Bt ng thc Schur v phng php i

bin p,q,r
V Thnh Vn
Lp 11 Ton-Khi chuyn THPT-HKH Hu

Nh cc bn bit, bt ng thc Schur l mt bt ng thc mnh v c nhiu ng dng, tuy nhin n vn

cn kh xa l vi nhiu bn hc sinh THCS cng nh THPT. Qua b i vit n y, ti mun cng cp thm cho
cc bn mt k thut s dng tt BDT Schur, l kt hp vi phng php i bin p; q; r.
Trc ht, ti xin nh-c li v bt ng thc Schur v phng php i bin p; q; r.

Bt ng thc Schur

nh l 1 (Bt ng thc Schur) Vi mi s thc khng m a; b; c; k; ta lun c

ak (a

b)(a

c) + bk (b

c)(b

a) + ck (c

a)(c

b)

0:

Hai trng hp quen thuc c s dng nhiu l k = 1 v k = 2

a(a

b)(a

c) + b(b

c)(b

a) + c(c

a2 (a

b)(a

c) + b2 (b

c)(b

a) + c2 (c

a)(c

b)

a)(c

b)

(i)
0

(ii)

Phng php i bin p; q; r

i vi mt s b i bt ng thc thun nht i xng c cc bin khng m th ta c th i bin li nh sau

t p = a + b + c; q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc: V ta thu c mt s ng thc sau
ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a)
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
ab(a2 + b2 ) + bc( b2 + c2 ) + ca(c2 + a2 )
(a + b)(a + c) + (b + c)(b + a) + (c + a)(c + b)
a2 + b2 + c2
a3 + b3 + c3
a4 + b4 + c4
a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2
a3 b3 + b3 c3 + c3 a3
a4 b4 + b4 c4 + c4 a4
t L = p2 q 2 + 18pqr

27r2

4q 3

pq 3r
pq r
p2 q 2q 2 pr
p2 + q
p2 2q
p3 3pq + 3r
p4 4p2 q + 2q 2 + 4pr
q 2 2pr
q 3 3pqr + 3r2
q 4 4pq 2 r + 2p2 r2 + 4qr2

4p3 r; khi
2

a b+b c+c a =
(a

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

b)(b

c)(c

a)
1

pq

3r
p 2
L

CC V D MINH HA

C th thy ngay li ch ca phng php n y l mi r ng buc gia cc bin p; q; r m cc bin a; b; c ban

u khng c nh
p2
p3
q2
pq
2p3 + 9r
p2 q + 3pr
p4 + 4q 2 + 6pr

3q
27r
3pr
9r
7pq
4q 2
5p2 q

Nhng kt qu trn y ch-c ch-n l cha , cc bn c th pht trin thm nhiu ng thc, bt ng thc
lin h gia 3 bin p; q; r. V iu quan trng m ti mun ni n l t bt ng thc (i) v (ii), ta c

p2 )

p(4q

9
p2 )(p2
6p

(4q

(t (i))
q)

(t (ii))

Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp th c th cc i lng 4q p2 c th nhn gi tr m ln gi tr dng

nn ta thng s dng
p(4q p2 )
r max 0;
4
r

max 0;

(4q

p2 )(p2
6p

q)

C l n y cc bn hiu c phn n o v bt ng thc Schur v phng php i bin p; q; r. Sau y

l mt s v d minh ha, nhng trc ht, cc bn hy tp l m th ri xem p n sau

3
3.1

Cc v d minh ha
Bt ng thc Schur

V d 1 Cho cc s dng a; b; c: Chng minh rng

s
s
s
(a + b)3
(b + c)3
(c + a)3
+
+
8ab(4a + 4b + c)
8bc(4b + 4c + a)
8ca(4c + 4a + b)

1:
(V Th nh Vn)

LI GII. t
P =

(a + b)3
+
8ab(4a + 4b + c)

(b + c)3
+
8bc(4b + 4c + a)

(c + a)3
8ca(4c + 4a + b)

Q = 8ab(4a + 4b + c) + 8bc(4b + 4c + a) + 8ca(4c + 4a + b)

= 32(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca) 72abc
p dng bt ng thc Holder, ta c
P2 Q

8(a + b + c)3

c V Thnh Vn

3.1 Bt ng thc Schur

CC V D MINH HA

Ta cn chng minh
8(a + b + c)3
3

, 8(a + b + c)

, (a + b + c)3

32(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)

4(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)

72abc

9abc ( ng theo bt ng thc Schur).

