TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).

2008

V BT NG THC KARAMATA V NG DNG

ON THE KARAMATAS INEQUALITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
CAO VN NUI - NGUYN QUANG THI
Trng i hc S phm, i hc Nng

TM TT
nh l Karamata v cc tnh cht ca hm li l mt phn quan trng v kh ca cc
bt ng thc. Da vo nh l Karamata, ngi ta chng minh c cc bt ng
thc: T. Popoviciu, bt ng thc A. Lupas v bt ng thc Vasile Cirtoaje 2.1.[2]. Cc
bt ng thc ny c nhng ng dng trong vic gii mt s bi ton kh. V chng
ti thy rng: vic xy dng cc bt ng thc mi l rt cn thit. Trong bi bo ny,
chng ti xy dng hai nh l mi v nhng ng dng ca chng. Bi bo trnh by hai
bt ng thc mi m phng php chng minh ca n da vo nh l Karamata v
cc tnh cht ca hm li.
ABSTRACT
Karamata's theorem and properties of the convex function are important and difficult
part of inequalities.Base on Karamatas theorem, it proved the inequalities: T.
Popovicius inequality, A. Lupas inequalitys and Vasile Cirtoajes inequality 2.1.[2].
These inequalities have application in solving difficult problems. And we see that:
building of inequalities are very necessary. In this paper, we built two new theorems and
their applications. We present two new inequalities which are that their demonstration
method based on the Karamata's theorem and properties of the convex function.

1. M u
Ta k hiu I ( a, b ) l mt tp hp c mt trong 4 dng sau y: [ a, b ] , ( a, b ) , [ a, b ) v

( a, b] .
nh ngha (Cc b tri). Cho ( x1 , x 2 , , x n ) v ( y1 , y 2 , , y n ) l hai b s thc. Ta
ni rng dy ( x1 , x 2 , , x n ) tri hn ( y1 , y 2 , , y n ) hay dy ( y1 , y 2 , , y n ) c lm
tri bi dy ( x1 , x 2 , , x n ) v ta vit ( x1 , x 2 , , x n ) ( y1 , y 2 , , y n ) , nu cc iu kin
sau tho mn:
(1)

x1 x 2 x n v y1 y 2 y n .

(2)

x1 + x 2 + + x i y1 + y 2 + + yi , =
i 1, n 1 .

(3)

x1 + x 2 + + x n = y1 + y 2 + + y n .

nh ngha (Hm li)

Hm s f ( x ) c gi l li trn tp I ( a, b ) nu n xc nh trn I ( a, b ) , vi mi
77

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

x1 , x 2 I ( a, b ) v vi mi cp s khng m , c tng + =1 , ta u c
f ( x1 + x 2 ) f ( x1 ) + f ( x 2 )

(1.1)

Nu ng thc trong (1.1) xy ra khi v ch khi x1 = x 2 th f c gi l li tht s trn

I ( a, b ) .
Hm s f ( x ) c gi l lm trn tp I ( a, b ) nu n xc nh trn I ( a, b ) , vi mi

x1 , x 2 I ( a, b ) v vi mi cp s khng m , c tng + =1 , ta u c
f ( x1 + x 2 ) f ( x1 ) + f ( x 2 )

(1.2)

Nu ng thc trong (1.2) xy ra khi v ch khi x1 = x 2 th f c gi l lm tht s

trn I ( a, b ) .
nh l. Nu f kh vi bc hai trn I ( a, b ) th hm f ( x ) li trn I ( a, b ) nu v ch nu
f '' ( x ) 0 vi mi x I ( a, b ) .

( x1 , x 2 , , x n ) v ( y1 , y2 , , y n ) ,
( x i , yi I ( a, b ) ) tho mn iu kin ( x1 , x 2 , , x n ) ( y1 , y2 , , yn ) . Khi , vi mi
hm f (x) li tht s trn I ( a, b ) ( f '' ( x ) > 0 ) , ta lun c

nh l (Karamata). Cho hai b s thc

f ( x i ) f ( yi )

=i 1 =i 1

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x i = yi , i =1; n .

