GRAMMAR REFERENCE

A. DIRECT-INDIRECT SPEECH
a. Imperative
Please open the window !

+
He asked me to open the window.
RV

V1

to + V1

Dont come late !

Mom warns me not to come late.

V1

RV

not to + V1

*Reporting verbs dont influence the sentence

b. Statement
Present RV (nothing changed)
He says, I go now.
He says that he goes now.
RV1

V1

He said, I go now.
RV2

V1

RV1 that

Past RV**
He said to me that he goes then.
RV2

that

**The changing
Direct speech
Simple Present
Present
Simple Past
Now
Today
Tomorrow
Next
Yesterday
Last
ago
Here
This

Indirect speech
Simple Past
Past
Past Perfect
Then
That day
The following day
The following
The day before/the previous day
The before/the previous
before
There
That

c. Yes/No Question
Present RV (nothing changed)
She asks,Can you help me ?
She asks if I can help her.
RV1

RV1 if

Past RV**
She asked,Could you help me ? She asked if I could have helped
RV2

RV2 if

her.

d. W-H Question
Present RV (nothing changed)
I ask,What does he eat?
I ask what he eats.
RV1

RV1 W-H

Past RV**
I asked,What
is he eating ?
I asked what he was eating.
RV2
RV2

W-H

B. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Relative pronoun
Pronoun

Replace

Who
Whom
Whose/of which the
Which
That
Of which
When
Where

S
O
Possesive
S/O
S
Possesive
Time adv.
Place adv.

Form
Person
Person
Person
Thing (pl & sing)
Thing (sing)
-

example :
1. He is the boy. He lent me the amazing book.
S person

He is the boy who lent me the amazing book.

2. That car belongs to me. Its colour is red.
Possesive thing

That car of which colour is red belongs to me.

TIPS
If you find a task that you must fill it with relative, there are some tips !

Subject [who] Verb

Noun .[which] Subject
Verb [whom] to + V1
[whose] Noun

 Noun [of which] Adj

C. NOUN MODIFIER
who + V123
+ (to) be + V3
+ (to) be
whom
+ whose +
+ which will +

NM : Ving
NM : V3
NM :
NM :
NM : no change
NM : + going to +

D. PASSIVE FORM
Pattern : S + (to) be + V3
Be
am, is, are
was, were
be
been
being

Tenses
Simple Present
Simple Past
Modals & Future
Perfect
Continous

E. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
a. Future Posibility
If + S + V1/are-is-am , S + will + V1
b. Unreal Present
If + S + V2/were, S + would + V1
Were + S, S + would + V1
c. Unreal Past
If + S + had + V3, S + would + have + V3
Had + S + V3, S + would + have + V3
F. SUBJUNCTIVE
G. CAUSE-EFFECT
so + adj + that
adj + enough that
such + noun phrase + that