Vy ta c pcm.
V d 2 Cho cc s dng a; b; c: Chng minh rng
(a2 + 2)(b2 + 2)(c2 + 2)

9(ab + bc + ca):
(APMO 2004)

LI GII. Khai trin bt ng thc trn, ta cn chng minh

a2 b2 c2 + 2(a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ) + 4(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 8

9(ab + bc + ca)

Ta c
a2 + b2 + c2

ab + bc + ca

(a2 b2 + 1) + (b2 c2 + 1) + (c2 a2 + 1)

a2 b2 c2 + 1 + 1

2(ab + bc + ca)

p
3
3 a2 b2 c2

9abc
a+b+c
4(ab + bc + ca) (a + b + c)2 (theo bt ng thc Schur)

p dng cc bt ng thc trn, ta c

(a2 b2 c2 + 2) + 2(a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 + 3) + 4(a2 + b2 + c2 )
2(ab + bc + ca) + 4(ab + bc + ca) + 3(a2 + b2 + c2 )
9(ab + bc + ca):
Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1:
V d 3 Cho cc s dng a; b; c: Chng minh rng
2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + abc + 8

5(a + b + c):
(Trn Nam Dng)

LI GII. S dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c

6V T

= 12(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 3(2abc + 1) + 45 5 2 3(a + b + c)

p
3
12(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 9 a2 b2 c2 + 45 5 (a + b + c)2 + 9
9abc
= 7(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + p
10(ab + bc + ca)
3
abc
27abc
7(a2 + b2 + c2 ) +
10(ab + bc + ca)
a+b+c

Mt khc, s dng bt ng thc Schur,

9
a+b+c

4(ab + bc + ca)

(a + b + c)2 = 2(ab + bc + ca)

c V Thnh Vn

(a2 + b2 + c2 )

3.1 Bt ng thc Schur

CC V D MINH HA

Do
27
10(ab + bc + ca)
a+b+c
7(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 6(ab + bc + ca) 3(a2 + b2 + c2 )
= 4(a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca) 0:

7(a2 + b2 + c2 ) +

10(ab + bc + ca)

Bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1:

V d 4 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s n o ng thi bng 0: Chng minh rng
b
c
a
+ 3
+ 3
b3 + c3
a + c3
a + b3

18
5(a2 + b2 + c2 ) ab

bc

ca

:
(Michael Rozenberg)

LI GII. Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi

X a(a + b + c)
cyc

X
cyc

b3

18(a + b + c)
5(a2 + b2 + c2 ) ab bc

b3 + c3

X
a
a2
+
3
2 + c2
+c
b
cyc

ca

18(a + b + c)
5(a2 + b2 + c2 ) ab bc

bc

ca

p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c

X

a2
b3 + c3
cyc

a
2 + c2
b
cyc

(a2 + b2 + c2 )2
P 2 3
a (b + c3 )
cyc

bc

cyc

Ta cn chng minh

(a2 + b2 + c2 )2
(a + b + c)2
P 2 3
+P 2
3
a (b + c )
a(b + c2 bc)
cyc

Gi s a + b + c = 1 v

(a + b + c)2
a(b2 + c2 bc)

5(a2

18(a + b + c)
+ + c2 ) ab bc
b2

ca

cyc

n
max 0; (4q

t ab + bc + ca = q; abc = r ) r
(1
q2

1
2q)2
+
(q + 2)r q 6r

1)(1 q)
6

18
11q

Bt ng thc cui d d ng chng minh bng cch xt 2 trng hp 1 4q v 4q

ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c hoc a = b; c = 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.

o
. Ta cn chng minh

1.