2. Cc kt qu
2.1. Chng minh nh l Karamata
Trc ht, chng ti gii thiu cch chng minh nh l Karamata c trnh by trong 0.
Chng minh (nh l Karamata). Ta c f ( x ) f ( y ) ( x y ) f ' ( y ) , x, y I ( a, b ) vi
mi hm f ( x ) li tht s trn I ( a, b ) . Tht vy, do f '' ( x ) > 0 nn f ' ( x ) l hm s
tng trn I ( a, b ) . Xt 3 trng hp sau:
+ Nu x = y th bt ng thc hin nhin ng.
+ Nu x > y th

f ( x ) f ( y)
= f ' ( c1 ) > f ' ( y ) , c1 ( y, x ) .
xy

+ Nu x < y th

f ( y) f ( x )
= f ' ( c 2 ) < f ' ( y ) , c 2 ( x, y ) .
yx

Khi f ( x i ) f ( yi ) ( x i yi ) f ' ( yi ) , x i , yi I ( a, b ) , i = 1; n . V
78

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

n

f ( x i ) f ( yi ) ( x i yi )f ' ( yi )

=i 1 =i 1

( x1 y1 ) f ' ( y1 ) + ( x 2 y2 ) f ' ( y2 ) + + ( x n yn ) f ' ( y n )

= ( x1 y1 ) f ' ( y1 ) f ' ( y 2 ) + ( x1 + x 2 y1 y 2 ) f ' ( y 2 ) f ' ( y3 ) +
+ ( x1 + x 2 + + x n 1 y1 y 2 y n 1 ) f ' ( y n 1 ) f ' ( y n )
+ ( x1 + x 2 + + x n y1 y 2 y n ) f ' ( y n ) 0
=

Do

f ( x ) f ( y ) . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x

i
=i 1 =i 1

= yi , i =1; n .

2.2. V hai bt ng thc

nh l 1. Cho hm s f (x) li trn [ a, a ] , trong a > 0 . Nu ( x1 , x 2 , , x n ) v

( y1 , y2 , , y n ) l hai b s thc tho mn cc iu kin sau:

x i , yi [ 0, a ] , i =1; n

( x1 , x 2 , , x n ) ( y1 , y 2 , , y n )
th
n

f ( x i ) + f ( yi x i ) f ( yi ) + n (f0 )

=i 1 =i 1

=i 1

Chng minh. Ta c

x1 y1
0 y1 x1
x + x y + y

2
1
2
1
0 ( y1 x1 ) + ( y 2 x 2 )

x + x + + x y + y + + y
0 ( y1 x1 ) + ( y 2 x 2 ) + + ( y n 1 x n 1 )
1
2
n 1
1
2
n 1
0 = ( y x ) + ( y x ) + + ( y x )

1
1
2
2
n
n

x1 + x 2 + + x n = y1 + y 2 + + y n
t t i = yi x i , i = 1; n . Gi

( x1 , x 2 , , x n )

( k , k , , k )
*
1

( t1 , t 2 , , t n )

*
2

*
2n

l b gm 2n s nhn c t cc b

bng cch sp xp cc s x1 , x 2 , , x n , t1 , t 2 , , t n

theo th t gim dn.

Theo tnh cht ca b tri, ta suy ra

( k , k ,, k ) ( y , y ,, y , 0,, 0 )
*
1

*
2

*
2n

Tht vy, gi s tn ti t N v 1 t n 1 sao cho

k1* k *2 k *n k *n +1 k *n + t 0 k *n + t +1 k *2n

Hin nhin
k1* + k *2 + + k *p x1 + x 2 + + x p y1 + y 2 + + y p , p =
1; n
79

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

k1* + k *2 + + k *n + q x1 + x 2 + + x n y1 + y 2 + + y n + 0
+
+0, q =
1; t

q s

v
k1* + k *2 + + k *n + q k1* + k *2 + + k *n + q + k *n + q +1 + + k *2n =
=y1 + y 2 + + y n + 0
+
+0, q =t + 1; n 1

q s

T nh l Karamata, ta suy ra

f ( k*i ) f ( yi ) + nf ( 0 )
2n

=i 1 =i 1
n

f ( x i ) + f ( yi x i ) f ( yi ) + n (f0 )

