Network IP with CIDR
Valid Host IP Range

(only last octet)
Broadcast IP
128
64
32
16
8
4
4
192.168.2.0/25
192.168.2.128/26
192.168.2.192/27
192.168.2.224/28
192.168.2.240/29
192.168.2.248/30
192.168.2.152/30
1-126
129-190
193-222
225-238
241-246
249-250
253-254
192.168.2.127
192.168.2.191
192.168.2.223
192.168.2.239
192.168.2.247
192.168.2.251
192.168.2.255
: i
77
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
*uk Table e CIDR ]> 10 a^

10.4 ac@ CIDR Vs Total Host Number . d:=:*
ei D= = > VLSM Tree . VLSM Table A, ,
e
@
?@
=
>
?,
195.22.23.128/25
IP
Address
p,
b
?.k
8,8,16,8,4,4,4,4,8,32,32 ; IP @
=Dk VLSM Tree . VLSM Table A,
,, ,= , m l ?=;
IP Address: 195.22.23.128/25
, IP ; Class C e e= CIDR Value ?>, /25 >, e, 128; IP Address
+t 11.2.: VLSM Tree
uk VLSM Tree @ mk D= VLSM Table g| A, ?=;
Block
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Host #
Valid Host IP Range

(only last octet)
Broadcast IP
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
16
32
32
195.22.23.128/30
195.22.23.132/30
195.22.23.136/30
195.22.23.140/30
195.22.23.144/29
195.22.23.152/29
195.22.23.160/29
195.22.23.168/29
195.22.23.176/28
195.22.23.192/27
195.22.23.224/27
129-130
133-34
137-38
141-42
145-50
153-58
161-66
169-74
177-90
193-122
225-254
195.22.23.131
195.22.23.135
195.22.23.139
195.22.23.143
195.22.23.151
195.22.23.159
195.22.23.167
195.22.23.175
195.22.23.191
195.22.23.123
195.22.23.255
: i
78
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
11.2.2. VLSM Tree . VLSM Table A, a<<:
m VLSM Tree . VLSM Table A, ;
+t 12.2.2: VLSM Tree

VLSM Table:
Block
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Host #
Valid Host IP Range

(only last octet)
Broadcast IP
222.54.55.0/31
222.54.55.1
: i
79
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
11.3.1. VLSM Tree For Class B IP Address:

, Class B IP Address ]> Default Subnet Mask 255.255.0.0 a. ei IP Address ]>
p. 2 Octet Network ID e= k = 2 Octet Host ID @ , Class B e IP Address
d e; o
highest 256*256; host ==> ?= VLSM Tree g| CIDR /16
. /30 ? n ==> ?=
, Root Value 256*256 d g, m= VLSM Tree ml >=;(IP: 171.11.0.0)
VLSM Table:
Block
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Host #
128*256
64*256
32*256
16*256
8*256
4*256
2*256
256
256

171.11.0.0/17
171.11.128.0/18
171.11.192.0/19
171.11.224.0/20
171.11.240.0/21
171.11.248.0/22
171.11.252.0/23
171.11.254.0/24
171.11.255.0/24
Valid Host IP Range

(only last 2 octet)
0.1
128.1
192.1
224.1
240.1
248.1
252.1
254.1
255.1
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
127.254
129.254
223.254
239.254
247.254
251.254
253.254
254.254
255.254
Broadcast IP
171.11.127.255
171.11.129.255
171.11.223.255
171.11.239.255
171.11.247.255
171.11.251.255
171.11.253.255
171.11.254.255
171.11.255.255
: i
80
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
uk VLSM Tree . VLSM Table A, ;

VLSM Table:
Block
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Host #
Valid Host IP Range

(only last 2 octet)
Broadcast IP
32*256
140.21.0.0/19
0.1 to 31.254
140.21.31.255
11.4.1. VLSM Tree For Class B IP Address:

, Class A IP Address ]> Default Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 a. ei IP Address
]> p. Octet Network ID e= k = 3 Octet Host ID @ , Class B e IP Address
d e; o
highest 256*256*256 ; host ==> ?= VLSM Tree g|
CIDR /8 . /30 ? n ==> ?=
: i
81
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
, Root Value 256*256*256 d g, m= VLSM Tree ml >=; (IP: 10.0.0.0)
128 x 256 x 256
128 x 256 x 256

64 x 256 x 256
64 x 256 x 256
32 x 256 x 256
Root: 256 x 256 x 256
32 x 256 x 256
16 x 256 x 256
128 x 256 x 256
16 x 256 x 256
8 x 256 x 256
8 x 256 x 256
64 x 256 x 256
4 x 256 x 256
4 x 256 x 256
32 x 256 x 256
2 x 256 x 256
16 x 256 x 256
256 x 256
2 x 256 x 256
256 x 256
8 x 256 x 256
4 x 256 x 256
2 x 256 x 256
256 x 256
Total: 128 x 256 x 256
VLSM Table:
Block
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
256 x 256
Host #
Network IP with
CIDR
128*256*256
64*256*256
32*256*256
16*256*256
8*256*256
4*256*256
2*256*256
256*256
256*256
Valid Host IP Range (only

last 3 octet)
10.0.0.0/9
10.128.0.0/10
10.192.0.0/11
10.224.0.0/12
10.240.0.0/13
10.248.0.0/14
10.252.0.0/15
10.254.0.0/16
10.255.0.0/16
0.0.1 to 127.255.254
128.0.1 to 191.255.254
192.0.1 to 223.255.254
224.0.1 to 239.255.254
240.0.1 to 247.255.254
248.0.1 to 251.255.254
252.0.1 to 253.255.254
254.0.1 to 254.255.254
255.0.1 to 255.255.254
Broadcast IP
10.127.255.255
10.191.255.255
10.223.255.255
10.239.255.255
10.247.255.255
10.251.255.255
10.253.255.255
10.254.255.255
10.255.255.255

64 x 256 x 256
64 x 256 x 256
128 x 256 x 256

64 x 256 x 256
64 x 256 x 256
64 x 256 x 256
64 x 256 x 256
32 x 256 x 256
Root: 256 x 256 x 256
32 x 256 x 256
16 x 256 x 256
128 x 256 x 256
16 x 256 x 256
8 x 256 x 256
8 x 256 x 256
64 x 256 x 256
2 x 256 x 256
32 x 256 x 256
2 x 256 x 256
4 x 256 x 256
16 x 256 x 256
2 x 256 x 256
8 x 256 x 256
2 x 256 x 256
4 x 256 x 256
256 x 256
2 x 256 x 256
2 x 256 x 256
256 x 256
2 x 256 x 256
256 x 256
256 x 256
Total: 128 x 256 x 256
: i
82
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
+t 11.4.2: VLSM Tree
e uk VLSM Tree . mk VLSM Table ; A, ;
VLSM Table:
Block
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Host #
Valid Host IP Range

(only last 3 octet)
Broadcast IP
64*256*256
21.0.0.0/10
0.0.1 to 63.255.254
21.63.255.255
******* ********** ********
: i
83

www.greennetpub.com
12,
a^
i, o

GNP0414/A036
Classful & Classless Subnetting with Box method
ei a^
=k
=s 10 a^
=k
=s p
ei ,=o VLSM m = ^G
a ei a^
Classful & Classless Subnetting
+ = 10 a^