V d 5 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn a4 + b4 + c4 = 3. Chng minh rng

1
4

ab

1
4

bc

1
4

ca

1:
(Moldova TST 2005)

c V Thnh Vn

3.1 Bt ng thc Schur

CC V D MINH HA

LI GII. Quy ng mu s ri khai trin, ta cn chng minh

49

8(ab + bc + ca) + (a + b + c)abc

64

16(ab + bc + ca) + 4(a + b + c)abc

a2 b2 c2

a2 b2 c2 + 8(ab + bc + ca)

, 16 + 3(a + b + c)abc

p dng bt ng thc Schur v gi thit a4 + b4 + c4 = 3, ta c

(a3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc)(a + b + c)

[ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a)] (a + b + c)

(ab + bc)2 + (bc + ca)2 + (ca + ab)2

, 3 + 3abc(a + b + c)
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c

(ab + bc)2 + (bc + ca)2 + (ca + ab)2 + 12

) 15 + 3abc(a + b + c)

8(ab + bc + ca)

8(ab + bc + ca)

Mt khc ta li c
a2 b2 c2 :

Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1:

V d 6 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn ab + bc + ca = 3: Chng minh rng
a3 + b3 + c3 + 7abc

10:
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

p dng bt ng thc Schur, ta c

r

max 0;

p2 )

p(4q

= max 0;

p2 )

p(12
9

Ta cn chng minh
p3
Nu p

p3
Nu p
p3

9p + 10r

10

p
2 3 th ta c
9p + 10r

10

p3

9p

10

12p

9p

10 = 3p

10 > 0

p
2 3 < 4 th
9p + 10r

10

p3

9p +

10
p(12
9

p2 )

10 =

1
(p
9

3)[(16

p2 ) + 3(4

p) + 2]

0:

Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1.

V d 7 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 3: Chng minh rng
3+

12
abc

1 1 1
+ +
a b
c

:
(V Th nh Vn)

c V Thnh Vn

3.1 Bt ng thc Schur

CC V D MINH HA

LI GII. i bin theo p; q; r, bt ng thc cn chng minh c vit li nh sau

3r + 12

5q

Mt khc,theo bt ng thc Schur, ta c

3p(4q p2 )
= 4q
9

3r

Ta cn chng minh
4q

9 + 12

,q

5q

3 ( ng).

Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1:

V d 8 Cho a; b; c l cc s thc dng tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 3. Chng minh rng
1
2

1
2

1
2

3:

(Phm Kim Hng)

Quy ng, rt gn v

i bin theo p; q; r, bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi

8p + 3r

12 + 5q

p dng bt ng thc Schur, ta c

p2 )

p(4q

3r

p(2q 3)
3

T gi thit
p2

2q = 3

)q=

p2

3
2

Thay 2 iu trn v o bt ng thc cn chng minh, ta c

p(p2 6)
3

8p +

, (2p

12 +

5(p2 3)
2

3)2

3)(p

Bt ng thc cui ng nn ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1:

V d 9 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 3: Chng minh rng
1
9

ab

1
9

bc

1
9

ca

3
:
8
(Crux mathematicorum)

LI GII. B i n y c anh Hng s dng cho phn bt ng thc Chebyshev trong cun "Sng to bt
ng thc". By gi cc bn s c thy mt li gii khc vi bt ng thc Schur v phng php i bin
p; q; r rt t nhin.
Bin i bt ng thc cn chng minh v chuyn v dng p; q; r, ta c
8(243

18p + 3r)

3(729

81q + 27r

c V Thnh Vn

r2 )

3.2 Phng php i bin p; q; r

, 243

Theo bt ng thc AM-GM th

a+b+c
3

3=3

3r2

99q + 57r

CC V D MINH HA

3(abc)2 = r2

Theo bt ng thc Schur, ta c

p2 )

p(4q

3
) 57r

Nn ta cn chng minh

72
, 3(1

4q

19(4q

3
9)

3r2

23q

r ) + 23(3

q)

0 ( ng).

Vy bt ng thc c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v chi khi a = b = c = 1:

3.2

Phng php i bin p; q; r

V d 10 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 3: Chng minh rng

b2 c
c2 a
a2 b
+
+
4 bc 4 ca 4 ab

1:
(Phm Kim Hng)

LI GII. Quy ng mu s ri khai trin, ta cn chng minh

X
X a2 b2 c
4
a2 b
4 bc
cyc
cyc
S dng bt ng thc quen thuc 4

a2 b

abc, ta cn chng minh

cyc

X a2 b2 c

abc

cyc

bc

X ab
4 bc
cyc

,1
, 64

X
X
X
32 ab + 8 a2 bc + 4 a2 b2
cyc

cyc

abc

cyc

vi q = ab + bc + ca; r = abc.
p dng bt ng thc AM-GM, ta c q 2

cyc

8q + q 2

, 16

a b + abc

cyc

Tip tc s dng bt ng thc trn,ta cn chng minh

X
X
X
64 32 ab + 8 a2 bc + 4 a2 b2
cyc

4abc

cyc

9r nn cn chng minh
16

8q + q 2

, (q

3)(q

q2
9
6)