=i 1 =i 1

=i 1

Kt lun: nh l c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi k *i = yi , i = 1; n v

k *i = 0 , i= n + 1; 2n .

Sau y ta ng dng nh l 1 gii mt s bi ton.

Bi ton 1. Cho ABC tho mn

A B C . Chng minh rng:

2
4

cos A + cos B + cos C cos A + cos B + cos C + 3 2

2
4
4

f ( x ) = cos x trn , . Ta c f ''=
( x ) cos x 0 ,
2 2


x , . Vy, hm s f ( x ) li trn , .
2 2
2 2

Li gii. Xt hm s

Do

A B C nn ta c:
2
4

2 A

+ = C = A + B , , ( A, B, C )
4
2 4 4
2 4

2 + 4 + 4 = A + B+ C

p dng nh l 1, ta c

cos cos cos A cos B cos C

2
4
4
2
4
4

cos A cos B cos C 3cos 0

cos

Hay
80

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

cos A + cos B + cos C cos A + cos B + cos C + 3 2

2
4
4

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ABC vung cn ti A .

Bi ton 2. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc tho mn cc iu kin:
2 x y z 1

4
x + y + z =
Chng minh rng:
4 + ( x 2 ) + 4 + ( y 1) + 4 + ( z 1) + 2 2 + 2 5 6
2

4 + x 2 + 4 + y2 + 4 + z2
Li gii.
Nhn xt.
ng thc xy ra nu v ch nu x= 2, y= z= 1 . T iu kin bi ton, d dng ta c

2 x

2 + 1 4 z = x + y
2 + 1 + 1 = x + y + z

Khi , xt hm s f ( x=
)
Do f ''(x)
=

(4 + x )
2

4 + x2

4 + x 2 trn [ 2, 2] .
> 0 , x [ 2, 2] nn hm s f ( x ) li trn [ 2, 2] . Khi

, p dng nh l 1, ta thu c

f ( 2 ) + f (1) + f (1) + f ( x 2 ) + f ( y 1) + f ( z 1) f ( x ) + f ( y ) + f ( z ) + 3f ( 0 )
Hay
2 2 + 2 5 + 4 + ( x 2 ) + 4 + ( y 1) + 4 + ( z 1)
2

4 + x 2 + 4 + y2 + 4 + z2 + 6
Kt lun: Bt ng thc c chng minh.
Chng ti chng minh c nh l sau y:
nh l 2. Nu hm s f ( x ) li trn I ( a, b ) v x, y ,z I ( a, b ) th
x+y+z
f ( x ) + f ( y) + f (z) + f

2 2x + y 2y + x 2y + z 2z + y 2x + z 2z + x
f
+f
+f
+f
+f
f

3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Chng minh. t
81

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

x+y+z
2x + y
2y + x
=
, a1 =
, a2
3
3
3
2x + z
2z + x
2y + z
2z + y
=
b1
=
, b2 =
, c1 =
, c2
3
3
3
3

=
d

Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s rng: x y z . Xt 2 trng hp sau:

Trng hp 1: 2y x + z . D thy x x x y y y d d d z z z
v a1 a1 a 2 a 2 b1 b1 c1 c1 b 2 b 2 c 2 c 2 .
Ta s chng minh

( x, x, x, y ,y ,y ,d, d, d, z, z, z ) ( a1 , a1 , a 2 , a 2 , b1 , b1 , c1 , c1 , b 2 , b 2 , c2 , c2 )

(1.3)