VLSM Tree Structure d VLSM Table A, ei a^
Box Method e VLSM
Table A, =
12.1.1. Classful Subnetting:
? e; o
e; IP Address subnetting ., , @ >, 2;
Option ., , >c Classful and Classless subnetting pk
Classful Subnetting e;
d, >o
sto e; e; a^ a+
] d,, G e; p
,
a^ Address g
@
Classful Subnetting e p, Subnet e ei Subnet Mask Address ==> , >
e= p,
Subnet Mask ei G Host Address ^G
u@>G:- ^, Network IP: 192.168.1.0/24 e o
5; Subnet e= p,; Subnet e ?.k
30, 28, 26, 25, 21 ; Host @
o
i e= p, = Subnet Mask
255.255.255.224 p@ ?= IP Range =, i ?.k;
1. 192.168.1.0/27
to
192.168.1.31
2. 192.168.1.32/27
to
192.168.1.63
3. 192.168.1.64/27
to
192.168.1.95
4. 192.168.1.9627
to
192.168.1.127
5. 192.168.1.12827
to
192.168.1.159
6. 192.168.1.6027
to
192.168.1.191
7. 192.168.1.192/27
to
192.168.1.223
8. 192.168.1.224/27
to
192.168.1.255
@ ?c ?, p, = 30; Usable Address

e= Subnet 8; ? ^ 5;
==> >c = 3; a D= . ?c , ei 8; = Total: 0+2+4+5+9+30+30+30 =
110; Address a+
>
, uk + . Classful subnetting e j >= ml;
? Subnetting d,, p, subnet e ei Subnet Mask ==> >
, i Subnetting d,
Classful subnetting =
12.1.2. The Box Method for visualizing subnets:
10 a^
VLSM Tree Structure e ^ p ei a^
Classful
subnetting e= Classless Subneting = VLSM BOX e ^ p =
12.1.1ac@ Subnet Range i ?@ =k ^ p ,= , ml @=;
+t 12.2: The Box Method for visualizing subnets
: i
84

www.greennetpub.com
i, o

GNP0414/A036
12.1.2.1.1 Class C e IP Address ]> subnetting Box method:

, Class C IP Address d = 256; Host
o
m= e ?@ ei
256; Host BOX e ^ p , +i p. e Square Box a e= =k
D, u+= Network IP Address e= ++ Broadcast IP Address ul
Class C e kt ^t Network And Broadcast IP Address e 4th Octet e i
>=
k e Full Block IP Address e kt a. Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 e kt a, =k;
@, ml;
e =k @; Dg =Dk ,= 128;

Address e @; = =
e =k + Dg =Dk ,= 64 ;

Address e +; = =
e @ ?@ = >

, 192.168.2.0/24 IP Address ; = (Classful subnettibng
pk

) =Dk , >=, ,= , m pk

?=;
1st stap: IP Address: 192.168.2.0/24 e; C Class D k IP e= e, 256; Host Address
2nd stap: 192.168.2.0/24 8 a. ; = =Dk , >=
3rd stap: e e Box method e p ;
: i
85
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
4th stap: IP Table A, ;

Subnet Host #
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Network IP with
CIDR
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
Valid Host IP Range

(only last octet)
Broadcast IP
192.168.2.0/27
192.168.2.1 to 192.168.2.30
192.168.2.32/27
192.168.2.33 to 192.168.2.62
192.168.2.64/27
192.168.2.65 to 192.168.2.94
192.168.2.96/27 192.168.2.97 to 192.168.2.126
192.168.2.128/27 192.168.2.129 to 192.168.2.158
192.168.2.160/27 192.168.2.161 to 192.168.2.190
192.168.2.192/27 192.168.2.193 to 192.168.2.22
192.168.2.224/27 192.168.2.225 to 192.168.2.254
192.168.2.31
192.168.2.63
192.168.2.95
192.168.2.127
192.168.2.159
192.168.2.191
192.168.2.223
192.168.2.255
12.1.2.1.2. a<<:
m IP Address ]> Box method ==> subnetting ;
1. 201.2.5.0/24 16
2. 199.22.25.0/25 16
3. 193.55.22.0/27 2
4. 221.8.22.0/25 8
12.1.2.2.1.Class Be IP Address ]> subnetting Box method:

, Class B IP Address d = 256 x 256; Host
o
m= e ?@
ei 256 x 256; Host BOX e ^ p , +i p. e Square Box a e=
=k D, u+= Network IP Address e= ++ Broadcast IP Address
ul Class B e kt ^t Network And Broadcast IP Address e ?.k 3rd& 4th Octet e
i >=
k = e Full Block IP Address e kt a. Subnet mask 255.255.0.0 e kt a, =k;
@, ml;
/16
0.0
255.255.0.0
256x256Host
255.255
1 Subnet
e =k @; Dg =Dk ,= 128 x 256 ; Address e @; = =
0.0
128.255
/17
255.255.128.0
128 x256Host
127.255
255.255
2 Subnet
: i
86
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
, 135.22.0.0/16 4 e =; >= ml;
u =; =k . mk IP Table A, ;

Subnet
No.
1
2
3
4
Host #
Network IP with
CIDR
64*256 135.22.0.0 /10

64*256 135.22.64.0 /10
64*256 135.22.128.0 /10
64*256 135.22.192.0 /10
Valid Host IP Range

(only last 2 octet)
Broadcast IP
0.1 to 63.254
64.1 to 127.254
128.1 to 191.254
192.1 to 255.254
135.22.63.255
135.22.127.255
135.22.191.255
135.22.255.255
12.1.2.2.2. a<<:
1. 128.22.0.0/16 8
2. 185.22.0.0/17 16
3. 122.55.0.0/18 4
4. 145.8.0.0/19 2
5. 155.255.0.0/20 4
6. 159.254.0.0/21 2
12.1.2.3.1. Class Ae IP Address ]> subnetting Box method:

, Class A IP Address d = 256 x 256 x 256; Host
o
m=
e ?@ ei 256 x 256 x 256; Host BOX e ^ p , +i p. e Square Box
a e= =k D, u+= Network IP Address e= ++ Broadcast IP
Address ul Class A e kt ^t Network And Broadcast IP Address e ?.k 2nd,
3rd& 4th Octet e i >=
k e e Full Block IP Address e kt a. Subnet mask 255.0.0.0 e kt a, =k;
@, ml;
: i
87

www.greennetpub.com
i, o

GNP0414/A036
e =k @; Dg =Dk ,= 128 x 256 x 256; Address e @; =
=
e =k +; Dg =Dk ,= 64 x 256 x 256; Address e +; =
=
e =k ; Dg =Dk ,= 32 x 256 x 256; Address e ; =
=
, @ ?@ = >

, 11.0.0.0/8 16 subnetting ,, ,= , >= ml;
: i
88
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
u =; =k . mk IP Table A, ;

Subnet
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Host #
16*256*256
16*256*256
16*256*256
16*256*256
16*256*256
16*256*256
16*256*256
16*256*256
16*256*256
16*256*256
16*256*256
16*256*256
16*256*256
16*256*256
16*256*256
16*256*256
11.0.0.0/12
11.16.0.0/12
11.32.0.0/12
11.48.0.0/12
11.64.0.0/12
11.80.0.0/12
11.96.0.0/12
11.112.0.0/12
11.128.0.0/12
11.144.0.0/12
11.160.0.0/12
11.176.0.0/12
11.192.0.0/12
11.208.0.0/12
11.224.0.0/12
11.240.0.0/12
Valid Host IP Range

(only last 3 octet)
0.0.1
16.0.1
32.0.1
48.0.1
64.0.1
80.0.1
96.0.1
112.0.1
128.0.1
144.0.1
160.0.1
176.0.1
192.0.1
208.0.1
224.0.1
240.0.1
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
15.255.254
31.255.254
47.255.254
63.255.254
79.255.254
95.255.254
111.255.254
127.255.254
143.255.254
159.255.254
175.255.254
191.255.254
207.255.254
223.255.254
239.255.254
255.255.254
Broadcast IP
11.15.255.255
11.31.255.255
11.47.255.255
11.63.255.255
11.79.255.255
11.95.255.255
11.111.255.255
11.127.255.255
11.143.255.255
11.159.255.255
11.175.255.255
11.191.255.255
11.207.255.255
11.223.255.255
11.239.255.255
11.255.255.255
12.1.2.3.2. a<<:
1. 11.0.0.0/8 32
2. 9.0.0.0/8 64
3. 8.0.0.0/13 2
4. 121.0.0.0/10 4
5. 8.0.0.0/8 64
12.2.1. Classless Subnetting:
: i
89
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
Classless Subnetting VLSM ei a. ==> >