0
0:

Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng nn ta c pcm.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1 hoc a = 2; b = 1; c = 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.
c V Thnh Vn

3.2 Phng php i bin p; q; r

CC V D MINH HA

V d 11 Cho cc s dng a; b; c: Chng minh rng

1 1 1
+ +
a b
c

3a
3b
3c
+
+
:
a2 + 2bc b2 + 2ca c2 + 2ab
(Dng c Lm)

t a := a1 ; b := 1b ; c := 1c ; bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi

X

X
3abc

cyc

cyc

2a2

1
+ bc

X a(a2

bc)
2a2 + bc

cyc

,3

X
cyc

0
X

a3
+ bc

2a2

cyc

p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c

a3
2a2 + bc
cyc

cyc

!2

cyc

!2

a3 + 3abc

cyc

n y, ta cn chng minh
X

cyc

!
X
3
2 a + 3abc
cyc

Gi s a + b + c = 1; chuyn v dng p; q; r, bt ng thc tr th nh

2q)2

3(1
S dng bt ng thc q 2

6q + 9r

6q + 3q 2

3r; ta cn chng minh

2q)2

3(1

12q + 12q 2

,3

, (1

3q)2

6q + 3q 2

0 ( ng):

Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c:

V d 12 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c: Chng minh rng
a4 (b + c) + b4 (c + a) + c4 (a + b)

1
(a + b + c)5 :
12
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

LI GII. Chun ha cho p = 1, bt ng thc tr th nh

(1

3q)q + (5q

1)r

1
12

n y ta s dng mt th thut khi dng bt ng thc Schur, l chia trng hp gii quyt
c V Thnh Vn

3.2 Phng php i bin p; q; r

Nu q

1
5

CC V D MINH HA

th ta c
(1

3q)q + (5q

1)r

(1

3q)q =

1
(1
3

1
3

3q) 3q

3q + 3q
2

1
12

Nu q > 51 ; ta c
(1

3q)q + (5q

1)r

(1

3q)q + (5q

q
1
=
( 88q 2 + 32q
9
36

1)

3) +

1
1
<
:
12
12

Vy bt ng thc c chng minh.

p
p
ng thc xy ra khi a = 0; b = 3+6 3 ; c = 3 6 3 v cc hon v
Vi k thut xt trng hp gii, chng ta c th d d ng gii quyt cc b i ton sau
B i ton 1 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 1: Chng minh rng
1
:
32

(a2 + b2 )(b2 + c2 )(c2 + a2 )

HNG DN. Nhn v o ri rt gn, chuyn bt ng thc v dng p; q; r, ta cn chng minh

q2
1
4

n y chng ta xt 2 trng hp q

2q 3

r(2 + r

1
32

4q)

v q > 14 :

B i ton 2 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn abc = 1: Chng minh rng

a
b
c
+
+
a2 + 3 b2 + 3 c2 + 3

3
:
4
(Dng c Lm)

HNG DN.

a bt ng thc v mt h m theo p
f (p) = 27p2

(54 + 12q)p + 9q 2

n y chng ta chia th nh 2 trng hp 18q

58q + 120

58 + 12p v 18q

58 + 12p

V d 13 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 8. Chng minh rng

4(a + b + c

4)

abc:
(Nguyn Phi Hng)

LI GII. Theo gi thit, ta c p2

r

2q = 8: Mt khc, theo bt ng thc Schur bc 4, ta c

(4q

p2 )(p2
6p

q)

(p2

16)(p2 + 8)
12p

V vy, ta cn chng minh

(p2

(p

16)(p2 + 8)
12p
4)2 (p2 + p
12p

4(p
8)

4)

0 ( ng):

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = 2; c = 0 hoc cc hon v tng ng.