Tht vy,
2 ( x y)
4 ( x y)
xy
0, 2x
=
0,3x 2a1=
a2
0
2a1
3
3
3
xz
3x + y 2a1 2a 2 =x y 0,3x + 2y 2a1 2a 2 b1 =
0
3
3y x 2z ( 2y x z ) + ( y z )
3x + 3y 2a1 2a=
=
0
2 2b1
3
3
2( y z)
0
3x + 3y + d 2a1 2a 2 2b=
1 c1
3
x + y 2z
3x + 3y + 2d 2a1 2a 2 2b1=
2c1
0
3
x + 2y 3z
3 +x3y + 3d 2a1 2a 2 2b1 2c
=
0
1 b2
3
2( y z)
3x + 3y + 3d + z 2a1 2a 2 2b1 2c1 =
2b 2
0
3
( y z) 0
3x + 3y + 3d + 2z 2a1 2a 2 2b1 2c1 2b 2 =
c2
3
a1
x=

V
3x + 3y + 3d + 3z 2a1 2a 2 2b1 2c1 2b 2 2c 2 =
0
Suy ra (1.3) ng. Theo nh l Karamata, ta c bt ng thc ng.
Trng hp 2: 2y x + z . Tng t, ta c x x x d d d y y y z z z
v a1 a1 b1 b1 a 2 a 2 b 2 b 2 c1 c1 c 2 c 2 . D dng, ta c

( x, x, x, d, d, d, y ,y ,y ,z, z, z ) ( a1 , a1 , b1 , b1 , a 2 , a 2 , b 2 , b 2 , c1 , c1 , c2 , c2 )
Theo nh l Karamata, ta c bt ng thc ng.
nh l c chng minh. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x= y= z .
Chng ta c mt ng dng ca nh l 2 trong bi ton sau y:
82

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 6(29).2008

Bi ton 3. Cho a, b, c > 0 . Chng minh rng:

a 3 + b 3 + c3 +

1
3
(a + b + c)
27

2
3
3
3
3
3
3
( 2a + b ) + ( 2b + a ) + ( 2b + c ) + ( 2c + b ) + ( 2a + c ) + ( 2c + a )
81

Li gii. Xt hm s f ( x ) = x 3 trn ( 0, + ) . Do f '' ( x=

) 6x > 0 nn f ( x ) li trn

( 0, + ) . Bt ng thc c vit li nh sau:

a+b+c
f (a ) + f ( b) + f (c) + f

2 2a + b 2b + a 2b + c 2c + b 2a + c 2c + a
f
+f
+f
+f
+f
+f

3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s a b c . T , ta d dng p dng nh l 2, ta
suy ra bt ng thc ng.
Nhn xt.
Chng ta c cch gii khc cho bi ton ny da vo bt ng thc Muirhead v bt
ng thc Schur 0.
Tht vy, bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi:

1
2
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
2
28 ( a + b + c ) + 3 a b + 6abc
18 ( a + b + c ) + 18 a b
27
sym
sym
3.27

16 ( a 3 + b3 + c3 ) + 6abc 9 a 2 b
sym

7 a 3 a 2 b + 2 a 3 + b3 + c3 + 3ab c a 2 b 0
sym
sym
sym

T bt ng thc Muirhead v bt ng thc Schur, ta suy ra bt ng thc cui cng l

ng.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Phm Kim Hng, Sng to bt ng thc, NXB Tri thc, 2006.
[2] Nguyn Vn Mu, Bt ng thc: nh l v p dng, NXB Gio dc, 2006.
[3] Mitrinovic D. S., Pecaric J. E., Fink A. M., Classical and New Inequalities in
Analysis, Kluwer Acadmemic Publishers, 1993.
[4] Titu Andresscu, Vasile Cirtoaje, Gabriel Dospinescu, Mircea Lascu, Old and New
Inequalities, Gil Publishing House, 2004.
[5] Pachpatte B.G., Mathematical Inequalities, vol. 67, Elsevier, 2005.

83