Classless Subnetting d,, o
D] k
= ]> Subnet Mask =Dn >
= ]> +>@ a IP Address =>
ei d,, Subnetting >
12.2.2. Classless SubnettingFor Class C IP Address:

IP Address: 192.168.1.0/24
Subnetting Box:
Classless subnet Range:

Subnet
No.
Host #
Broadcast IP
32
32
16
4
4
8
32
128
192.168.1.0 /27
192.168.1.32 /27
192.168.1.64 /28
192.168.1.80 /30
192.168.1.84 /30
192.168.1.88 /29
192.168.1.96 /27
192.168.1.128 /25
192.168.1.31
192.168.1.63
192.168.1.79
192.168.1.83
192.168.1.87
192.168.1.95
192.168.1.127
192.168.1.255
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
12.2.3. Classless SubnettingFor Class B IP Address:

m B Class e 140.21.0.0/16 IP address e Classless Subnetting a > ei
Subnetting Box . Classless Subnetting Table A, ;
IP Address: 140.21.0.0/16
Subnetting Box:
: i
90
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036

Subnet
No.
Host #
Broadcast IP
1
2
3
4
5
6
8*256
8*256
16*256
32*256
64*256
128*256
140.21.0.0
140.21.8.0
140.21.16.0
140.21.32.0
140.21.64.0
140.21.128.0
140.21.7.255
140.21.15.255
140.21.31.255
140.21.63.255
140.21.127.255
140.21.255.255
12.2.4. Classless SubnettingFor Class A IP Address:

IP : 21.0.0.0/8
Subnetting box:

Subnet
Host #
Broadcast IP
: i
91
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
GNP0414/A036
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
8*256*256
8*256*256
16*256*256
32*256*256
64*256*256
128*256*256
21.0.0.0/13
21.8.0.0/13
21.16.0.0/12
21.32.0.0/11
21.64.0.0/10
21.128.0.0/9
21.7.255.255
21.15.255.255
21.31.255.255
21.63.255.255
21.127.255.255
21.255.255.255
: i
92
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
13,
GNP0414/A036
Appendix
a^
Class A Addressing Guide

Total # Total #
of Bits of host
Borrowed bits
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Subnet Mask
Total # of
Subnets
Total # of Hosts
Usable # of Hosts
255.0.0.0
255.128.0.0
255.192.0.0
255.224.0.0
255.240.0.0
255.248.0.0
255.252.0.0
255.254.0.0
255.255.0.0
255.255.128.0
255.255.192.0
255.255.224.0
255.255.240.0
255.255.248.0
255.255.252.0
255.255.254.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.128
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.252
255.255.255.254
255.255.255.255
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
256
512
1024
2048
4096
8192
16384
32768
65536
131072
262144
524288
1048576
2097152
4194304
8388608
16777216
16777216
8388608
4194304
2097152
1048576
524288
262144
131072
65536
32768
16384
8192
4096
2048
1024
512
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
16777214
8388606
4194302
2097150
1048574
524286
262142
131070
65534
32766
16382
8190
4094
2046
1022
510
254
126
62
30
14
6
2
Not usable
Not usable
Subnet Mask
Total # of
Subnets
Total # of Hosts
Usable # of Hosts
255.255.0.0
255.255.128.0
255.255.192.0
255.255.224.0
255.255.240.0
255.255.248.0
255.255.252.0
255.255.254.0
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.128
256
512
1024
2048
4096
8192
16384
32768
65536
131072
65536
32768
16384
8192
4096
2048
1024
512
256
128
65534
32766
16382
8190
4094
2046
1022
510
254
126
Class B Addressing Guide