c V Thnh Vn

3.2 Phng php i bin p; q; r

CC V D MINH HA

V d 14 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 1: Chng minh rng

p
p
p
a2 + abc
b2 + abc
c2 + abc
1
p
:
+
+
b + ca
c + ab
a + bc
2 abc
LI GII. i bin th nh p; q; r, ta c b
q 2 (1 q)
2(2 3q)

r
p dng BDT Cauchy-Schwarz, ta c
"

a2 + abc
(b + c)(b + a)
cyc

"

#2

Xa + c
cyc

b+c

X 1
b+c
cyc

a
(a + b)(b + c)
cyc
P 2 P
a + ab
cyc

=
Ta c

X b
b+c
cyc

X 1
b+c
cyc

ab

1+q
q r

1
q

q
r

4(1
q

q2 )
r

4(1
q

1
1

b+c

(a + b + c)2
P 2 P
a + ab

cyc

1
P 7
5
a2 + ab

cyc

1
4abc

cyc

1
4r

q
q

cyc

cyc

b+c

Xa + c

(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

2
cyc
cyc
6X 1
4
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) cyc b + c
a2 +

cyc

cyc

Nn ta cn chng minh
P

Xa + c

r
r

q )
r

q
r

=3

q(1 3q)(5 7q)

(1 q)(4 7q + q 2 )

S dng b , ta c
VT

4(1
q

q2 )
q 2 (1

q)
2(2 3q)

q
q 2 (1 q)
2(2 3q)

3:

Vy ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 31 :

Nhn xt 1 Vi b i ton n y, chng ti c 2 cu hi th v xin d nh cho cc bn
1. Chng minh b m chng ti nu trn.
2. Hy ch ra con ng tm b n y.

c V Thnh Vn

10

3.2 Phng php i bin p; q; r

CC V D MINH HA

V d 15 Cho cc s thc dng a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 1. Chng minh rng

4
+ abc
81(ab + bc + ca)

5
:
27
(V Th nh Vn)

LI GII. p dng bt ng thc Schur, ta c

r

p2 )

p(4q

4q

1
9

Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi

4
+r
81q

5
27

S dng bt ng thc Schur, ta cn chng minh

4
4q 1
+
81q
9

5
27

4
4q
+
81q
9

8
27

Bt ng thc trn hin nhin ng theo bt ng thc AM-GM nn ta c pcm.

khi a = b = c = 13 :

ng thc xy ra khi v ch

V d 16 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn ab + bc + ca = 1: Chng minh rng

ab + 1 bc + 1 ca + 1
+
+
a+b
b+c
c+a

3:
(Nguyn Mnh Dng)

LI GII. Ta c

,
,

ab + 1 bc + 1 ca + 1
+
+
a+b
b+c
c+a
(ab + 1)(c + a)(c + b)

3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

cyc

(ab + 1)(c2 + 1)

3[(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)

abc]

cyc

, (a2 + b2 + c2 ) + ab + bc + ca + abc(a + b + c) + 3 + 3abc

2

, (a + b + c) + abc(a + b + c + 3) + 2

3(a + b + c)

3(a + b + c)

t p = a + b + c; q = ab + bc + ca = 1; r = abc: Bt ng thc cn chng minh tr th nh

p2 + r(p + 3)
, (p
Nu p
Nu 2

1)(p

3p + 2

2) + r(p + 3)

0
0

2 thp
bt ng thc hin nhin ng.
p
3; p dng bt ng thc Schur, ta c
p3 + 9r

4pq

c V Thnh Vn

11

3.2 Phng php i bin p; q; r

p3

4p

,r

CC V D MINH HA

Ta cn chng minh
p2

3p + 2 + (p + 3)

, p4 + 3p3
, (p
Bt ng thc cui hin nhin ng v p
p3 + 5p2

p3

4p

13p2 + 15p
3

2)(p + 5p

9
18

3p + 9)

2v

3p + 9 = p3 + 4p2 + p

3
2

27
>0
4

Ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = 1; c = 0 hoc cc hon v

V d 17 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn abc = 1: Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+ 2 + 2 +3
a2
b
c

2(a + b + c):
(Vietnam MO 2006, B)

LI GII.
th nh

t x =

1
a; y

= 1b ; z = 1c , ta c xyz = 1, ng thi i bin th nh p; q; r, ta c bt ng thc tr

p2

2q + 3

, 4q

p2

2q
3

M bt ng thc trn ng theo bt ng thc Schur nn ta c pcm.