Total # Total #
of
of host
Network bits
bits
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
: i
93
i, o


www.greennetpub.com
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.252
255.255.255.254
255.255.255.255
GNP0414/A036
262144
524288
1048576
2097152
4194304
8388608
16777216
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
62
30
14
6
2
Not usable
Not usable
Subnet Mask
Total # of
Subnets
Total # of Hosts
Usable # of Hosts
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.128
255.255.255.192
255.255.255.224
255.255.255.240
255.255.255.248
255.255.255.252
255.255.255.254
255.255.255.255
65536
131072
262144
524288
1048576
2097152
4194304
8388608
16777216
256
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
254
126
62
30
14
6
2
Not usable
Not usable
Class C Addressing Guide

Total # Total #
of
of host
Network bits
bits
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Reference:
1. IP Addressing And Subnetting workbook (version 1.1) Produced by: Robb Jones
2. IPv4 Addressing and Subnetting. Written by Aaron Balchunas
3. Interconnecting Cisco Network Devices (volume 1) version 1.0a (New Horizons)
4. VLSM and CIDR written by Malin Bornhager (Halmstad University)
4. Internet/web pages
: i
94

Digital Data Packet -p h e IP Support e device - mu,
PDA, Note Book, Smart Phone i n i o u! IP Network e #
i$ e p # o g' i() ,
mu o * g +, ,* mu
in/ . u ,/i/, in e$0 i $ +t-+t2 n i ,* 4
u . ,
i-) .5 . 5 6 e 7 i 789: . e p. .5 p6 i-)
mu o e$0 .k 0 h e$ pi-= p , , ) 79 0m (n 7@
:A= 0u.0 + . B i a 5 ! uD ei i .5 Er
.
o D t + s # 6 H . + -ei i
u HD mu o p k , n .5
mu o e$0 .k 0 h e$ pi - = n
) ., i , . H . n) n 2 e /. -o
# i .5 mn + ei i .5 + a n Mj i
i-) .5 , g' + i ei i ! + 6
E4( . , + i m . p n Face Book :
https://www.facebook.com/lincon.fci e r
Technology m' Ed . i .5 al ) 0p i $ (+t k
5) ! e , i .5 s # n i ., d .5 + a (M 4.tr ,
)d' e j' 2d n ei i +) 4. tr 6 i
n 4 d: 5

Internet Protocol Networking ( )

Uploaded by

Copyright:

You might also like

Internet Protocol Networking ( )

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Internet Protocol Networking ( )

Uploaded by

Copyright:

IP Networking

kwidzzj Bmjvg wjsKb

:  i !"

g" "$ %&'

g  

Green Net Publishers

sns i  i

o%& n '%&d) / as,- ) : p p n .)) ei i e ,

ISBN: xx-xxx-xxx (Print)

Green Net Publishers

Digital Data Packet -p  h e

Green Net Publishers

= i , >k ,  

1.1.   (Decimal Number):

A=B: 10; p,< ==>   >

u@ >G- 100, 11, 158, 1586 i, @

0,1 ei digit @; p, ; Bit = >

A=B:  t 2; p,< ==>   >

u@ >G- 10101, 1111, 1000111, 000001110 i, @

1.3. >k   (Hexa-Decimal Number):

A=B: 16; p,< ==>   >

u@ >G:- A85F, BD1, 9555, FFFF, A00 i, @

 :   i   

Green Net Publishers

1.5.    = i  

m   527  = i  

,  (1027)10 = (10000000011)2

m = i   1111101111   

, :: (1111101111)2 = (1007)10

 :   i   

Green Net Publishers

+  = , ic >= : 0010

, :- (1011001001)2 = (2C9)16

, :- (AD79F)16 = (10101101011110011111)2

 :   i   

Green Net Publishers

1.8. a<< (Binary to Decimal Conversion)

 :   i   

Green Net Publishers

1.9. a<< (Decimal to Binary Conversion)

 :   i   

Green Net Publishers

Basic Concept of Network

D] k p, > s e ;  Physical/ Hardware Address 

10000000 : 00001111 : 11000011 : 01111110 : 10000001 : 11001100

Binary 48Bit e MAC Address  8Bit=1Byte    : d    6; a D g  >

 :   i   

Green Net Publishers

+t 1.1.1: MAC Address

> s-;   o

Host ID > s-; o

Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) e= Internet Protocol(IP) 

IPX ^ Novell networks e ==>  >

2.2. ;,,/ i, TCP/ IP :

IPv4 (32 bit)

IPv6 (128 bit)

2.2.2.1. IPv4 e A=B:

Green Net Publishers

 :   i   

Green Net Publishers

IPv4 ew  (Addressing Format)

3.1. IPv4 Addressing:

: i !"

g" "$ %&'

g

sns i i

o%& n '%&d) / as,- ) : p p n .)) ei i e ,

Digital Data Packet -p h e

=i, >k,

1.1. (Decimal Number):

A=B: 10; p,< ==> >

u@>G- 100, 11, 158, 1586 i,@

0,1 ei digit @; p,; Bit = >

A=B: t 2; p,< ==> >

u@>G- 10101, 1111, 1000111, 000001110 i,@

1.3. >k (Hexa-Decimal Number):

A=B: 16; p,< ==> >

u@>G:- A85F, BD1, 9555, FFFF, A00 i,@

: i

1.5. =i

m 527 =i

, (1027)10 = (10000000011)2

m =i 1111101111

,:: (1111101111)2 = (1007)10

: i

+ = , ic >= : 0010

,:- (1011001001)2 = (2C9)16

,:- (AD79F)16 = (10101101011110011111)2

: i

1.8. a<< (Binary to Decimal Conversion)

: i

1.9. a<< (Decimal to Binary Conversion)

: i

D] k p, >s e; Physical/ Hardware Address

Binary 48Bit e MAC Address 8Bit=1Byte : d 6; a Dg >

: i

>s-; o

Host ID >s-; o

Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) e= Internet Protocol(IP)

IPX ^ Novell networks e ==> >

2.2. ;,,/ i, TCP/ IP :

2.2.2.1. IPv4 e A=B:

: i

IPv4 ew (Addressing Format)

Octet e = m-= c (00000000 . 11111111) = 0 . 255 e .=

3.2. IP Address e G< =Dg(Classification of IP Address):

: i

DecimalFormat e =Dn IP address e Classification method:

*** e Default Subnet Mask

3.3. Public & Private IP Address e ^G:

?- a LAN >c e; Private Network a@ =

: i

3.4. Network IP e= Broadcast IP:

Network IP e= Broadcast IP >s p@ ?

(= a 4.6 ac@ @:=)

: i

3.5.Class A IP Address ]> A=B:

+t 3.5: k A e p. a e A=B

: i

3.8. =Dn IP Address ]> Class, Private, Public G

: i

4.1. = (Subnet):

^, e; p, 10/12; Computer e LAN

e 255.255.255.0 >c C Class e Default Subnet mask

4.4. IP Address . Network & Host a Identification a<<:

: i

191.249.234.191 __ 128.212.250.254 _

: i

4.6 Subnet IP e= Broadcast IP Address +h, :

Ex- Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 binary format e mk D= p >

: i

4.10. IP address with CIDR e =s= u@>G:

: i

4.12. Subnet mask a Total Host G

: i

AND a ANDING With Subnet Masks

Network Portion (a): 192.100.10.33

uk IP Address ]> D @ = ?c ?, 192.100.10.33 IP Address ; No.33 Valid

Network Portion (a): 192.100.10.33