a = b = c = 1:

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

V d 18 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s n o ng thi bng 0: Chng minh rng vi mi k 1;

ta lun c
p
a
b
c
(a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca)
k + 1:
+
+
+k
2
b+c c+a a+b
a3 + b3 + c3
(Phm Sinh Tn)
LI GII. i bin bt ng thc theo p; q; r v chun ha cho p = 1. Ta cn chng minh bt ng thc
1

2q + 3r
+k
q r
1

q
3q + 3r

p
2 k+1

Ta c
1

2q + 3r
+k
q r
1

ng thc xy ra khi (a; b; c) =

q
3q + 3r

3q + 3r
+k
q r
1
1 3q + 3r
+k
q
1

p
p
k+2 k 3+ k+1
x; x; 0
2

q
+1
3q + 3r
q
+1
3q + 3r

p
2 k + 1:

hoc cc hon v tng ng.

Mt s b i tp tng t

c V Thnh Vn

12

3.2 Phng php i bin p; q; r

B i ton 3 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c: Chng minh rng vi mi k

CC V D MINH HA

1; ta lun c

a
b
c
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
+
+
+k
b+c c+a a+b
a3 + b3 + c3

p
2 k + 1:
(Phm Sinh Tn)

B i ton 4 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s n o ng thi bng 0: Chng minh rng

a
b
c
9(ab + bc + ca)
+
+
+
b+c c+a a+b
a2 + b2 + c2

6:
(Phm Sinh Tn)

V d 19 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s n o ng thi bng 0: Chng minh rng

2

a
b+c

b
c+a

c
a+b

10abc
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

2:
(Dng c Lm)

LI GII. t x =

2a
b+c ; y

2b
c+a ; z

2c
a+b ,

ta c

xy + yz + zx + xyz = 4
Bt ng thc tr th nh
x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 5xyz

a bt ng thc v dng p; q; r, t gi thit, ta c q + r = 4 v bt ng thc tr th nh

p2

2q + 5r

, p2
Nu 4

7q + 12

p, s dngbt ng thc Schur, ta c

)4

p2 )

p(4q

9
q+

p(4q

p2 )

9
p + 36
4p + 9
3

,q
) p2

7q + 12

p2

7(p3 + 36)
+ 12
4p + 9

Nn ta ch cn chng minh c
p2

iu n y ng v 4
Nu p 4, ta c p2

p
16

7(p3 + 36)
+ 12
4p + 9

, (p

3)(p2

16)

2q

p2
2

3q 3:
4q nn
p2

Vy bt ng thc c chng minh.

hon v tng ng.

2q + 5r

p2

ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z = 1 hoc x = y = 2; z = 0 hoc cc

c V Thnh Vn

13

3.2 Phng php i bin p; q; r

CC V D MINH HA

V d 20 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 3: Chng minh rng

1
6

ab

1
6

bc

1
6

3
:
5

ca

(Vasile Cirtoaje)
LI GII. Chuyn i bt ng thc v nh sau
108

3r2

48q + 13pr

, 4(9

4q + 3r) + r(1

r)

Ta thy bt ng thc trn ng do

3

a+b+c
3

r = abc

=1

v theo bt ng thc Schur th

3r

3p(4q p2 )
= 4q
9
) 3r + 9 4q 0:

Vy bt ng thc c chng minh.

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 1 hoc a = 0; b = c =

3
2

hoc cc hon v tng ng.

V d 21 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s n o ng thi bng 0: Chng minh rng

a2 (b + c) b2 (c + a) c2 (a + b)
+ 2
+ 2
b2 + c2
c + a2
a + b2

a + b + c:
(Darij Grinberg)

LI GII. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwarz, ta cn chng minh

"

a2 (b + c)2

cyc

#2

!"

cyc

a2 (b + c)(b2 + c2 )

cyc

i bin theo p; q; r, khi bt ng thc vit th nh

r(2p3 + 9r

7pq)

p dng BDT Schur, ta c p3 + 9r 4pq v bt ng thc quen thuc p2

xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c hoc a = b; c = 0:

3q

0, ta c pcm.

ng thc

V d 22 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 1: Chng minh rng

5(a2 + b2 + c2 )

6(a3 + b3 + c3 ) + 1:

LI GII. i bin v p; q; r; ta cn chng minh

5

10q

6(1

, 18r

3q + 3r) + 1
8q + 2

Mc khc, bt ng thc trn ng theo bt ng thc Schur nn ta c pcm.

V mt v d in hnh cho phng php n y l bt ng thc Iran 1996
c V Thnh Vn

14

3.2 Phng php i bin p; q; r

CC V D MINH HA

V d 23 Cho cc s khng m x; y; z; khng c 2 s n o ng thi bng 0. Chng minh rng

1
1
1
+
+
(x + y)2
(y + z)2
(z + x)2

(xy + yz + zx)

9
:
4
(Iran MO 1996, Ji Chen)

LI GII. S dng phng php i bin p; q; r, ta chuyn bt ng thc v dng nh sau

q

(p2 + q)2 4p(pq

(pq r)2

r)

9
4

17p2 q 2 + 4q 3 + 34pqr

9r2

Bin i tng ng, rt gn, ta cn chng minh

4p4 q
, pq(p3

4pqr + 9r) + q(p4

5p2 q + 4q 2 + 6pr) + r(pq

9r)

Bt ng thc cui ng nn ta c pcm. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z hoc x = y; z = 0 hoc

cc hon v tng ng.
Qua cc v d trn, c l cc bn cng c hnh dung t nhiu v bt ng thc Schur v nhng ng dng
ca n trong phng php i bin p; q; r: kt thc b i vit n y, mi cc bn cng gii mt s b i tp sau
B i ton 5 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a3 + b3 + c3 = 3. Chng minh rng
a4 b4 + b4 c4 + c4 a4

3:
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

B i ton 6 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c: Chng minh rng

a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc + 1

2(ab + bc + ca):
(Darij Grinberg)

B i ton 7 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 3. Chng minh rng

12 + 9abc

7(ab + bc + ca):
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

B i ton 8 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn abc = 1: Chng minh rng

a2

1
+
a + 1 b2

1
+
b + 1 c2

1
c+1

3:
(V nh Qu)

B i ton 9 Cho cc s thc a; b; c tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 9. Chng minh rng

2(a + b + c)

abc

10:
(Vietnam MO 2002, Trn Nam Dng)

B i ton 10 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn abc = 1: Chng minh rng

1+

3
a+b+c

6
:
ab + bc + ca
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

c V Thnh Vn

15

3.2 Phng php i bin p; q; r

CC V D MINH HA

B i ton 11 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn abc = 1: Chng minh rng

2(a2 + b2 + c2 ) + 12

3(a + b + c) + 3(ab + bc + ca)

(Balkan MO)

B i ton 12 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c; khng c 2 s n o ng thi bng 0: Chng minh rng vi mi

k 3; ta
p
1
1
k
2 k+1
1
p
+
+
+
:
a+b b+c c+a a+b+c
ab + bc + ca
(Phm Kim Hng)
B i ton 13 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn ab + bc + ca + 6abc = 9. Chng minh rng
a + b + c + 3abc

6:
(L Trung Kin, V Quc B Cn)

B i ton 14 Cho cc s khng m x; y; z; khng c 2 s n o ng thi bng 0: Tm hng s a nh nht

bt ng thc sau ng
x+y+z
3

xy + yz + zx
3

a
2

(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)
:
8
(Ivan Borsenco, Irurie Boreico)

B i ton 15 Cho cc s dng a; b; c tha mn abc = 1: Chng minh rng

r
3
3
3
a+b+c
10 a + b + c
:
3
3
B i ton 16 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 1: Chng minh rng
1
1
1
+
+
+ 2abc
a+b b+c c+a

247
:
54

B i ton 17 Cho a; b; c 2 [1; 2]: Chng minh rng

a2 (b + c) + b2 (c + a) + c2 (a + b)

7abc:

B i ton 18 Cho cc s khng m a; b; c tha mn a + b + c = 3: Chng minh rng

5 ab 5 bc 5 ca
+
+
1+c
1+a
1+b

ab + bc + ca:
(Vasile Cirtoaje)

CHC CC BN THNH CNG!!!

c V Thnh Vn

16

Author: V Thnh Vn
Edited and corrected by V Quc B Cn